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  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,750)
  • 1970-1974  (1,750)
  • 1972  (1,182)
  • 1970  (568)
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  • 1970-1974  (1,750)
Year
  • 1
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    Organic geochemistry of Early Precambrian sediments (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Life Sci. Publ., Vol. 2; 11 p
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  • 2
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    Preliminary examination of lunar samples (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: Geochemical and minerological analyses of Apollo 12 soil and rock samples
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 189-216
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  • 3
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    Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 12 landing site. Part B - Photometric and polarimetric properties of the lunar regolith (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Photometric and polarimetric properties of Apollo 12 and Surveyor 3 landing sites
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 157-161
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  • 4
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    Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 12 landing site. Part C - Mechanical properties of the lunar regolith (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Soil mechanics of regolith around Apollo 12 landing site
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 161-182
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  • 5
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    Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 12 landing site. Part A - Geology of the Apollo 12 landing site (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 landing site geology and topography
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 113-156
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  • 6
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    Passive seismic experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 passive seismometer design and signal interpretation
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 39-53
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  • 7
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    Lunar surface magnetometer experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 magnetometer data and selenomagnetic field determinations
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 55-73
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  • 8
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    Preliminary results from Surveyor 3 analysis (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-01
    Description: Engineering and scientific analysis of Surveyor 3 dust, TV camera, and structural components
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 217-223
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  • 9
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    Chemistry of the upper atmosphere and the role of transport processes (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The important chemical reaction affecting the neutral composition of the upper stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere is discussed. The role of atmospheric transport processes is emphasized and the problem of taking these into account is elucidated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 147-155
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  • 10
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    Transient heating in the upper atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The time-dependent response of the upper atmosphere to transient heat sources is considered. The basic problem is that of heating a compressible, heat-conducting fluid, which is described in the one-dimensional case by an analytic solution. Comparisons with satellite drag data of such first-order solutions are shown to be useful in determining energy requirements and in determining some constraints on the spatial distribution of the heating. Recent OGO-6 mass spectrometer and interferometric temperature measurements show that atmospheric disturbances during geomagnetic storms are much more prominent in the auroral zones. These results suggest that joule dissipation of auroral currents are important contributors to orbital perturbations of satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 3-23
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  • 11
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    Dissipation of electric fields in the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The heating and movement of the upper atmosphere at ionospheric levels in response to electric currents are discussed. Joule dissipation, generation of winds, and pressure gradients are significant factors in the energetics of the ionospheric electric currents flowing during magnetic storms and also of the Sq current system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 25-40
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  • 12
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    Nimbus observation of oceanic upwelling (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Observing the development of upwelling on the northeast coast of Africa by measuring ocean surface emission with infrared radiometers on Nimbus satellites is reported. Using the temperature of the ocean as telemetered by the satellite, the biological potential of an area is estimated, and consequently the highest potential for fisheries.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 14-17
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  • 13
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    Microwave emission of Arctic Sea ice (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The feasibility of carrying microwave radiometers on Nimbus E and F missions for sea ice surveys was studied in the arctic using aircraft. It was found that passive microwave signatures of Arctic Sea ice relate specifically to the structure and type of ice. It is concluded that a new tool for conducting ice surveys from aircraft and satellites with remote sensors was discovered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 18-21
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  • 14
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    Electron impact ionization of H (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The results of theoretical calculations for the reactions between electrons and negative hydrogen atoms are discussed for an electron colliding with a negative hydrogen ion and neutralizing the hydrogen ion by stripping the loosely bound electron from it, and the two free electrons moving away. A semi-quantum description of the process is presented in which the target is described in terms of quantum mechanics, and the projectile electron is described in a classical fashion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 58-62
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  • 15
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    Ground truth versus no ground truth (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The area of study was the southeastern Arizona test site and three areas within the site were studied in detail: Safford, Point of Pines, and Fort Apache-White River. These areas have terrain contrast ranging from flat arid regions to high alpine mountains. Data were obtained from the Apollo 9 photographic missions, high altitude aerial photography, and simulated ERTS-A data from high altitude aircraft. Various monoscopic and steroscopic devices were used to analyze the features, and film density variations were studied. No ground-based data were permitted. Thematic maps were prepared for geology, geomorphology, vegetation, hydrology, and soils. Interpreted boundaries were delineated, with no collaborative data used in the interpretation. Ground-based data were gathered during the overflight of high altitude aerial photography. A further study was made using the ground truth, and the data gathered on the ground were compared with original mapping. 80% to 85% of the interpretations in the areas checked were correct. It was proved that it is possible to monitor gross features of the vigor of crop lands and vegetative cover, to type soils and classify geologic features, and to determine hydrologic conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 3 p
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  • 16
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    Preprocessing of multispectral data and simulation of ERTS data channels to make computer terrain maps of a Yellowstone National Park test site (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The possibility of improving the accuracy of terrain classification by preprocessing spectral data was investigated. Terrain maps were made using the following techniques: 1) preprocessing by scan angle function transformation, using the computer-selected best set of three channels; and 2) preprocessing by ratio transformation, using the specified ERTS data channels, simulated by fitting the spectral response of each of the 12 data channels to the ERTS channels by a set of weighting coefficients. By using a simple technique during printout, the maps were produced in color. The normalized scan angle function transformation resulted in the most accurate classification. The best ratio transformation for the Yellowstone Park data was the ratio of each channel to the sum of all channels. A supervised training program involving maximum likelihood decision for selecting the best spectrometer channels and similar techniques for digitizing the data of the analog magnetic tapes were used. Cloud shadows were recognized in addition to eight classes of terrain. Preprocessing of data resulted in more accurate maps, required fewer training areas (hence less preparation and computer time), and enabled much of the area formerly classified as shadow to be reclassified according to actual terrain type.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1.; 25 p
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  • 17
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    Regional land use studies (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Remote sensing technology and data from instrumented satellites and high altitude aircraft are proposed for mapping land use on a current national basis, for monitoring changes and trends, and for creating statistical models which can be manipulated to demonstrate the probable effects of proposed land use and of environmental changes over large areas. Both Apollo spacecraft and aircraft photography were used; the spacecraft pictures delineated the cropland and urban boundaries more clearly. A computer model is also proposed for statistical analysis and for printing out updated maps automatically; this model will include a data bank which can be updated rapidly with changes detected by the computer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 9 p
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  • 18
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    Bearing strength of the lunar soil (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A discussion is presented on the bearing strength and bearing load-penetration relations in lunar soil. These were measured in air as a function of bulk density. It was found that the relation between bulk density and the logarithm of the bearing capacity is about linear. Shapes of the load vs penetration curves were observed to be similar to those obtained with particulate material of terrestrial origin.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 227-232
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  • 19
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    Comparison of probe and radar ionosphere temperatures (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The discrepancy in temperature measurements of ionospheric electrons by Langmuir electrostatic probes, and radar backscatter are discussed. The discrepancy occurs at altitudes from 350 to 800km, and the probe temperatures are consistantly higher than the radar temperatures. It is concluded that the non-Maxwellian energy distribution provides an explanation for the altitude and the lower radar temperatures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 43-45
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  • 20
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    Microwave measurements of sea state (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Passive microwave measurements were studied for determining sea state. It was found that the brightness temperature increases due to the foam produced by winds, and that the surface wind can be determined by the brightness temperature.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 22-27
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  • 21
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    The energy balance of wind waves and the remote sensing problem (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Measurements of wave growth indicate an energy balance of the wave spectrum governed primarily by input from the atmosphere, nonlinear transfer to shorter and longer waves, and advection. The pronounced spectral peak and sharp low frequency cut-off characteristic of fetch-limited spectra are explained as a self-stabilizing feature of the nonlinear wave-wave interactions. The momentum transferred from the atmosphere to the wind waves accounts for a large part of the wind drag. These findings are relevant for remote microwave sensing of the sea surface by backscatter and passive radiometry methods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 2; 55 p
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  • 22
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    Comments on ocean circulation with regard to satellite altimetry (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Basic features of sea surface topography are reviewed, to show those oceanographic results which may be of value to a geodetic satellite program: (1) the shape and magnitude of the large scale features of the mean sea surface, relative to a level surface; (2) the position and magnitude of the slopes across the western boundary currents, from a variety of data; (3) an estimate of the position of the geoid, tied into the U.S. leveling network; and (4) a documented change of 60 to 70 cm in mean sea level, with respect to the geoid, between the U.S. east and west coasts.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 2; 17 p
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  • 23
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    The stable auroral red arc of October 31 - November 1, 1968 and its interaction with the neutral atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Satellite observations of electron temperature and the topside electron density structure are used to calculate the red arc according to the thermal conduction model. In this model, energy from the magnetosphere flows in the electron gas along geomagnetic field lines into the ionosphere. This energy heats the ambient F-region electrons sufficiently to excite the oxygen atoms to the O I(1D) level by collisional impact giving rise to the 6300 A emission characteristic of the arc. For the 31 October/1 November 1968 red arc, the calculated emission rate, geographical position, and horizontal extent of the red arc are in agreement with the photometric data obtained by airglow observatories. Almost all of the energy conducted into the red arc is ultimately transferred to the neutral gas through elastic and inelastic collisions. This energy drives a large thermal cell and the circulation extends the influence of the arc thousands of kilometers beyond the region of direct heat input. The calculated neutral gas temperature response to electron heating within the arc is small.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 45-69
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  • 24
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    The composition of the upper atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Miniature mass spectrometers were developed and were carried on sounding rockets to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere. Techniques have been developed that accurately correct for the velocity and spin of the moving vehicle. Above 120 km N2, O2, and Ar appear to be in diffusive equilibrium. Most He concentration measurements show a more rapid decline with altitude than predicted by diffusive equilibrium. Because of the highly reactive nature of atomic oxygen, measurements of this species by mass spectrometry are low by an unknown factor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 129-145
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  • 25
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    Hydrology of the Niger River from Nimbus HRIR (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The seasonal changes in aspect of the Niger River in the Republic of Mali, West Africa, as seen in daytime imagery obtained by the high-resolution infrared radiometer on Nimbus 3 are described. The identification of different plants by their reflectance is shown to provide an ecological map that changes with time. It is concluded that Nimbus imagery provides an integrated view of the entire watershed on a daily basis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 8-13
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  • 26
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    Air-sea interaction in the Pacific Ocean (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Daily Tiros and ESSA satellite television nephanalysis over the Pacific Ocean were collected, and monthly cloud charts drawn to study the interaction of tropical oceans with the atmosphere. The data were correlated with climatological data for rainfall and surface temperatures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 28-31
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  • 27
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    Reginal Geology of Hadley Rille, part F (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Local geology of Hadley Rille near the landing site of Apollo 15 is described. Orbital photography from the Hasselblad, metric, and panoramic cameras is used to study regional relationships of the rille. The shape of the rille due to various natural causes is examined, along with stratigraphic measurements of mare materials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 28
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    Surface disturbances at the Apollo 15 landing site, part E (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: High resolution panoramic photographs taken from 110 km orbits of the command service module show the lunar module structure on the moon as evidenced by reflected light and by the shadow. Before and after photographs of the landing site are presented; the increased brightness or halo is attributed to mare surface materials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 29
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    Linear geologic structure and magic rock discrimination as determined from infrared data (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Color infrared photographs of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana show the distribution of mafic dikes and amphibolite bodies. Lineaments that cross grassy plateaus can be identified as dikes by the marked constrast between the dark rocks and the red vegetation. Some amphibolite bodies in granitic terrain can also be detected by infrared photography and their contacts can be accurately drawn due to enchanced contrast of the two types of rock in the near infrared. Reflectance measurements made in the field for amphibolite and granite show that the granite is 25% to 50% more reflective in the near infrared than in the visible region. Further enhancement is due to less atmospheric scattering than in the visible region. Thermal infrared images of the Mill Creek, Oklahoma test site provided information on geologic faults and fracture systems not obtainable from photographs. Subtle stripes that cross outcrop and intervening soil areas and which probably record water distribution are also shown on infrared photographs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 12 p
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  • 30
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    Experimental applications of multispectral data to natural resource inventory and survey (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The feasibility of using multispectral, color, color infrared, thermal infrared imagery and related ground data to recognize, identify, determine and monitor the status of mineral ore and metals stockpiles is studied. An attempt was made to identify valid, unique spectral signatures of such materials for possible use under a wide variety of environmental circumstances. Research emphasis was upon the analysis of the multiband imagery from the various film-filter combinations, using density analysis techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 33 p
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  • 31
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    Introductory comments on the USGS geographic applications program (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The third phase of remote sensing technologies and potentials applied to the operations of the U.S. Geological Survey is introduced. Remote sensing data with multidisciplinary spatial data from traditional sources is combined with geographic theory and techniques of environmental modeling. These combined imputs are subject to four sequential activities that involve: (1) thermatic mapping of land use and environmental factors; (2) the dynamics of change detection; (3) environmental surveillance to identify sudden changes and general trends; and (4) preparation of statistical model and analytical reports. Geography program functions, products, clients, and goals are presented in graphical form, along with aircraft photo missions, geography test sites, and FY-70.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 5 p
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  • 32
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    A review of application studies on Indian lands using NASA aerospace imagery (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Three remote sensing projects are being conducted on three different Indian reservations in eastern Arizona. On the Fort Apache Reservation, a multiband thermal and false color sensing of an Englemann spruce beetle infestation is being investigated on Mount Baldy, adjacent to a U.S. Forest Service proposed wilderness area. On the San Carlos Reservation, there is a joint USGS, EROS, and San Carlos tribe project to examine intensively a circular topographic feature noted on the Apollo 9 imagery. On the Papago Reservation, an EROS-funded contract will provide the Papago tribe with a report showing potential mineral areas, by comparing and correlating space imagery with high resolution imagery and aeromagnetic data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 6 p
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  • 33
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    Geologic interpretation of Apollo 6 stereophotography from Baja California to west Texas (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Excellent space photography of parts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico was obtained during the unmanned Apollo 6 spaceflight. Two features of this photography made it useful for geologic interpretations: its vertical stereocoverage and its exposure under a relatively low angle of solar illumination through an unusually cloud-free and clear atmosphere. The structural patterns, which were topographically enhanced by the longer shadows, were annotated on the photographs, in order to analyze their trends with respect to the continental tectonic framework, and to attempt to correlate the pattern with known copper or other base metal deposits. The annotated fracture patterns showed the regional trends and their distribution. The area studied was a 100- to 105-mile swath of terrain covering a total land area of approximately 60,000 square statute miles. The coverage began from a point centered on Punta Colnett on the Pacific coast of Baja California and extended to the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico and west Texas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 25 p
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  • 34
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    A study of passive microwave techniques applied to geologic problems (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Passive microwave techniques were applied to geologic problems, in order to establish the microwave properties of representative rocks and minerals, and to examine the feasibility of using microwave radiometry for geologic mapping problems. A review of microwave pertaining to geology was conducted, coupled with laboratory and field investigations of the microwave emission characteristics of various geologic features. The laboratory studies consisted of dielectric constant measurements of rocks and minerals. A majority of field investigations conducted in the western United States, involved the microwave emission charateristics of rock types, and a portion of the study was concerned with microwave properties of mineralized areas. Experiments were also conducted in the vicinity of a coal seam fire in Colorado and across the San Andreas Fault Zone near the Salton Sea, in Southern California.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 12 p
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  • 35
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    Geography program, design, structure and operational strategy (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The geography program is designed to move systematically toward a capability to increase remote sensing data into operational systems for monitoring land use and related environmental change. The problems of environmental imbalance arising from rapid urbanization and other dramatic changes in land use are considered. These overall problems translate into working level problems of establishing the validity of various sensor-data combinations that will best obtain the regional land use and environmental information. The goal, to better understand, predict, and assist policy makers to regulate urban and regional land use changes resulting from population growth and technological advancement, is put forth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spececraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 9 p
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  • 36
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    Environmental application of remote sensing methods to coastal zone land use and marine resources management (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The interrelationships of biophysical environmental systems are investigated. Social decision-making affecting the environments of a coastal megapolis are examined. Remote sensing from high altitude aircraft and satellites afforded a powerful and indepensible tool for inventory and planning for urban development. Repetitive low to medium altitude photography is also used for studying environmental dynamics, and to document the cultural impact of man on his environment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 9 p
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  • 37
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    Tides and tsunamis (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Although tides and tsunamis are both shallow water waves, it does not follow that they are equally amenable to an observational program using an orbiting altimeter on a satellite. A numerical feasibility investigation using a hypothetical satellite orbit, real tide observations, and sequentially increased levels of white noise has been conducted to study the degradation of the tidal harmonic constants caused by adding noise to the tide data. Tsunami waves, possibly a foot high and one hundred miles long, must be measured in individual orbits, thus requiring high relative resolution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 2; 30 p
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  • 38
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    Cracking of the lunar soil (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Rather than a pattern of cracks in an apparently flat surface, the Apollo 12 photographs suggest an irregular surface that consists of clods or fragments. The impression of flat tiles and crusting, obtained by monoscopic viewing, is an illusion. Instead, the lunar soil deforms and cracks in the same manner as homogeneous isotropic terrestrial soils of moderate bulk density, having a small amount of cohesion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 233-235
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  • 39
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    Preliminary geologic map of the region around the candidate Proclus Apollo landing site, part J (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The Proclus Crater region was mapped to test the value, for photogeologic mapping purposes, of Apollo 15 metric photographs and to estimate the scientific value of the area as a potential landing site. Adjacent frames of the metric photography were overlapped with the base frame to provide stereographic images. Because of the high quality of the photographs, it was found that the geologic units could be more definitely interpreted and dated than those of earlier maps. The photographs tend to confirm the earlier interpretation of the rugged area as composed of bedrock uplifted when the Crisium basin formed. They also suggest that an earlier predominantly volcanic interpretation of the terra in this area might be replaced by an interpretation in which mass wasting and fracturing play the major roles in producing different terrain types. It was concluded that because of apparent lithologic homogeneity, the terra of the Proclus region is an undesirable objective for an extensive manned lunar landing mission.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 40
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    Magnetospheric boundaries (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The location of the outer boundary of the geomagnetic field, or magnetopause, and the location of the earth's bow shock have been compiled based on data from the first six IMP satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 81-85
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  • 41
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    Relationship between vegetation reflectance spectra and soil geochemistry: New data from Catheart Mountain, Maine (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Spectral reflectance curves for red spruce and balsam fir in the 350- to 1100-nanometer region showed differences between specimens growing over and away from a concealed copper deposit at Catheart Mountain, Maine. A sample group of 15 anomalous spruce, 9 background spruce, 10 anomalous fir, and 10 background fir was studied. Measurements of copper and molybdenum contents in the supporting soil were used to categorize the trees as anomalous or background. Analyses using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests were performed to establish whether significant differences existed between the anomalous and background groups. At the 95% confidence level, significant differences were found to exist for both species, generally in the chlorophyll band centered at about 550 nanometers and in the region from 700 to 900 nanometers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 9 p
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  • 42
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    Remote sensing in marine geology: Arctic to Caribbean (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The applications of remote sensing to coastal dynamics of both nearshore and offshore waters are discussed. Results of aerial photographic analysis of four areas are presented. The study areas include the Arctic (Beaufort Sea), the Pacific Northwest, San Francisco Bay, and St. John, Virgin Islands (Project Tektite).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 17 p
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  • 43
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    Multispectral analysis of limestone, dolomite, and granite, Mill Creek, Oklahoma (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Spectral reflectance and thermal emission data were collected at the Mill Creek, Oklahoma test site during NASA missions 132 and 133 in June 1970. The data were collected by three aircraft flown several times during the diurnal cycle at altitudes of 150 to 17,000 m above mean terrain. Reflectance of the main rock types (limestone, dolomite, and granite) was determined from the data collected using a 12-channel multispectral scanner during mission 133 and from thermal infrared images recorded during mission 132 on an RS-7 scanner from 17,000 m above terrain. A preliminary rock recognition map was generated automatically using data collected from 900 m above terrain. The discrimination provided by the map is reasonably accurate. Misidentification occurred in areas of unusually high dolomite reflectivity. High altitude thermal infrared (10 to 12 micrometers) images show regional folds and faults distinguished by the presence of thermally contrasting materials. Linear and curvilinear structural features two to three times smaller than the nominal 17 m resolution could be detected.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 114 p
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  • 44
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    Special projects of the geographic applications program (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Alternative uses were investigated for the Mississippi Test Facility since the phaseout of Saturn 5 engine testing. Using the facility for collecting remotely sensed data is suggested for regional studies. The capabilities of various remote sensing devices to detect, identify, monitor, or determine effects of environmental pollution are summarized. Which pollutants could be monitored from spacecraft, high and low altitude aircraft, and ground based platforms are determined. Examples of special processing and enhancement and analysis techniques used in connection with remote sensing data are provided.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 7 p
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  • 45
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    Climatology of urban regional systems (1970)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The combining of remote sensing technologies to urban-regional energy climatology is studied. It was found to be three dimensional with a mosaic urban surface, each smaller surface with its own radiant and thermal properties. Urban patterns of radiant exchange were found to be constantly changing during diurnal and annual cycles. Results were derived from Barbados data using remote methods for monitoring and mapping radiation. Isoline maps of terrestrial radiation patterns were made generalizing the minute patterns of the scan image.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 11 p
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  • 46
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    Geologic terrain mapping from earth-satellite and ultra-high aerial photographs (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-01-18
    Description: A proposal is made for mapping from aerial photographs from the EROS program. Three kinds of maps (geomorphic or landform, soil, and surficial deposit) are being prepared at 1:250,000 scale for an 8000-square-mile area between Tucson and Ajo, Arizona. Nine cameras used on NASA mission 101 provided color, color infrared, and multispectral air photos from about 60,000 feet above the terrain and with photo scales ranging from 1:60,000 to 1:240,000. This area was selected because it provides a good sample of desert terrain and is suited for improving and testing the photointerpretive techniques for mapping geologic terrain features with small-scale photos.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 3d Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., vol. 1; 5 p
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  • 47
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    Ionospheric profile inversion using oblique-incidence ionograms (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Some of the elementary methods used in deriving true-height profiles from oblique-incidence ionograms are reviewed. The two principal methods presented are oblique-to-vertical transformation and direct inversion of the oblique-incidence ionogram. Limitations in oblique-incidence inversion due to magnetic-field effects, horizontal gradients, and absolute time delay are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 12 p
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  • 48
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    Automatic N(h,t) profiles of the ionosphere with a digital ionosonde (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A method is described to accomplish automatic data selection and profile inversion to obtain ionospheric electron density profiles from digitized radio soundings. The profile inversion is based on a well-established formulation by which the optimum radio frequency sounding intervals can be specified from an approximate knowledge of the profile; the expected virtual height coordinates (h) at these frequencies (f) are estimated, and procedures are then used to select h(f) observations nearest the predicted coordinates from a subsequent digital ionogram. From these the next profile is obtained. The process adaptively follows the changing shape and detail of the profile. The procedure requires an average of 15 sec per profile on a standard data processing computer, and can be adapted, with benefit to online real-time use in a digital ionosonde.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 11 p
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  • 49
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    The P prime(f) to N(h) inversion problem in ionospheric soundings (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A general review is given of the inversion techniques used to derive the ionospheric electron density N as a function of altitude h from group path P versus frequency f measurements obtained by vertical incidence ionospheric sounders. The paper discusses the medium under investigation, the experimental techniques used to obtain the P(f) data, the theoretical considerations leading to the integral equation relating P(f) to N(h), and the assumptions made in the inversion process. The lamination inversion technique is then presented, with special attention given to mathematical difficulties arising from discontinuities in the P(f) function, infinities in the integrand, and in some cases unknown integration limits. Methods outlined for minimizing the uncertainties due to discontinuities include the use of redundant information - that is the two distinct P(f) functions available for a given N(h) profile - and the use of models based on statistical data. Mathematical procedures are discussed that increase significantly the efficiency and accuracy of the required numerical integrations. The accuracy of the inversion technique is deduced by comparing the resulting N(h) profile with N(h) data obtained by simultaneous but independent observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Math. of Profile Inversion; 13 p
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  • 50
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    Statistical retrieval techniques for sounding the meteorological structure of the atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Statistical retrieval methods for remote sounding are reviewed. Methods are given for constraining an essentially incomplete problem by means of the known statistical behavior of the solution. Information content of the observations and the meteorological structure are discussed. Linear versions of maximum probability and minimum variance methods are given in some detail, and extensions to the nonlinear case are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 10 p
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  • 51
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    A review of some aspects of inferring the ozone profile by inversion of ultraviolet radiance measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: The mathematical inversion of light-scattering observations to obtain the atmospheric ozone profile is discussed in terms of the filtering properties of the physical and mathematical processes for different spatial scales. Within this context, it is shown that the physical process of scattering acts as a low pass filter; which transfers large-scale profile information efficiently to radiance observations but very strongly attenuates small- or fine-scale profile information. To avoid domination of the mathematical inversion by the random error of radiance measurements, an equivalent spatial-scale filtering in the inversion procedure is essential. The available evidence suggests that mathematical inversion to obtain the low level ozone profile below 25 to 30 km is either inferior to or no better than the statistical estimation of the profile using total ozone as predictor. However, inversion profiles for high level ozone above 25 to 30 km appear to have moderately good accuracy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 24 p
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  • 52
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    A review of nonstatistical techniques for the estimation of vertical atmospheric structure from remote infrared measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Mathematical techniques used in atmospheric profile inversion are reviewed, with the discussion limited to methods that do not require extensive information on the statistical properties of the profiles. The basic problem of the calculation of vertical profiles from noise contaminated infrared spectral measurements is examined. Three specific examples of methods of solution are given: the iterative minimum estimation method, a second linear iterative method, and the algorithm of Chahine. Satellite data are used in an empirical comparison of the methods. Several factors are considered, including the stability of solutions, convergence behavior of the iterative methods, and dependence of the solutions on the first guess, a factor that is particularly important in the treatment of data from other planets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Math. of Profile Inversion; 14 p
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  • 53
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    Apparatus for investigation of the amplitude frequency response of the ionospheric scattering channel (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Equipment for studying the amplitude frequency response of the ionospheric scattering channel is described, having multipath signal propagation. Experimental results are reported, including nonuniformity in the channel's amplitude frequency response.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 39-45
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  • 54
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    Parameters of small scale ionization inhomogeneities in the F region of the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The results of the parameters of small-scale ionization inhomogeneities study of the ionosphere's F-region for October-November 1965 and January-February 1966 are presented. It is shown that the most probable values of the inhomogeneity parameters are as follows: degree of anisotropy 1.4-2; vertical dimension 200-400 m; horizontal dimensions along major and minor axes 400-1000 and 200-600 m, respectively; rate of chaotic motions 30-60 m/sec; lifetime 6-9 sec.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 23-29
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  • 55
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    The artificial aurora experiment (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Failure of rocket flown electron accelerator to create artificial aurora
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 58-62
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  • 56
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    The heating of the chromosphere (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Collisional processes for determining kinetic temperature distribution and heating of chromosphere
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 111-113
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  • 57
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    Receiving antenna installation for ionospheric scattering links (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Smearing of the scattered-energy flux density over a range of angles of arrival permits the use of a receiving-end antenna with a height lower than theoretical.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 65-68
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  • 58
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    The ionosphere above Alma Ata during a solar eclipse (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The eclipse effect was manifested during the second phase: the ionization of the F1- and F2-layers decreased and the minimum effective heights of E and F2 increased due to recombination processes. The manner in which electron density is distributed over the levels was ascertained from analysis of N(t) curves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 35-38
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  • 59
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    Radioastronomical measurement of absorption (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Diurnal and seasonal absorption curves measured by a radio astronomical method at Alma-Ata during the IQSY (1964-1965) are submitted. The apparatus is described. The dependence of absorption on solar flares is also indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 30-34
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  • 60
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    The state of the ionosphere above Alma Ata (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The basic patterns are described in the behavior of critical frequencies and minimum effective heights of the ionosphere's reflecting E, F1, and F2 layers, according to ionospheric recorder measurements from 1943 to 1967. The variations of critical frequencies and virtual heights are compared with the relative sunspot numbers and the flux of the sun's radio emission at 10.7 cm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 1-6
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  • 61
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    On the selection of a vertical base in the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The problem of selecting a vertical base in the ionosphere that permits registration of vertical motions of small-scale ionization inhomogeneities of the ionosphere's F-region is discussed. The accuracy of calculation of the vertical drift-velocity component is estimated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 7-12
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  • 62
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    Strongly damped gravity waves in the earth's atmosphere (1970)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-25
    Description: Atmospheric model with damped gravity waves from vertical atmospheric sounding analyses
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI. AND TECHNOL. AT GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 1970; P 38-40
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  • 63
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    A method of investigating the phase response characteristic of the ionospheric scattering communications channel (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A method is proposed for measuring the phase difference fluctuations between vibrations at different frequencies that result from scattering properties of the medium. The measurement equipment is described, along with an ideal communication channel.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 47-54
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  • 64
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    Radio wave propagation at frequencies exceeding MUF-F2 in the short wave band (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The results of measurements of field strength and signal/noise ratio on experimental ionospheric-scattering short wave radio links are presented. It is shown that the seasonal and diurnal variations of field strength are determined by features of solar and meteoric activity. The role of the sporadic E-layer in propagation of short radio waves at frequencies exceeding MUF-F2 is noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 55-59
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  • 65
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    Ionospheric magnetic phenomena associated with proton flares (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The state of the ionosphere above stations in Kazakhstan is examined in connection with the proton flares of 7 July, 28 August, and 2 September 1966. Universal time is used. It is established that a proton flare causes increased radio absorption (the ionization of the D-region is enhanced, and the minimum reflected frequencies decrease). Magnetic storms and ionospheric disturbances are observed on the earth one-and-a-half to two days after some proton flares.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 17-22
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  • 66
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    Influence of vertical drift of small scale ionization inhomogeneities on the diurnal variation of f0F2 (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The diurnal variations of the critical frequencies of the ionospheric F2 region may be influenced substantially by the 12-hour component of the vertical drift of small-scale ionization inhomogeneities. The appearance of the forenoon maximum of F2 and the evening ionization maximum are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 13-16
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  • 67
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    Estimates of the electric fields in the lower ionosphere above the magnetic equator (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The electric fields at the solar activity minimum on the magnetic equator are evaluated based on data from rocket studies of the vertical profiles of the ionospheric-current magnetic fields and electron concentration. The electric field strength is 1-4 X 100 CGSM units. In addition, the electric field has altitude and time distributions. Its maximum is observed at a height of 110 km, and at 90 and 140 km, it is smaller by a factor of 3-4 than at the 110-km height. The maximum values are registered around noon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 82-89
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  • 68
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    On the possibility of explaining features of the latitude variations of Sq(H) and Sq(Z) in the equatorial region by electrical modelling (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Curves of H (the horizontal component) and Z (the vertical component) of the magnetic field from a strip with an assigned current-density distribution compiled from the results of electrical modelling are calculated. The calculated curves are compared qualitatively with latitude curves obtained from ground magnetic observatory data. It is shown that the forms of the theoretical H and Z and the experimental latitude variations are qualitatively similar.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 90-94
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  • 69
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    Occupancy of the radio frequency spectrum in the 16-23 MHz band (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Measurement results are presented for actual utilization of the short wave frequency band, obtained by continuous registration of the number of radio stations in the 16-23 MHz band over an annual cycle (1965). It is shown that there is a relation between the number of radio stations and the variations of MUF-F2. During years of minimum solar activity and at night, segments free of radio stations operating by normal reflection, can be selected in the 18-23-MHz band for ionospheric-scattering links.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 60-64
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  • 70
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    Acoustic radar sounding of the lower atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Acoustic radar sounding techniques were used to measure the wind velocity and direction in the first 300 m of the atmosphere. Angle-of-arrival and Doppler techniques were developed to obtain two independent measurements of the wind field. These techniques and preliminary experimental results are described briefly.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 11 p
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  • 71
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    Statistical versus nonstatistical temperature inversion methods (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Vertical temperature profiles are derived from radiation measurements by inverting the integral equation of radiative transfer. Because of the nonuniqueness of the solution, the particular temperature profile obtained depends on the numerical inversion technique used and the type of auxiliary information incorporated in the solution. The choice of an inversion algorithm depends on many factors; including the speed and size of computer, the availability of representative statistics, and the accuracy of initial data. Results are presented for a numerical study comparing two contrasting inversion methods: the statistical-matrix inversion method and the nonstatistical-iterative method. These were found to be the most applicable to the problem of determining atmospheric temperature profiles. Tradeoffs between the two methods are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 7 p
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  • 72
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    The inversion of VLF-LF sounder data to obtain D-region electron-density distributions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: The direct problem is to compute reflection coefficients for an assumed electron-density profile, using a full-wave solution. The inverse problem is treated numerically, using derivatives of the reflection matrix with respect to model parameters. A technique for the rapid computation of the derivatives is described. An algorithm for determining resolution in the profile is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 7 p
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  • 73
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    The calculation of electron density profiles from topside ionograms: Method and applications (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A method for converting topside sounder ionograms into topside electron density profiles is discussed. The lamination method used is modified to take into account the variation of electron density and magnetic field within each lamination. Also included is a change of variable to produce a finite integrand of the integral involved, an iteration scheme that permits convergence on an initially unknown density, a second iteration scheme to overcome the problem of an uncertainty in the electron density at the satellite, and a modification to compensate for the changing satellite altitude over the duration of the sounding. Two applications of the technique are discussed: field-aligned traces for computing field-aligned profiles and computer-aided systems for scaling ionograms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 11 p
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  • 74
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    An occultation satellite system for determining pressure levels in the atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: An operational two-satellite microwave occultation system will establish a pressure reference level to be used in fixing the temperature-pressure profile generated by the SIRS infrared sensor as a function of altitude. In the final error analysis, simulated data for the SIRS sensor were used to test the performance of the occultation system. The results of this analysis indicate that the occultation system is capable of measuring the altitude of the 300-mb level to within 24 mrms, given a maximum error of 2 K in the input temperature profile. The effects of water vapor can be corrected by suitable climatological profiles, and improvements in the accuracy of the SIRS instrument should yield additional improvements in the performance of the occultation system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 13 p
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  • 75
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    Fine structure of the lower atmosphere as seen by high resolution radar (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A ground-based vertically pointing FM-CW radar is described that permits remote probing of the refractive index structure in the troposphere. The radar has the characteristics of extremely high sensitivity, ultrahigh range resolution, and close minimum detection range without clutter. The sounder routinely detects layer structures in the lower troposphere. These layers are always associated with gradients in the vertical refractive index profile, and are frequently very thin, approaching the resolution of the radar (1 m). Very often they are perturbed by wave motions. Examples of various wave patterns are presented, and an explanation is given for organized substructures frequently superimposed on larger scale wave motions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 8 p
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  • 76
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    The mathematical-physical problem of P prime(f) to N(h) inversion for anisotropic media (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: The requirements for a numerical inversion method to calculate electron density profiles from ionograms are discussed. A systematic investigation about the independence of the two magnetoionic components shows that the extent to which the range of ambiguity can be reduced depends mainly on the magnetic latitude. Error estimates and first-order corrections for less elaborate methods are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 13 p
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  • 77
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    Numerical methods for reduction of topside ionograms (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Several alternative methods for solving the group height equation are presented. Three of these are now in operation at Ames Research Center and use data contained in a single ionogram trace. From the data an electron density profile N(h) is computed. If the ionogram also exhibits other traces, reverse ionogram traces are computed, using the N(h) profile, for comparison with the redundant data. When agreement is poor, the initial data trace is reinterpreted, another N(h) profile computed, and the reverse traces generated once again. This process is repeated until a desired degree of consistency is achieved. To reduce the necessity for human intervention and eliminate decision making required in conjunction with the preceding methods, a method is proposed that accepts as input, all data from a single ionogram. In general, no electron density function will satisfy these data exactly, but a best N(h) profile can be computed. Finally, a method is described that eliminates the need to assume that the ionosphere is spherically stratified. Horizontal gradients in electron density are detected and accounted for by processing several ionograms from the same satellite pass simultaneously. This idea is derived as an extension of one of the basic methods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 10 p
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  • 78
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    Effect of motion on the altitude distribution of atmospheric density (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Motion effects on atmospheric density altitude distribution, discussing vertical waves, gravity, temperature and winds
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; 9-12, 15 (
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  • 79
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    Observation of the suprathermal electron flux and the electron temperature at high latitudes (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Suprathermal electron flux and temperature in 5-200 eV range at high latitude with Explorer 31 potential analyzer
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; ADEMIE DES SCIENCES
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  • 80
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    The effect of electric fields on the F-region behaviour as compared with neutral wind effects (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: F region diurnal behavior, comparing neutral winds and electric field effects
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; YAL SOCIETY (
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  • 81
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    Moessbauer spectroscopy of coal-related minerals (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Comparison of iron 57 Mossbauer spectra of iron containing compounds and coal
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NUCL. CHEM. AND GEOCHEM. RES. 30 JUN. 1970; P 31-36
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  • 82
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    The ionospheric response to internal gravity waves. I (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: F 2 region anisotropic response to individual internal gravity waves as function of propagation azimuth
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; TROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
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  • 83
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    Parametric wave amplification and mixing in the ionosphere (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ionospheric parametric amplification and frequency mixing due to polarized TEM waves nonlinear interaction with longitudinal electrostatic waves
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; TROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
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  • 84
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    Auroral arcs - Result of the interaction of a dynamic magnetosphere with the ionosphere (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Auroral arcs formation model based on dynamic magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; TROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
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  • 85
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    Magnetic and electric fields in the magnetosheath (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Steady state magnetic and electric fields in magnetosheath by linear superposition of field vectors, using axisymmetric velocity function from gas dynamics
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; TROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
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  • 86
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    Relationship of geomagnetic fluctuations to other magnetospheric phenomena (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Geomagnetic fluctuations relationship to magnetospheric ring current and plasmapause during magnetic storm
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; STITUTION OF RADIO A
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  • 87
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    Electric field observations of ionospheric whistlers (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Whistler mode wave propagation amplitude, polarization and dispersion in lower ionosphere, discussing electric field experiment with Nike- Tomahawk sounding rocket
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; STITUTION OF RADIO A
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  • 88
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    Sequence of diffuse plasma resonances observed on Alouette 2 ionograms (1970)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diffuse plasma resonance sequence observed on Alouette 2 ionograms, showing pattern similar to spread echo
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ; STITUTION OF RADIO A
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  • 89
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    The shadow band phenomenon. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observation of shadow bands during the solar eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970. Data were gathered by recording onto magnetic tape of the output from six collimated photocells whose spectral responses ranged from the ultraviolet to the infrared, and by visual and mechanical measurement of the orientation and motion of the bands. The recorded data were later processed using the output from a frequency spectrum analyzer. Most of the energy of the shadow bands ranges between 1 and 25 Hz, and appears not unlike plots of scintillation spectra. The onset, amplitude, and duration of the shadow bands seem to be spectrally related to the limb darkening of the sun's photosphere. Other results of the experiment conclusively indicate that the shadow band phenomenon is a manifestation of atmospheric turbulence in the form of air packets of different density from that of their environment (density schlieren), made visible by the light from the crescent sun.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 90
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    Atmospheric density variations at 140 kilometers deduced from precise satellite radar tracking data. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the technique of evaluating density values from precise radar-tracking data of satellites in the altitude region from 130 to 140 km. Inclinations of these satellites were between 106 and 112 deg. A detailed examination of all elements of the density-reduction techniques was conducted, and consideration was given to recent advances in geodesy, drag-coefficient modeling, and orbit-determination techniques. Ten days of high-resolution density data deduced from orbital decay of each of three satellites are presented. Three types of density variations at 140 km are discernible in these data: periodic daily density variations with a density amplitude of about 10%; density increases of up to 35% associated with enhanced geomagnetic activity during which the planetary geomagnetic index Kp reached a value of 8 units; and an observed semiannual variation of about 20%, which indicates a total semiannual variation of 35 to 40%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 91
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    On the relative need for satellite remote soundings and rocket soundings of the upper atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of engineering and research data requirements for altitudes 30-100 km is made, indicating a variety of concrete data applications above 30 km (10 mb). The required data have in large measure been provided from meteorological rocket soundings, of which 18,000 have been taken, at considerable cost, since 1959. Remote vertical soundings based on satellite infrared radiation measurements have been obtained since 1969 with considerable success to an altitude of 25 km (30 mb). From developmental work in progress, it is expected that reliable temperature soundings may be obtained to 40-45 km. A discussion of the overall reliability and utility of the satellite data leads to several conclusions regarding the continuing need for rocket soundings.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 53
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  • 92
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    Oceanographic applications of color-enhanced satellite imageries. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Black and white infrared imageries obtained from satellites over the oceans were transformed into color presentations. Investigations in different regions (Persian Gulf, Arabian Coast, Somali Coast and the Northwest Coast of Australia) revealed that temperature gradients and temperature differences of two degrees Celsius can be displayed by the color process from the imageries. This data display can be used for a rapid analysis of information obtained with an APT station.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 93
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    An observation of the Gulf Stream surface front structure by ship, aircraft, and satellite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of observations of surface temperature and salinity along the western edge of the Gulf Stream made from a ship and of concurrent temperature observations obtained by instrumented aircraft at six altitudes. The major feature along a five-kilometer line normal to the Stream's edge is a temperature gradient of about 0.75 C/kilometer within which are embedded two abrupt temperature increases of about 1.5 C. Temperature variations were compensated by salinity variations, yielding nearly constant density through the frontal zone; a sharp lateral current shear was associated with the thermohaline mixing region between the steps. The attenuation of surface temperature measured by the airborne radiometer was compared with a theoretical model. The analysis supports the view that a two-part correction technique is required: one part for bulk-skin temperature differences, and another for atmospheric attenuation of sea surface emission due to the mass and temperature of interfering gases.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 2; Feb. 197
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  • 94
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    Rocket observations of sporadic-E layers. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The characteristics of midlatitude sporadic-E layers are observed using rocket payloads incorporating a probe and a propagation experiment. Layers below 120 km show evidence of preferred altitudes. The slopes of layers are within 1 deg of horizontal. The horizontal dimensions are deduced to be several hundred kilometers. Individual profiles of daytime layers show a range of shapes ranging from triangular to rectangular. The plasma frequency derived from the peak electron density in the layer is found to agree with the blanketing frequency given by the local ionosphere sounder.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 95
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    Quantitative relationship between reflectance and transpiration of phreatophytes, Gila River test site (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of IR aerial photographs for determining the dynamic characteristics of evapotranspiration at the Gila River Test Site is discussed. Evapotranspiration was measured as a function of plant volume, surface conditions, soil moisture storage, and ground water levels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 9 p
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  • 96
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    Discrimination of fluoride and phosphate contamination in central Florida for analyses of environmental effects (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study was made of the spatial registration of fluoride and phosphate pollution parameters in central Florida by utilizing remote sensing techniques. Multispectral remote sensing data were collected over the area and processed to produce multispectral recognition maps. These processed data were used to map land areas and waters containing concentrations of fluoride and phosphate. Maps showing distribution of affected and unaffected vegetation were produced. In addition, the multispectral data were processed by single band radiometric slicing to produce radiometric maps used to delineate areas of high ultraviolet radiance, which indicates high fluoride concentrations. The multispectral parameter maps and radiometric maps in combination showed distinctive patterns, which are correlated with areas known to be affected by fluoride and phosphate contamination. These remote sensing techniques have the potential for regional use to assess the environmental impact of fluoride and phosphate wastes in central Florida.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 12 p
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  • 97
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    An automated map and model of land use in the Phoenix quadrangle (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Efforts to develop an automated system, from ERTS data, for producing computer models and computer maps of land use and other environmental factors for the Phoenix quadrangle are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 19 p
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  • 98
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    The geography and human cultural resources working group of the EROS program (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The functions, activities, and objectives of the Geography and Human-Cultural Resources Working Group of the EROS program are outlined. The Group's primary function is to coordinate remote sensing experiments of physical scientists and the needs of socioeconomic and culturally orientated planners, policy makers, administrators, and other user groups. Other functions of the Group include land use analysis, resource mapping, and development of an operational automatic information system receptive to land use and environmental data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 4 p
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  • 99
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    Automatic thematic mapping in the EROS program (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A specified approach to the automatic extraction and catographic presentation of thematic data contained in multispectral photographic images is presented. Experimental efforts were directed toward the mapping of open waters, snow and ice, infrared reflective vegetation, and massed works of man. The system must also be able to process data from a wide variety of sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 13 p
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  • 100
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    Earth resources cartography program (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Progress is reported on efforts to develop techniques of using space vehicle and high altitude aircraft imagery in cartography projects. Major efforts were made to develop an operational system for isolating specified themes from the imagery.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 8 p
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