ALBERT

Notes: An iterative process is proposed that computes a distribution of masses giving rise to a certain gravitational field. The possibility of applying a similar procedure to magnetic and electric fields is also discussed.

Notes: The method presented takes the influence of refraction rigidly into account. All travel-times available are used in an application of the method of least squares. The solution is illustrated by a computer flow diagram.

Notes: Charts are presented for the computation of the vertical component of the attraction of horizontal laminas and of horizontal cylinders bounded by irregular w-sided polygons. Contrary to older methods no restricting conditions are made for the directions of the sides of the polygons.

Notes: A theory is developed to predict the amplitude and velocity of the first arrival produced by a thin solid refractor embedded in a solid environment. Laboratory experiments on a three dimensional model substantially confirm the theory. The essential conclusion may be found in Figure 8 where it is shown that for a constant wavelength, and for thicknesses up to about one half a wavelength, the attenuation per unit distance decreases monotonically with increase of refractor thickness.The assumption is made that the amplitude, A, attenuates as (x)-n exp(-βx), where x is horizontal distance and n and β are constants. It is emphasised that it is difficult to obtain reliable values for n and β from the initial amplitude measurements.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article: State of Stress in the Earth's Crust, Proceedings of the International ConferenceF. A. Vening Meinesz, The Earth's Crust and Mantle (Development in Solid Earth Geophysics)

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:M. R. J. Wyllie, The Fundamentals of Well Log Interpretation.

Notes: Proton precession magnetometers usually operate discontinuously since thy rely one intermittent impulses. The aerial versions of these magnetometers suffer from relatively high background noise. The type of magnetometer discussed in this paper has solved the two problems of discontinuity of measurements and reduced sensitivity due to background noise.Comparative texts with an established flux-gate apparatus have given significant and convincing results.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:S. I. Kuznetsov, M. V. Ivanov and N. N. Lyalikova, Introduction to Geological Microbiology Organic Geochemistry, Editor I. A. Breger

Notes: The formula for the Bouguer anomaly contains the density of the masses above the datum plane. If we use a wrong value for the density we obtain on the Bouguer map additional anomalies which coincide with the topographic features.If we do not know the Bouguer density we can compute several Bouguer maps based on different arbitrary densities. Then we select that map which shows the least correlation with the topography and obtain in this way a reasonable value for the density. This method has been found by Nettleton.Several authors have formulated this process mathematically and have elaborated numerical methods. This paper will present such a method. It differs from the former methods by the following:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1A general formula for the Bouguer density is presented, using a non-specified linear operator. By choosing special definition for this operator, we can obtain the formulae of several of the known methods.2It is shown that the determination of the density by “Nettleton Profiles” gives less reliable results than the statistical investigation of the whole area covered by the gravity survey.3The known methods do not consider the variations of the vertical gradient. It is shown that in areas with a regional gravity anomaly or an extended topographic feature the known methods yield poor results.4It is shown that the vertical gradient of gravity used as operator gives a most exact and simple formula.5It is shown how the electronic computer—after reading the Bouguer values based on an arbitrary initial density—can compute the residuals, derivatives etc., which are based on the corrected Bouguer density.

Notes: An electronic analogue was used to obtain geophone distortion of typical seismic pulses. Some of the results were checked by computation and in all cases agreement was extremely close. For late arrival events estimates of attenuation and phase shift may be made from the steady-state response curves. It is explained why these curves are not applicable to the first peak, for which one must use the results in Table III.Ground-geophone coupling introduces the same distortion as a very lightly damped galvanometer with a natural frequency usually in the range 100c/s—200c/s. In swampy terrain this frequency may reduce to 30c/s—40c/s and coupling effects may be severe.An electronic unit whose characteristics are the inverse of those of a geophone has been used to improve the first peak amplitude of a seismic refraction record. Since 1c/s geophones are often desirable in refraction survey it may well be more economic to use higher frequency geophones followed by their inverse filter.

Notes: The paper describes a new method for the calculation of standard-graphs i.e. resistivity-curves for assumed resistivity profiles. It starts from the integral of Stefanesco and arrives at a system of image poles, similar to, but simpler than earlier developed systems. The advantages of the new method are described, the accuracy is discussed and it is indicated how the accuracy can be improved by a simple artifice.

Notes: In the present study an attempt is made to relate the general pattern of reflection seismograms obtained over a coal basin to the acoustical properties peculiar to the Coal Measures. The Carboniferous is characterized by a very rapid succession of distinct lithological units, resulting in a surprising variability in their physical properties. Coal seams in particular are conspicuous by their low density and velocity and they produce acoustical contrasts of 35–50 % with respect to country rock. The resulting heavy shielding action prevents the seismic energy from penetrating deeply into this type of formation.With the aid of synthetic seismograms, arranged into synthetic profiles, it is shown that only a minor part of the Coal Measures reflections is of primary origin. The majority has a secondary character brought about by reverberations inside the weathering zone. Thus the conclusion is reached that reflection shooting allows of mapping only the structure of the top section of the Carboniferous, which is sufficient for the purposes of the coalmining industry.

Notes: This new method of calculation, of the second vertical derivative of gravity or magnetic fields is appreciably different from the classical methods because it is based upon the variations of the distance between the isogams rather than a regular grid with “constant spacing”. In a certain way, it is a method of “constant interval”. A number of practical advantages are inherent to the method, among these, the possibility to use the cartesian charts with bi-logarithmic scales which make the calculation much easier, and the creating of iso-error maps which are indispensable for the interpretation of the derivative maps. Three examples of practical application are given, two of them pertain to gravimetry, the third to aeromagnetism. These results are compared with second derivative maps obtained with other methods.

Notes: A description and classification is given for those later events in seismograms of refraction–and wide angle reflection shooting which travel nearly parallel and at constant time intervals behind the first arrivals and which are frequently observed in field surveys. Multiple events with the velocity V1 of the uppermost layer may be caused by multiple P-reflections and certain velocity conditions or by PS-conversions. In addition to these types multiple events with the velocity V2 or Vn may be caused by reflected refractions or by reflected diving waves. The different types will be distinguished mainly by means of travel time–and amplitude-considerations.

Notes: Electronic circuits are described which simulate the effects of galvanometers and geophones. By placing these circuits in the feedback loop of an operational amplifier it is possible to obtain transfer functions which are the inverse of those of the transducers. That is, they will remove the distortion on the signal which was produced by the geophone or the galvanometer.Both a geophone simulator and its inverse filter have been built and used (O'Brien, 1965). The simulator is accurate over at least seven octaves and the inverse filter restores the ground signal to what it would have been if the recording geophone had had a natural frequency √n+1 times that of the actual geophone, where A is the gain of the operational amplifier used in the circuit.

Notes: Uphole recordings in sediments very often reveal shear waves. With their velocity and that of the P-waves Poisson's ratio may be determined, this usually has unexpectedly high values.A number of up-hole shots were recorded with a linear spread of geophones and with constant gain amplifiers. Calculations were made to show the effect of the free surface and ray divergence (the spread factor). The theoretical, relative amplitudes of the ground motion were plotted together with the observed values. In general, there is good agreement between theory and observation which is better for the P-waves than for the S-waves. The reasons for this difference are discussed.Finally, an absorption coefficient is calculated from the amplitudes measured at the surface.

Notes: Attenuation caused by transmission is known to be the greater the closer the samples are taken together. As a result, the amplitudes of seismograms with multiple reflections can be expected to be negligible within a more or less brief time interval, as is the case for seismograms without multiple reflections with attenuation. This paper examines the process by which multiple reflections regenerate these greatly attenuated reflections. It is also ascertained that a sampling interval of one ms for continuous velocity logs is valid for any survey. For economic reasons, we recommend the selection of a larger interval without, however, overdoing things and thus losing too much information.

Notes: After a brief reference to the various possibilities of measuring induced polarization, the experimental setup of a transistorized earth resistance meter is shown which allows one to measure the (real) resistance at the frequencies 9 cps and 1.5 cps. As a measure of the induced polarization, it supplies directly the resistivity percentage difference. The possibilities of its use are explained in detail and further development is considered.

Notes: The headwave system for an incident P-wave in a two-layer case has been traced in the ‘inside’ of a two-dimensional model and it is found that the measured fronts do not coincide with the wavefronts constructed according to the Huygen's principle. A refraction profile indicates different velocities near the critical distance but shows the true value for the higher velocity medium at greater distances. An error in the intercept time, which is about 6 % too high in the example, should, however, always be present even if extrapolation is done from the region where the profile shows the true velocity of the medium.

Notes: In this paper direct interpretation methods of resistivity observations are discussed, which use the kernel function in the integral expression for the potential as an intermediary step. This kernel function can be expressed in the form of an integral expression, involving in the integrand a Bessel function and the apparent resistivity. This expression is the basis for the determination of the kernel function from the apparent resistivity curve. The integral can be determined directly; this method of computation, however, although practically feasible, is rather time consuming. Another method of computation is to approximate to the resistivity curve by a sum of a small number of two-layer curves which are asymptotic to the observed resistivity curve. This method, which was described in a previous paper by the present author, is briefly restated. A more general method is to approximate to the observed resistivity curve by a sum of functions of other types; the choice of such functions is only restricted by the requirement that the contribution to the kernel function corresponding to them should be easily computable. Two different types of functions, that satisfy this condition, are discussed. The standard curves required for the application of the method are presented. An example of application of the method is given.The problem of determining the resistivity stratification from the kernel function has been solved by Pekeris in 1940. The method of Pekeris is briefly restated.

Notes: Whereas the first success of petroleum exploration in France (the gas deposit in the St. Marcet anticline in the St. Gaudens region) was essentially based on geological surveys, the second (the Lacq field in the Pau region) was the fruit of reflection shooting. In fact, the Lacq anticline cannot be detected by surface geology because of the Quaternary and Tertiary cover. Besides, electric and telluric prospecting methods could not be used over this zone as an electrified railway line passes through it.As stated then, it was the reflection shooting method that revealed the Lacq structure in 1948, during a reconnaissance survey conducted by Compagnie Générate de Géophysique using a very simple technique (only one geophone per trace).By the seismic technique of 1948, quite good reflections were obtained from a level adjacent to the top Cretaceous, but only sporadic reflections were picked up from a deep level and then only on the flanks of the structure, except for the southern one where results were nil.Towards the end of 1949, the first well, La 1, using a heavy rig designed to reach deep layers, led to the unexpected discovery of the upper oil deposit at a depth of 600 m in the Upper Cretaceous (lower Senonian), while the third well, La 3, led to the discovery by blow-out of the lower gas accumulation at a depth of 3,500 m in beds later identified as lowermost Cretaceous and, more particularly, Upper Jurassic (Purbeckian).As no great geophysical effort was called for, the upper oil deposit was rapidly developed, its depth and dimensions being modest (6 km2).As far as the deeper gas deposit is concerned, the main objective up to 1954 was to gain a picture of the central part of the anticline. Despite the use of a more detailed seismic technique, it was difficult to plot the top of the structure at the level of the uppermost Jurassic. From 1952 to 1957 the wells La 101, La 102, La 103, La 104, La 105, La 106 and La 113 were drilled, which made it possible to evaluate the gas reserves.Then began the wide-scale and systematic exploration of the structure, by drilling on the one hand and by reflection shooting on the other. Profiles were shot perpendicular to the axis, but long enough (20 to 30 km) to cover the entire anticline (seismic surveys of 1956–57–58).The eastern pericline and the northern flank were quite easily plotted by seismic survey at the level of the top Jurassic, whereas the southern flank, which has a distinctly steeper slope than the northern one, could not be traced very far–so that the problem of the relationship between the uncomplicated structure of Lacq and the country to the south, with its complex, deep tectonics, still remains an open question.The western pericline, however, remained a subject of concern. Its relationship to the anticline of Ste. Suzanne (outcropping Jurassic) was a mystery.In 1956–57 the well SV 101 confirmed the hypothesis of an overthrust which, without affecting the anticline of Lacq, borders it to the south and west. The thrust is not very large in the south (Lagor wells) but assumes considerable proportions in the west: the Ste. Suzanne anticline actually forms part of a thrust from the south, about 5, 000 to 6, 000 m thick, as the exploration of the region by reflection shooting and drilling (SSE 101, OR 102) has shown. This exploration had been undertaken in search of a new structure under the thrust that might form an extension of the Lacq structure.In 1959 a detailed gravimetric survey (2 to 3 st./km2) was carried out in the Lacq region because the old survey map (1948–1 station/8 km2) had proved progressively inadequate for interpreting the seismic data. It was found that the structure of Lacq had only a small anomaly in comparison with its dimensions. This surprising phenomenon is still difficult to explain. Are the surfaces of equal specific gravity independent of the stratigraphic planes, or has the effect of the anticlinal roof of the Cretaceous and the Jurassic been balanced by that of a saliferous and intumescent Triassic right in the core of the structure?The small anomaly which it was possible to detect may be explained by a thick sequence of reef limestones in the centre of the anticline on the Lower Cretaceous, as indicated by drilling results. These severely fissured limestones are undoubtedly partly to blame for the bad seismic results obtained on the central part of the structure as far as the deep horizon, adjacent to the top Jurassic, is concerned. They are also responsible for the considerable anomalies in the velocity of seismic wave propagation.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:E. I. Hamilton Applied GeochronologySolar System Radio Astronomy, edited by Jules AaronsMary Sears, Progress in OceanographyClays and Clay Minerals, edited by W. F. Bradley, Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference, Monograph No. 19, Earth Science Series.

Notes: Until such time as digital seismic recording techniques are in widespread use in the field and partly because it cannot afford digital equipment, C.E.P. has decided to build a processing system which can digitize and process seismic information in analog form on magnetic tapes.C.E.P. was prompted to adopt the digital technique to enable it to proceed with its stratigraphical investigations, starting with the elaboration of synthetic records and followed by the study of signals and deconvolution.Though the analog form of recording is not too suitable for digital processing owing to its low dynamic range, it seemed to us that it was nevertheless perfectly feasible to enhance the analog information by processing it digitally through an automatic computer.This approach to the problem of data enhancement is more satisfactory than the (conventional) analog method, which is more complicated and less accurate.〈list xml:id="l1" style="plain"〉The digital processing system comprises:a magnetic playback systema two-channel reproduction devicean analog-digital convertera 1620 IBM computeran automatic plotting device for graphical presentation of results.Examples of different processing forms are presented:〈list xml:id="l2" style="plain"〉cancellation of A.G.C. actioncomputation of seismic signaldeconvolutioncorrelation techniquesanti-singingstudy of the response of the various items of equipment.We have come to the conclusion that very interesting results have been obtained in spite of the low dynamic range of the analog tapes.With this equipment it is possible to study and process the data in digital form and compare results with those obtained by analog processing. Also, the experience gained will be very useful when digital field crews start operating.Unfortunately, it is not possible for the time being to operate the equipment on a commercial production basis, but only to develop working methods, to conduct short studies or to guide and control analog processing techniques.At present our efforts are therefore aimed at shortening the time required for processing and plotting.

Notes: One of the most important problems in the interpretation of gravity data is the separation of the data giving information characterizing the different geological structures. Various methods were elaborated to perform this separation (smoothing, removing of residuals, second derivatives, analytic continuation and others). For each operation various sets of coefficients were proposed. All these sets of coefficients may be considered as to provide linear filtering processes applied to the original map. The frequency response of the filter unambigously determines the method and gives good and clear information concerning their advantages (or disadvantages). The knowledge of frequency responses enables the choice of the most suitable method for the interpretation of a given map. Graphs are presented by the author showing:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉a.the effect of radius used in the calculation of residualsb.effect of the number of points used in averaging the data on a circlec.the effect of the different systems of coefficients used in the various second derivative formulas.

Notes: The authors present a review of the activities of the “Centre National de Volcanologie” (Belgium) in the field of the application of geophysical and geodesic techniques in the study of active volcanoes.The first region of interest is constituted by the African volcanoes: Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira, North of the Kivu lake; the second by the Etna in Sicily.The methods used were: volcano-seismology, gravimetry, magnetism, underground clinometry and “tiltmetry”.The authors close with considerations on geothermic research, which is envisaged for future programmes.

Notes: The method of induced polarization finds more and more application in the prospection of metallic ore deposits. It is very useful also in the determination of non-metallic minerals and underground water flows.In the case when an electrical current flows accross the interface between metallic and electrolytic phases the causes of the induced polarization are well known and have often been discussed. In the case of non-metallic minerals and rocks the polarization is mainly caused by the membrane potential, since the polyelectrolytic clay material, having the capacity of ion-exchange in micells, acts as a semipermeable membrane.Practical examples of exploration for non-metallic mineral by the induced polarization method are discussed. Some kaolin deposits have been revealed. The depth and the extent of a clay layer, impervious to water, are determined in the bottom of a future storage lake of an hydroelectric power-plant. The underground water flows in the Karst region are traced.

Notes: The technique of two-dimensional seismic models offers a simple solution to the problem of pulse reflection at the interface of two solids. Particular attention is paid to the existence and character of the amplitude increase in the interference zone between PP and PPP. The following points are discussed:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1)– the considerable deformation of the pulse when such an increase exists.2)– the desagreement existing in the neighborhood of the critical points between the amplitude calculated by plane wave theory and the amplitude observed for cylindrical or spherical waves.3)– the nonexistence of such an increase when velocity or density contrasts are too great.4)– the presence, in the case of very large velocity contrasts, of an increase of the amplitude in the zone of interference, between PP and PSP-waves.5)– the considerable importance of conversion arrivals (PS+SP).6)– the necessity of taking into account the emission of distorsional waves so that the observed arrivals of conversion waves can be explained.

Notes: When interpreting Bouguer Anomalies, it is important that the location of the point to which the corrected measurement is related, is correctly defined: the station itself or its projection on the datum plane. The consequences of this choice are not negligeable when the topography is rough.

Notes: The antioxidant activities of several flavone glycosides and cinnamic acids were determined in lipid-aqueous systems. Flavone glycosides, except rutin, possessed approximately the same antioxidant activity as their respective aglycone. Rutin was not as effective as its corresponding aglycone, quercetin. Quercetin derivatives were the only glycosides isolated from green onions, green-pepper pods, green-pepper seeds, and potato peels. Green-onion tops also possessed a glycoside of myricetin. Caffeic acid was an effective antioxidant hut chlorogenic acid had no antioxidant activity.

Notes: The effect of sulfite on the reaction of mushroom polyphenol oxidase with o-diphenols was studied in model systems at pH 6.5. Spectrophotometric, manometric, chromographic, electrophoretic, and radiosotopic evidence is presented that sulfite prevented browning in the systems by combining with the enzymatically produced o-quinones and stopping their condensation to melanins. During preincubation of polyphenol oxidase with sulfite a gradual loss of the property of the enzyme to cause browning was observed.

Notes: Fresh, diced onions were dehydrated under different regimes (high-, intermediate-, and low-temperature, and lyophilization). Rehydration volumes were determined for the dice. Water vapor sorption properties and X-ray estimates of crystallinity were obtained for the cellulose extracted from the dice and for control samples of cellulose that had been extracted from fresh onions and then dehydrated. Rehydration occurs most rapidly in lyophilized tissues, in which at 24°C and at 91°C approximately the original fresh volume is attained in 15–30 min. The final rehydrated volume in other treatments is reached more slowly and is considerably smaller than the fresh volume. The highest crystallinity of cellulose is found in the lyophilized materials, probably as a freezing effect. Freezing also produces large, internal voids. Cellulose crystallinity is essentially unaffected by temperature differences during the dehydration process.

Notes: The main simple polyphenols of immature dates (Phoenix dactylifera var. Deglet Noor) are flavans, flavonol glycosides, caffeoylshikimic acids, and a cinnamic acid derivative. Tannins are both water-soluble and -insoluble condensed tannins of the leucoanthocyanidin type. Of the simple polyphenols, the flavans and caffeoylshikimic acids undergo the greatest decrease during maturation and storage. Tests with date phenolase show these compounds to be the most susceptible to enzymic browning. Several new phenols form during storage. Treatment of the tannins with hot strong acid produces cyanidin chloride, suggesting the presence of leuco-cyanidin units in the tannins.

Notes: Twelve sets of canned tomatoes, each set composed of three fruits harvested from the same plant and subjected to different ripening conditions, were analyzed for pectic constituents. Firmness was highly significantly correlated with total pectic constituents and with the ratio of the carhonyl and pectic content. Correlation between firmness and mineral content was also significant. These results indicate that a high content, large molecular size, and a low methoxyl content of the pectic constituents result in firmer tomatoes. From the results it appears that firmness is related to retention of the original pectic content and controlled demethylation. This induced demethylation increases the extent of ionic bonding and results in firm fruits.

Notes: Meat and water slurries of both leg and breast muscle from heavy hens were cooked in a nitrogen atmosphere. Some of the chemical components in the volatile fraction were identified by solubility classification, derivative preparation, and/or functional group analysis in combination with gas chromatography and/or qualitative chemical analyses and odor evaluation. Twenty-nine compounds in the volatiles from leg muscle and 25 compounds from breast muscle were identified by the functional-group trapping technique followed by gas chromatography of the effluent fractions. Qualitative chemical tests revealed 19 major classes of compounds and a few specific compounds.Removal of sulfur compounds resulted in an almost complete loss of “meaty odor” in both dark and light meat. Removal of the carbonyls from the volatile fraction resulted in a loss of “chickeny-flavor” and intensification of the “meaty or beef-like odor.”

Notes: Free amino acid analyses were conducted on 24 muscle tissue samples of chicken, both young and old, fresh and aged, in an attempt to show some properties or constituents of the meat which might he related to quality factors, such as tenderness. In general, ammonia nitrogen remained fairly constant throughout the study. Storage resulted in increases in free amino acids, with proline being a major exception. Light meat showed less free amino acids than dark meat, with major exceptions being lysine and histidine. In most cases, broilers had more free amino acids than hens. Taurine concentration was much higher in the dark meat of both broilers and hens. No relation was found between tenderness and the general pattern of free amino acid concentration or between tenderness and the concentration of any single free amino acid.

Notes: A study of the distribution of the free amino acids in different commercial varieties of cocoa beans revealed differences which might account, at least in part, for the acknowledged variations in aroma and flavor of the products obtained from these raw materials.

Notes: The products formed on reaction of neoxanthin with hydrochloric acid in methanol and in acetone indicate that neoxanthin is 3,3′,5′-trihydroxy-5′6′-dihydro-5,6-epoxy-beta-carotene. The tertiary 5′-hydroxyl group reacts in a similar manner to the allylic 3′-hydroxyl group in lutein.

Notes: Ontario, Katahdin, and Pontiac potatoes grown with and without boron foliar spray were examined for discoloration and lipid content. The lipid was fractionated into free fatty acids, neutral fat, and phospholipids. The free fatty acids from each of the three fractions were esterified and determined quantitatively by gas chromatography. Discoloration was measured with a Hunter color-difference meter.The total lipid of all three varieties was higher in potatoes treated with boron than in the control potatoes. Cortex tissue was significantly higher in lipid content that center tissue. Pontiac potatoes, the variety most resistant to discoloration, had the highest lipid content. The phospholipid fraction of all three varieties was higher in the potatoes treated with boron, and the neutral-fat fraction was higher in Pontiac potatoes treated with boron than in untreated potatoes.Treatment of potatoes with boron tended to increase the amount of unsaturated and decrease the amount of saturated fatty acids. The free fatty acid fractions of potatoes receiving boron treatment were lower in palmitic and higher in linoleic acid than the control, the neutral fat fraction was higher in linolenic acid, and the phospholipid fraction was lower in palmitic acid. Potatoes receiving boron discolored less than control potatoes.

Notes: The degree of ionization of some sodium polyphosphates used in the food industry was determined with sodium ion electrodes. The effect of the presence of the calcium ion on the ionization of these phosphates was also studied. Sodium orthophosphate completely dissociated in solution, with the degree of dissociation of the polyphosphates inversely proportional to the number of P atoms in the chain or the ring. The addition of calcium enhanced the dissociation of the polyphosphate and lowered the pH in each case.

Notes: Volatile components of beef irradiated at 5 megarad by concurrent radiation-distillation, by radiation just prior to distillation, and by radiation and storage at ambient temperature for 6 months before distillation, were isolated and characterized. The total yield of odor isolate from stored beef was approximately 4.4 mg per lb (about 10 ppm), or about one-third of the yield obtained from freshly irradiated beef or from unirradiated beef. The n-alkanals and methional, major volatile components of freshly irradiated beef, are minor components of stored irradiated beef. n-Alkanes are present in relatively greater amount in odor concentrates of stored beef. n-Alkanes and l-alkenes are volatile components of both stored and freshly irradiated beef, hut are present in much smaller quantity in the stored product.

Notes: The effects and interrelationships of time, temperature, and solute concentration on the vapor space equilibration of a dilute ester system is described. The results, which are of interest to those engaged in gas chromatographic headspace analysis or in sniff-test methodology, show that dilute solutions behave in a predictable manner, even though the data do not fit the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

Notes: A method was developed for the determination of water activities of flour at high moisture contents. In this method a flour sample was allowed to equilibrate with water contained in a porous membrane while under a certain constant mechanical pressure. The cell was fitted with a porous membrane which allowed the transfer. of moisture from and to the sample. After equilibrium was achieved the sample was analyzed for moisture content. A thermodynamic relationship enabled calculation of the water activity corresponding to the pressure used in the cell. Results obtained with this method were in agreement with those obtained with the constant-relative-humidity desiccator technique in the over-lapping range of water activities. The two methods were also in agreement that the water activity of flour was not affected by the particle size distribution.

Notes: Methods were developed for the preparation in reproducible yield (2–5 ppm) of odor concentrate from fresh ripe tomatoes. Sufficient concentrate was obtained to allow its separation by gas chromatography and collection of its components for direct investigation. Examination of the fractions resulted in rigorous identification of previously unknown tomato constituents.

Notes: The fatty acid composition of free and bound lipids in freeze-dried pork, lamb, and beef was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Both raw and cooked samples were studied to establish whether cooking affected the fatty acid content of either fraction. Sixteen acids were identified in pork, lamb, and beef. In the bound lipids fraction, traces of saturated C13, C15, and C17 were evident. Three peaks remained unidentified. These unknown peaks are probably unsaturated acids, although the possibility that they may be oxidation products cannot be ruled out entirely. The bound lipids fraction of the meat samples studied was found to have a greater quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the free lipids fraction. The linoleic, behenic, and arachidonic acid content of the bound lipids exceeded that of the free lipids fraction. Cooking prior to freeze-drying appeared to have no significant influence on the fatty acid composition of either free or bound lipids. Lamb and beef are similar to each other in fatty acid composition, and quite different from pork. The myristic and myristoleic acid content is higher in lamb and beef than in pork, but the linoleic and arachidonic acid content of pork exceeds that of lamb and beef.

Notes: As part of a study of the flavor constituents of orange oil, 13 terpenes and 11 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were isolated and identified. The terpene hydrocarbons were identified as α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, 2,4-p-mentbadiene, sabinene, myrcene, Δ-3-carene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, limonene, Δ-3-terpinene, p-cymene, and terpinolene. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were identified as α-copaene, α-ylangene, β-copaene, β-elemene, caryophyllene, β-ylangene, farnesene, α- and β-humulene, valencene, and Δ-cadinene.

Notes: Three pectin methyl esterase fractions were obtained from banana pulp by successive extraction with water (Fraction I), a solution of 0.15M NaCl (Fraction II), and a solution of 0.15M NaCl after adjusting the pH of the mixture to 7.5 (Fraction III). The changes in the activities of these fractions during post-harvest ripening were investigated. The activities of all three fractions increased as the banana skin began to change from green to yellow. Thereafter Fractions I and II remained relatively constant while Fraction III continued to increase in activity throughout the period of ripening studied.

Notes: Slices of potato tubers were subjected to cyclic elongation, stress relaxation, and breaking in an Instron materials-testing instrument. Cubes of such tissues and of ripe, fruits of pears and apples were subjected to cyclic compression and stress relaxation. The time required for 20% relaxation of the stress was progressively longer with each of 3 cycles. Cycling increased the apparent values of Young's modulus, E, for slices treated in acetone, treated in acetone and rehydrated, and frozen and then thawed, but decreased values for slices soaked overnight in H2O at 6°C. With potato slices and cubes, treatments which wilted them resulted in shorter times for a 20% relaxation of stress. Cubes of pear and apple soaked 3 hr in H2O tended to disintegrate and also showed much shorter times for relaxation of stress than cubes treated in 0.5M sucrose. The general features of all curves were qualitatively similar, except that compressing cubes of potato tubers beyond a stress of about 0.9 Kg/cm2 resulted in a sharp, reversible increase in apparent values of E.

Notes: Eggplant polyphenolase oxidized chlorogenic acid much faster than it did any other substrate. In contrast, the substrate oxidized most rapidly by the avocado preparation was nordi-hydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), followed by catechin and catechin. Resorcinol was a moderately effective competitive inhibitor (Kt= 0.02M), whereas hydroquinone (Kt= 0.005M) was a slightly less potent noncompetitive inhibitor. All the chlorides tested depressed eggplant polyphenolase activity to a similar but limited extent. The copper-chelating agents 1-phenyl-2-thiourea and sodium diethyldithio-carbamate were powerful inhibitors; the former (Kt= 0.01mM) was shown to act non-competitively.

Notes: To elucidate the changes of “myosin B” during storage of rabbit muscle, investigation was made of the dissociation of “myosin B” into myosin A and actin, their content of “myosin B,” and the interaction of “myosin B” with ATP. The approximate contents of myosin A and actin in “myosin B” were variable, showing a maximum content of actin in “myosin B” extracted from the muscle at 2 days after slaughter. This can also be inferred from changes of viscosity and the salting-out curve of “myosin B,” as recently shown. Moreover, the interaction between actin and myosin A in “myosin B” became less strong with the progress of aging.

Notes: An experiment was conducted to establish the fiber arrangement and micro-structure at three sites in the longissimus dorsi of horizontally placed and vertically suspended bovine carcass sides. Fiber angles, from transverse processes, increased markedly from anterior to posterior positions. Conversely, the fiber angles, from the spinous processes, decreased from anterior to posterior positions. In comparison with horizontal placement, vertical suspension released some of the tension on the longissimus dorsi and allowed rearrangement of its internal construction. This rearrange. ment was noted by larger angles, from both the transverse and spinous processes, and shorter sarcomeres in the vertically suspended than in the horizontally placed sides. Differences were also observed in muscle shape and marbling coarseness.

Notes: A study was made of the effects of length of cold storage and of heating on histological appearance of muscles from 4–5-month-old rabbits. The rabbit muscles appeared to contain little if any elastin except in and around blood vessels. The changes in histological appearance with increasing cold storage and with heating resembled in general those found in beef, although there were several exceptions. The rabbit muscle fibers showed less tendency to granulate, but the contraction nodes tended to disappear with longer storage, especially in the heated tissue. Also, at the longer storage times, heating tended to destroy even the granulated structure of collagen, reducing it to an amorphous state. Within the muscle bundles, rabbit muscles appeared to have more fine strands of collagen in the endomysium than did beef. Also, within the bundles, heating appeared to produce some granulation from the muscle fibers themselves, from the fine collagen strands, and from the endomysial reticulum, rather than primarily from the muscle fibers as in beef.

Notes: The activity of 17 or 18 specific enzymes in the longissimus dorsi muscle of five beef and 18 pork carcasses was followed by histochemical procedures. Beef samples were removed from carcasses within 10 min up to 20 days port-mortem, and pork samples within 16 min up to 24 and/or 48 hr post-mortem. The beef carcasses were submitted to so-called normal cooling procedures. However, one side of each of 13 pork carcasses was placed at –29°C, while the other side was subjected to 37°C for the first 41/2–5 hr post-mortem.In beef muscle, the histochemical activity of lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, TPN diaphorase, and DPN diaphorase showed a steady decrease with increasing time post-mortem. Reactions for both alcohol dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase were very weak or entirely absent at 48 hr post-mortem and all subsequent sampling periods. Positive reactions for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase were observed in the initial samples only. No acid phosphatase, leucine amino peptidase, or 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity was detected in any of the samples.In pork muscle, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and DPN diaphorase was slightly weaker at both 0 and 24 hr post-mortem than similar activity in beef muscle. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity was weaker than that observed for the above enzymes, while the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was of intermediate intensity. Traces of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity were observed in only a portion of the initial samples. Similarly, weak reactions for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase were observed only at 0 hr post-mortem. None or only weak activity was observed for malic dehydrogenase, and TPN diaphorase activity was unexplainably absent from all samples. Moderate levels of cytochrome oxidase activity were observed at both 0 and 24 hr post-mortem. LTDPG-glycogen transferase was completely inactivated by the 37°C treatment post-mortem, but the treatment had a less marked effect upon phosphorylase and branching enzyme. The presence of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in muscles of 7 carcasses suggested that a degenerative condition existed in these muscles.

Notes: The red fiber content of several porcine muscles was estimated by a histochemical method (affinity for Sudan Black B due to high intracellular lipid content) and a biochemical method (high succinic dehydrogenase activity). Even though the muscles varied widely in total lipid content, the histochemical method was comparable to the biochemical method in categorizing porcine muscles as red or white. Red muscles (〉 40% red fibers) contained greater myoglobin concentrations and generally had longer post-rigor sarcomeres than white (〈 30% red fibers) muscles. Interrelationships of percent red fibers, succinic dehydrogenase activity, fat content, glycolytic rate, and post-rigor contraction state were discussed.

Notes: The odor component of proline and ornithine degraded by periodate, isatin, or ninhydrin was identified as 1-pyrroline by means of gas chromatography on three columns, mass spectra, and infrared analysis. Free γ-amino-butanal also yields the same odor component via formation of an internal Schiff base.

Notes: Three protein components with peroxidase activity were separated from Ficus glabrata latex by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose at pH 7.0. Purification was aided by carboxymethyl cellulose adsorption and ammonium sulfate precipitation. These three components were identical to horse-radish peroxidase II with respect to molecular weights, absorption spectra, and activity-pH relationships. They differed markedly from horseradish peroxidase II with respect to isoelectric points [at pH 4.25–4.45 (acetate buffer), vs. pH 7.2]. They were more heat-stable than horse-radish peroxidase II. While one of the F. glabrata peroxidases had Vmax values similar to those of horse-radish peroxidase II on hydrogen peroxide and guaiacol, the other two F. glabrata peroxidases had quite different kinetic parameters. The three F. glabrata peroxidases differed in chromatographic, electrophoretic, heat stability, and kinetic properties (components B and C, vs. A), but all other properties measured were identical or similar for the three peroxidases.

Notes: A mild method for the isolation of mucoprotein from bovine skeletal muscle is described. Minced skeletal muscle was extracted twice with neutral 0.6M KCl. The washed stromal residue was extracted twice with acetone, air-dried, and pulverized. The stromal residue powder was extracted twice with 10% CaCl2. The pooled CaCl2 extracts were added to 1.5 volumes ice-cold ethanol and refrigerated. The crude mucoprotein precipitate was obtained by centrifugation, and suspended in 5% sodium acetate. After extraction for 24 hr at 4°C, the mucoprotein suspension was filtered through Celite and purified. The final dried product was pulverized to a light tan powder. Dissolved in phosphate buffer, it gave a viscous milky-white solution. Quantitative hexosamine and nitrogen values obtained at each major step of the isolation procedure are given, and their significance is discussed. Less than 10% of the total stromal residue hexosamine is ex-tractable by CaCl2. The CaCl2-extractable fraction was isolated and purified and designated the “soluble mucoprotein fraction.” Hydrolysates of this fraction were analyzed by paper chromatography. The consistent observation of galactosamine and glucuronic acid indicated that chondroitin sulfate was present. Glucosamine was also noted consistently, along with galactose, but their presence was not easily explained.

Notes: The anthocyanins in Rubired grapes were extracted with 0.2% methanolie HCI, partially purified by adsorption on a Dowex-50 W× 4 cation-exchange column, eluted from the washed resin with acidified methanol, and the individual pigments separated by paper chromatography in two dimensions with n-butanol- acetic -acid-water (BAW 4:1:5 v/v) and acetic acid-water-cone HCl (AWH, 15:82:3) as solvents. The purified pigments were identified by their Rt values, the sugar moiety, partial acid hydrolysis, alkaline degradation products of the aglycoue, fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation, and absorption spectra. The pigments, in decreasing order of photodensitometer readings, were malvidiu 3,5-diglucoside, peonidin 3,5-diglucoside, malvidin 3-monoglucoside, peouidin 3-monoglucoside, delphinidin 3-monoglucoside, petunidin 3-monoglucoside, petunidin 3,5-diglucoside, malvidin 3,5-diglucoside acylated with p-coumaric acid, malvidin 3-monoglucoside acylated with p-coumaric acid, peonidin 3-monoglueoside acylated with p-coumaric, and delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside.

Notes: Concord grape essence was examined by GLC-mass spectrometry and sixteen volatile components identified. Aside from ethyl acetate and ethanol, the most abundant was 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. Preliminary information on several other components has been obtained.

Notes: A number of compounds in the flavor-containing chloroform extract of maple sirup have been isolated and identified. A major constituent not previously isolated by gas chromatography was acetol. Other constituents present in lesser concentrations which have not previously been reported were acetoin, ethyl vanillate, syringoyl methyl ketone, and methyleyclopentenolone.

Notes: Polyphenolic compounds were extracted with ethyl acetate from aqueous infusions of canned Blenheim apricots (Prunus armenica L.). The compounds were separated by two-dimensional paper chromatography of the extract with n-butanol-acetic acid-water (4:1:5) and 2% acetic acid. The individual compounds were identified by Rf values, fluorescent behavior, absorption spectra, and degradation products. Shown to be present in the extract were three chlorogenic acid isomers, two p-coumaric acid derivatives, rutin, isoquercitrin, quercetin, an unidentified quercetin glucoside, catechin, and epicatechin. The predominant polyphenolic compounds were chlorogenic acids and p-coumaric acid derivatives.

Notes: Asym-monoethylcitrate was isolated from avocado fruit. Its identity was established by analysis, by its proton magnetic resonance, and by comparison with the synthetic ester, including X-ray diffraction patterns. Approximately 6% of the citric acid of avocado fruit exists as its asym-monoethyl ester. The ester exists in two crystalline forms of different melting points and different X-ray diffraction patterns.

Notes: Release of dipicolinic acid from spores of some species of Bacillus during heating at 100°C was determined. The total amount and rate of release of dipicolinic acid from these spores varied between species and strains, the most resistant spores releasing the least. Studies were made on Bacillus polymyxa and B. megaterium to determine the influence of buffers and pH on the liberation of dipicolinic acid, carbohydrate, and nitrogen. Release of these materials was usually least at pH 7.0 and greatest under conditions that favored thermal inactivation. Some of the amino acids and carbohydrates released were identified.

Notes: Oxygenation rates of pork, beef, and lamb were determined by Munsell disk calorimetry and by the Gardner automatic color-difference meter. From the data obtained, recommendations can be made for the time to read color as a prediction of total color change due to oxygenation. Measurements can be renotated by Munsell calorimetry after 30 min for pork, 75 for beef, and 45 for lamb. Readings can be made by reflectance after 45 min for pork, 30 for beef, and 30 for lamb. The effect of oxygenation upon Munsell and reflectance measurements was also studied. The Munsell renotations appeared to increase in redness, or hue, and intensity of chroma, while value remained constant. Readings of the Gardner meter increased greatly in a1 (redness) whereas b1,(yellowness) increased less. The L readings, indicative of value, remained constant. A comparison between the two methods indicated a highly significant negative correlation between a1 of reflectance and index of reddening of Munsell calorimetry.

Notes: To study the effect of pH and divalent cations such as Mg and Ca on rehydration of freeze-dried meat, a model system of freeze-dried myofibrils was designed. The fibrils were dried at pH 5.4, 6.0, and 7.0, with and without addition of Mg and Ca, in the concentrations found in meat. The freeze-dried fibrils were rehydrated after homogenization in the rehydrating solution; and by diffusion of the solution into the dried fibril mass. When the fibrils were homogenized the cations increased the water-holding capacity of the sedimented fibrils. An increase in the water-holding capacity with higher pH was apparent only after the cations were added. When the fibrils were rehydrated through diffusion, the cations decreased the hydration. Increased hydration capacity with higher pH was found with and without the cations.

Notes: A new method for rapid determination of moisture-adsorption isotherms is a modification of the method suggested by Wilson and Fuwa in 1922. Air at a certain constant relative humidity is recirculated in a closed system through a tube loosely packed with a sample of solid particles, as a result of which the moisture in the sample equilibrates to the environmental relative humidity. This method is indirect but gives results in relatively short periods. A peristaltic pump, designed in this laboratory, circulated air through 12 independent closed systems. Thus, moisture-adsorption isotherms in a wide range of relative humidities can be obtained in 24–36 hr. Moisture-adsorption isotherms of flour obtained with this method agree very closely with those obtained with the constant-relative-humidity desiccator technique and with results reported by researchers who used a high-vacuum technique in conjunction with a McBain-Bakr sorption balance. The one limitation of this method is that it can be successfully applied only to solid particles whose physical state does not cause excessive resistance to flow of air through them.

Notes: The degradation of cyanidin 3-gentiobioside by mushroom phenolase in a model system containing catechol is inhibited by SO2. In a citrate phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, with 2.8 × 10−5M catechol and 3.3 mg commercial enzyme per 100 ml reaction mixture, 8 ppm of SO2 completely checked the anthocyanin degradation. In tart cherry juice, under similar conditions but with no catechol added, 30 ppm SO2 were required for a practically complete inhibition. At lower pH the inhibition is accomplished by smaller SO2 concentrations.

Notes: The proteolytic activity of the enzymes extracted from Japanese and Israeli prepared koji (or “Bloom of Mold”) or Japanese rice ferment and of commercial samples of taka-diastase, has been found to have a slower activity rate at pH 5.0 than at either neutral or alkaline pH. At pH 5.0, it takes a longer period of time to obtain comparable digestion of the substrate, as compared with that at pH 7.8. This activity at lower pH has been stimulated by the addition of small quantities of miso— which is a fermented mixture of cooked soy. beans and rice with koji—r by the addition of cysteine or reduced glutathione. These findings enabled us to reduce the conventional fermentation time of Japanese miso or Israeli miso-type products, from several months to only a few weeks.

Notes: In this study, the mode of action of vitamin K5 was investigated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae the test organism.Cysteine hydrochloride antagonized the anti-fungal action of vitamin K, suggesting that the vitamin has an affinity for sulfhydryl groups, which are necessary for the activity of certain enzymes. The sulfhydryl groups of yeast cells were reduced quantitatively when they were exposed to vitamin K5.Furthermore, studies showed that dehydrogenase was inactivated by vitamin K5.

Notes: Essential amino acids were determined by column chromatography for 5 varieties of fish popular as food in Hawaii. Recoveries for the amino acids studied were good, ranging from 98.7 to 102.2%. The content of essential as well as certain nonessential amino. acids was uniform for all the fish investigated, and the values of valine were higher than cited by other authors. There was no marked difference in the essential amino acid composition of the octopus and the four vertebrates. The proportions of the essential amino acids were compared with the proportions in the FAO “Provisional Pattern” and whole egg protein, and the protein scores were calculated. Favorable comparisons were obtained with the FAO pattern. Leucine and phenylalanine were somewhat limiting for all fish when compared with whole egg protein. The content of nonessential amino acids (histidine, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and proline) was comparable with ranges reported for other fish.

Notes: Self potential measurements, both in drill holes and on surface, have been made in and around sulphide mineralization. Similar measurements were carried out on small scale laboratory models. The potential and current configurations around theoretical sulphide bodies are also described. Results of the model and field work seem to verify, in a qualitative manner, the electrochemical mechanism of spontaneous polarization proposed by Sato and Mooney. Possible causes are suggested for the abnormally large surface anomalies frequently found in the field.

Notes: Compagnie Générate de T.S.F. (C.S.F.) has recently developed a new magnetometer based on the optical pumping of caesium vapour.After carrying out a systematic programme of ground and in-flight tests, Compagnie Générale de Géophysique (C.G.G.) has put several of the airborne models into service.Following a discussion of the fundamental principles involved, the instrument is described and its specifications are given. The two forms of read-out are: an analog recording, of the conventional type, and a digital version, recorded on magnetic tape.The instrument measures the total intensity of the earth's magnetic field with a sensitivity of 0.03 gamma. Temperature compensation is provided, making possible operation between — 20 and + 45 degrees centigrade. Performance is not affected by an inhomogeneous field as long as the gradient is less than 10 gammas per centimetre.The range of the instrument is from 20,000 to 70,000 gammas and the values are obtained automatically, without the intervention of an operator.There is no danger of instrumental drift, and the selection of caesium vapour and the components of the detector guarantee that the absolute value of the field, throughout the range of the instrument and regardless of the circumstances, is measured to within one gamma.The first large-scale project making use of these magnetometers, carried out by C.G.G., is the Magnetic Map of France, which has been compiled for the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. The characteristics of this project are given.

Notes: It is considered it might be useful to test the validity of the theoretical study “Sur ľinfluence ?un empilement de couches minces en sismique” by Messrs. I. ?Erceville and G. Kunetz, Geophysical Prospecting, XI, No. 2, June 1963.We chose a borehole of the Compagnie Française des Pétroles where the velocity logs frequently show fine interbedding. Two synthetic records were prepared:a) For the first one, a large step (τ= 3 ms) was selected to preserve the general appearance of the field records (convolution by a Ricker wavelet with a pseudo-period of 26.6 ms);b) For the second one, a small step (τ= 0.5 ms) was taken, convoluted using the same Ricker wavelet.We observed that the synthetic records without multiples are not dependent on the step taken for calculation, provided this step remains small in relation to the period of the convolution signal (τ, one-way time, smaller than 1/8 of the period of the signal). Nevertheless, when a small step is used, the high frequencies may be better reflected on the synthetic record.We also noticed that the direct wave attenuates rapidly with depth and is replaced by an accumulation of multiples that restore it exactly, but with a slight time-lag. We termed this the “pseudo-wave”. The above-mentioned delay between the two synthetic records is in good agreement with the results published by Messrs. 1. ?Erceville and G. Kunetz.

Notes: The problem of the magnetic anomaly due to the induced magnetisation, of a body-having the form of an inclined prism is treated analytically. The formula for the total intensity anomaly is analysed to yield relations between parameters of the anomaly and the depth, width, and dip of the magnetic model. The treatment is extended to include the case of remanent magnetisation. The numerical results are presented as graphs prepared for use in the interpretation of measured anomalies.

Notes: Anomalies due to igneous dykes or layering within metamorphic rocks often approximate to those calculated for geometric dyke models. In aeromagnetic surveys over outcrops of these rocks, where the ‘depth’ is generally the flying height, the ratio in which two geometric functions combine to produce such anomalies can be determined from profiles. This ratio is influenced by geomagnetic latitude, the strike and dip of the ‘dyke’ and its direction of magnetization. It is practicable to solve for either unknown, i.e. dip or magnetization inclination if the other is assumed. Since igneous dykes tend to be vertical and metamorphic rocks are generally inductively magnetized it is geologically valid to make these assumptions.

Notes: In this paper a method of interpreting resistivity observations is proposed which consists of two steps. The first of these steps is to approximate the observed resistivity curve by a sum of two-layer resistivity curves—which are asymptotic to the observed curve—decreased by a constant value. Experience shows that this approximation usually can be made to be reasonably close. In cases where the residue is too large to be neglected, this residue can be accounted for by the addition of the effect of a pair of fictitious current poles of equal and opposite strength.The approximation by asymptotic two-layer curves could then be translated either into a distribution of fictitious current poles on the vertical through the current electrode, or into the kernel function in the integral expression for the apparent resistivity. Experience shows, however, that the distribution of fictitious poles derived from the approximation by asymptotic two-layer curves, may deviate very strongly from the actual distribution of image poles. The error in the kernel function, on the other hand, is shown to be of the same order of magnitude as the relative error in the apparent resistivity. The kernel function is therefore used in the proposed method as an intermediary for determining the resistivity stratification.From the approximated kernel function some information can be obtained directly on the resistivity stratification in the subsurface. This information, however, is sometimes incomplete and often not very accurate. The step from the approximated kernel function to the resistivity stratification is therefore essentially indirect, i.e. the approximated kernel function is compared with kernel functions computed for different resistivity stratifications. The advantage of this method over comparison of the observed resistivity curve itself with theoretical resistivity curves is that the computation of the kernel function, starting from the resistivity stratification, can be done far more quickly than that of the resistivity curve. The kernel function for any number of resistivity layers is a quotient, of which both thé numerator and the denominator contain only terms which, when plotted on monologarithmic graph paper, are straight lines. This property of the kernel function makes it possible to compute e.g. the kernel function for a three-layer case in about a quarter of an hour.

Notes: More than 1200 cards on geophysical accidents have been accumulated since 1957. Classification of these cards into various categories reveals relative stability in terms of time. It is possible to determine a highly significant severity rating for each category. The greatest hazards are explosion and electrocution.

Notes: Under conditions for effective fumigation with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide these reagents can combine not only with moisture but also with chlorine from the natural inorganic chloride content of foodstuffs, whereby the corresponding chlorohydrins are formed. Concentrations of ethylene chlorohydrin up to about 1000 ppm were found in whole spices and ground spice mixtures after commercial fumigation with ethylene oxide. These chlorohydrins are very toxic substances by all accounts; they also are sufficiently involatile and unreactive chemically to be persistent under food processing conditions.

Notes: The effects of different combinations of curing salts (NaCl, NaNO3, NaNO2) and temperature on the growth, survival, and heat resistance of several strains of Clostridium perfringens were investigated. These strains were shown to survive and grow in concentrations of curing salts considerably higher than those used in normal curing operations. When used in conjunction with heat, the concentrations of curing salts required to affect cell survival were still well above those usually employed. Hams were pumped with curing brines inoculated with low concentrations of spores of a food-poisoning strain of C. perfringens, then cured and smoked according to routine procedures, C. perfringens could still be isolated from the hams after cooling.A simple procedure for preparing reproducible inocula of aged spores is described. These aged spores showed much greater resistance to heat after storage in meat-brine mixtures than did spores from young sporulating cultures.

Notes: In general, amino acids as analyzed by column chromatography declined slightly in tempeh fermented up to 72 br, and these declines were partially attributable to amino acid deficiencies in the fermentative mold. Tryptophan declined in the dehulled lactic-acid-soaked soybeans, increased in 24-hr-fermented tempeh, and decreased slightly as the fermentation continued to 72 hr. Free amino acids and ammonia increased during fermentation. Glucosamine was isolated from the mold and subsequently identified. An increase in glucosamine in tempeh during fermentation reflected large amounts in the mold. Deep-fat frying of tempeh caused some amino acids to decrease after 5 min, while most declined after 7 min. Lysine and cystine were most susceptible to heat destruction. Steaming of tempeh for 2 hr or less had no effect on the amino acids. Changes in amino acid indexes during fermentation and heat-processing were related and, in some instances, significantly correlated with animal data.

Notes: Interrelationships of fiber diameter, sarcomere length, and tenderness were studied in 12 bovine muscles of horizontally placed and vertically suspended carcass sides. In comparison with the horizontally placed sides, the vertically suspended sides had greater sarcomere lengths in the psoas major, latissimus dorsi, and rectus femoris muscles. Conversely, vertical suspension permitted the longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, adductor, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus muscles to shorten in sarcomere length. In general the differences in sareomere lengths of muscles (between sides) were associated (r=–.82 P 〈.01) with differences in fiber diameter. Differences in fiber diameter (between sides) were highly related to differences in shear force (r= .73, P 〈.01, as were differences in sarcomere length (T = -.80, P 〈.01). When museles shortened, there were corresponding decreases in sarcomere length, increases in fiber diameter, and decreases in tenderness.

Notes: Dilute aqueous solutions of hypoxanthine were found to he predominantly hitter. Triangle tests showed, however, that the addition of hypoxanthine to fresh and stored low-dose irradiated petrale sole containing less than 106 bacteria per gram did not alter flavor. Flavor alteration due to added hypoxanthine was detectable in the irradiated fish only when the total bacterial counts exceeded 106.

Notes: One hundred and fifty wines of different types and regions were scored by 11 experienced judges by two methods (scoring and comparative rating). It was thought that the second method (which included a reference wine) would give more stable and consistent results than the standard method. For some categories of wines the standard method resulted in more stable and consistent responses, but for other categories the reverse is true. For some judges and for some categories of wines the two methods were practically identical. The reactions of the judges to the two methods varied greatly.

Notes: Preliminary studies suggest L-aspartic acid possesses acidulant properties of potential use in foods. Present costs are not competitive with citric acid, though special application may exist. The concept of using amino acids as flavoring materials is suggested, with a second role in improving nutritional quality.

Notes: The thermal conductivities of freeze-dried slabs of starch, gelatin, pectin, cellulose gum, and egg albumen gels were determined under a variety of conditions, using a guarded hotplate apparatus. The effects of temperature, gas pressure, and gas composition on a starch gel were studied in detail. The thermal conductivities of dry materials at atmospheric pressure varied from 0.921 × 10-4 cal cm-1°C-1 sec-1 (gelatin) to 1.337 × 10-4 (cellulose gum). In vacuum this variation was from 0.218 × 10-4 (starch) to 0.467 × 10-4 (cellulose gum). The difference between atmospheric pressure and vacuum was equal to the thermal conductivity of air for all the materials except cellulose gum, which gave a greater difference. The thermal conductivity of starch gel increased linearly with increasing temperature from 0 to 70°C, and decreased with decreasing pressure, as porous materials normally do, to a constant value below 0.1 mm Hg. A helium atmosphere gave a higher thermal conductivity than air or nitrogen. The thermal conductivity was higher in all freeze-dried gels containing adsorbed water than after the removal of all the water. The thermal conductivity of pectin gels increased with the density. Thermal conductivity was affected by the type and size of pores of the dried materials. In general, changes in thermal conductivity were significant with pressure, type of gas, and nature of the material, particularly the fibrous structure, but less important with temperature and amount of adsorbed water.

Notes: Volatiles obtained from freeze-dried beef by distillation with steam at ordinary pressure aided by a stream of nitrogen were collected in cooling traps. An attempt to classify the volatile components and to follow the changes in the spectrum of volatiles was carried out with both gas-liquid chromatography and chemical analysis. Some of the components resolved by gas-liquid chromatography were tentatively identified as acetaldehyde, propanal, pentanal, hexanal, acetone, methyl-mereaptan, and methyl disulfide. Hydrogen sulfide was identified by chemiTa1 analysis.

Notes: The solubility of the nitrogenous compounds of freeze-dried raw beef was observed to change during storage in cans with controlled oxygen-nitrogen atmospheres. Generally, total soluble nitrogen, soluble protein nitrogen, and soluble nonprotein nitrogen decreased with increasing storage time and initial concentration of oxygen in the can atmosphere. Free amino groups also decreased during storage, and this change was dependent on both initial oxygen content of the storage atmosphere and time.Dried beef tissue lipids were fractionated into neutral fat and phospholipids by silicic acid. The fatty acid composition of each fraction, determined by gas-liquid chromatography, was observed to change from oxidation during storage. Oxidation of tissue lipids seems to occur in two stages: the phospholipids are oxidized first, and the neutral fat autoxidizes later. Also, loss of the unsaturated fatty acids was more pronounced in the phospholipid fraction than in the neutral fat.

Notes: Proteins were extracted with a yield of up to 90% from wheat flour and finely powdered untoasted soya flour, with a 3M urea solution at 4°C. The urea-extracted protein contained, on hydrolysis, higher amounts of ammonia than a commercial soya protein isolate. Amino acid analysis by ion-exchange chromatography of soya proteins isolated with 3M urea showed that, on an ammonia-free basis, the urea-extracted proteins were comparable to a commercial soya protein isolate. Both had an amino acid composition comparable to that of a commercial solvent-extracted 50y0-protein soya meal. The urea-extracted proteins from wheat flour and soya flour retained their functional properties in bread-making. Extraction with 3M urea was lowered in coarsely ground soya meals and was reduced substantially by heat-treatment of soya products. Dispersibility in 3M urea at 4°C was found to be a useful parameter to evaluate the extent of heat damage to plant proteins.

Notes: The reaction rate of L-tyrosine ethyl ester with π-heptanal was determined at 10, 20, 30, and 40°C by following the change in optical rotation. The reaction-rate data indicate that two consecutive first-order reactions occur. The apparent energies of activation for the first and second reactions were calculated to be 5.8 and 6.4 kcal, respectively. Infrared spectral data suggest the presence of the imine linkage in the product. Colored pigments of the reaction of glycine with n-heptanal were fractionated, but the fractions were not pure enough for further study. Alk-2-enals were the only class of carbonyls noted in the nitrogen-free pigments. A mechanism consistent with the available experimental information is proposed for the removal of carbonyls with simultaneous formation of unsaturated-polymeric pigments in foods.

Notes: Reported for the first time are analyses of materials identified with and contributing to the cloud of orange juice. Hexane-soluble materials provided up to one-fourth of the cloud-producing components. In contrast to the composition of structural components of the fruit, cloud components insoluble in alcohol, acetone, and hexane were shown to be rich in nitrogen (ca. 7%), pectins (ca. 80%), and phosphorus (ca. 1.5% as the pentoxide) and to be very low in cellulosic components (ca. 2–5%). This is evidence that cloud originates in the juice cells rather than from mechanical disintegration of structural tissue. No appreciable difference in cloud composition was observed between fruit varieties or between freeze-damaged and normal fruit.

Notes: The fatty acid composition of the total lipid of eggs produced by hens on a control diet agreed closely with the compositions reported by other workers. The neutral glyceride fraction was more unsaturated than the phospholipid fraction. Addition of 10% of linseed, cottonseed or coconut oil to the diet altered the fatty acid composition of the egg lipids. Neither linseed nor cottonseed oil affected the total lipid content of the yolk, but coconut oil feeding brought about a small increase. In general, the acids of the neutral glyceride fraction were more susceptible to dietary manipulation than those of the phospholipid fraction. The effects of dietary fat on yolk lipid composition were compared for two types of bird.

Notes: When heated in a reagent consisting of a cyclic aldehyde, thiourea, and concentrated sulfuric acid, the sugar alcohols, including glycerol and inositol, give orange, pink, or red colors whose intensities follow Beer's law. The reagent is stable for 6 weeks or more in an amber bottle under refrigeration. Of the aldehydes tested, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde were the most sensitive. Generally, the reactivity of the sugar aleohols was as follows: sorbitol 〉 dulcitol 〉 mannitol 〉 erythritol 〉 xylitol 〉 arabitol 〉 ribitol 〉 glycerol 〉 inositol. Carbohydrates and other interferences were removed by acid hydrolysis followed by degradation with hot alkali and treatment with ion-exchange resins. Hydrolysis, degradation, and removal of degradation products can also be done in a single operation with a mixture of ion-exchange resins. Important factors for reproducible quantitative results are the concentration of acid, thiourea, and aldehyde in the reagent, the time and temperature of heating, and the particular aldehyde used. Recovery from complex milieu was good (95–101.8%).

Notes: Monocarbonyl compounds in unroasted cocoa beans and chocolate liquor were converted to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and then separated into methyl ketone, saturated aldehyde, 2.enal, and 2,4-dienal fractions. In most comparisons the aldehydes were more concentrated in liquor than in unroasted beans, which contained more ketone. Over 30 derivatives, several within each class, were detected on thin-layer plates. Spot densities were most intense in the region between the C4 and C7 standards. Differences among Accra, Arriba, and Bahia varieties involved relative concentrations of individual compounds rather than the presence or absence of specific carbonyls. Regeneration of carbonyls revealed each class to be a potent reservoir of aroma-emitting compounds. Methyl ketones were cheese-like; saturated aldehydes, waxy and fruity; 2.enals, oxidized, painty, and like old meat; 2,4-dienals, nutmeg and spicy. From the quantitative data it was concluded that each carbonyl class is an important contributor to chocolate aroma.

Notes: An untrained panel of approximately 100 people was used to evaluate the importance of differences in fryer chicken toughness that result from differences in chilling time before freezing. The panel discriminated and criticized toughness that could arise in commercial practice. At least 4 hr of aging is desirable even for birds that are thawed before being cooked. Shear resistance of fried meat measured with Warner-Bratzler and L.E.E.-Kramer shear apparatus correlated well, and correlated with untrained-panel evaluation. Adverse comments on toughness and dissatisfaction with the quality of the chicken increased with increase in shear resistance of the meat.

Notes: The effects of added sugar and acid on the sweetness of orange juice were evaluated by the response surfaces estimated from a central composite, second-order design in incomplete blocks. First-order polynomials were sufficient to describe intensity responses, but a second-order polynomial was needed to describe acceptability.

Notes: Changes in lipid composition during wheat development were followed by qualitative and quantitative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and by fractionation on silicic acid columns. Development of the wheats was accompanied by a slight decrease of lipid content on an as-is basis, and by almost doubling of lipids on a kernel basis. Free fatty acids in mature wheat were less than half the amount in wheat 21–23 days preceding ripeness. A similar decrease was found in the levels of mono- and diglycerides. No consistent changes were found in phospho-lipid fractions of lipids extracted from wheat at various stages of maturity. Carotenoid pigments disappeared as the wheat kernel developed and matured.