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  • Chemical Engineering  (848)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (547)
  • 1965-1969  (301)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (547)
  • 1965  (301)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (547)
  • 1965-1969  (301)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The oxyluminescence of polymers III. Effects of oxidation and structure; Mechanisms involved (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 246-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of polypropylene oxyluminescence show the luminous intensity to be dependent upon the degre of oxidation. The length of the low intensity level portion of the luninescence curve, or pseudo induction period, was found to be a measure of the useful stabilizer life, and the intensity of this portion indicative of the effectiveness of stabilization. The effect of peroxide decomposers was studied and results indicate that peroxide reactions are major producers of luminescence. Analysis of the accepted modes of polymer oxidation, in view of our luminescence findings, indicate that the rate of luminescence buildup should depend upon ease of R. formation and the luminous intensity should be dependent on peroxy radical concentration. The effect of tertiary-carbon content on luminescence was also investigated, and luminous intensity was found to be dependent upon the amount of polymer branching. Model Compounds having slight structural variations were examined and were found to produce different intensity-time curves during oxidation, which may be attributed to ease of formation of a reactive site and subsequent peroxy radical reactions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050407
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of thiazole polymers for thermally stable plastics (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sixteen polymers containing thiazole and aromatic rings in the polymer chain were prepared and investigated for the production of fibers and films that would be useful up to about 500°C. None of these polymers was completely satisfactory. Some of the polymers gave tough fibers and films, but they had relatively low melting points (〈300°C). Other polymers did not melt below 500°C, but they did not have good fiber and film forming properties because of their low molecular weights. Fibers and films of one of the polymers (polytetramethylenephenylenethiazole) were prepared, and their physical properties, hydrolytic stabilites under acid and alkaline conditions, and resistence to ultraviolet and gamma radiations were determined.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050409
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Auxiliary stabilizers for plasticized polyvinyl chloride (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: More than seventy materials were examined for their ability to improve the performance of DTDP plasticized PVC wire formulation in a modified 105°C wire oven aging test. Twenty of these were as effective as the widely used Bisphenol A, four of which were effective at a lower concentration.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The surface tension of polyethylene (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 5-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Extrapolation from data on low molecular weight n-alkanes indicates that the surface tension of polyethylene at 150°C is 26 dynes/cm. The total surface energy, γ  -  Tdγ/dT, is 51 dynes/cm and is much less dependent on chain length. The surface tension of polyethylene extrapolated to 20°C is 34 dynes/cm, consistent with the critical surface tension below which liquids will wet the polymer. The total surface energy is in reasonable accord with the incremental energy of vaporization, 1.029 kcal/mole of CH2 groups. The surface entropy is less than that of low molecular substances. This is attributed to a reduction in the opportunities for rotational isomerism at the surface.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transitional phenomena in α-polyolefin melts (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A first order transition was observed in the temperature range of about 210°C by dilatometric studies on both isotactic and atactic polypropylene and for isotactic poly (butene-1) and poly (pentene-1). No such transition was observed for polyethylene. It was found that the transition is not due to the measurements per se, to polymer treatment, to catalyst residues, or to polymer degradation. It is suggested that the transition could be due to the disappearance of liquid crystals.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt viscosity - temperature dependence of some low density polyethylenes (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt viscosities of three low density polyethylenes of widely varying melt indices were studied as a function of temperature over a broad range of shear rates and shear stresses. Apparent viscosities at constant shear stress could be fitted adequately to a simple Arrhenius equation over the entire temperature range studied. However, pronounced curvature of the log ηa-1/T curves was observed for apparent viscosities at constant shear rate. The apparent activation energies for viscous flow at constant shear stress were found to decrease slowly with increasing shear stress and also to decrease with decreasing molecular weight. A temperature-shear rate superposition was demonstrated to hold, and the shift factor dependence on temperature was determined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050112
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of nuclear radiation on the thermal conductivity of polyethyleneSupported in part by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 44-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal conductivity curves for the 0°C to 170°C temperature region are presented for six irradiated low density polyethylene samples (radiation doses from 0 to 3100 megarads) and one irradiated high density sample (120 megarad dose). In agreement with data in the literature for unirradiated polyethylene, the thermal conductivity values for lightly irradiated polyethylene are found to decrease with increasing temperature in the elevated temperature region where the crystallites begin to melt. Beyond the crystalline melting point, test results for lightly irradiated and crosslinked samples indicate that the thermal conductivity is almost independent of temperature. Although radiation doses of less than 250 megarads produce only small changes in the thermal conductivity, higher radiation doses result in a significant lowering of the conductivity in the room temperature region and an increase of the conductivity at temperatures above the melting point. The decrease in conductivity at low temperatures is considered to be a result of disordering of the crystallites by the radiation, and the increase above the melting point is attributed primarily to radiation induced crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050109
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Thermal decomposition of unsaturated materials (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Unsaturated polymers thermally degrade by a number of different mechanisms depending on the structure of the polymer and the experimental conditions. By use of deuterium tagging it was shown that polyisobutylene degrades stepwise from the end by a cyclic unimolecular mechanism. Volatile products from isotactic polypropylene contained 75% propane at 340°, 64% n-pentane at 375° and 49% propylene plus 12% isobutylene at 495°. Polyethylene was shown to give mostly propylene at lower temperatures but gave a 60% yield of ethylene at 600°.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050111
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  • 10
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 118-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050302
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  • 11
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    Time dependent effects in plastic materials (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050306
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  • 12
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    Relationship between structure and mechanical properties of polyolefins (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 142-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recent studies of the morphology of semicrystalline polymers have demonstrated the inadequacy of the familiar fringed micelle concept. It is now generally recognized that polyolefins crystallize in a spherulitic form having a skeletal structure of coherent crystals with a fibrous habit. Crystallization occurs in two stages: (1) spherulitic growth of crystalline lamellae, and (2) partial crystallization of residual melt in regions between lamellae. The dependence of modulus on degree of crystallinity in polyethylene indicates that the crystalline network carries much of the elastic energy acquired when the plastic is subjected to stress. Two of the mechanical transitions are also related to morphological structure. The high temperature or α transition is attributed to motion within lamellae while the intermediate or β transition is attributed to motion in disordered regions between lamellae.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050310
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  • 13
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    Weathering of polyolefins under stress (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many plastic articles when exposed outdoors deteriorate first at points of highest stress. Consequently, weathering of polyolefins under stress speeds the deterioration and hence the evaluation of ultraviolet stabilizers used to retard it. Cracking of the stressed polyolefin specimens denotes failure and is a direct measure of the minimum useful outdoor lifetime of the materials, whereas in other methods the change in some property, such as elongation, is used to predict the useful lifetime. In this work, the results of nine years of natural and artificial weathering illustrate the usefulness of the stresscracking method for evaluating polyethylene and polypropylene compositions. The evaluation of compositions by this method was found to correlate with that made by measuring the loss of elongation during outdoor weathering.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050311
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  • 14
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    Fracture topography of brittle polymers (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fracture surfaces record the kinetics of failure at two levels in the structure of polymeric solids. The first is evidenced by the formation of geometric markings resulting from the interaction of the primary fracture front with secondary fractures developing radially just ahead of the primary fracture. These markings are often visible to the unaided eye and have minimal dimensions in the micron range. The second fracture phenomenon appears to involve the orientation of molecular chains or bundles. Such orientation manifests itself in the interference-color producing film found on the fracture surfaces of poly (methylmethacrylate) and polystyrene. It is also apparent in the free or adherent film found on the surfaces of large fractured crazes. Some evidence is presented for the existence in these films of chain bundles 30A or less in diameter. It would seem that similar mechanisms are operating in the production of “craze matter” and of fracture surface films.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050313
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Weathering of epoxy resins systems (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 166-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article presents data on outdoor weathering of unfilled epoxy resins. The data have been accumulated after five years of weathering. The anhydride cured epoxy resin system was least affected by outdoor exposure. In addition, systems with higher deflection temperatures were more resistant to attack by outdoor exposure than those of lower deflection temperatures. It was also evident that heat curing is better than curing at room temperature. Hardness, for all systems, decreased with exposure time. Microscopic examination of the exposed systems showed that surface change closely correlated with changes obtained in the mechanical and electrical properties tested in this program. Systems showing the greatest change also had the worst surface appearance.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050314
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  • 16
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    “Dynamic mechanical properties of polymers‥ a review” (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There has been a marked increase in the interest shown in the field of characterization of polymeric materials via dynamic techniques, so much so that symposia devoted exclusively to “dynamic” properties of materials are now commonplace (1, 2). This article provides both a frame of reference with regard to the wide variety of “dynamic” test techniques now in use, and…as well…dynamic test data for a wide range of polymers. Particular emphasis will be placed upon the difference in function of varying test techniques and the applicability of data obtained for specific R & D vs engineering applications. For the purposes of the presentation an arbitrary distinction will be made between “dynamic” tests of the cyclic type and “dynamic” tests of the unidirectional type.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050315
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  • 17
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    Rate dependent response of modified polystyrene to multiaxial loading (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The balance of engineering properties of rubber-modified polystyrene make it attractive for many applications, but it is difficult for the design engineer to relate laboratory data to service requirements because of differences in strain rates, temperatures, etc. Data are presented which show how the toughness and stiffness of an appliance-grade, impact polystyrene vary with impact velocity (or loading rate), temperature, fabrication method, and pigment level. The ability to survive multi-axial impact loads is strongly dependent on loading rate; a maximum in energy-absorbing ability was observed in the range 500-2000 in./in./min, where the failure mechanism changed from ductile to brittle.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050317
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  • 18
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    Recent aspects of the uncatalyzed thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The authors previously reported work on the kinetics and mechanism of the uncatalyzed thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene. The data, obtained form infrared absorption spectra of the carbonyl region, was utilized in developing the theoretical expressions presented. This paper summarizes this work and presents further evidence which substantiates the derived expressions. The additional evidence is obtained from infrared absorption spectra involving the apparent hydroperoxy region and from measurements on the rate of formation of volatile products. Some recent pertinent literature is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050316
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  • 19
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    The nature of time effects in solid polymeric systems (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The time-dependent mechanical behavior of solid polymers can be classified into linear viscoelastic, nonlinear viscoelastic and rheological types. The linear viscoelastic theory has now been worked out in detail, and applies with particular success to amorphous polymers above their glass transition temperature. Examples of systems falling outside this category are principally discussed, including glassy, composite, and crystalline materials. These systems are characterized by the fact that structure and structural changes are playing a major role in the mechanical behavior. Specific theories must be developed in the future which adequately treat this type of behavior.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050318
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  • 20
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    Thermal degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene in a closed system. Effect of the nature of the surface of the reaction vessel wall (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 200-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene has been investigated in a closed system as a function of the nature of the surface of the reaction vessel wall. Reproducible results cannot be obtained in a stainless steel vessel as metal fluoride is continuously formed and a stable fluoride is not formed on the wall. Quartz spoon reaction vessels coated with calcium fluoride give a few reproducible runs, before the coating has to be renewed. If the dimerization of the monomer, which takes place very rapidly around 600°C, is considered, first order rates are obtained up to about 75% monomer formation. The kinetics is briefly discussed on the basis of random initiation followed by depropagation with a relatively short kinetic chain length and disproportionation as termination reaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050320
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  • 21
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    Principles of polymer stability (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 204-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There are essentially two ways to arrive at high softening polymers: crystallization and cross linking. The first approach leads to thermoplastic materials which have a more or less sharp and reversible melting point; the second produces three dimensional unmeltable networks which are thermosetting and can support very high temperatures without degradation. Factors which affect the mechanical behavior of a polymer exposed to high temperatures are degradation and cross linking. The first process is caused by scission of the chain molecules. The second process, cross linking, ties individual polymer chains into a rigid network, increases the molecular weight and leads to a very hard, brittle product which can neither be melted nor dissolved. The stability of a polymer against oxidation is always improved by the addition of an oxygen scavenger which reacts with oxygen in preference to the polymer and also by the addition of a UV absorber.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050321
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  • 22
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    Creep experiments and examples for viscoelastic material under combined stress with abrupt changes in state of stress (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Creep experiments under combined tension and torsion loading are reported for tubular specimens of polyvinyl chloride copolymer. Experiments include a sequence of several combinations of tension and torsion on each specimen with abrupt changes between combinations, including reversal of sense of torsion, recovery and reloading after recovery.Results show a strong path and time dependence for the strain and for the direction of the strain-rate vector at constant state of stress following a change in state of biaxial stress.The character of the results is described reasonably well by the Boltzmann superposition principle of linear viscoelasticity using a constitutive equation of the form: Examples are given of the use of this equation for common states of stress.Better agreement with the data is obtained from a similar but non-linear equation employing hyperbolic sine functions of stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050402
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  • 23
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    Equilibrium solubility and permeability of sulfur dioxide in epoxy resin of aliphatic diglycidyl ether (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 6-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Equilibrium sorption isotherms were obtained for the sulfur dioxide-epoxy resin of aliphatic diglycidyl ether system over a temperature range of 1° to 45°C. The sorption isotherms indicated the presence of Langmuir sorption due to specific interaction. This is uncommon for rubbery polymers, though similar behavior was also observed previously. Zimm-Lundberg's clustering analysis indicated a slight tendency for clustering of the penetrant molecules at low temperatures and higher activities. The number of Langmuir sites for sorption was found to be independent of temperature. The mobilities of the molecules sorbed in Henry's law mode and the Langmuir mode were found to be approximately equal. Predictions of the permeability values for this system are presented and compared with other data from the literature. The temperature dependence of different sorption parameters is presented and discussed in detail.
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    Tensile yield in poly(4-methyl pentene-1)Presented, in part, at the American Physical Society Meeting in Dallas, Texas, March 1982. (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Uniaxial tension tests to the yield point were performed on a crystalline polymer, poly(4-methyl pentene-1) (PMP) as a function of temperature from 21° to 200°C at a strain rate of 2 min-1. After testing, the specimens showed considerable stress whitening as a result of microvoid formation. Yield energy was found to be a linear function of temperature extrapolating to zero at the melting point (240°C). Thus, the behavior of this crystalline polymer is similar to that of glassy polymers, but with the melting temperature, rather than the glass transition temperature, as the reference point. The ratio of thermal to mechanical energy input to produce yielding is an order of magnitude smaller for PMP than it is for glassy polymers. The ratio of yield stress to Young's modulus is about 0.02, which is typical for polymers. Yield stress is a linear function of log strain rate, which implies that yielding can be described as a segmental flow rate process in which the applied stress biases the activation energy. The activation volume is on the order of 20 monomer unit volumes and increases as the temperature increases. The activation energy is 19 kcal/mol.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230104
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230201
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    Residual stress craze and crack formation in poly(methyl methacrylate)Presented in part at the Fifth International Conference on Deformation, Yield, and Fracture of Polymers, Cambridge, U.K., 1982. (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 211-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of poly(methyl methacrylate) with a central circular hole are compressed, and crazes form on or after unloading, provided that the strain attains or exceeds a threshold value ∊t. Crazes induced in air are transformed rapidly to cracks, but environmental crazes are more stable. These residual stress crazes form at the diameter of the hole on a plane perpendicular to the applied stress direction. In contrast, during loading, crazes form on the vertical plane containing the hole axis. Unloading crazes are relatively insensitive to changes in strain rate, whereas loading erazes have a pronounced rate dependence. Environmental residual stress crazing exhibits an apparent rate sensitivity at constant time, but the critical applied strain ∊t is essentially constant, irrespective of rate, if the sample is in contact with the environment for a sufficiently long time to ensure that the minimum ∊t is obtained. Residual stress crazes appear to initiate at the equator of the hole, and the maximum tensile residual strain, indicated by a strain gauge, occurs in this position.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Head-to-head polymers 27: Thermal degradation of head-to-head polyisobutylene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 226-229 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Head-to-head polyisobutylene degrades at a maximum rate at 320°C, a temperature about 65°C lower than head-to-tail polyisobutylene. Under our conditions, head-to-tail (the regular polyisobutylene) degrades (as do many other disubstituted vinyl monomers) to a high yield of the monomer isobutylene. Surprisingly, head-to-head polyisobutylene also degraded, primarily to isobutylene. Liquid, low-molecular compounds, probably dimers, were also obtained from head-to-tail and head-to-head polyisobutylene. A mechanism of this degradation is proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230412
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230501
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    A low-energy solvent separation method (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 230-237 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a new low-energy method to separate solvents from polymers. The method is based upon the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), a phenomenon exhibited by all nonpolar polymer-solvent systems. Three key issues concerning this new separation method are discussed for the specific system of high cis polybutadiene in a commercial grade n-hexane. The first issue, energy cost, is greatly reduced from present commercial separation processes by avoiding the liquid-vapor phase transition for more than half of the solvent. The predicted energy cost for the new method (not including inefficiencies) is about 15 percent of the present energy cost (including inefficiencies). The second issue, recycling of the dilute phase with terminator, is shown not to be a serious problem, and a solution is suggested based upon available methods. The third issue discussed, and perhaps the most difficult, is the physical separation of the two phases. This is solved by inducing spinodal decomposition, which leads to rapid gravity separation. Several alternative separation scenarios based upon this idea are presented at the end of the article.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230413
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230601
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    Design of two-stage extractor screws (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 299-305 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A basis for design of two-stage extractor screws is developed with special focus on determining optimum design of the final pumping section in order to maximize pressure-generating capability. Departure from the conventional square-pitch helix angle of 17.7° appears justified in this section of the screw where pressure-development capability is critical to successful performance. Optimization can produce gains of 5 to 30 percent in pressure (or in corresponding length reductions), the exact benefits depending on the non-Newtonian behavior of the melt and on the optimization strategy selected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230603
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    Properties of polyisobutylene-polyurethane block copolymers: I. Macroglycols from ozonolysis of isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 337-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of a series of polyisobutylene (PIB) based polyurethanes were studied and compared to those reported in the literature for polyether, polyester, and polybutadiene-based polyurethanes. Good phase separation was reflected in the invariance of the soft segment Tn with increasing hard segment content. Increasing hard segment content resulted in larger domains, higher modulus and lower ultimate elongation. The modulus above the soft segment Tn was higher than that previously reported for polyurethanes of similar hard segment contant; improved phase separation and short contour lengths of the PIB chains were cited as possible causes of this behavior. Stress-strain data indicated a change from isolated to interconnected domain morphology with incerasing hard segment contant. Generally similar trends were seen for all types of urethanes. The overall properties of polybutadiene polyurethanes were closest to those of the polyisobutylene polyurethanes studied. The properties of both of these systems were suggested to suffer from significant synthesis problems in urethane formation due to the incompatibility of the nonpolar hydrocarbon soft segment and the polar diol chain extender. Preliminary environmental tests indicated that polyisobutylene based materials exhibit improved hydrolytic stability and reduced moisture permeability compared to polyether and polyester polyurethanes and greater oxidative stability compared to polybutadiene based materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230608
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    Vulcanization shrinkage of rubber articles with rigid armoring parts (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 350-353 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper discusses the shrinkage characteristics of armored (reinforced) rubber articles for two types of boundary conditions: (a) cases where the armoring material is neither flexible nor thermoexpansive, and (b) cases where the armoring material has a finite thermal expansion between room and vulcanization temperature. A quantiative analysis of shrinkage strains and stresses is developed for the two boundary conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230609
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    An observation on the han-villamizar critical pressure concept in thermoplastic foams (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 354-355 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This note draws together the Han-Villamizar experimental observations on the critical pressure at which gas bubbles became visible in flowing thermoplastic melts and a simple method of predicting the equilibrium pressure based on gas solubility. It is shown that the observed pressure is 40 to 75 percent of the calculated pressure.
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    Dynamic mechanical studies of thermal aging in poly(vinyl chloride) (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 390-393 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal aging on the dynamic mechanical properties of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) are examined in the glass transition (Tg) and β transition (Tβ) regions. PVC, when quenched through Tg and then annealed at 40°C, exhibits a sub-Tg peak in the loss modulus function. The position of the peak moves to higher temperatures with increasing annealing time. The effect is analogous to sub-Tg endothermic peaks previously observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A sub-Tβ peak in the tan δ or the loss modulus functions can be produced by quenching through Tβ. The effect of heating rate on the sub-Tβ peak is explored.
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    Effects of strain rate and temperature upon tensile properties of acetal copolymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 216-221 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The strength and elongation to break of an acetal copolymer were measured at four elongation rates, from 0.2 to 20 in./min, at temperatures from 239 K to 339 K. Both strength and elongation results could be reduced to master curves by means of time-temperature superposition. The temperature dependence of the shift factors was given by an equation of the WLF form, with parameters close to those found for most amorphous polymers, at a reference temperature equal to the γ-transition temperature of the polymer. Extrapolation to much higher testing rates and to much slower creep rates was satisfactory. Similar but less extensive tests were run on two other samples with different molecular weights. The yield stress was independent of molecular weight, but elongation increased with increasing molecular weight at all conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230410
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    The specification of orientation and its development in polymer processing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A critical review of the specification of orientation and its development in polymer-processing operations is presented. Orientation may in general be specified by orientation distribution functions, but is most conveniently expressed in terms of orientation factors which are second moments of the distribution. The Hermans orientation factor represents polymer-chain orientation for systems with fiber symmetry (uniaxial orientation) and the Hermans-Stein orientation factors express uniaxial orientation for each of the crystallographic axes of crystalline polymers. Biaxial orientation is, however, developed in tubular film extrusion, blowmolding and, indeed, all processing operations other than fiber formation. Orientation factors developed previously by the authors express biaxial orientation in terms of the angles between the machine and transverse directions and the polymer chain axis or crystallographic axes. In flowing polymer melts, the Rheo-Optical Law, which relates birefringence and stress, represents a relationship between polymer-chain orientation and stress. In vitrified polymeric glasses (e.g. polystyrene), the orientation factors are related linearly to the stress field at vitrification. This has been shown experimentally for melt spinning and tubular film extrusion. The results of studies of blowmolding and injection molding are consistent with this. The crystalline orientation factors have also been found to be determined by the stress field at solidification in melt spinning and tubular film extrusion.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230503
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    Super strong polymers in planar directions (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 266-270 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel approach for producing multiaxially oriented polymers with ultrahigh mechanical properties in more than one direction is discussed. According to the approach, which is adaptable to conventional commercial processes, the polymer is processed in a contained geometry at a temperature near to but below the isotropic crystalline melting point under curvilinear flow conditions generated by the combined effects of a compressive force and a rotational force perpendicular to the compressive force. The process is demonstrated with thermoplastic and thermotropic polymers using simple torsional flow. The general features of the process and the properties of the multiaxially oriented polymers are discussed in view of the different flow conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230506
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    Thermal conductivity of plastic foams (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 293-298 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple equation enabling the prediction of the thermal conductivity of plastic foams, without the aid of adjustable parameters, is proposed. The equation is based on a recurrent method, previously developed, that showed reasonable agreement with experimental results. Ways of decreasing the thermal radiation contribution are shown. In particular, the influence of cell size, radiation transmission through solid membranes, and low-emissivity boundary surfaces are analyzed. Errors involved in steady techniques of measuring the thermal conductivity associated with radiation are discussed.
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    The length of a transfer unit (LTU) for polymer devolatilization processes in screw extruders (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 323-327 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we introduce the concept of the length of a transfer unit (LTU) for polymer devolatilization and show that the LTU is an appropriate measure of the effectiveness of the process unit in which the devolatilization operation is conducted. The utility of the concept is demonstrated for the case when the process unit is a twin screw extruder for which values of the LTU were determined from experimentally measured values of devolatilization rates. Values of the LTU were found to depend solely on the fluid mechanics in the extruder as expected and were in good agreement with the predictions of a theoretical expression developed for the system that was studied. Finally, we discuss the implications of the LTU concept in relation to the engineering design and analysis of polymer devolatilization processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230606
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    Studies on whitening phenomena induced by some non-solvents on highly oriented glassy polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 328-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Whitening phenomena, characterized by optically opaque regions when a highly oriented glassy polymer is immersed in some liquids, were investigated as a function of temperature, extent of molecular orientation, different solvent and molecular weight, using oriented polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) obtained by hot-stretching and cold drawn polycarbonate (PC). Whitened PMMA is highly porous resembling foamed plastics and shows the same Tg as in unwhitened PMMA, while whitened PC is denser with much smaller pores and exhibits melting behavior characteristic of solvent-induced crystallinity. Whitening progresses with a sharp boundary between whitened and unwhitened layers, which advanced at a constant velocity. This feature is similar to Case II transport. However, whitening differs from Case II sorption in that it only occurs in highly oriented polymers in contact with liquids of negligible sorption. Activation enthalpy of 44.1 and 39.7 kcal/mol has been found in a certain temperature range for PMMA/N-methyl formamide (N-MF) and PC/di-isopropyl amine (DIPA) respectively. At a given temperature, a higher extent of orientation leads to faster whitening process. Entropy correlation theory, in which the decrease in the configurational entropy (ΔSc) due to orientation is assumed to approximate an inerease in the activation entropy, was employed to correlate the dependency of the whitening rate on orientation. For hotstretched PMMA, where ΔSc is proportionl to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\alpha ^2 + 2/\alpha - 3) $\end{document} since affine deformation applies, a good correlation is observed. For cold drawn PC, correlation was poor, probably because ΔSc cannot be expressed to be proportational to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\alpha ^2 + 2/\alpha - 3) $\end{document}. In PMMA, when the molecular weight is in the same order as the average molecular weight between entanglements, the orientation and the whitening rate are both lower than higher molecular weight speciments. This may be due to a smaller number of chain entanglements and consequent chain slippage. In PMMA, whitening induced liquids seem to have a solubility parameter somewhat greater (2.5 ∼ 5.0) than that of PMMA. For PC, no consistent tendency is found.
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    Polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks: Some mechanical properties (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 394-398 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical behavior of polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks (PUR/PAc IPN's) was investigated. Stress-strain and impact resistance measurements were made on IPN's with a variable PUR content. The effect of the degree of crosslinking of each network on the mechanical properties was also studied. It appears that only the ultimate elongation varies largely upon changing the crosslink degree. The results are interpreted in terms of the contribution of each network to the mechanical behavior, but also by the interpenetration of both components and by the phase continuity of the PAc network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230705
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    Plane strain fracture toughness of polyethylene pipe materials (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 404-411 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The plane strain fracture toughness of medium density polyethylene pipe materials has been investigated over a range of test temperatures and rates. Conditions are defined under which valid fracture toughness values can be obtained; at higher temperatures the material is notch-insensitive. Fracture surface morphology is described, and features are compared with predictions from the Dugdale model. The toughness derives from a band of fibrillar, drawn morphology associated with crack initiation or slow growth. The plane strain fracture toughness correlates with percent crystallinity according to the same relationship whether the crystallinity is varied by thermal treatment, comonomer content, or molecular weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230707
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    Properties of phenolic fiber-reinforced polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 776-778 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fibers made of phenol formaldehyde are relatively new to the market place and are currently manufactured in Japan. They have certain characteristics which make them attractive as a reinforcement for rubber, thermoplastics, and thermosets. This paper will discuss the properties of molded polypropylene thermoplastics as a function of fiber weight percent and surface treatment. It is shown that the elevated temperature properties are improved without sacrifice of low-temperature brittleness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231405
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    Phase relationships of rigid rod polymer/flexible coil polymer/solvent ternary systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 789-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phase diagrams of two types of rigid rod polymer/flexible coil polymer/methanesulfonic acid (MSA) ternary systems were determined by polarized optical microscopy at ambient conditions. The rigid rod polymer is a wholly aromatic high temperature resistant (no measurable Tg) poly (p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) (PPBT). One of the flexible coil polymers is a wholly aromatic high temperature resistant poly (2,5′(6′) benzimidazole) (ABPBI), the other is a thermoplastic poly[2,2′ -(1-4-phenylene)-6,6′ -bis (3-phenyl-quinoxaline)] (PPQ) with Tg of 359°C. The solvent is methane-sulfonic acid (MSA). The experimentally determined critical concentration points, Ccr, are in excellent agreement with Flory's recent theory. Total phase segregation between the polymer pair in ternary solution was predicted and observed at C 〉 Ccr. Different decomposition mechanisms of phase separation were observed as a function of concentration.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Injection molding of thermotropic liquid crystal polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 792-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermotropic liquid crystal polymers consist of rod-like molecules and are often called “self reinforcing thermoplastics.” Their rheological behaviors as well as orientation development during processing are often very similar to those of short fiber-filled composites. Without reinforcement, the polymer shows superior mechanical properties to conventional glass fiber-reinforced engineering resins. The orientation distribution in the crosssection as well as flow patterns in the molded thermotropic polymers are clearly visible to the naked eye due to color differences. This makes it particularly convenient to study the orientation distribution as well as the flow patterns of packing, back flow, jetting, flow instabilities, and weld line formation in injection molding. This paper discusses physical properties of a typical ther motropic polymer and their relationship to mold filling process in the injection molding.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231409
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    Effect of a diamine additive on the structure-property relationships of rim polyurethane elastomers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 816-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structural and mechanical data have been compared for reaction injection molding (RIM) polyurethanes prepared from uretonimine-modified diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI), ethylene glycol (EG), and a polyol (a polyether; Mn ≃ 5000), in order to investigate the effect of addition of a small amount of a polyetherdiamine (PEDA; Mn ≃ 400) to the reaction mixture, A series of specimens containing 18 parts and 30 parts EG, with and without the diamine additive, were examined both as-prepared and after thermal annealing. The specimens were compared in terms of their x-ray crystallinity, elongation, flexural modulus, impact strength, and heat-sag behavior. All of the specimens showed evidence for crystalline hard segments, which are more abundant in the series containing 30 parts EG. The crystallinity is lowest in the as-prepared specimens without the PEDA additive, and is increased by annealing for 1 hour at 120°C. The as-prepared specimen with additive has a hard segment crystallinity similar to that of the annealed specimen without additive. These results correlate with the mechanical property data, which improve as a result of annealing and/or the use of a PEDA additive. It is argued that the use of the polyetherdiamine enhances the phase separation and facilitates hard segment crystallization, leading to better heat-sag behavior. It is significant that the unannealed/with PEDA and annealed/without PEDA specimens have similar properties. Use of PEDA additive improves the green strength and impact strength of molded parts.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231505
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231601
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    Deformation studies of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends by mechanical-vibrational spectroscopy (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 861-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have analyzed the deformation behavior of compatible and incompatible polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blends by a combination of mechanical and vibrational spectroscopy. Macroscopic properties and segmental orientation were found to be sensitive to molecular weight, strain rate, and temperature of measurement above the glass-transition temperature. Considerably different orientation functions were found for the PS and PVME components. For the experiments carried out above the Tg of the blends, the deformation behavior measured was consistent with expectations of a rubbery network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231602
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    Thermal, mechanical, and rheological behavior of blends of ultrahigh and normal-molecular-weight linear polyethylenes (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 888-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical Blends of ultrahigh-molecular-weight linear polyethylene (UHMW LPE) and normal-molecular-weight linear polyethylene (NMW LPE) have been evaluated in terms of melt flow rate, tensile stress-strain behavior, heat of fusion, melting temperature, and crystallinity. The behavior of the blends is intermediate between that of the parent polymers; no synergistic effects are observed. The addition of small quantities of NMW LPE does not improve the flow behavior of UHMW LPE sufficiently to render it amenable to conventional melt processing.
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    Failure of rubber-modified plastic liners (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 560-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to analyze the failure phenomenon of plastic liners in freezers and refrigerators the mechanical properties of the freon blown polyurethane (PU) foam insulator material and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic liner are determined. The properties considered essential for this problem are the elastic modulus, the tensile strength and the fracture toughness over the temperature range -40 to 20°C. By laminating a layer of the polyurethane foam to the ABS liner and depending on the test temperature brittle to semi-brittle fractures are promoted and the maximum load fracture toughness of the liner material is reduced. The reduction is more severe for notched bend than for single-edge notched tension specimens. Based on these mechanical properties plausible reasons for liner fractures are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231006
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    Determination of time independent component of the complex modulus during cure of thermosetting systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 586-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A recent development suggests an approach to measure the equilibrium modulus through an impulse method. This paper is to report an attempt to apply such methods in measuring the changes of the equilibrium modulus of a thermosetting system during isothermal cures. Dynamic modulus changes were also measured and the results were correlated with that from the impulse method. At two different temperatures of cure, the equilibrium modulus values measured were very similar when the dynamic measurements showed tan δ = 1. At this point, it is not certain if the measured modulus is the real time independent portion of the elastic modulus, or contains the long relaxation time constant portion of the relaxation spectrum which appears to be pseudo-time independent at the time scale and the instrumental sensitivity of the present experimental set-up. This paper demonstrates the ease with which the impulse technique can be applied and suggests possible limitations or refinements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231010
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    Melt flow of polymer blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 602-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The production of polymer blends increases at a rate of about 13 percent/y. Most of the commercial blends are multiphase systems of complex morphology, determined by the thermodynamic properties of the components and the rheology. Since the diffusion rates are relatively low, the blends are seldom at equilibrium. In most cases, the blend products have properties imposed by the morphology, created by a particular combination of the thermal and deformational history. There are three main reasons for studying the melt flow of blends: optimization of the processing conditions, search for the appropriate means to generate the desired morphology, and the interest in the basic study of the rheology of these complex systems.In this paper the results published during the last five years are reviewed. The data for polymer blends are compared with those obtained for simpler model systems: liquid mixtures, emulsions, and polymer blends. From the rheological point of view, the blends are divided into three groups: those where viscosity shows positive deviation from the log-additivity rule, PDB, those where the opposite effect is observed, NDB, and the remaining mixed-behavior systems, PNDB. To PDB belong the miscible blends and those with strong inter-domain interactions. To NDB belong those where the interactions are weak. To PNDB belong the blends in which there is a concentration-dependent transition of structure. The shear dependent properties of blends are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231103
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    Engineering and molding properties of poly(vinyl chloride), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polyester blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 627-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer blends with varying amounts of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polyester have been developed to produce parts with highly flexible, good impact strength, and flame retardant hinge properties. In the present work, the rheological and dynamic mechanical properties are balanced by changing the blend formulations. It is shown that blends morphology and rheology have greater impact on the dimensional stability and delamination at the surface of the molded hinge parts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231107
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    A comparison of miscible binary blend interaction parameters measured by different methods (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 676-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Miscible blends of the polyhydroxy ether of bisphenol-A, Phenoxy, with a series of aliphatic polyesters were studied using melting point depression analysis and sorption to obtain the Flory-Huggins polymer-polymer interaction parameter, B. The B values obtained from these measurements were found to agree well in sign, magnitude, and variation with ester repeat structure and to also agree well with B values measured calorimetrically for mixtures of low molecular weight compounds with structures which are analogous to those of the polymers. These comparisons suggest that the same mechanisms are responsible for the exothermic heats of mixing measured directly for the analog compounds and indirectly for the miscible polymer blends. For this general system, evidence is provided which suggests that hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl group on Phenoxy and the ester moiety is probably responsible for the exothermic interactions and polymer blend miscibility observed.
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    A survey of dual phase continuity and miscibility in interpenetrating polymer networks, making use of selective decrosslinking and dissolution of one component: Poly(n-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 693-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A sequential interpenetrating polymer network, IPN, may be defined as a combination of two polymers in network form, at least one of which was polymerized or crosslinked in the presence of the other. Two major problems of interest to sequential IPN's relate to phase continuity and extent of mixing within each phase. A first attempt to define the molar volume of a network is made in terms of the molar volume of the polymer between crosslinks. This permits a thermodynamic calculation of the changes in molecular mixing expected as a function of crosslink density. The experimental system was poly(n-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene IPN's, where the PnBA was crosslinked with acrylic acid anhydride. This last may be selectively hydrolyzed, forming a semi-IPN, and then the PnBA can be extracted. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy were carried out at each stage.
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    Viscoelastic properties of polyamic acid solutions - precursors of polyimides (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 713-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheology of polyamic acid (PAA) solutions, precursors of polyimides used in microelectronic device applications, has been investigated by dynamic (oscillatory) shear flow measurements. Frequency dependent storage and loss moduli and dynamic viscosity were measured in the frequency range 10-1 to 103 rad/s at 23°C. The storage modulus G′ (ω) and loss modulus G″ (ω) exhibited quadratic and linear dependence in frequency at low frequencies respectively, the viscoelastic fluid behavior commonly predicted for polymer solutions from many molecular theories. At high frequencies both dynamic moduli become proportional to ω2/3. The results show that PAA solutions are very high loss viscoelastic fluids, judging from the loss tangent values which far exceed unity. It is suggested that dynamic viscoelastic properties could be used to monitor the degree of imidization since there is a gradual change from viscoelastic fluids to soft viscoelastic solids to hard viscoelastic solids as PAA is converted to polyimides. Onset of non-Newtonian flow as shown on the frequency dependent dynamic viscosity was in the range 30 to 200 rad/s. The viscoelastic constants, zero-shear rate viscosity ηo and steady-state compliance Je0, where also determined from the dynamic data and compared to previous steady shear flow results.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231401
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    Thermal and rheological properties of blends of polystyrene and thermotropic liquid crystals (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 779-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological and thermal properties of composites of polystyrene (PS) and two liquid crystalline low-molecular-weight additives have been studied. Both additives act as plasticizers as evidenced by decreases in the glass transition and the melt viscosity. In addition both are miscible with PS over a broad range of concentrations. Partial phase diagrams of the two systems are presented and discussed.
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    Solution processing and properties of molecular composite fibers and films (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 784-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies of fiber wet-spinning and solution processing of films of molecular composites are presented. The rigid rod polymer was poly (p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) (PPBT) and the flexible polymers were poly (2,5(6′)-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) and poly (2,5(6′)-benzothiazole) (ABPBT). Effects of the flexible polymer molecular entanglements in solution on the processing are discussed. These fibers and films have very high modulus and strength, which improve upon heat treatment. The uniaxial modulus of highly oriented molecular composites follows the linear rule of mixtures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231407
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    High modulus/high strength polyethylene obtained by high-pressure injection molding (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 869-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Increasing the nominal injection pressure up to 500 MP a improves the mechanical properties (modulus and strength) of injection-molded high-molecular-weight high-density polyethylene substantially. By a proper combination of barrel and mold temperature, the modulus of the molded parts (test bars) may be increased at least eight times compared to parts molded at 100 MPa. This improvement is partly due to the formation of high-strength crystalline modifications of the polyethylene induced by flow and pressure. The extent to which these structure modifications occur in the samples molded at various conditions has been determined by thermal analysis (DTA). When increasing the thickness of the samples, a sharp reduction of the modulus and strength was observed, even though the concentration of the crystalline high-strength phase was higher. An explanation of this effect in terms of the relaxation of the tie-molecules connecting the crystallites is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231603
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    Rebound test to measure the strength of polymeric materials (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 902-906 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this work it is shown that rebound experiments, carried out at low blow impact and by means of instrumented pendula, can be described in terms of the equation for a freely oscillating linear viscoelastic body with added mass. The experimental and calculated load-time curves are in very good agreement when the behavior of the material is linear viscoelastic; the assumptions made (transitory time shorter than rebound time, and negligible mechanical friction) are thus proved to be reasonable. The rebound test, which can be carried out on unnotched or notched specimens, allows one to obtain quickly and easily relevant material properties such as Young modulus or compliance, stored and dissipated energies, and the upper linear elastic limit at a testing speed not too far from that of impact testing.
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    Profile modification of resist patterns in optical lithography (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 925-930 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described to modify profiles of resist patterns in novolac and diazo-oxide containing systems. After patterning of the resist, two successive uniform flood exposures are given, one with deep UV (254 nm) at water-free conditions and the next with near UV (λ 〉 300 nm) at normal atmospheric conditions. The profile which results after development is vertical, concave or overhanging depending on flood exposure conditions and development processing. As the method includes a flood near UV exposure at atmospheric conditions the imagewise exposure energy can be reduced to approximately 35 percent of the normal value. Furthermore it gives also the possibility of using the resist as a deep UV resist. Another important implication is that standing wave effects are completely eliminated.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230101
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    New techniques for the characterization of orientation in semicrystalline polymer moldings (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 257-260 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes new techniques for evaluating orientation in polymer moldings. Injection moldings of isotactic polypropylene, a semicrystalline polymer, have been used to demonstrate the analytical procedures.
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    Parameter design model for corrugated tubing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is of interest to produce plastic corrugated tubing as strong as possible with a minimum amount of material. Simultaneously, the tubing has to resist stretching, and maintain flexibility for transport purposes. To find the optimum profile geometry, two mathematical models were employed. One model was used to calculate the strength of the tubing per unit length and a second model was used to predict the elongation of corrugated tubing for a given load. Data was then generated for different profile configurations, and plotted for an optimum design procedure. The results showed that, while the wall thickness can be varied during production, the most critical parameter is the corrugation depth. The corrugation depth is fixed by the moldblock design, and the data presented can be used to obtain an optimum geometry.
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    Physical properties of high-pressure ethylene vinylacetate copolymers and their saponified derivatives (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 306-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties of high-pressure ethylene vinylacetate (EVA) copolymers having an average melt index of 8.5 g/10 min and a mol% of VA less than 20 are studied. A comparison is made with the properties of their saponified derivatives, the ethylene vinylalcohol (EVAl) co- and ethylene vinylalcohol vinylacetate (EVAlVA) terpolymers. A melt-index effect is noted. Density, thermal, and mechanical properties of EVA copolymers are determined by the degree of crystallinity, which depends on the mol% VA and on the degree of alkyl shortchain branches. EVAlVA terpolymer properties depend on the residual mol% VA. EVAl copolymers proved to have some properties similar to low-density polyethylene. The hydrogen-bonding effect via hydroxyl groups was negligible for this level of vinylalcohol incorporation.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230701
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    Laminar mixing of polymeric liquids; a brief review and recent theoretical developments (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 357-379 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work concerns itself with laminar mixing of viscous liquids. The primary focus is on mechanical mixing of immiscible fluids but mixing of diffusing and reacting fluids is also briefly considered. Operations such as thermal homogenization and reactive mixing usually not treated in the context of laminar mixing are also included here. The emphasis is on mixing of polymeric liquids and on basic experimentation and theory. Dispersion of solids, mechanisms of demixing (such as gradient coagulation), properties of mixtures, and the description of mixing equipment are not considered. There are no substantial reviews covering developments of theory and applications in laminar mixing in terms of a fundamental unifying theory and analyses relating operating variables to mixing quality. This review, although an attempt in this direction, is not self sufficient and cannot stand alone without recourse to the indicated references. The reader is assumed to have some familiarity with the literature on mixing. Thus, basic concepts are not explained but merely reviewed. Emphasis is given to recent theoretical developments; application examples are provided. The objective here is to condense results from several diverse sources, to present and extend recent developments, to point out the relation of the subject to seemingly unrelated work, and to suggest areas for further research.
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    Introductory remarks (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 649-649 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231202
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    Hydrogen bonding in polymer systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 669-675 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The importance of hydrogen bonding interactions in promoting polymer miscibility has been the subject of much recent investigation. In this study, we address the question of the effect of molecular size and geometry on the intensity of the hydrogen bonding interaction. To this end, the interaction of the functional group in various molecules with a variety of acid and base polymer matrices has been monitored using infrared spectroscopy. The “probes” used in this study each contained only one functional group per molecule to prevent intra-molecular association. The probes were acetone, di-n-hexyl ketone, 10-nonadecanone, cyclohexanone, cyclododecanone, isopropanol, 4-decanol, 10-nonadecanol, cyclohexanol, and cyclododecanol. The interactions of the base probes with poly-(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidine fluoride), phenoxy, poly(styrene-co-allyl alcohol), and a variety of cellulosic polymers were studied. Acid probe interactions were measured in poly(pivalolactone), poly(butanediol-1,4-terephthalate), poly-(acetal), poly(∊-caprolactone), poly(vinyl methyl ether), poly(4-methoxy styrene) and poly(ethylene oxide). The effect of the presumably inert poly(styrene) and ethylene-propylene rubber matrices on the probe's functional group was studied for comparison.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Bulk copolymerization of styrene-acrylic esters: Some analysis and design considerations (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 719-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A common framework for the analysis of styrene-acrylic ester systems has been developed by analyzing the pertinent kinetic information. This is shown to lead to a well defined strategy for the design of copolymerization reactors especially in the industrially relevant high conversion region. The existence of stable steady states and its influence on the system parameters has been illustrated for the case of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A novel strategy of a CSTR operated with a recycle is proposed. This is shown to lead to an operation in the unique steady state with the added advantage of a high conversion and uniform copolymer composition. This would seem to be the first such analysis in the high conversion region.
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    Fiber fracture in reinforced thermoplastic processing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 743-749 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The length reduction of reinforcing fibers in short-fiber reinforced plastics during processing has been studied experimentally. It has been shown that fiber volume fraction, initial length, and initial state of dispersion have little effect on the final fiber length. In dilute suspension theory based on shearing flow conditions and fiber properties the flow stresses are found to be compatible with the experimental results and results which are found in the literature.
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    Dynamics of ion beam modification of polymer films (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 931-934 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin polymer films were irradiated in a high vacuum environment with energetic (∼2 MeV) ions. The emitted molecular species were studied with a quadrupole mass spectrometer during bombardment. The emitted species are predominantly small molecules. The efficiency of emission depends strongly upon the electronic energy loss of the incident ions in the film and, hence, upon the velocity and atomic number of the incident ion. The emission efficiency of all species decreases with increasing damage in the film. By pulsing the ion beam, the time dependence of irradiation induced emission of molecular species from the films has been studied. Emission delays of hundreds of milliseconds are observed in some cases. These delays are found to depend upon the emitted species as well as the host film and seem to be associated with diffusion of the species in the films.
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    Submicron patterns in substituted polystyrene resists by focused-ion-beam lithography (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 941-946 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Submicron lines in negative working, substituted polystyrene resists by focused-ion-beam lithography were demonstrated. These features were transferred into an underlying molybdenum layer by plasma etching using the resist as an etch mask, with the minimum continuous line having a width of 0.20 μm.
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    Evaluation of poly(allyl methacrylate)-co-(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as negative electron-beam resist (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 963-967 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(allyl methacrylate)-co-(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) has been evaluated as a high-sensitivity, high-resolution, high temperature-resistant negative electron resist. The effects of molecular weight and polydispersity of the copolymer on its lithographic performance as an E-beam resist were studied. The sensitivity of the copolymer is nearly constant in the weight-average-molecular-weight range of 50,000 to 75,000, and it gradually decreases with a decrease in molecular weight. As expected for a negative resist, the resist contrast increases as the polydispersity is decreased. The sensitivity curve shape of the polymer was independent of the prebake temperature, which varied from 70 to 110°C, and of the various developers used. The exposed coating requires vacuum curing for image optimization. Resolution of 0.5 μm line/space pairs was obtained from a 0.6 μm thick resist by exposing the resist to 10 keV electrons with either a raster-scan-type or vector-scan-type electron-beam exposure machine. After postbaking at 170°C, the resist had good resistance to both chemical etching and dry etching. The plasma-etch resistance was about twice that of PMMA.
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    The calculation of screw characteristics for the extrusion of non-Newtonian melts (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 230-234 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Common methods of calculating screw characteristics are reviewed, and predictions of performance based on these techniques are compared with those based upon the exact solution for simultaneous pressure and drag flow in a plane infinite slit. The error made in superimposing pressure and drag flow, as if each were independent of the other, is indicated. Some brief remarks are also made with regard to the effect of transverse (cross-channel) flow on the output of the extruder.
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    Melt flow of polyethylene at high rates (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 235-245 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow of high-density polyethylene at high shear rates in round dies in laboratory instruments and in extruders depends in an unusual way on capillary diameter. With small diameters this dependence can be explained in terms of slippage of the melt at the wall of the capillary; with large diameters, in terms of temperature increases developed through viscous flow. A rapid increase in slip velocity appears to be responsible for a discontinuity in the flow curve determined in laboratory instruments. Recurring transitions between the two branches of the flow curve are responsible for the oscillating flow observed in equipment operating at constant or nearly constant throughput rate. The energy stroage capability of the over-all system, apparatus plus melt, controls the dynamic aspects of flow in the vicinity of the discontinuity.
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    Internal stresses developed in an epoxy resin potting compound during long-term storage (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 280-284 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Strain gage techniques have been developed to monitor the internal stresses in epoxy resin castings. The data obtained are a measure of the stresses developed on a transducer held in the center of a mass of polymerizing epoxy resin or those caused by thermal cycling of the potted unit at intervals of storage time. Results show that the stresses developed on the transducer during the first 70 hours of room temperature polymerization reached 900 psi in axial compression. Further polymerization during storage increased the stress to 2300 psi after 12 months. During thermal cycling approximately 10,000 psi compressive stress was developed at -54°C. These stresses were relieved at 71°C but reappeared at the lower temperatures upon subsequent cooling.
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    The use of visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy to identify carbonyl compunds in photodegraded plastics (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 284-290 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method was developed for identifying certain carbonyl compounds formed in plastics during exposure to carbon-ac or solar radiant energy. The reaction of aldehydes and certain ketones with phenylenediamines (o-, m-, p-, and N, N-dimethyl-p-) in glacial acetic acid was found to yield stable colored products whose transmittance spectra are charactersitic of the carbonyl compound. Similar colored products were also formed when exposed plastics were dissolved in acetic acid solutions of the diamine. A comparison of the spectra of solutions of the plastics with those from known carbonyl compounds facilitates identification. The method was applied to the identification of carbonyl compounds from photodegraded poly (methyl methacrylate) and cellulose acetatebutyrate.
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    Masthead (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050101
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    Kinetics of spherulitic crystallizationThis work is being carried out in the olin center for the study of materials. (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 22-28 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer crystallization is discussed with attention given to primary nucleation, spherulite growth, and bulk crystallization. Primary nucleation is the area of least knowledge, and the authors discuss the kinetics of nuclei appearance and recent observations concerning the effects of foreign materials and surfaces. Spherulitic growth rates are discussed in general and specifically with respect to data at low degrees of supercooling in conjunction with secondary nucleation theory. The Avrami Theory and its limitations are discussed in the interpretation of bulk crystallization data. The authors propose that n = 4 in all cases and that the Avrami Theory be used for calculating the primary nucleation rate, kn, not for determining n itself.
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    Polyaromatic heterocyclesPresented at the symposium on ring contanining, polymer division American Society meeting, philadelphia, pennsylvania, April 7, 1964; ACS award in polymer Chemistry lecture. (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 29-33 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article is a brief review of recent work in the author's laboratory on heat stable polyaromatic heterocycles. New polymers based on 2,7-disubstituted-1,3,6,8-tetraazopyrene structure are described.Some background material on ladder or two-strand polymer structures will be discussed. This will be followed by a description of recent work aimed at producing polyquinoline types and some properties of such polymers.
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    Infra-red spectroscopy of brominated epoxy resins (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 39-43 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of determining the epoxy equivalent weight of resins derived from Bis Phenol A and epichlorohydrin described by Kagarise and Weinberger has been extended to resins derived from epichlorohydrin and Tetra Brom Bis Phenol A and/or Bis Phenol A. In the infrared spectra of the latter, the characteristic aromatic band at 1610 cm-1 is replaced by a strong band at 738 cm-1, the intensity of which increases linearly with the content of Tetra Brom Bis Phenol A. The logarithm of the epoxy equivalent weight is linearly related to the ratio of the absorbance at 915 cm-1 to a linear combination of those at 1610 and 738 cm-1, respectively.
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    Polyimides - new high temperature polymers: H-film, a polypyromellitimide film (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 105-110 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: H-Film is a polypyromellitimide which results from polycondensation of pyromellitic dianhydride and an aromatic diamine. Its unique blend of thermal, physical, and electrical properties make it an outstanding candidate for a variety of electrical and non-electrical end-use applications. These properties recommend H-Film for use as Class H (220°C) electrical insulation. Thermal aging of this polymeric film to embrittlement in air will require on the order of ten years at 250°C (482°F), one year at 275°C (527°F), and three months at 300°C (572°F). Even greater thermal durability in inert atmospheres has been observed. Our continuing thermal characterization studies on this polypyromellitimide have resulted in data relating to weight loss and decomposition products.
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    The application of infrared spectrophotometry to the reactivity and cure state determination of epoxy resins (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a simple and accurate method for measuring the reactivity and final cure state of epoxy resins. In the method, the reaction of a thin film of epoxy resin between two Nace plates is followed during a complete curing cycle. The method makes it possible to study effect of temperature and catalyst on cure rate, as well as comparing the equivalence of various materials. The techniques discussed in the article may be useful in the application of thermosetting resins other than epoxies.
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    Masthead (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050301
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    Four members of SPE's editorial board appointed specialists for polymer engineering and science (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 122-123 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050305
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    Why do plastics stress-crack? (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 125-129 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Possible applicability of Griffith's theory to stress-cracking in microcrystalline organic polymers is considered. Although the time-dependent nature of the phenomenon and the plastico-elastico-viscous character of the medium make such application debatable, it is found that this approach in combination with the contributions of others notably Rebinder and his associates, can provide rationalization for many of the empirical facts. The observed “case-hardening” action of surfactants on specimens under stress suggests that the mobility of polymer chain segments in surface layers may in fact be restricted under these conditions as theorized, facilitating local concentration of stresses to a level exceeding the strength of the material.
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    Degradation of polymers by thermal gravimetric techniques (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The techniques involved in dynamic thermal gravimetric analysis are reviewed. Methods of studying overall kinetics of degradation, especially with respect to evaluation of order of reaction and overall activation energy, are outlined. Some applications to polymers such as Teflon and epoxide resins are described. Since the use of thermal gravimetric results for evaluating thermal stability raises the problem of a suitable standard for describing decomposition, some indices of thermal stability of polymers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050309
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    Structure-property studies in polymer melt rheology (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 130-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Various continuum theories of viscoelastic materials have predicted that extrudates issuing from a die will swell and this phenomenon is well known experimentally. One such continuum theory has been formulated by Pao in terms of relaxation times which can be evaluated independently in other tests. Since relaxation times are qualitatively understood in terms of molecular mechanisms, the swelling of extrudates can be given a molecular interpretation. We have found that the phenomenon originates from entanglement and those molecular motions characterized by relaxation times in the terminal zone of the viscoelastic spectrum. Extrudate swelling has been associated also with the capacity of materials to store energy. Since stored energy is also related to relaxation times, there must exist a functional relation between stored energy and swelling. For this same reason there must also exist a relation between swelling and recoverable strain. We have also presented in this paper some data concerning this latter relation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050308
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    Copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight for poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate) initiated by ethylaluminum sesquichloride (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There is an increasing body of evidence showing that, for a variety of copolymers, there are significant changes in the copolymer composition over the molecular weight distribution of the polymer. In this work, we have polymerized the copolymer poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate) using ethylaluminum sesquichloride as the initiator. The copolymers produced were fractionated using a semiprep gel permeation chromatograph. The composition of the fractions was determined using infrared spectroscopy. Results show that the percent methyl methacrylate of the copolymers was higher at both the low- and high-molecular-weight regions of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230102
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  • 94
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    A model of compression mold filling (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model is proposed for the flow, reaction, and heat transfer during compression molding of thin, flat parts. The isothermal Newtonian version of the model is implemented using the finite element method, and is capable of handling arbitrary planar geometries. Automated mesh expansion and boundary condition modification allow the simulation to run without operator interaction. The model accurately predicts mold filling pattern for non-Newtonian and non-isothermal flows.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230204
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  • 95
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    Mathematical modeling of melting of polymers in barrier-screw extruders (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 86-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some of today's modern screws contain melt-separating secondary (barrier) flights in the transition zone. With increasing utilization of barrier screws, the availability of proper and accurate design methods for the melting zone remains of paramount importance. A modified version of a mathematical model developed by the authors previously is applied to two most common types of barrier screws, viz. - The Mailefer screw (varying pitch and constant depth); - The Barr screw (constant pitch and varying depth). The present analysis provides valuable insight into the operating principles of these screws. A comparative study is presented demonstrating the possible advantages and disadvantages of the Maillefer and Barr screws in relation to conventional compression screws.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230207
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230301
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  • 97
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    Effects of shearing conditions on crystalline orientation and relaxation in polyethylene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 74-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of shearing conditions (i.e., shear temperature and shear rate) on the degree of orientation of polyethylene (Marlex 6006) and to what extent the induced orientation could be relaxed were examined in this study. Two types of samples were prepared: namely, SIC (shear-induced crystallization) and non-SIC samples. The SIC samples show induction times and possess a high degree of c-axis orientation along the shear direction. The induced orientation of SIC samples can be relaxed to a small extent but does not reach a steady value. Non-SIC samples do not show induction times and they show low degrees of c-axis orientation. The induced orientation of non-SIC samples can be relaxed to a steady state value with an activation energy of 90 kJ/mole. Our results also indicate that, when the shear temperature is at and above 145°C, polyethylene can be sheared up to 200X without introducing any significant molecular orientation even at very high shear rates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230205
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    Shear stress at polymer/metal interface during melting in extrusion (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 100-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Prediction of the screw horsepower requirement involves, among many others, the calculation of the shear stress (τs) between the solid polymer and the barrel surface during melting. Prediction of the solid bed down-channel velocity also requires the calculation of τs. However, the pseudoplastic nature and strong temperature dependence of melt viscosity make the mathematics of calculating τs extremely difficult.As a first step of developing a reasonable mathematical model for calculating τs, experimental measurements of τs were made over a wide range of metal temperature and sliding speed for five commercial polymers using molded, block samples. Although dependences of τs on metal temperature and sliding speed were found to have similar functionality to those of the dependences of melt viscosity on melt temperature and shear rate, this study showed that τs could not be expressed as a sole function of the melt rheological properties. Our subsequent study, to be reported in a follow up paper, will show that τs must be expressed as a function of the thermodynamic properties and melt density of the polymer as well as the melt rheological properties and the melting conditions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230209
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    Notch sensitivity and fractography of polyolefins (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The notch sensitivity of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polybutylene (PB) was evaluated using uniaxial tensile deformation and fractographic analysis. Each polyolefin was tested at relatively low and high molecular weights (MW). Only the lower MW HDPE was found to be clearly notch-sensitive. The lower MW PP exhibited some tendency toward notch sensitivity. The lower and higher MW PB, the higher MW HDPE, and the higher MW PP displayed notch strengthening. Whereas PB showed similar notched tensile performance regardless of molecular weight, both HDPE and PP showed higher susceptibility to notch sensitivity at lower molecular weights (and concomitant higher crystallinity). Tendencies toward notch sensitivity or notch stengthening were evidenced in the failure modes of these materials.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230303
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  • 100
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    Some mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane structural foam (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 144-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical response of integral-skin rigid polyurethane foam, with an average density of 300 to 700 kg/m3, to constant rate and creep loading was determined. Sandwich specimens were modeled by layers of a core material and two skins, whose secant moduli had been determined experimentally by separate tests and approximated by linear functions of the density. The effective rigidities of the sandwich in tension and flexure were calculated and compared favorably to experimental measurements. The sandwich structure improved the flexural rigidity of homogeneous foam by a factor of more than 2.20. Tensile creep tests of sandwich specimens at relatively low stress levels (up to about 38 percent of their strength) showed that the creep was nonlinear, but a single creep curve could represent creep of specimens of various densities, provided the relative load on them was the same. A limited number of flexural creep tests led to similar conclusions, but the creep rate was smaller than in tension. Results from torsion tests of core material, compressive tests of sandwich specimens, and tension and compression tests of nonskin rigid foam are included in this article.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230308
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