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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The frequency and severity of defoliation of small sample areas, 8 × 8 cm, was studied in swards of S37 cocksfoot which were maintained at different levels of leaf-area index by continuous grazing with lambs. By varying the number of lambs grazing a plot, the LAI was maintained at three approximately constant levels, 5.3 (H), 4.1 (M), and 3.0 (L). Any one 8 × 8 cm area was grazed on average once every 36 days in treatment H, 24 days in treatment M and 19 days in treatment L. Approximately 24% of the total length of leaf present per tiller was removed each time a tiller was grazed, under all treatments. The lambs tended to graze patches of herbage about 16 × 16 cm, then move to a different place in the sward. These results are discussed in relation to grazing practices aimed at securing the maximum harvested yield.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The potential for producing beef in savanna grassland areas is discussed in relation to the results obtained from grazing trials on sown pastures at Serere Research Station, Uganda. Liveweight gains from small East African Zebu stock are used to illustrate the progress that has been made in the selection of improved pasture species and mixtures grown at various levels of fertilizer application. The utilization of herbage from selected pastures is shown to vary under different grazing management systems, grazing pressure having the greatest effect upon animal production. The need for further investigations and the integration of existing research findings into farming practice is stressed.
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:LANGER, R. H. M. [Ed.] The luceme crop.FRYER, J. D.; EVANS, S. A. [Eds] Weed control handbook.RODIN, L. E.; BAZILEVICH, N. I. Production and mineral cycling in terrestrial vegetation.
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects were studied of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the production of perennial ryegrass at high altitudes in Kenya. N had little influence on production during establishment but increased it markedly during the second and third years. The effect of P was less and was related to the amount of N applied. The response to applied N in terms of dry matter production, and the recovery of the N applied, compared favourably with data from trials elsewhere. It is apparent from the results that temperate grasses can be productive at high altitudes in Kenya and provide a considerable potential for pasture production.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: As a preliminary step in the development of improved bred varieties an examination has been made of the factors which contribute to the success or failure of white clover (Trifolium repens) in hill land reseeding. Severe restrictions are placed on clover performance and N fixation in many hill areas in Britain by the poor climate, the low pH and exchangeable base status of the soils and the low frequency of effective indigenous Rhizobium strains.Agronomic solutions to some of these problems exist, but experience in mid-Wales suggests the need for new bred varieties with improved adaptation to the prevailing conditions, particular attention being directed to the limitation of N fixation by low soil temperature.
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  • 6
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The use of acid-pepsin or of water to extract herbage samples is described. The relationship between the amount extracted by each and the crude-or true-protein and soluble carbohydrate contents is discussed, especially in relation to herbage digestibility. It is suggested that these simple extractants may be more useful than conventional chemical techniques for assessments of comparative nutritive value of herbages.
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  • 7
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three groups of eight 9-month-old steers were fed ad lib. on maize silage alone and with 29 or 57% of the total DM intake as dried and pelleted whole-crop field beans (Vicia faba L.). The total daily DM intakes were 3.7,5.0 and 5.8 kg/head, respectively. The corresponding daily liveweight gains were 0.44, 0.74 and 0.97 kg/ head and the respective values for efficiency of food conversion were 12, 15 and 17 kg liveweight gain per 100 kg DM intake. It is suggested that high-protein artificially-dried forages make a very suitable supplement to a low-protein whole-crop cereal silage.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Studies were carried out on the effects of diurnal variation, fasting before sampling, and acclimatization to a sward on the chemical composition and in vitro OM digestibility of samples of extrusa collected from sheep fitted with oesophageal fistulae. The N content of extrusa samples increased markedly during the morning, and tended to decline again in the evening. The diurnal changes in digestibility were similar, but the variation was much smaller. There was no significant correlation between either N content or OM digestibility and grazing speed measured in bites per minute. There were no significant changes in either the N content or OM digestibility of successive samples of extrusa collected after over-night fasting, or after the sheep were introduced to a sward to which they were not accustomed, though the concentration of ash in the extrusa was significantly lower when the sheep were hungry than when they were not. The OM digestibility of the diet selected was approximately two units lower on the first two days after introduction to a new sward than the mean value of samples collected over the next 12 days.
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:COMMITTEE ON HERBAGE SEED SUPPLIES (UK). Report of the Committee on herbage seed supplies.WATKINS, P. Grass and the dairy cow.ARNON, I. Organisation and administration of agricultural research.HARRISON, C. M. (Ed.) Forage economics-quality. Papers presented at the Forage Economics Symposium and the Forage Quality Evaluation Symposium co-sponsored hy the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America at the annual meetings of the three societies in Washington, D.C., November, 1967.WRIGLEY, G. Tropical agriculture: the development of productiou.WILSON, B. (Ed.) Pasture improvements in Australia.JERMY, A. C.; TUTIN, T. G. British sedges. A handbook to the species ofCarexfonnd growing in the British Isles.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A simple test is described for screening lucerne seedlings for resistance to Verticillium wilt. The test is sufficiently precise to distinguish the most resistant plants within a population possessing a fairly high level of resistance. Some results are presented illustrating the progress in breeding for resistance.
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Individual tillers of S23 ryegrass, in three paddocks set-stocked with sheep at widely differing grazing pressures, were marked and studied from 11 July to 19 August, 1966, and observations were made on the frequency and severity of grazing.The uprooting of tillers, and the destruction of others, were major sources of loss of records. It was found that an acceptable measure of the frequency of defoliation could be made by recording three times a week. In a subsidiary experiment it was shown that repeated handling did not affect the DM yield, the number of tillers or the length of green leaf (G.L.L.) of single plants.Despite the extreme differences in grazing pressure, there were no significant differences between paddocks in the daily increase in the G.L.L. of tillers which were not grazed during a short period of intensive recording. In all three paddocks the sheep tended to graze the tillers with the greatest G.L.L. at any one time, and there was evidence of patchy grazing only at the lowest grazing pressure.An increase in grazing pressure resulted in increases in both the frequency and severity of defoliation. Comparisons were made between the product of the frequency X severity of defoliation of individual tillers, and the stocking rate, grazing pressure and herbage consumption on the three paddocks.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The in vitro DM digestibility of four tropical pasture species, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Digitaria spp., Setaria spp. and one temperate grass, Lolium perenne, were studied, using the method described by Tilley and Terry (13). In vitro digestibility was affected by fineness of grinding, sample size, pH of original rumen fluid and size of rumen fluid inoculum. Different relations were found between the in vivo and in vitro results for the five species, with a maximum predicted difference of 3–5 digestibility units.It was considered that the in vivo digestibility of tropical grasses could be accurately predicted by this method, provided that the procedure was standardized and samples of known in vivo digestibility similar to those being tested are included in each run.
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The response of clover-free grass swards to fertilizer N when cut repeatedly at grazing and silage stages of growth was measured in four experiments at North Wyke. There was variation between years in the yield obtained at a given fertilizer N rate (Fn) and this was attributable to differences in soil-N supply. By estimating soil-N supply from the N-yield of the non-fertilized plots (Zn), total N inputs (Tn) were assessed. Over a number of reported experiments it was found that grass-N yield (Gn) was related to Tn by the equation Gn=0.57 Tn, where Tn=Fn+l.7 Zn. The level of grass-DM yield depended on stage of growth at cutting, as well as on total N supply. These results, and others examined from the literature, suggest that while total N input is the main determinant of grass-DM yield, account must be taken of the time available, before defoliation, for the N taken up to be utilized in DM production. The use of Tn values has allowed the collating of N responses obtained over a range of sites, seasons and workers.
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Pure stands of S24 ryegrass and S37 cocksfoot were grazed by groups of 6–8 cows for 5 periods spread over 3 years. Three periods were in the spring and two in the summer. The ryegrass was 4–5 percentage units more digestible than the cocksfoot and generally contained more soluble carbohydrate. In the spring periods, the organic-matter intakes and milk yields of the cows were much the same for the two herbage species, but in the summer they were both higher for the ryegrass. There were no important differences in milk composition due to herbage species, or in the liveweight changes of the cows.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The eflFects of various systems of winter-grazing management on pasture production in the following spring and summer were studied in four trials in the Pentland Hills, Scotland. Winter grazing reduced the yield of herbage in spring, but growth in May and June was primarily influenced by the level of nitrogen application in spring, irrespective of winter-grazing treatments.
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In situations where yield is variable but in which it is not desirable to take too large a cut sample, e.g. on grazed plots, the pasture-yield estimator can be used to improve the accuracy of yield estimation. An outline of the theory and examples of the use of the method are given.
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A conservation experiment is described in which the losses entailed in ensiling heavily-wilted herbage of 37–43% dry-matter content either by complete sealing in polythene alone, or by complete sealing followed by evacuation of air, were investigated.The metabolizable energy values of the grass and silages were determined, and the silage volatile-acids fraction investigated by gas chromatography. The results indicate that there are no significant fermentation differences between the two types of silage. The mean dry-matter loss for the sealed, unevacuated silos was 6.5% and for the evacuated silos 7.8%. These losses, and the individual crude- and digestible-nutrient losses, are discussed in relation to other published work.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The first recorded sowing of American timothy seed in England was in 1743, but the event was otherwise without significance since nothing further was heard of this sowing. The stimulation of interest in timothy began with the sowing by Bartholomew Rocque in the late summer of 1763 of the seed received by the London Society of Arts from America. There was during the first years some confusion regarding its vegetative characters, and also in recognizing the difference between the flowering heads of timothy and those of meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis). A hindrance to progress in the use of timothy arose, without doubt, from lack of experience, and lack of suitable implements to provide the fine, firm, clean seed-bed required. Midsummer sowing may have contributed to failure, for timothy establishes itself best in a moist soil. Timothy seems to have maintained a rather modest place during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The first real progress was made after 1920 when the agronomic potential of the valuable material among our indigenous populations of grasses was appreciated and developed into a number of new cultivars adapted to current needs.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The seed of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) was first sown as such in England by Bartholomew Rocque. It initially received little publicity, and did not induce the same spate of writing as timothy (Phlewn pratense). The first seed appears to have come from America simultaneously with timothy, although cocksfoot was not at the time a species of much significance there. Yet in England it attained a more secure place, probably because its cultural requirements were less demanding than those of timothy. Its agronomic characteristics were however a frequent subject of discussion and controversy. Before the end of the nineteenth century seed was being imported from Denmark, America and New Zealand. During the second quarter of the twentieth century breeders began exploiting the great variation in plant type and performance to be found among indigenous populations. This work and that of breeders abroad made many cultivars, with different agronomic characteristics, available to farmers. As a result, by means of leys and ‘self’ stands, it is possible to produce fresh herbage over a much extended growing season.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Oesophageal-fistulated calves and cattle were used in various experiments during 1963 to 1966; results for 1966 are reported.The method of inserting the fistula, the routine care of the animals and the methods of sampling through the fistula, are described.Individual stall-feeding experiments in 1966 gave recovery values of 99.7% for herbage extruded through the fistulae, in relation to herbage eaten. The in vitro organic-matter digestibility of the grass offered and of the extrusa samples were identical. The digestibility of the grass fed in these experiments was high, but was comparable with that of herbage used in the grazing experiments reported. Grazing studies on grass/white clover pastures are reported. The digestibility was determined on all samples and they were separated into various plant fractions. Results obtained were compared with herbage samples cut at the same time. In most cases the digestibility and % N of the extrusa sample was higher than that of the corresponding herbage sample. The quantity of dead material present increased, and more was eaten, as the season advanced; it was of low digestibility. Results of intake studies with grazing animals are presented and the use of oesophagea-istulated cattle as an aid in such studies is discussed.
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  • 22
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: On the basis of the most commonly used criteria for determining ripeness in grass seeds (involving a continuous examination of certain physical properties) the rip-o-cut stage was reached in S352 timothy 31–35 days after peak anthesis. The attainment of a moisture level just below 40% wet basis (excluding precipitation), which corresponded with the same stage of seed maturation, appears to be a further practical ripeness indicator in this variety.In view of initial dormancy and the susceptibility of the seeds to mechanical injury, the indirect- rather than the direct-combining method of harvest is recommended.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment is described in which uneven grazing by sheep introduced a bias in a white clover variety trial. The data were adjusted by covariance, using as the independent variable the position of the plots within the paddocks.Attention is drawn to the errors that may result from uneven grazing and a comparison is made with errors due to transference of fertility. Means of avoiding similar occurrences are suggested.
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In a sward sown to Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens measurements were made of the yield and quality of dry matter which was on offer for grazing, or for cutting to be ensiled. In order to follow, within a system of fat lamb production, the potential for an increase or decrease in the DM yield from year to year, a record was also required of the amount of this DM which was eaten by the grazing sheep. The results show that in grazed swards at 2 stocking rates the DM of the sward present per unit area increased during the course of the experiment. This increase, however, was not harvested by the animals. A great deal more DM was harvested in the first year by the animals at the lower stocking rate than was harvested in the following years at this rate or in any year at the higher rate of stocking. There was a greater difference between the values for the digestibility of organic-matter immediately before grazing and those immediately afterwards in the first year at the lower stocking rate than in the following years, or in any year at the higher rate of stocking. In cut swards there was no evidence of a progressive decrease in production from year to year.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in the article:EXPERIMENTAL HUSBANDRY FARMS AND EXPERIMENTAL HORTICULTURE STATIONSBURG P. F. J. van, ARNOLD, G. H. [Eds] Nitrogen and grassland
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  • 26
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment is described in which timothy, grown for production of seed, was cut once annually on dates ranging from 23 October to 24 May. New tillers in selected plants were labelled at monthly intervals during autumn and winter for 2 years, to determine the pattern of production of tillers and to assess the reproductive development of categories of tillers. The majority of tillers were produced in autumn, but production was continuous throughout the winter. There was a big increase from the first to the second year in the total number of tillers produced, but neither the pattern nor amount of tiller production was affected by cutting. The % of fertile tillers was highest in the oldest tillers, and was affected little by the increase in the number of tillers from the first to the second year; cutting had little effect on the % fertility except where floral primordia were removed by the cut on 24 May. In all treatments at least 90% of the ears at harvest were produced by tillers initiated the previous autumn. The penetration of light to the base of the plants was increased considerably by cutting, but it is concluded that interception of light by the whole plant is more beneficial than an increase in the penetration of light into the plant and a concomitant reduction in the total interception of light by the plant.
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  • 27
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment was designed to compare morphological development, light interception and time interval as possible criteria for the defoliation of timothy, brome-grass and cocksfoot. The morphological criterion included: (a) a first harvest before stem elongation and a second harvest after initiation of axillary bud development at the base of each tiller (b) a harvest immediately after stem elongation. Light was compared on the basis of 95 % and 80 % interception of the incident radiation by the foliage. Two-, 4- and 6-week intervals were used in the time series. Increased yields of up to 2600 lb DM/ac were obtained in timothy and bromegrass fertilized at 275 lb N/ac/yr when morphological treatment (a) was used in preference to (b); cocksfoot yields were not influenced. The greater the time interval between harvests or the greater the light interception before harvest, the greater was the yield. Advantages and disadvantages of the 3 criteria are discussed.
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  • 28
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A crop physiologist's approach to some problems of grassland research, with particular reference to terminology and the sown sward.
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  • 29
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment is described in which nitrogen was applied in relation to the physiological stage of development in cocksfoot grown for seed. All applications of N increased the yield of seed, but applying all the N during the phase of autumnal tillering was less effective than applying it at stages of development in spring (beginning of vernal growth, initiation of inflorescences, complete differentiation of inflorescences), or in autumn and spring, because of a decrease in the number of tillers which survived to flower in the following year. Differences due to the stage of development at which N was applied in spring were small. Primary effects of N were to increase the number of tillers and ears per plant, and to accelerate the rate of development of inflorescences; in addition, N advanced the date of initiation of inflorescences without similarly advancing the date of complete differentiation of inflorescences. It is concluded that a long period between the initiation and complete differentiation of the inflorescence is conducive to high yields of seed.
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to analyse the effect of 3-year-old grass plots, under a cut-and-carry system, on the yields of maize and groundnut crops, and at the same time to compare the relative importance of the water-stable aggregates and the nitrogen status of the soil. The N reserves, organic carbon and water-stable aggregate contents of soils were higher under grass plots than in the ploughed-up-fallow plots. Maize yields showed a close correlation with total soil N, mineralized N after incubation for 20 days, and water-stable aggregate contents; groundnut yields showed close correlation only with water-stable aggregates. The effects of the variations in soil N and in the water-stable aggregate content of the soil on the yields of maize and groundnuts were examined by multiple regression analysis of data from a large number of plots.
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  • 31
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of cocksfoot streak virus (CSV) on Dactylis glomerata L. and barley yellowdwarf virus (BYDV) on Lolium perenne L. was investigated under both single-plant and simulated-sward conditions. The effect of cocksfoot mottle (CFMV) was examined on single plants. CFMV was lethal, and in conditions of inter-plant competition CSV was semi-lethal and BYDV was non-lethal. When the virus was lethal, a considerable lag-phase was observed between mortality and complete compensation in yield. When the virus was non-lethal, plant growth was restricted, either horizontally (CSV) or vertically (BYDV). In mixed, healthy and infected plant populations healthy individuals compensated only for reductions in lateral growth.CSV infection transformed plants of a pasture variety into ‘hay’ types and BYDV infection transformed plants of a hay variety into ‘pasture’ types. CSV increased the plant's aggressiveness in hay conditions, but reduced its ability to withstand frequent defoliation. Conversely, BYDV increased the plant's aggressiveness in pasture conditions, but reduced it in hay conditions. Compensation from healthy plants occurred only in CSV-infected swards subjected to frequent defoliation. Some possible reasons for the absence of compensation in other treatments are discussed.
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  • 32
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Irrigated lucerne/grass mixtures were treated with annual applications of N-P fertilizers to determine the extent of control of lucerne domination. Eighty pounds of N with or without associated P sustained the grass components at an acceptable level and increased yields, which were constituted of 2 parts grass for each 3 parts of legume. Where no fertilizer, or P fertilizer only, was used the hay harvested was composed of only 1 part grass for each 8 or 9 parts of lucerne. Lucerne to grass seed-ratio manipulation did not influence botanical composition nor did it affect fertilizer influence.
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    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A procedure and equipment which make possible a continuous output of 250 to 300 determinations of in vitro digestibility of organic matter per week are described.The effect on in vitro digestibility values of removing rumen liquor from sheep at various times before and after feeding, mixing of rumen liquors from different sheep, and nitrogen supplementation of the inoculum are investigated. Results are given of a comparison of the effect of soil contamination on in vitro data when expressed as digestibility of dry matter and digestibility of organic matter. The levels of within and between-batch errors are stated and the accuracy of prediction of feeding value is discussed.
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  • 34
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The present and potential land use of rough hill pastures in Brecknockshire has been investigated. The interests of the Brecon Beacons National Park, reservoir, Forestry Commission and commonland need not compete, but could be complementary. Areas containing a high proportion of the podzolized soils carry the most nutritious pastures, rich in Agrostis and Vaccinium, and agreement amongst the commoners could ensure they are grazed to the limit of their productivity. In the absence of afforestation, the grazing of superior pastures around the peaks of the Fforest Fawr-Brecon Beacons range is consistent with the interests of both the National Park and reservoir authorities, although the erosion hazard is greater. The S. and E. directed spurs of Drygarn, the N. E. plateau of Mynydd Eppynt and the S. W. flanks of the Black Mountains have similarly productive hill pastures. Areas such as the long back-slopes of the Fforest Fawr-Brecon Beacons range and higher land of Drygarn contain a high proportion of peaty gleyed soils under Molinetum, They provide inferior grazing but support the most productive forests, chiefly of Sitka spruce. By agreement amongst the commoners, where they are known, these areas could be leased to the Forestry Commission for afforestation. However, because common rights are so obscure, prior legislation would probably be necessary. Until their recent destruction, the uplands supported woodland and afforestation of selected areas need not be regarded as incongruous. It would also open up otherwise inaccessible places.
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  • 35
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The grass breeder's approach to the problem of producing new varieties is related to factors controlling sward production. Those factors under the control of the breeder, especially plant type and management, are considered in more detail.It is argued that the methods used by the breeder produce seed of predictable performance when grown under a defined set of conditions-climate, soil and, above all, management. The fate of this ‘improved’ seed is considered in relation to the multitude of seeds mixtures prescribed today. Large imports of seed are made annually into the U. K. but bred strains account for only a low percentage of the herbage seeds used.Some results from Cambridge trials are presented to show the effects on sward production of plant density, seed size, depth of sowing, cutting treatments and the mixing of genotypes. It is suggested that these results point to the frequent misuse of bred strains, both in blending and in the quantity of seed recommended per unit area.The future prospects for herbage breeding are discussed and some novel ideas of cropping mentioned which may, to a limited extent, supplement the use of herbage seeds.
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  • 36
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The results of experiments undertaken in England and New Zealand are reported. Under highly productive pasture a significant correlation was found between pasture production and earthworm numbers and weights. This relationship was not evident until the pastures were more than 3 years old. On pastures of similar total dry-matter production there was a significant correlation between yield of clover and numbers and weights of earthworms. The return of dung by the grazing animal increased earthworm numbers and weights, and the application of nitrogenous fertilizer had a similar but less marked effect. The earthworm population was not demonstrably related to the macro-organic-maller content of the pastures. The grazing of grass-clover pastures was not essential for an increase in earthworm populations to occur. Allolohophora species (mainly A. caliginosa) were dominant under pure grass swards, whereas Lumhricus species (mainly L. rubellus) were dominant under grass/clover swards.
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  • 37
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 38
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An increase in the amount of dry-matter recorded from year to year in grazed paddocks was accompanied by changes in the structure and botanical composition of the sward. These changes were due to the presence of the grazing animal, but there was no increase in the amount of DM grazed by the animals. Some increase was harvested when the swards were cut to make silage. Of the 2 possible ways by which organic-matter might circulate within the ecological system, directly from plant to soil or indirectly through the animal, it is suggested that the system of management favoured the former. Since there is evidence that an increase in the amount of DM per unit area implies an increase in the growth potential of the sward, it is concluded that it should be possible to adjust the grazing system to the advantage of the animal population. The development, production and growth of the sward is discussed in ecological and agricultural terms; in the latter, reference is made to the ageing of swards.
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  • 39
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment is described in which cocksfoot, grown for production of seed, was cut annually for 3 years in either autumn, winter or spring. No significant increases in yield of seed/ac were obtained from any treatment compared with an uncut control, and a cut in late April in one year seriously reduced the yield of seed. Additional N applied after a defoliation in October did not increase the yield of seed compared with that from plots which were cut at the same time but not fertilized. The production of tillers was not affected by cutting on any date. The percentage fertility of tillers was increased by cutting in the first year, when the number of tillers was smallest; the fertility was less consistently affected in the second year, and was generally unaffected in the third year. The weight of seed produced per ear was usually reduced by the cutting treatments. In the third year of the experiment it was shown that the penetration of light to the base of the shoots was increased substantially by defoliation, but it is deduced that maximum interception of light by the whole plant is more important for the production of seed than increasing by cutting that proportion which penetrates to the base of the plant.
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  • 40
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Little is known about the possible differential responses to Nitrogen fertilizer in varieties within grass species. Two trials were conducted to study interactions between varieties and level of N. The dry-matter yields of 3 varieties of perennial ryegrass were compared in 4 cuts/yr at 3 levels of N fertilizer. Four cocksfoot varieties under the same cutting management were compared at 2 levels of N. In a total of 20 comparisons, the variety effect was significant on 10 occasions, and the N effect significant in all 20 sets of data. The interaction of variety and N level was significant in only one case suggesting that all varieties in each trial responded similarly to increasing levels of N fertilizer.
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  • 41
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In plant–breeding studies large numbers of samples, often taken from single plants, are assessed for digestibility. A modified in vitro method for such estimations, which has proved accurate and less time-consuming than other methods, is described and results obtained for some grasses are presented.
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  • 42
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two methods of improving hill land for sheep grazing have been compared on a Festuca/Agrostis pasture in mid-Wales. Ploughing and reseeding, following a pioneer crop, resulted in an excellent sward which remained productive at the end of the 8-year trial period. Surface seeding with light cultivation gave only a fair establishment of white clover, but no sown grass, during the same period. The production and financial results point to the superiority of the former technique where conditions are suitable and where increased grass production can be met by increased sheep stocking. Any worthwhile method must produce real improvement to the herbage.
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  • 43
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Families of Dactytis g/omerata and Lolium perenne derived from ripe inflorescences collected in western France over a range of nearly 7° of latitude were grown at Aberystwyth, 52° N lat. Their growth was examined to determine whether latitude and the habitat of the collected families affected the dates of ear emergence, phml form, and height of the flowering shoots when the grasses were grown at Aberystwyth, Ear emergence was found to be delayed as the latitude of the seed source increased, irrespective of the year of sowing, or, in the case of cocksfoot, irrespective of whether the plants were in their first or second harvest year.Plant growth-form and panicle height were recorded only for the cocksfoots, and the results indicate that they were influenced by habitat and that they reflected the intensity of biotic control that had operated.The families derived from meadows or road verges tended to contain a higher percentage of erect tall types. When, however, the seeds came from grazed orchards or pastures, there were few or no erect plants, but many with a more or less prostrate habit and shorter panicles.
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  • 44
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Physical data, from an experiment to determine the effect of drying on the quality of S48 timothy seed, are used to derive an equation relating the average drying rate of the seed to the temperature and flow of the drying air. The relationship, which can be of use in practical problems, demonstrates the importance of air temperature in determining the drying rate, particularly when compared with similar Jula for wheat.
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  • 45
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experimental evidence is presented on changes taking place in grass populations during the early stages of sward formation and in older leys. Differentiation which has taken place in ‘permanent’ pastures as a result of agronomic selection pressures is also discussed in relation to the maintenance of pastures.
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  • 46
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relevant management advantages and disadvantages of the ley and permanent pasture are reviewed. Doubts on the possible long-term effects of soil structure, fertility etc. are discussed from the farmer's point of view.
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  • 47
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The in vitro dry-matter digestibility was determined of two samples of Digitaria decumbens, one sample of Medicago sativa, and one sample of Trifolium repens and nine mixtures prepared from these samples.When the results were compared with in vivo digestibilities the standard errors of the regressions for the three combinations of legume, grass and legume/grass mixtures were ±0.6, ±0.6 and ±1.5 percentage units, respectively.It is considered that in vivo digestibility of mixtures of grasses and legumes can be estimated by the in vitro technique, provided that suitable grass and legume standards are included.
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  • 48
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three sets of previously-published experiments have been re-analysed by numerical methods intended for the elucidation of pattern in sequential data. The results suggest that for Setaria sphacelata cv. Nandi and Chloris gayana cv. Samford Rhodes the stable terminal silage to be expected under subtropical conditions is not the high lactic-acid silage of temperate regions, but a silage with a relatively high proportion of acetic acid. Lactic-acid silage is formed, but usually behaves as though in a transitional phase. However, silage made from mature Setaria can be maintained in the lactic-acid phase by the addition of high percentages of sugar. The silage fermentation can sometimes be retarded, or deflected into an undesirable path for reasons that are not understood.The above patterns suggest three hypotheses for more fundamental investigation. First, since acetic-acid silage can be expected under most subtropical conditions, its properties require careful investigation. Secondly, relatively young Setaria may be regarded as a source of acetic-acid silage, but the optimum amount of sugar to be added for ensiling more mature grass needs investigation. Thirdly there is an urgent need to investigate the causes of retardation of fermentation, and of its deflection into an undesirable path, because until these causes are understood, the outcome of ensilage will remain uncertain.
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  • 49
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment is described in which liveweight gains were measured from two grass/legume pastures using small East African Zebu animals and also progeny of small East African Zebu cows crossed with Bos taurus bulls. Significantly higher production was obtained from cross-bred stock, which averaged 706 lb liveweight gain at per annum (791 kg/ha per annum), compared with 509 lb liveweight gain/ac per annum (571 kg/ha per annum) from Zebu stock, indicating that pasture management had advanced beyond the genetic potential of the local Zebu stock. The problems of designing, conducting and interpreting the results of such grazing trials are discussed.
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  • 50
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A report is presented on studies on the relationship between in vitro digestibility of 18 silage samples and their in vivo digestibilities. Various analytical techniques are compared and the method adopted, on grounds of suitability for routine operation and accuracy of prediction of in vivo data, is based on analysis of homogenates of fresh silage. The homogenates, sufficiently uniform to permit of volumetric subsampling at acceptable error levels, are prepared in a new design of homogenizer. The impact of the % dry matter of the silage, as fed, on the accuracy of in vitrol in vivo relationships is considered and a bivariate regression plane is proposed.
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Silage was made from wilted and unwilted grass in May 1965, 1966 and 1967. The silage was made in sealed silos, but these were not evacuated and additives were not used.The silages were fed as follows: in 1965 to milking dairy cows and 1-year-old beef steers; in 1966 to steers coming into the experiment at 3, 9 and 15 months of age; in 1967 to weaned steer calves, with or without rolled barley (1 or 2 kg/head per day). In all years the silages were of high in vivo digestibility. The intake of wilted silage was higher than that of unwilted silage. There was no significant difference between the milk yields of cows fed on wilted and unwilted silage only. Liveweight gains were higher with wilted silage in 1965 and 1966, but not in 1967. In 1966 gains increased with age of animal and in 1967 gains were higher at successively higher levels of concentrate feeding.
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In vitro digestion of grass samples has shown that the amount of digestible cellulose, hexosan or pentosan is not greatly affected by species or by stage of maturity. A survey of published data on crude fibre and cellulose digestibility has confirmed these findings. Marked differences between grasses and legumes were observed. The rate of digestion has also been shown to be independent of the total amount of structural material present. The relevance of these observations to the selection of herbage varieties with greater intake by ruminants is discussed.
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  • 53
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Thirty-four introductions of Lotus corniculatus and L. uliginosus, obtained from Europe, North America and New Zealand, were grown in plots with Aberystwyth S23 ryegrass at three centres in Wales (230–400 m a. s. 1.) to assess their potential as legumes for poor acid hill soils. The control white clover varieties were generally successful in these difficult conditions, whereas all the Lotus introductions were poor in two experiments and in the third experiment gave way to volunteer white clover by the third harvest year. These results indicate that none of the numerous Lotus varieties tested would be a useful addition to pasture seeds mixtures for hill lands in Wales.
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The annual yield of tall fescue was higher than that of Italian ryegrass in the third year after sowing, but the total yield of herbage from grass plus clover swards was similar.In both the second and third year after sowing, the yield of herbage in the spring grazing was higher when fescue was used as the sown grass. The method of establishment of both tall fescue and Italian ryegrass affected the total and seasonal yield in the second and third year after sowing, but the magnitude of these effects was not nearly as marked as it was earlier in the life of the leys. In the second year after sowing, swards of both Italian ryegrass and tall fescue had a higher yield of total herbage and of white clover, and a lower ingress of unsown species, when established without a cover crop and grazed frequently in the year of sowing.The inclusion of red clover did not increase total yield of DM in the second and third year after sowing, and it slightly decreased the yield of the tall fescue mixture in the third year following sowing when N was applied. S170 tall fescue was readily grazed by sheep in spring and autumn.The apparent recovery of applied N varied with the mixture sown, and the management given during establishment.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of partial evacuation of air from polyethylene containers, at the time of sealing, on the chemical composition and nutritive value of silage was determined. Four containers of 500-kg capacity were filled with herbage harvested from each of four swards, namely, S170 tall fescue, Syn I tall fescue, Tetila Tetrone Italian ryegrass and an S24 perennial ryegrass/S100 white-clover mixture. All the containers were sealed immediately after filling and half of them were evacuated. The silages resulting from these treatments were offered ad lib. to store sheep and the intake and digestibility of the dry matter determined. The evacuation of the silos had no significant effect upon the chemical composition of the silage produced. The intake and digestibility of the dry matter in the silages were not significantly influenced by evacuation.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Under arid tropical conditions the natural grazing provides less than maintenance requirements for 8–9 months of the year. Conservation of natural or sown herbage, either as hay or silage, should be discouraged because of the low nutritive value of the product, and the unfavourable weather usually prevailing during conservation. Of the forage crops, cereal/legume mixtures are the most suitable for ensilage.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A 60-cow dairy herd was pastured throughout one year on unfertilized Guineagrass pastures in the humid tropical environment of Turrialba, Costa Rica. During part of this time, the producing herd was followed by dry cows in the rotation. Information was collected on monthly grazing pressure, forage digestibility and consumption, and milk yields. The average number of animal units (375 kg) over the year amounted to 1.06/ha. Forage consumption varied from 2.27–3.45 kg DM/ 100 kg liveweight, and consisted of 75% Guinea grass in the mixed pasture. Digestibility varied from 47.9–65.0%. Low consumption and digestibility coincided with the short drier season. Efficiency of DM conversion was about 13% with one high and one low value, interpreted as use and accumulation, respectively, of body reserves during those periods. Calculations of the N balance in Guineagrass pastures are given.
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  • 58
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Direct-cut grass which has been heavily fertilized often produces silage with a poor fermentation. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of rate and timing of N applications to herbage intended for direct-cut silage. A small but consistent increase in silage pH was recorded after high levels of N were applied 7–8 weeks before cutting. The application of additional N fertilizer 10–14 days before cutting the sward had an adverse effect on silage fermentation. Changes in herbage composition following different levels of applied N are outlined.
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  • 59
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of defoliation and date of nitrogen application in the spring to seed crops of meadow fescue, S215 and S53, were compared in two harvest years, in drills spaced at 18 in. S215 tillers were generally more robust than S53 tillers, and S215 produced a higher number of fertile shoots as the result of a higher conversion rate of over wintering to fertile tillers. N applied early and absence of defoliation gave the highest ratio of seed heads to over wintering tillers.Seed- and straw-yields were depressed by April and May defoliations; May cutting had a particularly drastic effect on both varieties. S53 yields in all treatments were generally inferior to those of the hay variety, S215.Head lengths and spikelet numbers were higher and 1000-seed weight lower in S53 than in S215.
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  • 60
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A 50-animal herd of dairy cows was pastured throughout one year on fertilized Pangola grass pastures in the humid tropical environment of Turrialba, Costa Rica. Information was collected on monthly grazing pressure, forage consumption and digestibility and milk production. The average number of animal units (375 kg) over the year was 2.57/ha. Total milk produced was 6014 kg/ha. Forage consumption varied from 1.81–3.60 kg DM per 100 kg liveweight, with two periods of low consumption coinciding with the flowering period of Pangola grass and with a drier season. Digestibility fluctuated from 50.3–65.7% and followed the same pattern. Calculations were made of the efficiency of DM conversion, which was around 12%, with two higher values for the periods of stress, interpreted as utilization of body reserves. Calculations of the nitrogen balance of Pangola pastures are also presented.
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  • 61
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Mid–season depression of grassland yield following spring application of N was found to be due almost entirely to clover depression, the grass fraction showing no after effects of the treatment. The effect became more marked and lasted longer in successive years. Varying the date of first defoliation in spring did not affect the clover depression significantly. Possible causes contributing to the depressing effect are discussed.
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  • 62
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The productivity of 2 fertilized sown pasture swards and of a 30-year-old pasture sod was evaluated under rotational and continuous grazing in 1956–62.The application of NP fertilizer (448 kg 11–48–0/ha every 3 years with 112 kg ammonium sulphate in the other years) gave the highest yields of DM and of beef, followed by the P treatment (1120 kg superphosphate/ha). Beef production showed only small responses to either the type of pasture sward, or the method of grazing. Seasonal distribution of beef production was slightly more even on the old sod. For the peak period of June-July, 68% of the gain was made on the old sod against 74% on the cultivated swards under rotational grazing and 79% under continuous grazing. DM/gain ratios were generally higher in wet summers than in dry ones. Conversely, estimated DM digestibility was lowest in wet summers.
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  • 63
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In 2 experiments nitrogenous fertilizer was applied at 3 levels (0, 46 and 92 lb N/ac) to a permanent pasture and a ryegrass/clover ley and the swards were harvested before ear emergence and conserved as either artificially dried grass or tetrapod hay. Apparent dry matter digestibility and voluntary food intake of the conserved herbages were measured with sheep.N caused a small but significant depression in apparent DM digestibility but did not affect voluntary food intake. It increased yields of DM and digestible DM significantly.The DM digestibility and voluntary food intake of hay were always significantly lower than those of the corresponding dried grass. Voluntary food intake of all fodders was directly related to herbage digestibility and inversely related to herbage crude fibre content.
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  • 64
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: About half an acre (0·40 ha) of the salt marsh grass Spartina townsendii (s. l.) was cut from a Bristol Channel marsh using a small tractor modified for use on estuarine marshland. The cut grass was ensiled with molasses in a plastic silo.Chemical analyses were carried out on samples of fresh grass and silage. Silage was fed ad libitum to Halfbred × Suffolk wether sheep. Intake, digestibility values and crude protein content were similar to those of medium quality hay.
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  • 65
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Among the many problems of pasture establishment in Rhodesia, those which appear the most serious are: (a) poor seed germination, leading to patchy and weak seedling growth; (b) erratic rainfall, in which heavy storms are followed by hot, dry periods; (c) soil crusting, which forms a surface layer impenetrable from below by the seedling, and from above by rainwater; (d) weed competition, where rank and copious weed growth suppresses establishment of pasture seedlings. Suggestions are made as to how these problems might be overcome.
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  • 66
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in the article:WHITEHEAD, D. C. Nutrient minerals in grassland herbageABRAMS, J. T. [Ed.] Recent advances in animal nutritionMILTHORPE, F. L.; IVINS, J. D. [Eds] The growth of cereals and grasses
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  • 67
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Sorghum almum, Digitaria decumbens and Panicum maximum were fed in fresh, frozen (−20 C) or dried (85° C) form to 21 wethers in metabolism cages. Neither freezing nor drying had a significant (P〉0·05) effect on voluntary intake, dry-matter digestibility or organic-matter digestibility. Drying depressed the apparent digestibility of the nitrogen in all grasses but only in the case of D. decumbens was this significant (P〈0·05). Freezing also depressed the apparent digestibility of N while both freezing and drying reduced N retention, compared with the fresh feed. None of these differences was significant.Freezing and drying are thus methods of pasture preservation that can be used to study the intake and dry-matter digestibility of tropical pastures, but both methods may introduce bias into the measurement of N digestibility and retention.
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  • 68
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 69
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Preliminary studies have been undertaken to determine the degree to which diploid and tetraploid ryegrass varieties intercross under field conditions. The results obtained through the use of diploid and tetraploid non-red-base tester plants indicate that pollen from tetraploid ryegrasses constitutes little or no danger to the genetic purity of diploid seed crops, even if grown in close proximity. A small proportion of viable triploid hybrids can arise in the progenies of tetraploid plants heavily exposed to diploid pollen, but here again their frequency and incidence are not of practical consequence.
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  • 70
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two methods of measuring the liveweight gain of cattle on sown pastures are described in a 15 ac grazing trial. During the first 12 months of grazing, stocking rate was varied within and between pasture species. In the remaining 21 months, stocking rate was maintained at the same level between all pastures, but varied with the overall seasonal changes in grass availability. The relative merits of the two methods are discussed, and it is concluded that the trial using the same stocking rate on all species offered the more effective and practicable method of comparing pasture production differences of the order 30–50%.The results showed significant improvements in liveweight gain in the latter 21 months of the experiment, resulting from the inclusion of a legume, Centrosema pubescens in a Hyparrhenia rufa sward, and from the use of Hyparrhenia rufa rather than Panicum maximum in association with Centrosema pubescens. The ability of unfertilized ley pastures to produce over 300 lb/ac of liveweight gain in favourable years was clearly demonstrated.
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  • 71
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 72
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A grazing experiment to measure the feeding values of 4-week-old regrowths of S37 cocksfoot, S23 ryegrass and S24 ryegrass is described. A low grazing pressure was maintained on the pastures to ensure that animal production was not limited by herbage availability. Each sward was grazed by a group of 12 lambs under “worm-free” conditions. Increases in empty body weight, dry body weight and energy were measured by the comparative slaughter technique.The liveweight gain of the cocksfoot-fed lambs was the same as the ryegrass-fed groups during the first half of the experiment but was lower in August and September. The final liveweight gains on S23 and S24 ryegrass were 14% higher than on S37 cocksfoot, but in terms of energy retention S23 ryegrass was 18% and S24 7% better than S37 cocksfoot. Digestibility measurements of herbage cut from the plots being grazed showed a positive correlation with energy retention by the lambs. Energy retention was negatively correlated with the proportion of acetic acid in the rumen adds, a fraction which was itself correlated with the soluble carbohydrate content of the herbage, but not with the digestibility of the herbage.When interpreting animal-production results, intake, digestibility and rumen volatilc-fativ-acid proportions, should be taken into account. Because of the inadequacy of present methods of estimating the herbage intake of grazing animals, measurement of body-energy gains is not justified and empty-liveweight gains are sufficiently precise to measure relative energy retentions at pasture.
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  • 73
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment is described in which the liveweight gains of cattle, grazing different pasture species, were measured when grazing sequences were arranged in the form of a Latin Square. The average coefficient of variation for the 6 “animal” Latin squares used was 28·5%, with a range of 15·1 to 42·6%. Significant improvements in liveweight gain were demonstrated arising from the inclusion of Stylosanthes gracilis in swards of Chloris gayana and Panicum maximum.The problems of conducting and interpreting trials of this type are discussed in relation to the need for data on the economic value of pasture species in the tropics. Latin square grazing designs offer a useful means of measuring animal production from pasture, with the advantage of requiring relatively small numbers of animals in each trial, but trials should be repeated at different sites.
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  • 74
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Further investigation into the value of gillie as a fertilizer for grassland indicates that weather affects responses. Dry weather permits good recovery of gillie N. On the other hand, on dry soil, losses of gillie N by volatilization may be increased if the quantity of sludge applied is insufficient to penetrate the soil. Cow-and-pig gillie may be more efficient than the pure-cow type as a fertilizer, the former being well balanced in N and K, whereas cow gillie requires N supplementation.
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  • 75
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:M. A.F. F. Grass and grasslandSUTTONS GRASS ADVISORY SERVICE. The identification of grasses by the foliage
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  • 76
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The most profitable use of grass in feeding a dairy herd is considered. Provided that the quality of the grass and grass products is sufficiently high for it to be used for part of the production ration, it is possible either to maintain a larger herd by buying concentrates, or to keep a smaller herd, feed less concentrates and use part of the grass for production. The potential herd size will depend both on the level of concentrate feeding and on the milk yield of the herd.When account is taken of the extra costs involved with larger herds (labour, capital charges and some variable costs) the optimum system depends on the level of milk yield. For herds yielding below 900 gallons average, the most profitable system is that which obtains the maximum production from grass. With herds of over 1000 gallons average it is more profitable to use concentrates for the production ration and to keep the maximum number of cows.
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  • 77
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The characteristics and management requirements of the arid zone are described, as an introduction to the methods of development now being adopted in Kenya. The future intensification of commercial utilization is discussed.
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  • 78
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An experiment involving 24 grassland sites was carried out to measure the influence of a large number of variables on upland yields between 900 and 1450 ft above sea level in western Aberdeenshire. The grass was harvested in mid-July and at the end of October 1966. Few factors were significant in the first harvest yields. In the second harvest yields, aspect and soil parent material were both significant at the 1% level, and available soil phosphate at the 5% level. Total yields (DM) for the growing season were correlated with parent material (2% level), with available soil P (1% level) and with the P and K content of the leaf (1% and 5% levels). Yields were also correlated with sward age (5% level) and sward condition (1% level). A number of variables were highly correlated with sward age and condition, including the leaf content (second harvest) of K, P and crude protein (0.1%, 1% and 1% levels).The highest yield was 4700 kg/ha/year and the average yield 2585 kg/ha/year, but the results showed that the average could be substantially increased by good management, especially by P fertilizer. The results confirmed that there was no marked fall-off in yields with increasing altitude (r=0.066, 0.194 and 0.112) and there appeared scope for reclamation on suitable sites at higher elevations.
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  • 79
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Autumn grazing of creeping red fescue seed fields at moderate stocking rates produced excellent animal gains, while only slightly reducing the subsequent seed yields. Under autumn grazing of moderate intensity (3.7 animal units/ha) steers made gains of over 1 kg/day while seed yields were reduced by 8%. Under grazing of heavy intensity (6.2 animal units/ha) animal gains were almost 1 kg/day, but seed yields were reduced by 16%.A spring-grazing period reduced seed yields by 35% and was too short to provide animal gains. Removal of the aftermath as hay improved seed yields slightly, particularly in the second and third harvest years.A conversion of TDN to body gain of 5.5:1 indicated that the nutritive quality of the aftermath was adequate.
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The origin and introduction of Pangola grass Digitaria decumbens (Stent) into the Caribbean islands is described. The rapid spread of this species in cultivation throughout the regions is ascribed to four characteristics which coincided so closely with the economic and technical needs of the region as to override the inherent disadvantages of this grass. Its outstanding characteristics are ease of establishment, vigour, adaptability, palatability and resistance to grazing. The agronomic and nutritional characteristics and the productive potential of Pangola grass are com-pared with other forage species cultivated in the region and with a temperate grass species. These characteristics are discussed in the context of the introduction and evaluation of forage species and the intensification of output from forage crops.
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:GARDNER, H. W. A survey of the agriculture of Hertfordshire.APPADURAI, R. R. Grassland farming in Ceylon.MACHLIS, L.; BRIGGS, W. R.; PARK, R. B. Annual review of plant physiology.DILLON, J. L. The analysis of response in crop and livestock production.BLACK, C. A. Soil-plant relationships.WHYTE, R. O. Grasslands of the monsoon.
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  • 82
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A 21-acre grazing trial which ran continuously for three years to evaluate grass and grass/legume pasture with and without inorganic fertilizers is described. Techniques for conducting grazing trials where large treatment differences are expected and the interpretation of results from these trials are discussed. Good practical management of stock and pastures was shown to be necessary in these grazing trials and where it was only possible to establish one true replicate some measure of statistical control was achieved by comparing regression coefficients of cumulative animal production.The results showed that up to 475 1b liveweight gain/acre per annum (532.48 kg/ha) could be obtained from pastures grazed by small East African Zebu steers. The addition of the legumes Stylosanthes gracilis and Centrosema pubescens to grass mixtures gave significant and economic increases in liveweight gain. Grass/legume swards receiving phosphorus and sulphur produced liveweight gains equivalent to the animai production from grass swards receiving 140 1b N/ac per annum (156.94 kg/ha).
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In an experiment in which three levels of P and five levels of N fertilizer were applied, it was found that at the highest levels of fertilization the hay yields were increased fourfold, the percentage of crude protein was doubled, the crude-protein yield increased sevenfold, and the P uptake increased five times over those of the control. This increased production was mainly a result of the use of N fertilizer, although significant PxN interactions were obtained at the higher levels of N fertilizer. By itself, P fertilizer had little effect on any of the above increased yields. It would appear that very much higher production, especially of CP and P, might be attained, if even higher levels of fertilizer were applied.Basing income on hay yields and expenditure on fertilizer costs, the greatest profit was obtained from the higher levels of fertilization. This applied especially to N fertilizer.
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  • 84
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    Grass and forage science 24 (1969), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Four experiments compared seven additives for ensiling high-moisture, leafy grass/clover awards in small tower-silos. The additives were ammonium bisulphate, ammonium monohydrogen phosphate, silotracin, molasses, molassine meal, kylage and protosil 3. In all experiments, silages made with additives were compared with control silages. Apart from molasses, additives had little effect on silage quality: DM and N losses were only slightly reduced by additives. In terms of weight of DM recovered for animal feeding, the additives ranked as follows: molasses and molassine meal 〉 silotracin 〉 ammonium bisulphate, ammonium monohydrogen phosphate, and controls; molasses kylage, protosil 3 and controls.
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  • 85
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    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A method designed to study the defoliation of individual tillers in a set-stocked sward is described. This was used on S23 ryegrass swards carrying 19 (medium-stocked) and 30 (heavily-stocked) sheep/ac.The tillers in the heavily-stocked sward were defoliated, on average, every 7–8 days, and those in the medium-stocked sward every 11–14 days. The total green leaf length (GLL) of tillers grazed by the sheep was generally greater than that of tillers not grazed. On average 27 and 40% of the GLL of tillers in the medium- and heavily-stocked swards respectively was removed at each grazing. Older leaves on the grazed tillers were defoliated much less frequently than were younger leaves.It is suggested that a rational analysis of the relationship between the grazing animal and the grazed sward cannot be made without more work of this nature.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A study of a sward sown to Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens was made so that the inter-relationship of the plant and animal communities might be more fully understood within the context of a sheep husbandry experiment. At the higher of 2 stocking rates intensive grazing induced the grass species to assume a prostrate growth habit in the first year: at the lower rate of stocking this condition was less prevalent. The only species to invade the sward and make progress over the 5 years were Poa annua, P. trivialis. and Agrostis stolonifera. Some control of A. stohnifera was gained when grazed swards were cut for silage. The Poa species eventually made up about 50% of the ground cover of all swards.
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  • 87
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of 4 or 5 forms of nitrogenous fertilizer on the yield and botanical composition of a perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was examined in 3 different years. The uptake of N by the grass was also estimated. Ammonium nitrate (as Nitro-Chalk), ammonium sulphate and urea gave similar yield increases, although in one year, when high rainfall followed the application of fertilizer, urea was slightly inferior. Gas liquor gave variable responses in the 3 years. Nitroform, a urea-formaldehyde, was generally less effective than the other forms of fertilizer. The uptake of N from Nitro-Chalk, sulphate of ammonia and urea did not vary greatly from year to year although the uptake of soil N by the untreated control did.Response to N in the yield of dry-matter varied from year to year. This variation was due partly to differences in the amount of clover present and partly to differences in the extent to which N taken up by the grass was used for the synthesis of dry-matter.The white clover content of the sward was not greatly reduced in spring by the application of the fertilizer, and there were no consistent differences between the effects on clover of the forms of the fertilizer. A reduction was apparent in the summer but not in the autumn.It may be necessary to increase replication above the level of 3 to 6 which is frequently employed in field experiments if more precise quantitative estimates of response and of the relative efficiency of various forms of nitrogenous fertilizer are required.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:CLAYTON, W. D. An introduction to Arber's The GramineaeKLAPP, E. Taschenbuch der Graser. [Handbook of grasses.]KOBLET, R. Der landwirtschaftliche Pflanzenbau, unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der schwei-zerischen Verhaltnisse.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three comparisons were made, with non-lactating fistulated cows, of the voluntary intake of silage and hay prepared from similar herbage. On average 28% more dry matter was eaten as hay than as silage. Silage and hay had similar digestibilities, but silage residues tended to remain in the gut longer than those of hay. The amount of digesta in the reticulo-rumen immediately after a meal ad lib. was greater with hay than with silage. The cows spent longer eating and ruminating per kg dry matter of silage than of hay. The results are discussed in relation to possible factors determining the voluntary intake of silage.
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A field trial was carried out in which 3 groups of cattle were grazed on a paddock system with and without supplementary barley. The cattle were 6 months old when turned out to grass and were each fed 4 lb/day of barley for one week to prevent any adverse effect from an abrupt change of diet. The trial began on 14 May and continued until 8 October. The mean liveweight gain obtained on the unsupplemented grass was only 0·97 lb/day up to 20 August and owing to the poor growth of the animals a supplement of 4 lb barley/head/day was then introduced. The daily liveweight gain for the remainder of the trial was 1·94 lb. When a supplement of 4 lb barley was provided throughout the trial the mean daily liveweight gain was 1·61 lb. When barley was fed ad lib. intake averaged 12·3 lb/head/day throughout the trial and the mean daily gain was 2·45 lb.Indoor digestibility and nitrogen retention trials were carried out. The starch equivalents of diets on the three treatments were 63·7, 68·3 and 69·5, respectively. The respective mean daily intakes of dry matter were 11·2, 11·9 and 11·8 lb, and the mean daily retentions of N were 35·0, 35·8 and 33·6g. These results indicate that although the grass was of good nutritive value the poor performance of the animals on grass alone was mainly due to their inability to graze sufficient grass.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: An account is given of the production and use of grass in Lancashire, including statistical information relating to acreages and livestock numbers in June, 1963; a map shows the distribution of grassland in the county as percentages of the agricultural area. For convenience the county is divided into 5 areas, each with different farming systems. Reference is made to the Ministry of Agriculture's Experimental Husbandry Farm and its influence on farming in the surrounding districts in East Lancashire.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The grazing of 3 relatively productive grasslands (Festucaf Agrostis) by hill sheep was examined in relation to herbage consumption, grazing pressure, dung deposition and the number of sheep in the area. Herbage intake ranged from 400 Ib/ac/annum (dry weight) on the highest (2450 ft O. D.) and most exposed grassland to 800 Ib/ac/annum on a grassland (1700 ft O. D.) adjacent to extensive heather moorland on blanket bog. The highest pressure (5·5 sheep/ac) was also found on grassland surrounded by blanket bog (1 sheep/14 ac).
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 21 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The in vitro digestibility of organic matter and cellulose was determined in 17 fodders collected in western New South Wales. Further determinations were made on samples fortified or not by the addition of glucose, urea and yeast extract. There was a significant positive response to fortification in both organic-matter and cellulose digestibility, the magnitude of the response varying with the fodder sample tested. The relationship between organic-matter digestibility and cellulose digestibility was close only in the case of grasses, but for all samples consideration of both the amount and digestibility of cellulose accounted for 97% of the variation in organic-matter digestibility. The results suggest that an inhibitor preventing cellulose digestion was present in Cassia eremophila.
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 14 (1966), S. 18-20 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 14 (1966), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 14 (1966), S. 98-105 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 14 (1966), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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