ALBERT

Description: Twelve species of terricolous microlichens from the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland, are reported: Caloplaca friesii, C. livida, Lecanora boligera, Lecidea oligotropha and Leciophysma arctophila, which are new to the lichen flora of Greenland, Rinodina conradi, which is new to the eastcoast, and Baeomyces roseus, B. rufus, Buellia geophila, B. punctata, Caloplaca tornoensis and Mycoblastus tornoensis, new to Southeast Greenland. In a discussion of the greenlandic distribution, unpublished records from the herbarium of Copenhagen (C) are incorporated. Notes on the habitats are given and the pertinent phytosociological units indicated. Some morphological and anatomical characters are commented upon briefly.

Description: The 16 recognized species of Sorocea are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Two new taxa are described: S. steinbachii C.C. Berg and S. hirtella Mildbread ssp. oligotricha Akkermans & Berg. Three new combinations are made: S. muriculata Miquel ssp. uaupensis (Baillon) C.C. Berg, S. trophoides W. Burger ssp. rhodorachis (Cuatrecasas) C.C. Berg, and S. sprucei (Baillon) Macbride ssp. saxicola (Hassler) C.C. Berg. A key to the species is presented.

Description: From a bryological point of view Greenland is not well known in detail. Unlike Siberia or Arctic America, it is not known through a few large collections, but through multitudes of mostly relatively small gatherings. In this arctic island that is almost 2000 miles long and extends from below 60° N.lat. to nearly 84° N.lat., travel and logistics are difficult. Consequently no over-all study of the whole island has been made, although many collections have been achieved through casual or intensive studies of small areas. Like the other contributions to the knowledge of the bryoflora of Greenland this paper will only deal with a rather limited area; the Angmagssalik district on the East coast of Greenland, ranging from 65° N.lat. to 67°20' N.lat. In 1887 Lange and Jensen published the first and until now the only comprehensive review of specimens and publications on the Musci of Greenland. In their paper the first moss collection from the Angmagssalik area was reported, made in 1884-1885 in the course of ethnographical studies by Gustav Holm (Sphagnum girgensohnii and Polytrichum juniperinum), the first European to visit this part of East Greenland.

Description: Contrary to Europe, with only one Caltha species, North America has at least three species of this genus. These are the polymorphic C. palustris L., also widely distributed in Europe, the floating aquatic C. natans Pall, and the polymorphic C. leptosepala-biflora group. Two previous papers (Smit 1967, 1968) dealt with taxonomic aspects of C. palustris, that in North America were not essentially different from those of European material.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 16 species of Angiosperms, collected in Cameroun and the Ivory Coast, were determined. The numbers given for 14 species are new, in the remaining species the results of other authors could be confirmed.

Description: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Description: The species Polypodium banaense C.Chr. is transferred to Crypsinus. The recognition of a genus Phymatopteris Pic. Ser. (= Phymatopsis J.Sm.) separate from Crypsinus is discussed.

Description: The six species of Curtia, including a hitherto undescribed species published here, as well as the monotypic genus Hockinia can be distinguished from each other by the seed coat structure. The anticlinal walls and the cuticle provide the most useful information. Curtia tenuifolia appears to be a complex species, but subsp. tenella can be readily separated from this complex by the seed coat structure. Heterostyly has been found in C. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, C. obtusifolia, and Hockinia montana, but differences in seed coat structure can not be correlated with long-, short-, and equal-styled flowers. The differences in seed coat structure, the length of the seeds, and the number of cells per seed plead for maintaining Hockinia (closely related to Curtia) as a distinct genus. One new species of Curtia is described and a new combination is made.

Description: SETTEN, A. K. van & KOEK-NOORMAN, J.: Studies in Annonaceae. VI. A leafanatomical survey of genera of Annonaceae in the Neotropics. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 17—50. 1986. — ISSN 0006-8152. Within the scope of the multidisciplinary research project on systematics of Annonaceae, a survey of the leafanatomical features and their distribution in the neotropical Annonaceae is presented. The studied specimens form a rather homogeneous group, as may appear from the family description given here. A detailed study of the leafanatomical features reveals, that differences are mainly found in the indument, the position and contents of the idioblasts, the structure of the primary vein, the type of crystals in the epidermal cells, and the type of sclereids. Based on character states, phenetic similarities and differences are discussed and compared with the classifications of FRIES (1959) and WALKER (1971).

Description: One new species of Dorstenia from Brazil is described: D. carautae C.C. Berg, and four new combinations are made: D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. paraguariensis (Hassler) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. vitifolia (Gardner) C.C. Berg, and D. ramosa (Desvaux) Carauta, Valente & Sucre subsp. dolichocaula (Pilger) C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 22 Dorstenia species distinguished in south-eastern tropical America are presented, together with synonymy and distributional data.

Description: Recently a multidisciplinary investigation program on the systematics of Annonaceae was started at Utrecht with special emphasis on the Neotropics. This project will be carried out largely within the framework of the UNESCO-project Flora Neotronica. The first goal is to provide a modern classification of the family as a whole, the second is the publication of a series of monographs for Flora Neotropica. The project has been planned and started in close consultation with leading botanists on the Neotropical flora. The Annonaceae are a family of pantropical distribution with between 2000 and 2500 species in ca. 130 genera as presently understood. In the Neotropics the family is represented by ca. 750 species and 35 genera. It is a family of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Its place is within the order of the Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is the family of the Myristicaceae. The Annonaceae, although generally considered primitive in many features, nevertheless offer a number of specialized features as well This makes it a promising object using various kinds of comparative morphological, karyological, and anatomical data. Besides, many species are of medicinal or commercial value, such as various species of Annona and Rollinia, the fruits of which are commonly eaten in most countries of Central America and South America; the Soursop (Annona muricata) is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 31 species of Angiospermae collected in S. Brazil were determined. Of these species 5 were studied before, the other numbers are new, 11 are first counts for genera and one even for a family. Some notes on the cytology and morphology are added.

Description: A new species of Asterophorum, A. mennegae, is described from the Sipaliwini Savanne (Suriname). The position of Asterophorum within the family is briefly reviewed, and a key to the 2 species is given.

Description: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Description: A palynological assemblage obtained from marly limestones of the Dutch Lower Muschelkalk is discussed. A qualitative analysis has disclosed its great resemblance to Upper Bunter (Röt) assemblages ; however, differences in quantitative composition were demonstrated. Utilizing palynological data new information can be added to the knowledge of the European Middle Triassic flora.

Description: Frutex epiphyticus, ramis quadrangularibus, angulis lenticellatis. Folia ramorum fertilium petiolis 2-5 mm longis, 1.5-2 mm latis; lamina chartacea vel subcoriacea, oblanceolato-oblonga vel interdum elliptico-oblonga, 9-14 cm longa, 3-4.5 cm lata, ápice acuminata, acumen 1-2 cm longum, basi attenuata, costa subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus supra et subtus prominentibus vel prominulis, glandulis hypophyllis aliquot patelliformibus vel foveolatis, parvis, 3-5 in folii parte inferiore oblique seriatis, aliis minutis, punctiformibus, nigricantibus, aequaliter dispersis. Flores in racemis umbelliformibus (20-) 30-45-floris; rhachis ad circa 1 cm longa; nectaria clavato-cucullata, stipitata, stipes 5-8 mm longus, cucullus 1-1.5 cm longus, circa 4-5 mm diametro, ore late-rotundata, margine plerumque recurvo, apiculata; pedicelli 5-7 cm longi, lenticellati; bracteolae sepaloideae, circa 1 mm longae, 2-3 mm latae; sepala suborbicularia vel reniformia, circa 2-3 mm longa, circa 4-5 mm lata, margine glandulosa; corolla oblongo-subconoidea, circa 1 cm longa, circa 4-5 mm diametro; stamina 18-33, filamentis applanatis, liberis, inaequalibus, in alabastro 4-6 mm longis, antheris linearibus, 3-5 mm longis, circa 1 mm latis, basi subsagittatis; ovarium circa 2-3 mm diametro, 6-11-loculare. Fructus globosus, circa 9 mm diametro, stylo persistenti ornatus. Typus : Costa Rica, vicinity of Vara Blanca, North slope of Central Cordillera, between Poás and Barba Volcanoes, alt. 1700 m, April 1938, Skutch 3762 (holotype US; isotypes GH, MO, NY, S). Paratypes; Costa Rica: Heredia: Cerro de las Caricias, North of San Isidro. Standley & Valerio 52202, 52248,52375 (US); Panama:Chiriquí: Boquetedistrict, Bajo Chorro, Davidson 398 (GH, US).

Description: Although algology deals with a large group of plants, widespread and of a great morphological diversity, the history of this branch of botany is fairly young. Linnaeus (1753) listed in his Species Plantarum under the heading “Cryptogamia—Algae” only five genera of plants which are still accepted as algae at the present time. Under the same heading he also described a number of liverworts, lichens and sponges and a few other things.

Description: Joseph Gaertner (1732-1791) was the first to develop a carpological taxonomy in his book De fructibus et seminibus plantarum (1788-1791). The scope and background of this work are discussed; its history is sketched on the basis of the Banks correspondence at the British Museum; the main sources of material are listed. A brief outline of Gaertner’s life is given, also mainly based on letters from him and his contemporaries to Joseph Banks.

Description: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Description: Studies in the Moraceae showed that Acanthinophyllum should be regarded as congeneric with Clarisia, and that Clarisia spruceana and Aliteria sagoti are conspecific with Clarisia ilicifolia. Some characters of the inflorescences and seeds and the position of Clarisia and its relationships with Trophis and Sorocea are discussed.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of representatives of the 9 genera of the Opiliaceae are described in detail. It is possible to separate the genera on the base of both wood- and leaf anatomical characters. Herein the presence of cystoliths of varying shape and size is important. Some comments on the taxonomy and possible phylogeny of the familiy are given.

Description: In February and early March, 1961, the senior author spent three weeks on a small savanna in the approximate centre of Suriname, South of Tafelberg, (map 1). He was accompanied by Mr. W. H. A. Hekking. The time was spent in exploring the flora of the savanna and the adjacent forest. As a detailed study of the vegetation of the savannas of northern Suriname was then in progress, several extensive papers being in preparation (Heyligers, 1963; Van Donselaar, 1965; Van Donselaar-Ten Bokkel Huinink, 1966), it was felt that a more thorough inventory of the vegetation and the flora of the savanna might be rewarding. When a general impression of the plant-cover of the area had been obtained, eight representative sample-plots were selected, their vegetation was analyzed and described after the method of the French-Swiss school of phytosociology, and pits were dug in the soil down to bedrock, samples being taken in every distinctive-looking layer. This work was carried out jointly by the senior author and W. H. A. Hekking; part of the floristic exploration was also done by or with Dr. R. M. Tryon, Harvard Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. The results are here presented. It was felt that in order to integrate them with those obtained elsewhere in Suriname, the collaboration of a specialist familiar with the Suriname savannas in general was required. This was the junior author’s task, who, after his prolonged work on the savannas of northern Suriname, later expanded his work to those of the southern part of the country. The preliminary results of the last-named study are in the press; more detailed field work is in progress as this paper goes to the press.

Description: In his introductory statements to 'The Symposium on the Phylogeny and Classification of the Filicopsida' which was held in London, 1972, HOLTTUM, when dealing with 'dubious groups of relationships which would particularly repay investigation', mentioned the Polypodiaceae first (HOLTTUM, 1973: 6). Talking about Polypodiaceae the present authors deal with the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto only, thus excluding the Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Grammitidaceae, and also the Loxogrammaceae, taxa which were formerly (or are still) included in the Polypodiaceae sensu lato. As delineated in this way, this almost exclusively pantropical family consists of about 600 species and an indefinite number of genera.

Description: The new species Coussapoa manuënsis C.C. Berg is described.

Description: Roxburgh, W., Plants of Coromandel, etc. Add (to Fl.Mal. I, 4, 1954, p. CLXXI): cf. D. Wood, Not. R.Bot.Gard.Edinb. 29 (1969) 211-212.

Description: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Description: Dr. B.O. van Zanten, Groningen, will soon finish the revision of Malesian species of Racopilum and Powellia (Racopilaceae). Mr. J.H. Hilbrands has in 1968/69 worked on the species of the genus Papillaria of Malesia and adjacent countries (at Groningen, under supervision of Dr. van Zanten).

Description: IUCN, says the paper Categories, Objectives and Criteria for Protected Areas, ”is dedicated to the wise use of the Earth’s natural resources and to the maintenance of the Planet’s natural diversity.” What to think of the sequence? Use first, maintain second? And this comes from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources? ”The World National Parks Congress, taking place in Bali, Indonesia, October 11-22, 1982, will provide case studies from around the world to illustrate how the various categories of protected areas are meeting the needs of countries of all economic, social, cultural, and political backgrounds,” writes J.A. McNeely, the secretary of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio (11: 237. 1982). ”No longer just playgrounds for vacationers and means for conserving natural heritage, protected areas have become an inseparable part of the modern human ecosystem.”

Description: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Description: Mrs. Delia D. Adefuin, Museum Research Assistant, Manila, is pursuing her M.S. in Botany degree. She is currently the Secretary of the Fern Society of the Philippines. She is working on the Fern Flora of Metro Manila and is preparing the manuscript of a pictorial encyclopedia which will include descriptions of species and horticultural recommendations. Miss Barbro Axelius (S) collected and studied Xanthophytum and Lerchea (Rubiaceae) in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sumatra, August 1982- February 1983.

Description: Tropical Botany in Aberdeen University. This was started by Professor J.W.H. Trail, who held the chair from 1877 to 1919, and travelled in the Amazon Valley (1873-75) mainly collecting cryptogams and studying palms. He was succeeded by Prof. W.G. Craib (1920-33) who was never in the tropics but devoted his work to the Flora of Siam, based on the collections of A.F.G. Kerr, and assisted by Miss E.C. Barnett. After a considerable lag, tropical botany was revived by the energetic efforts of Dr. P. Ashton as lecturer in systematics and ecology of the eastern tropics, establishing ties with Malayan colleges in teaching and research. This is at present perpetuated by two lecturers, Dr. K. Jong and Dr. M.D. Swaine, the latter’s experience lying largely in the tropics of West Africa. In addition Dr. N.M. Pritchard, Dr. J.B. Kenworthy and Dr. G. Hadley have been on secondment to the University of Malaya, while Dr. I. Alexander made research visits to India, Ghana and Peru. Over the years the Department has provided undergraduate and research training to innumerable students from many different tropical countries, some of which attained responsible posts, e.g. Prof. E. Soepadmo. Important courses in tropical biology are given, not available elsewhere in the U.K. (started 1973). The benefits for Aberdeen students is important: amongst others they led to expeditions to various parts of the tropics, recently to Sabah and to the Ivory Coast. Royal Society Tropical Rain Forest Collaborative Research Programme. Arising out of a feasibility study by Dr. T.C. Whitmore and P.F. Cockburn, the theme ’Recovery of tropical rain forest after disturbance’ was adopted as the initial basis of the programme. Possible territories for the research include Sabah and the Philippines. Detailed plans for a 5-year project are being prepared in consultation with colleagues in Southeast Asia.

Description: In 1969 Indonesian botany suffered a severe loss by the untimely death of Dr. B. Prijanto, at the end of April. He was the head of the Forest Exploration Division, Forest Research Institute, Bogor. He belonged to that still very small, but admirable circle of young able Indonesian botanists built up in the early sixties, largely through the efforts of Dr. Kostermans. Dr. Prijanto studied palynology for one year at Stockholm, after which he proceeded to Edinburgh where he received a thorough training under Dr. Burtt, working largely on the systematics of Scrophulariaceae, in connection with problems in Gesneriaceae. He was a very nice and energetic man, full of plans for the future exploration of Indonesian forests. Our sympathy goes to his young wife, whom he had married only a few months before. He was a victim of an unfortunate car accident in SW. Celebes. The accident occurred when he was hunting for Eucalyptus with two Australian foresters, who both met an untimely death as well, one of them being Mr. E. Larsen, of Canberra. Another thing that lamed botanical activity at Bogor was the serious trouble which Dr. Kostermans ran into with the police by whom he was detained. We hope that he will soon be cleared and that this will be a mere incident which will not affect his energy nor his enthusiasm for Indonesian botany. Unfortunately, through this mishap, he was unable to lead the Seminars on botany in August, neither could he accompany the British Museum Botanical Expedition to Central Celebes led by Dr. Jermy. These tasks were taken over by Dr. Rifai. Dr. Kostermans was also unable to attend the opening of the partly finished new Herbarium building in October, towards the planning of which he had contributed so much.

Description: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Description: Ashton, P.S.: A Manual of the Dipterocarp Trees of Brunei State and of Sarawak. Supplement. Borneo Literature Bureau, Rock Road, Kuching, Sarawak (Printed by Cathay Press, Hong Kong). 1968. viii + 129 pp., 15 fig., 20 pl. (photogr.), large 8°, clothbound. M$ 18.00 + postage M$ 1.30; bank charges of M$ 1.75 are required on foreign cheques. This ’Supplement’ records all Dipterocarpaceae from Sarawak, to the huge number of 247, 12 of which are yet undescribed by being insufficiently known. In the large Brunei Manual, published by the Oxford University Press (1964), 153 of these species had already been fully described; besides in that book very full evidence was given in many other aspects. This information is not repeated here. The Supplement provides keys (one botanical and one field key in all cases) to genera and all 247 species quoting all Sarawak collections, and providing for a full botanical description of all species not recorded in the Brunei book. It is therefore to be used together with the latter. A great asset as a precursor to the Malesian dipterocarps. The work is excellently printed on good paper.—v.St.

Description: It is with the utmost regret that we announce the sudden and quite unexpected death of Dr. Marius Jacobs, editor of this Bulletin. See the obituary on page 3869. He was co-editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin for nr. 17 (1962) to nr. 22 (1968) and took full responsibility onwards of nr. 27 (1974). He showed great ability in enlarging its scope and we have many letters in our archives expressing appreciation and admiration for the lively and informative style in which he edited the Bulletin. I had to take over the editorial work for this number at short notice, but I was greatly helped by a number of Rijksherbarium colleagues, which help is gratefully acknowledged. In this way the delay has been kept to a minimum. It is, however, possible that some news items etc. have not been printed and that information submitted to Dr. Jacobs has not been entered due to this sudden change of editorship. I offer my apologies if this has happened and hope that (if still relevant) the news will again be forwarded to the new editor, Dr. J.F. Veldkamp, Rijksherbarium, who will take over starting next number.

Description: Brizicky, G.K. (1901-1968) Research Botanist, Harvard Herbarium, died of a heart attack, June 15, 1968.

Description: The Botanical Survey of India continued to make collections during 1982, with the following results: Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Shola Bag, Mt Harriet, Jirkathang, Poona Nallah, Saddle peak, Diglipur, Rutland I. & Little I., 2875 specimens. Arunachal Pradesh: Various areas of Kameng Distr., Subansiri Distr., 9750 specimens. Assam: Garampani, 60 specimens. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hollong, Jaldapara, Chilapata, Salkumar, Daidaighat, Barasat, 2665 specimens. Bihar: Madhuban, Nimiaghat, Paresnath Hills, 315 specimens. Dehra Dun: Chakrata, Missoori, 325 specimens. Gujrat: Catchment and submergence areas of Sipu Reservoir Project, 1505 specimens. Kerala: Trichur, Idduki, Silent Valley, Valra Reserve Forest, Cannanore, Trivandrum, 3770 specimens. Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park, Chhodarpur Distr., 1190 specimens. Maharashtra: Areas of Jalgaon Distr. and Buldhana Distr., 4390 specimens. Manipur: Cherrapunjee, Mawphlong, Sorharim, areas of West Khasi Hills Districts, 2000 specimens. Rajasthan: Bharatpur, Desert National Park, 1605 specimens. Sikkim: Rangpo, Singtham, Bumbing, Manuring, Duga, Pandam, Takchi, Meli, areas of Gangtok, Chungtham, Lachi, Thanga, Panthang, 2590 specimens. Uttar Pradesh: Gori & Kali Valley, Chittoragarh Distr., 500 specimens.

Description: In volume 53 of the Arquivos do Museu Nacional (pp. 1-54, 15 fig., 6 tables) there is an interesting ecological account on the vegetation of the famous Itatiaia Range by Mr. F. Segadas-Vianna and Leda Dau (co-author on climatology). The advantage of these two papers (vegetation and climate) is that they provide pertinent data and a fair description.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore walls of Beenakia dacostae (Beenakiaceae, Gomphales) has been studied. Spore walls are mainly composed of a distinct episporium and a thick, dark, ornamented ectosporium. The general structure is identical with that of other members of the Gomphales, such as Gomphus and Ramaria

Description: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Description: 1. A simple technique for acetolysis of small quantities of polliniferous (herbarium) material is described and notes on pollen photomicrography are presented. 2. Pollen grains of Sarawakodendron and six related genera, consisting of twenty-nine mostly Malesian species, have been examined and recorded. 3. The result of pollen study on Kokoona and Lophopetalum agrees with the generic delimitation based on gross morphology. 4. At least four pollen types have been found in the genus Lophopetalum on examination of all the species involved. 5. The pollen of Sarawakodendron shows a great resemblance to that of the related genera Xylonymus and Kokoona. 6. The pollen of Hedraianthera and Brassiantha resembles that of Sarawakodendron, Kokoona, and Xylonymus in aperture configuration, but differs in sculpture and shows in this respect similarity to the pollen of the African Salacighia. 7. In Kokoona coarseness of reticulate sculpture appears correlated with anther characters. This genus can also be easily distinguished from Lophopetalum by its single pollen grains. 8. Parallels are found between the pollen types in Lophopetalum and those in Hippocratea (sens. str.).

Description: In Malesia the genus Tephrosia is represented by 20 species, native or introduced and naturalized, including 6 subspecies and 5 varieties; 4 species are restricted to Malesia. Two of these species are newly described: T. barbatala and T. elliptica; the former includes one new variety (var. glabra). Two new subspecies and one new variety are distinguished: T. filipes subsp. longifolia, T. purpurea subsp. barbigera, and T. maculata var. elongata. Two taxa are given a new status: T. maculata var. appressepilosa and T. pumila subsp. aldabrensis. Four species, T. dichotoma, T. repentina, T. coarctata, and Kiesera sumatrana are for the first time sunk into synonymy. A key to the taxa, synonymy, and full descriptions with plates and distribution maps are given.

Description: During identification and study of the materials of the genus Blepharis Juss. in the Central National Herbarium (CAL) of the Botanical Survey of India the authors came across some specimens (Lawson 314) from Tavancore, which was identified as B. molluginifolia aff But critical study revealed that the typical molluginifolia is a different species from which the new taxon can be distinguished by several characters. The species is named after M.A. Lawson who collected the specimen for the first time.

Description: When revising the Icacinaceae from SE. Asia and Malesia recently, my interest was drawn again to the genus Lophopyxis Hook. f. Designated by its author (1887) tentatively as a member of the Euphorbiaceae, it was rejected from this family by Pax as early as 1890. Engler (1893) transferred Lophopyxis to the Icacinaceae as the type of a new subfamily Lophopyxidoideae. Hallier f. (1910) disputed Engler’s view and retained it in the Euphorbiaceae, from which it was excluded again by Pax & Hoffmann in 1931. A possible place in the Rhamnaceae and Flacourtiaceae was considered and rejected by Gilg in 1918; Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. & van Steenis (1966) likewise rejected the former, though its alliance with the Rhamnaceae was firmly expressed by Airy Shaw (1966). Other authors, as Pierre quoted by Boerlage (1890), inserted Lophopyxis in the Saxifragaceae, Schumann (1898) in the Olacaceae, and Ridley (1922) in Bentham’s Olacineae. In more recent times the genus was referred again to the Icacinaceae by Schellenberg (1923) and Kanehira (1931), but excluded from that family by Hallier f. (1921) and Sleumer (1942). Dahl (1955), discussing the pollen morphology of Lophopyxis, stated that the range of pollen forms known to exist within the Euphorbiaceae could include that of Lophopyxis. Erdtman in the newest edition of his ‘Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy’ (1966) still placed it under Euphorbiaceae. Hutchinson (1959), and subsequently Scholz (1964), place it in the Celastraceae. Though Lophopyxis fits in the general circumscription of the Celastraceae, and shares the winged fruit with the subfamily Tripterygioideae, it cannot be placed in the latter, which all have basal ovules, whilst Lophopyxis has pendent (and certainly epitropous) ones. If placed in the Celastraceae, it would keep an isolated position, as, for instance, does Siphonodon. There is thus no certainty as to the right place of this genus, whose gross morphology, wood anatomy, embryology, and pollen morphology is so well known to-day, in one of the established plant families. It therefore seems justified to regard it as the type of a family of its own within the Geraniales-Sapindales-Celastrales. Suggested already by van Tieghem (1897) and Pierre (1897) casually as Lophopyxidacées’, the family was formally described by Pfeiffer (1951) who raised Engler’s Lophopyxidoideae to family rank, and recently conceived by Airy Shaw (1966).

Description: The previous subdivision of Freycinetia Gaud. ( Pandanaceae) into two parts, Sect. Oligostigma Warb. and Sect. Pleiostigma Warb. (now called Sect. Freycinetia) has because of numerous additions to our knowledge of the genus become obsolete. Fifteen new sections are proposed, based on natural species-groups, and the original two sections are restricted and redefined. Species not yet adequately known may be termed Freycinetiae imperfectae, when only staminate specimens are known, or incertae sedis. A map showing the distribution of the genus is included.

Description: One new species of Aristolochia, A. singalangensis, from Sumatra is described here. This is the only Malesian species to have the fruit dehiscing from the apex towards the base. Remarks are given for some Asiatic and Malesian species, all belonging to Aristolochia except one to Thottea, on their taxonomy, nomenclature, typification, characteristics for identification, relationship, distribution, etc. The phenomena and significance of aristolochiaceous plants-butterflies relationship have been discussed. Germinated pollen grains have been found in dehisced anthers of open flowers in both Aristolochia and Thottea. Pollination of the Aristolochiaceae has been concisely reviewed.

Description: During a collecting trip to Thailand, as a member of the Thai-Dutch botanical expedition 1965/1966, I was struck by the excessive amount of mucilage sometimes present on the circinnate fronds of several leptosporangiate ferns. This was especially evident in representatives of the monotypic fern family Plagiogyriaceae and the Thelypteroid ferns. The mucilage is secreted by a multitude of minute glandular hairs. In mature leaves the hairs are shrivelled and easily overlooked, or even have disappeared. Moreover, usually only herbarium specimens are available for investigation.

Description: There are only two genera of the Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia and Thottea, so far known to occur in Malesia. In the course of a revision of this family for the Flora Malesiana, some new species of both genera have been found. Eight new ones of Thottea were published in a precursor on that genus (Blumea 27, 1981, 301-332, f. 1-72). There are four new species of Aristolochia from Borneo and one more new Thottea from Sumatra to be described here.

Description: This study forms a part of biological, oceanographical, and sedimentological investigations carried out in the Ria de Arosa (NW. Spain) 1962—1964. Details of the aim and scope of these investigations have been set forth by Brongersma and Pannekoek (1966). The present paper deals with the macroscopic algae of this region. Firstly, it was attempted to obtain a complete survey of the floristic composition. These data were utilized in a study of algal phytogeography (van den Hoek and Donze, 1967). Secondly, a rough description of the intertidal vegetation types and zonation patterns is given. Thirdly, the local distribution of species and vegetation types is outlined with respect to the main environmental factors. Fourthly, a rather detailed picture of the depthdistribution of many species is given.

Description: Two widely distributed beach plants, but hitherto unknown from New Guinea, have been found on this small uninhabited island, situated on the southcoast of Kiriwina Subdistrict, 8˚30’ S, 151°05’ E, by Mr A. Gillison, Oct. 1966. Triumfetta procumbens Forst. f. (Tiliaceae) has the huge distribution from the Seychelles in the western Indian to the Tuamotus in the Central Pacific Ocean, but is extremely rare in Malesia, where it has only been collected in the North Moluccas (Sulu and two islets south of Mindanao, further in the Admiralty Is, New Britain, the Solomons, and the Louisiades). Cf. Pacific Plant Areas I (1963) t. II. This is now found in Nubiam Island (NGF 25289).

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper. A critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Description: The Australian genus Wilkiea is recorded for Papua New Guinea. One species, W. foremanii, is described from the Wharton Range.

Description: Carpels develop centripetally as oblique slightly ascidiform structures provided with a seat-like support. The terminal mouth of the ascidiform primordium becomes the lateral cleft of the carpel. Solitary terminal carpels develop as lateral structures. The sections Tasmannia and Drimys of the genus Drimys differ by the varying degree of ascidiform development. Austrobaileya is like Drimys. The structure of the carpel margins with submarginal placentation may have evolved from a slit like that in Winteraceae. Allometric development of an oblique ascidiform structure may have formed a large basal ovary, and may thus have moved the stigmatic part apically. A possible cupular origin of carpels is discussed.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Icacinaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’ in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. Being connected closely with the Icacinaceae of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and with Australia and the Pacific on the other side, and in part even with those of Africa inch Madagascar, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too, without, however, to perform a complete revision of all Icacinaceae in these parts of the world. This was the less necessary, as R. A. Howard (1940—42) already has revised part of the genera concerned. The elaboration of the family in several local treatments has much contributed to our knowledge of the family for Africa. Of the genera formerly included in Asiatic-Malesian Icacinaceae Leucocorema Ridl. has been transferred to Trichadenia Thwait., Matpania Gagnep. to Bouea Meisn., and Petitastira Ridl. to Dichapetalum Thou.

Description: The elevation effect is defined as the phenomenon that mountain plants occur only on mountains which attain a certain minimum altitude peculiar to the species, but that they generally descend below this critical altitude on the higher mountains. It can also be expressed in figures as the difference between the minimum altitude of the peaks and that of the lowest known locality. If for example a species occurs from 1500 m upwards, but only on mountains whose highest peak exceeds 2200 m altitude, the effect amounts to 2200—1500 = 700 m. First observed for one plant on the volcanoes of Java by Backer & van Slooten (1924), it was assumed applicable to all Malesian mountain plants by van Steenis (1934). It was further elucidated by him (1961) by a number of computed examples; he abandoned the earlier idea that it had something to do with the ‘Massenerhebungseffekt’ (mountain mass-elevation effect) and gave an explanation for the elevation effect by assuming that each mountain plant occupies a zone of permanent establishment, on both sides bordered by a zone of temporary localities, the critical altitude being the lower contour of the permanent establishment (fig. 1). In other words, mountain plants can only descend to their lowest localities on peaks whose summits fall at least partly in the zone of permanent establishment, ensuring a constant upper source for descending diaspores. If the explanation is correct, the elevation effect must be universally valid for all mountain plants, and not only for those on volcanoes. Encouraged by an observation of a New Zealand Ranunculus by Fischer (1965), which was said to occur only on mountains with a minimum peak altitude, the author has tested the alpine flora of Switzerland on the occurrence of the elevation effect. For this purpose he has drawn a map of Switzerland at the 2000 m contour by which it became divided into 121 ‘mountain islands’ exceeding that altitude (list p. 278, Karte 1). Then 23 species of mountain plants were selected responding to the conditions that they occur largely above 2000 m, that they are fairly common, that they are not expressly bound to very narrow ecological conditions, and finally that they are homogeneous and do not show infraspecific differentiation (see list on p. 280). The proper scoring was done in II herbaria in Switzerland, public and private, from many thousands of sheets of which the label carried an altitudinal notation, in a few cases supplemented by data from local monographs. The complete survey of altitudinal data, with their frequencies for each species has been compiled in table 1; for four species these data have been figured in graphs illustrating more clearly the tailing off of frequencies at both higher and lower altitudes. For each species a detailed account is given of the number of specimens examined, their distribution over the various ‘mountain islands’, data found in literature, lowest ‘mountain island’ on which the species is found, a list of the lower localities, and finally a discussion of the results. It appears that each of the 23 species examined shows the elevation effect and that there is no reason to doubt its general validity, even for arimals. All occur only on mountains with a minimum altitude and all descend on the ‘mountain islands’ to a distinctly lower altitude. The elevation effect in metres for each species, as computed by the difference between the height of the lowest ‘mountain island’ on which it occurs and the lowest locality known, is reproduced in table 2 on p. 312. The explanation adhered to is that the scarce lowest localities are, for their maintenance, entirely dependent on the continuous supply of diaspores from the permanent, higher situated populations. On the higher mountains there is a continuous supply from this source, but this is absent on the mountains not reaching above the minimum altitude. The elevation effect is influenced in detail by various ecological factors among which the most important are: temperature, soil, physiognomy of the vegetation, autecology of the species, dispersal biology, and man. These factors have all been discussed separately. It appears that the lowest localities always occur on sites which deviate in some way or other very locally from the surrounding biotope, by lower temperature, more open vegetation, etc. Such ‘enclaves’ show characteristics of higher situated zones; they are for example streamborders, glaciers, deep ravines, waterfalls, etc.

Description: Herba perennis, gracilis, caule repente valde furcato. Rami erecti vel suberecti, quadrangulares, e gemmis axillaribus emergentes, straminei, squamosi, simpliccs et infra glabrescentes, corymbose furcati et glandulari-pubescentes, sursum altitudine 10—20 cm attingentes. Folia simplicia, exstipulata, sessilia, ad basin connata, opposita, paribus sursum gradatim minoribus et in bracteas transeuntibus, lamina lineari-lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata, acuta vel ad basin paulum angustata, apice acuminata, integra, margine paulum incrassata et incurva, coriacea, utrinque glabra, infra pallida, 5—20(—25) x 2—5(—6) mm; nervi praeter medium nervum eminentem obscuri. Flores albi, 5—6 mm longi, ad nodos singulos in axilla folii unius solitarii, cymas terminales foliosas corymbosas paniculatas efformantes. Bracteae foliosae, sed vulgo foliis minores, 5—10 mm longae, pedicello tereti, gracili, erecto-patente, glandulari-pubescente, 3—10 mm longo; bracteolae nullae. Sepala 5, usque ad basin libera, lanceolato-oblonga, acuminata, integra, marginibus angustis scariosis, utrinque glabra, e basi 3-nervia, nervo medio eminenti ad apicem in mucronem parvum desinente, nervis duobus lateralibus languidis cum nervo medio sub ipso apice convergentibus, 5—6 X 1.5—1.8 mm. Petala 5, libera, subsessilia, oblanceolata, ad apicem in lobos ovatos, subacutos, 0.6—0.8 mm longos breviter bifida, 5.0—5.5 mm longa, sepalis aequalia vel paulo breviora. Stamina fertilia 5, staminodiis 5 alternantia, disco paulum 5-lobo glandulari annulari insidentia; filamenta gracilia, cum petalis alternantia, ad basin paulum dilatata, 4 mm longa; antherae subbrunneae, oblongae, 1 mm longae; staminodia linearia, theca vacua minuta albida 2 mm longa, i.e. staminibus fertilibus dimidio breviora. Ovarium ovoideum, subsessile vel omatum brevi gynophoro, 1—5 ovulatum, apice cupulari, discoideo, circum stylos tumescente; styli terni (raro bini), filiformes, glabri, 2.5—2.8 mm longi; stigma simplex. Capsula ovoidea, calyce multo brevior, seminibus 1—5, usque ad medium circum apicem incrassatum in valvulas 6 ovatas subacutas dehiscens. Semina compressa, rubro-brunnea, fere levia, 1 mm longa. Perennial, slender herb, with creeping, much branched stems. Branches erect or suberect, 4-angled, springing from the axillary, straw-coloured, scaly buds, simple and glabrescent below and corymbosely branched and glandular-pubescent upwards, attaining a height of 10—20 cm. Leaves simple, exstipulate, sessile, connate at base, arranged in opposite, equal pairs, becoming smaller and passing into bracts upwards; lamina linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or slightly narrowed to the base, acuminate at the apex, entire, with slightly thickened, incurved margin, coriaceous, glabrous on both surfaces, pale beneath, 5—20(—25) X 2—5(—6) mm; nerves obscure except prominent midrib. Flowers white, 5—6 mm long, solitary at each node in the axil of one leaf, forming terminal, leafy, corymbose, panicled cymes. Bracts leaf-like, but usually smaller than leaves, 5—10 mm long, pedicel terete, slender, erecto-patent, glandular-pubescent, 3—10 mm long; bracteoles o. Sepals 5, free to the base, lanceolateoblong, acuminate, entire with narrow scarious margins, quite glabrous inside and outside, 3-nerved from the base, middle prominent nerve terminating into a small mucro at the apex and two faint lateral nerves converging with the midnerve just below the apex, 5—6 X 1.5—1.8 mm. Petals 5, free, subsessile, oblanceolate, shortly 2-fid at the apex into ovate, subacute, 0.6—0.8 mm long lobes, 5.0—5.5 mm long, as long as or slightly shorter than the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 5 staminodes, inserted on slightly 5-lobed, glandular, annular disc; filaments slender, alternating with petals, slightly dilated at the base, 4 mm long; anthers brownish, oblong, 1 mm long; staminodes linear, with minute, whitish, empty anther-sacs, 2 mm long. Ovary ovoid, subsessile or with short gynophore, 1—5 ovuled, with cupular, disclike, swollen apex around the styles; styles 3 (rarely 2), filiform, glabrous, 2.5—2.8 mm long; stigma simple. Capsule ovoid, much shorter than the calyx, 1—5-seeded, dehiscing up to the middle around the thickened apex into 6 ovate, subacute valves. Seeds compressed, reddish-brown, nearly smooth, 1 mm long.

Description: Of 75 regions, some continental and others insular, the diversity as expressed in the number of Phanerogam genera is compared. As could be expected it is found that richness in both continental and insular regions is positively correlated with size and with proximity to source areas. In comparable continental and insular regions the former are always richer; increase in the number of genera with increasing size is stronger in the former. There are various factors disturbing the relations between size/diversity and isolation/diversity. The role of these factors, such as climate, age, topography and the like are discussed. It is shown that isolated islands are not always poor (New Caledonia, Fiji, Lord Howe I., Rapa, etc.). On the other hand the poverty of islands (e.g. New Zealand) need not be primarily due to the distance from a source area but may be caused by impoverishment of an originally rich flora. Once isolated, an island flora is much more subject to losses than a continental area where the losses in general may be readily replenished. It would be wrong therefore to conclude on the basis of poverty that an island has always been as much isolated as it is at present. Not only are isolated islands in general poorer in genera, there are also less genera per family than in a comparable continental area. This is shown to be caused by a preponderance of families represented by a single genus in the former.

Description: This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

Description: The Dermaptera of the northern part of South America have been little studied. The Dermaptera fauna of Columbia and Ecuador to the east of this region has been investigated to some extent, but records of this order from the western countries are very sparse indeed. Prior to BOESEMAN (1954) only two species were known from Surinam, whilst 10 species have been recorded from Guyana, and 13 species from French Guiana. These totals obviously represent only a very small proportion of the true fauna, and BOESEMAN (1954) recorded a further 9 species from Surinam, so bringing the total known species from all the Guyanas to 26.

Description: The buthid scorpions of the genus Centruroides are widely distributed in the Antillean area. They are also the most common scorpions in the majority of these islands. Nevertheless they remained almost forgotten until recently (STAHNKE 1970; ARMAS 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982; FRANCKE & SISSOM 1980). For the purpose of this paper the Lesser Antilles are defined as the islands situated between the Virgin Islands and Trinidad & Tobago, according to BOND’S 1978 zoogeographical point of view.

Description: Compared with the other vertebrate groups the Amphibia of the island of Trinidad are relatively poorly known. There have been four surveys of the group, one in the last century and the others in the earlier part of the present. The earliest is that of MOLE & URICH (1894) in which twelve species are listed and a brief account given of the breeding habits of one species, and another species listed later in the same source. Approximately thirty years later Roux (1926) examined a collection made by KUGLER and reported fourteen species. A year later LUTZ (1927) visited the island and made a collection listing fourteen species giving brief notes on their distribution. Apart from these references, which are essentially nothing more than lists of species, there has been only one comprehensive study of the group, that of PARKER (1933) which was based on collections made by URICH and VESEY-FITZGERALD, in which twentythree species are listed and in which a key to identification is presented. A year later PARKER (1934) reviewed a minor taxonomic problem and described a new species of Gastrotheca from the island. There are, of course, scattered references to Trinidad amphibia in the literature falling generally into two groups, those dealing with limited collections or particular aspects of life histories of individual species and those in which particular groups of species are being reviewed. In the former category are the papers of BEEBE (1952), DITMARS (1941), GANS (1956), KENNY (1956 and 1966) and in the latter those of DUELLMAN (1956), DUNN (1949), FUNKHOUSER (1957), GALLARDO (1961 and 1965), PARKER (1937) and RIVERO (1961). There is no doubt that there is need for a general study and review of the Amphibia of the island. Since PARKER’S study was published, the names of nine of the twenty-three species have been altered in one way or another, some even at the generic level, while two hitherto unrecorded species have been found. Apart from this, however, there has been surprisingly little recorded on general life histories of the Trinidad species or of mainland representatives of these species. Admittedly some species are comparatively well known but these are mostly forms with peculiar life histories or habits, for example Pipa pipa, Pseudis paradoxus and possibly Bufo marinus, which would attract the attention of herpetologists. Nevertheless, the bulk of the species remain nothing more than names in taxonomic reviews. While the adult forms may be fairly well known taxonomically, most of the tadpoles are still unknown. A search of the literature, both of Trinidad forms as well as mainland forms has revealed descriptions only of three forms.

Description: Until recently biological research in the sea off Suriname had not received much attention. There was no fishery in the open sea and there was no incentive to investigate this unknown world. But in the last twenty years, experiments have gradually led to serious study of the subject. Before the second world war, schooner fishing in the open sea to catch red snapper fish, as already carried out off (British) Guyana, was tried by the Curaçao Trading Company in Paramaribo, but this experiment was not a success. During the war, a study of the local fisheries became urgent, to find out how far Suriname was able to supply the people with protein food.

Description: The material studied was mainly collected by Drs. P. H. VAN DOESBURG, Jr. during his stay in Surinam and during a visit to Venezuela. In addition, specimens from the Western Hemisphere brought together in the Rijksmuseum at Leiden by various collectors and some samples taken in Surinam by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK have been studied. Some specimens in the author’s collection, with unknown collector were also examined. The material has been deposited at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden (LM); the Zoologisch Museum at Utrecht (UM) and the collection of the author (N). The collection of Drs. P. H. VAN DOESBURG now belongs to the Leiden Museum and is consequently indicated LM too.

Description: The Carboniferous sediments of the thrust structures between the Porma and Bernesga rivers (map 2) and the headwaters of a tribuary of the Luna River (map 3) are described. In the lithostratigraphic chapter, the Vegamián, Alba, Escapa and San Emiliano formations are described, ranging in age from the Tournaisian to the lowermost Westfalian. The Alba and Escapa formations are subdivided into three and two members, respectively. An attempt has been made to reconstruct the palaeoecological conditions during sedimentation. The palaeoecological interpretation is based mainly on the productoids and chonetoids, but other palaeontological and lithological evidence has also been used. Many faunal assemblages have been found, which are comparable to those described by Moore (1964) from Pennsylvanian and Permian deposits in Kansas (U.S.A.). A short sedimentary history is given in chapter IV. A systematic study has been made of the Carboniferous representatives of two suborders of the phylum Brachiopoda: the Productidina and the Chonetidina. 22 Genera of the Productacea are described. They are represented by 51 species and subspecies, three of which are new. The new species are Levipustula breimeri, Karavankina rakuszi and K. wagneri. Twelve species and subspecies of seven different genera are described from the family Chonetidae. The investigation of these brachiopods resulted in a reappraisal of the Spanish Carboniferous productoids and chonetoids, combined with the description of a number of elements previously unknown in Spain. The genus Karavankina is described in some detail since only a short introductory note (Ramovs, 1966) has been published previously. A pedicle sheath is described for the first time for the genus Chonetipustula. The groove in the internal moulds of small pedicle valves of that genus are shown to be due to a groove anterior to the pedicle sheath, and not to a median septum as supposed by previous authors. A comparison of the faunas with those of other areas leads to some interesting conclusions. The fauna of the Vegamián Formation is closely comparable with German faunas of a slightly younger, distinctly Viséan age. The fauna appears to be dependent on the type of sediment deposited, viz. black shales, and not so much on the stratigraphic age. Van Ginkel (1965b) has dated the top of the Escapa Formation on the basis of fusulinids as Lower Bashkirian. The productoid assemblage of these deposits is unique and consists mainly of forms found in the Visean of north-western Europe, together with a few genera and species known from Moscovian and even younger strata elsewhere. The upper Bashkirian and the lowermost Moscovian faunas in Spain become more cosmopolitan, the Viséan and Namurian elements being replaced by new ones. In Moscovian strata, it is found that the fauna shows close relationships with the faunas described from Russia and China as well as with those found in the Westfalian marine bands of north-western Europe. The Carboniferous faunas in nord-west Spain apparently belong to the Europe Tian-Shan faunal province, because the productoid fauna as well as the fusulinid fauna agree with those described for this province (Einor et al., 1965). It seems that Karavankina should be added as another characteristic genus for this faunal province. It occurs from the Cantabrian Mountains to China. The Kasimovian productoids belong to the Moscovian genera, but differ at a specific level.

Description: Microtextures of calcite in recent caliche are similar to those of authigenic calcite in Upper Carboniferous, Permian and Lower Triassic continental sandstones and mudstones in the South-Central Pyrenees, Spain. Except for one profile in the Permian, no complete caliche profiles containing calcrete occur in the ancient deposits. It is suggested that the fossil authigenic calcite crystallized in early stages of diagenesis under climatic conditions favourable to the development of caliche.

Description: 1. Uca rapax of Curaçao showed a daily colour rhythm. The animal is dark during the day and light during the night. This rhythm persisted in animals which were placed in constant darkness for 110 days, and in those which were placed in constant illumination for 40 days. The latter condition caused a gradual phase shift of the maximum darkening from 12 (noon) to 3 AM within a period of 18 days. The maxima and minima of animals kept in constant darkness were higher than in control animals. No correlation between tide levels and colour change was found. 2. Eyestalk extracts were found to contain a pigment dispersing activity. There was no difference in the amount of dispersing material between the extracts of eyestalks removed either in daytime or at night. Males reacted more strongly upon injection of eyestalk extracts than females. 3. Blood taken from eyestalkless or normal animals had no dispersing activity, although a “non-specific” dispersing activity can be demonstrated in blood kept outside the body for 45 minutes.

Description: During a voyage to the West Indies undertaken in 1963-1964 Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK collected many specimens of marine organisms from Piscadera Baai, Curaçao, as a basis for the compilation of a preliminary list of the local fauna and flora. This paper deals with the styelid ascidians which dr. HUMMELINCK entrusted to me and whose study has formed the subject of a student’s nine-month practical course in taxonomy. Only three species, amongst the material collected from Piscadera Bay, seemed to be well enough characterized for them not to need revision. They are Styela partita (Stimpson), 1852, Polyandrocarpa (Eusynstyela) tincta (Van Name), 1902, and Symplegma viride Herdman, 1886. It has, therefore, been necessary to compare my material with earlier collections.

Description: The genus Kozlowskiellina Boucot, 1957, which comprises about nine species, has a stratigraphic range from Wenlock (Middle Silurian) up to the Upper Emsian (Lower Devonian). In this paper, several characters are described: the micro-ornamentation, the internal characters of the pedicle valve, and the interior of the brachial valve. With respect to these three characters, there is a great diversity within the genus, especially in the pedicle valve, some of the species having dental plates and others lacking these structures. In addition to the description of the micro-ornamentation, a functional interpretation of some features of this ornamentation is given. Because of the diversity, it seems impossible to describe the genus with one chosen type species. Therefore, a historic interpretation is given that represents the essence of the genus. A genus is a group of species which are historically closely related; a description of a genus is the description of the morphological history of that genus. Consequently, an attempt has been made in this paper to define the historic relationship between the different species within the historic group of the genus Kozlowskiellina.

Description: The present relative inaccessibility of Cuba to citizens of the United States has been particularly disappointing since very much still remains for the herpetologist to do in that country. In particular, the province of Oriente is very inadequately known; we know just enough to be aware how much remains uncertain or uninvestigated. The collections at present available point to a truly extraordinary complexity without providing the materials to delineate or understand it. The fauna of the very small area directly available to Americans – the Guantánamo Naval Base – in itself demonstrates some of the surprises and problems but offers a mere taste of the richness in both regards of the province as a whole. The Base has deserved closer attention than it has received. Many species have been described from it (or the vaguer locality “Guantanamo”).

Description: On the existing geological maps of the South-Central Pyrenees such as those of Dalloni (1910, 1930), Misch (1934), Almela & Rios (1947) and Alastrue, Almela & Rios (1957) the units distinguished and the colours used represent stratigraphie time intervals. Many stage boundaries, however, fall at levels which may lie anywhere in a homogeneous rock sequence. To overcome this difficulty the practice up to now has been to substitute the nearest marked lithological change for the unmappable time-stratigraphic limit. This simplification hardly matters in small-scale geological maps (scales of 1 : 175,000 and 1 : 200,000). The errors introduced become unjustifiable, however, when mapping on scales of 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 50,000. Pronounced facies changes and diachronism as have been shown to apply to many of the deposits under consideration (Souquet, 1967), add a further complication. Mapping of the Central Pyrenees has been undertaken by the Geological Institute of the University of Leiden and to date the first six, 1 : 50,000, map sheets of the projected series of ten maps have been published. In the course of field studies carried out by the present authors in the South-Central Pyrenees, a lithostratigraphic subdivision was developed which is here published in a condensed form. The subdivision is largely based on physical criteria, recognizable in the field. The units distinguished are formations in the sense of the Code of Stratigraphical Nomenclature (1961).

Description: DUNN (1926) first proposed that the multiplicity of Cuban species of Eleutherodactylus be separated into four groups. One of these, the auriculatus group, was characterized by him as having a granular belly, short (= patch-like) vomerine series, well developed digital discs, and an external vocal sac in the males. Such a diagnosis has proved increasingly valuable in arranging Cuban Eleutherodactylus, and has resulted (SCHWARTZ, 1965a) in a dendrogram showing the proposed relationships of the members of this assemblage in Cuba. As knowledge of the habits and calls of West Indian frogs has increased, it has become evident that the auriculatus group is widespread throughout both the Greater and Lesser Antilles; in addition to the structural features noted by DUNN, certain characteristics of habitat, habits, and voice show that there is a striking uniformity in these patterns as well. The purpose of the present paper is to summarize the current knowledge of the auriculatus group members in the West Indies. Much of my work in Cuba was under the sponsorship of two National Science Foundation grants (G-3865 and G-6252), and for this financial assistance I am very grateful. Some of the details of calls and calling sites have been reported by my associates in the field: I wish to express my sincere gratitude for their assistance to Miss PATRICIA A. HEINLEIN and Messrs. RONALD F. KLINIKOWSKI, DAVID C. LEBER, and RICHARD THOMAS. Of the 37 species under discussion, I have heard calling and handled all but three in the field; such intimate association is invaluable with these frogs.

Description: The Alpine-type ultramafic mass of Étang de Lers in the French Pyrenees (the type locality of lherzolite) is transected by a number of hornblendite veins. These veins cut through the lherzolite-pyroxenite layering and obviously are the youngest ultramafic rocks present. Geological field evidence and petrofabric analysis indicate that the whole mass, including the hornblendite veins, was emplaced among Mesozoic sediments as a solid block in Upper Albian or Lower Cenomanian time, immediately before the main phase of Alpine orogenic movements. The rocks of the ultramafic mass are metamorphic tectonites affected by two Alpine sets of fracture cleavages. They do not show, however, any effects of the Alpine low-grade regional metamorphism that affected the country rocks. A detailed study of this ultramafic mass is given in the Ph. D. thesis by Avé Lallemant (1967). K-Ar age measurements were made on the hornblende from a hornblendite vein. The sample was collected at an altitude of 1365 m, about 175 m E. of the northern shore of l’Estagnon (the small pond S. W. of the Etang de Lers). Hornblende makes up about 75 % of the vein rock. Subordinate constituents are brownish augite and opaque ore minerals. The hornblende has a somewhat patchy appearance, with pleochroism from Z = dark yellowish brown (locally with slightly greenish tinge) to Y = brown to chesnut-brown and X = colourless, nz = 1.702 ± 0.002, nx \u2248 1.672, Z/c = 6° and 2VX = 80°. Part of the hornblende crystals are slightly bent.

Description: During the Late Devonian, deposition in the Cantabrian Mountains was largely controlled by movements along faults. By way of intermitting subsidence of the area south of the Sabero-Gordón line and the connected progradation of the coast during the Frasnian and early Famennian, three regressive sequences were deposited. On account of these sequences the Nocedo Formation is divided into three units. Before the late Famennian transgression, after which the upper part of the Ermita Formation was deposited, the area was peneplained. Six facies maps show the changes in palaeogeography during the Late Devonian.

Description: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km² in a strip more than 150 km from east to west. This part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model. Only the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180° giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias. Very minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Description: In Westphalian strata of the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Palencia, Spain, the sphinctozoan sponges Amblysiphonella and Cystauletes are quite common; Sollasia is much rarer. This is the first occurrence of Cystauletes in Europe. The great variability of Amblysiphonella barroisi and Cystauletes mammilosus is demonstrated with abundant material. One new species Cystauletes maior is described. All three genera are associated with Dasycladaceae, which indicates a very shallow water environment.

Description: The Lancara Formation is a unit of carbonate sediments of Lower to Middle Cambrian age in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain. The formation is divisible into a Dolomite Member, a Limestone Member and a Griotte Member. The Dolomite Member and the Limestone Member consist mainly of very shallow marine carbonate sediments, devoid of any fossils. Algal structures like stromatolites and oncolites are the only traces of Cambrian life found in them. It is likely that the Dolomite Member represents a sebkha-facies since it is mainly composed of finely to medium crystalline dolomites with intraformational breccias and ‘birdseye’ structures. The limestones are predominantly intrasparudites with stromatolites and oncolites. Locally the limestones have been subaerially exposed in Cambrian times. The Limestone Member is overlain by the Griotte Member. Locally the contact is disconformable. The Griotte Member is composed of red, argillaceous, nodular limestones and shales. These are very fossiliferous and contain glauconite-like pellets (muscovite-1M). The red color of the sediment is due to dispersed hematite. The nodular structure can have been caused by pressure solution, burrowing or brecciation. The formation as a whole represents a transgressive marine sequence. It starts with sebkha-like deposits and changes upward via algal limestones (algal reef?) into open marine biosparudites and biomicrudites and shales. The subaerial exposure and disconformable contact might indicate a local uplift and local regression of the sea prior to the deposition of the Griotte Member. A brief survey on trace elements (Cu, Co, Ni, Sr) was carried out with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In the ‘sebkha’ dolomites Cu values showed peaks where the dolomites contain argillaceous matter. Co and Ni were predominantly concentrated in the algal limestones and the Griotte Member. Sr values were high in the algal limestones and in a shale bed underlying the stromatolite bed. The dolomites had generally a low Sr. content. The amount of Sr in the Griotte Member was also lower than in the algal limestones.

Description: The area described comprises the SE plunging extension of the anticlinorium of Mondoñedo-Lugo-Sarria and several structural units to the NE of it. The stratigraphy compares with that of neighbouring areas. Certain new observations have been made regarding the west flank of the East Galician-West Asturian miogeosyncline at the end of the Precambrium and during the Early Palaeozoic. Stromatolites or algae played an important part in the formation of carbonate deposits during late Precambrian (Cándana limestone) and Lower Cambrian time (Vegadeo limestone). An imprint, possibly attributable to a specimen belonging to the Precambrian Ediacara fauna, was found in the Cándana Schist Formation. A shallow or relatively high zone existed during that time in the region around Incio. The same general area formed a high again at the end of the Ordovician, causing erosion and a marked disconformity of the Silurian. The Hercynian structures can be explained by assuming roughly WSW-ENE compression and shortening. In the NW of the area this is expressed in the first place by the recumbent folds of the Lugo-Sarria anticlinorium, and in the SE by the narrowness of the steep folds and their slightly changed direction in the general area of Seoane and El Cebrero. Normal crossfaults are related to the folding and the compression. They show locally a deviation in accordance with the direction of shear stress. Horizontal displacement along such faults in an EW direction was probably of little importance. Finally a few observations are given on the occurrence of Pb-Zn ores at the mine of Rubiales.

Description: Species of the heteropod families Carinariidae and Pterotracheidae collected in the Mid North Atlantic Ocean in 1980 have been studied. The distribution of the species is given, as well as the morphological variation. It is concluded that two subspecies of Carinaria lamarcki actually have to be considered distinctly recognisable and sympatric species, to be called C. lamarcki and C. challengeri. The vertical distribution of the heteropods studied proves not to be restricted to the photic zone and diurnal vertical migration occurs among the larger species. The horizontal distribution of the two Carinaria species and of at least two populations of the Pterotrachea species coincides with the southern branch of the North Atlantic Current, while others are restricted to the subtropical waters. Consequently, the present heteropods have to be considered good indicators of water masses and currents.

Description: 1. From 54 female fin whales chosen at random from a greater number of animals from which data and material were collected during the Antarctic whaling season 1962/1963, records have been made of the baleen plates and the ear plugs. For the records the complete baleen plates including the part of the plates embedded in the gum are used. All ear plugs used for this study were complete and undamaged. 2. According to their ovaries and baleen records 50 animals were sexually mature, 4 animals were sexually immature. 3. In each individual the record of the complete baleen plate is entirely comparable to the record of the ear plug, in its general trend and in the sequence of peaks and hollows. Also the regular cyclic repetition found in the records of the baleen plates is present in the records of the ear plugs. The comparison of the records of baleen plates with those of ear plugs is only possible when it starts with the last formed part, forming the basis of the core of the plug and the first part of the cortex of the baleen plate deep in the gum, because these represent both the same moment in the life of the animal which is exactly known, viz. the moment in which the growth stopped due to the death of the animal. Table III “Growth periods” in the ear plug, per period the mean length number of animals i ii m rv V VI vn VIII IX 4 69 2 53 56 8 62 68 72 8 70 67 73 71 10 63 64 63 61 59 5 59 57 60 63 58 57 6 54 57 61 56 58 58 59 5 69 72 68 67 67 65 65 62 1 66 58 51 62 59 54 49 64 48 total mean 63 64 66 64 60 60 61 63 48 4. In the records of baleen plates and ear plugs of a number of immature animals the “double hump” or a part of it was found at the right hand side of both. In some of the animals an “ovulation peak” was present at the same time at the beginning (left hand end) in the record of the baleen plate and ear plug; in both in the same position with respect to the surrounding peaks and hollows. This is also true for the records of ear plugs and baleen plates of older females. 5. The records of the ear plugs can be divided into “growth periods” according to what is done in the records of the baleen plates. In each individual the division between the “growth periods” in the record of the ear plug are in the same position with respect to the sequence of the surrounding peaks and hollows as is found in the record of the complete baleen plate. In both records the cyclic repetition of peaks and hollows in the successive “growth periods” is clear. 6. In 21% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the record of the ear plug is equal to the number present in the record of the baleen plate. In 17% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the record of the baleen plate was lower (1 to 3 “growth periods”) than was found in the record of the ear plug. In 62% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the baleen plate was greater (1 to 6 periods) than was found in the ear plug. 7. Evidence was put foreward that the increase in length of the ear plug is obstructed after the animal has reached a certain age. This moment is not the same for all animals but is probably related to the various “constitution types” present in the catch. It is shown that in the distal end of the ear plug the length of the “growth periods” suddenly decreases, so only a certain maximum number of “growth periods” can be found. In the baleen plate the same situation exists due to wear at the tip of the plate. For these reasons the exact age of a fin whale can only be determined as long as wear at the tip of the baleen plate and compression of the distal layers of the ear plug does not occur. 8. From the evidence put foreward it is clear that age determination in fin whales by simply counting the layers present in the core of the ear plug is far too subjective and does not give reliable results. In our opinion best results for age determination in fin whales are obtained by counting the corpora present in the ovaries of females. When this number is divided by the mean ovulation rate (1.25, see Van Utrecht-Cock, 1966) and by adding 6 years (mean number of years before attainment of sexual maturity) the age of the animals calculated in this way is reasonably accurate.

Description: Moult cycle and morphogenesis in larval instars (zoea I, zoea II, megalopa) of the spider crab Hyas araneus were studied in the laboratory. Changes in the epidermis and cuticle were documented photographically at daily intervals to characterize the stages of the moult cycle. Stage A (early postmoult) is a very short period during which the larva takes up water. During late postmoult (B) and intermoult (C) the endocuticle is secreted, and there is conspicuous epidermal tissue condensation and growth. The onset of early premoult (D sub(0)) is characterized by epidermal apolysis, occurring first at the bases of the setae in the telson of zoeal instars or in the rostrum of the megalopa.

Description: Larval and early post-larval growth has been investigated in H. araneus L. (Majidae) reared in the laboratory. Growth was measured as dry weight (DW), ash-free dry weight (AFDW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), gross biochemical constituents (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, chitin, ash) and energy (calculated separately from carbon and biochemical composition). During larval development, i.e. from freshly hatched zoea-I to late megalopa, all these criteria of biomass increase by factors ranging between 5 and 14; carbohydrate shows the lowest, chitin the highest increment. There are indications of loss in organic body weight during the latest period preceding metamorphosis to the crab stage. When no food is offered during this time, megalopae lose significantly more biomass than control larvae. This suggests that food is still required, but feeding activity is reduced to a level below maintenance ingestion rate. Following metamorphosis, the juvenile crab accumulates biomass at a far higher absolute rate (expressed as µg/d) than all larval stages.

Description: The development of hard bottom communities has been studied on test panels in Helgoland Harbour (German Bight) since 1977. Settlement and growth of epibenthic species was examined monthly. Natural variation in different seasons, years, and at three stations (the latter, only in 1981 and 1982) was investigated. At Station A (Binnenhafen), barnacles (Balanus crenatus ) and polychaetes (Polydora ciliata ) were always among the first settlers in spring. They were followed by other barnacles (Elminius modestus, Balanus improvisus ) and by colonical ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri ). The latter species often dominated from August to October, and tended to overgrow the barnacle populations.