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  • Articles  (848)
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  • 1960-1964  (848)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single point determination of intrinsic viscosity (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070436
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress relaxation in molten polymers. III (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1673-1677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The parabolic law, according to the equation , of the elasticity in the relaxation phenomena of molten polymers can be deduced from the consideration of the feature that the experimental stress relaxation curves show log-log plots which are often linear in a broad field. A general analysis, only on the basis of the viscoelastic equation permits calculation of relaxation functions, which are suggested as possible means of polymer characterization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070509
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of tensile measurements in following cellophane degradationThis work was carried out for the National Aeronautic Space Administration under contract NAS-5-2860. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1691-1695 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Comparisons were made of changes in molecular weight and in tensile strength of regenerated cellulose after exposure to 40% KOH at 90°C., for varying lengths of time. In the absence of air, both parameters decreased in a fairly consistent manner. In the presence of air, an initial steeper drop was followed by an irregular up-and-down pattern. The theory is advanced that the increase in tensile strength was caused by increased crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070511
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sorption of liquids by wool. Part IV. Sorption of ethanol by modified wool (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2053-2066 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results for the sorption of liquid ethanol by a variety of modified wools are described. Even slight changes in the chemical and physical structure of wool produced large changes in ethanol sorption rate. Blocking of amino groups decreased the sorption rate due to removal of primary sorption sites, but, surprisingly, carboxyl group modification greatly increased the rate. Modification of disulfide crosslinks increased the rate, while in most cases surface modification decreased it, which is contrary to expectation if a surface barrier to diffusion of penetrants is assumed. Theories are advanced for the observed changes in sorption properties and for the small changes found when water if used as sorbate. Saturation sorption values showed only slight changes from that for untreated wool. The largest increases resulted from disulfide bond modification, which is explained as due to lower resistance of the treated wool to swelling forces, allowing greater swelling and sorption.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070608
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of a versatile variable-volume permeability cell. Comparison of gas permeability measurements by the variable-volume and variable-pressure methods (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2035-2051 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An improved cell which permits the measurement of permeabilities of membranes to gases over a wide range of temperatures and gas pressures is described. The measurements are made by the variable volume method, under constant pressure differential across the membrane. The cell lends itself particularly well to routine tests, because it does not require calibration or the use of vacuum techniques. The performance of the cell is discussed, and typical experimental results are presented. A modified permeability cell of the same type for high-pressure studies is also described. Measurements with this apparatus show that the rate of gas permeation obeys, in some cases, a single from of Fick's law, even under pressure differentials across the membrane as high as 800 psi (54 atm.). The paper also compares permeability data obtained by the variable volume and the variable pressure methods. The permeability of 0.002 in.-thick Alathon 15 polyethylene to oxygen and nitrogen was determined between 0 and 50°C. by the two methods, using the same sample of membrane in situ, and the measurements were found to agree within experimental error. Permeabilites of 0.010 in.-thick samples of Alathon 15 polyethylene to nitrogen, oxygen, helium, and carbon dioxide obtained in the same temperature range by the variable volume method were 15-30% higher than the corresponding data determined by the variable pressure method. This discrepancy could be due to the fact that the variable pressure measurements with the thicker membrances may not have been made under true steady-state conditions, although permeabilities were determined from apparently linear sections of permeated gas pressure vs. time curves. A critical re-examination of the methods used to determine permeability constants is suggested.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070607
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Friction and deformation of nylon. II. Theoretical (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2105-2120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was concluded in the preceding paper that there was a significant difference between the indices m and n in the expression A = βWm and F = αWn by which the contact area A and the friction F were found to be related to the load W when nylon 610 slid on glass. A discussion of published adhesion theories of the friction of elastic bodies shows that the difference n - m is too small to be attributed to roughness of the nylon surface. It is concluded that under the contact pressures used the nylon surface was effectively smooth and that the friction of a unit area of “true” (i.e., molecular) contact between nylon and glass increased with pressure P as about P1/4. A theoretical treatment is given of the dependence of friction on load for a rough-surfaced elastic body which covers the load range in which the surface asperities become completely flattened. It is shown that from measurements of the elastic properties of the body and feasible measurements of its surface texture one can estimate the load at which the dependence of friction on load changes from that for a rough to that for a smooth surface. Comparison with a published experiment is satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070611
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Friction and deformation of nylon. I. Experimental (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2075-2103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus which permits the simultaneous measurement of kinetic friction and contact area between polymer hemispheres and a smooth glass surface has been used to study the dependence of friction and contact area on load, specimen radius, sliding speed, and loading time. Hemispherical nylon 610 specimens of radii 0.12-0.58 cm. have been used with loads of 0.7-200 g. and sliding speeds from 10-7 to 3 × 10-2 cm./sec. All measurements were performed in air at 20°C. and 66% r.h. The contact area was estimated from optical interference fringes (Newton's rings) between the surface of the specimen and that of the glass plate, by means of a theoretical expression, experimentally verified, for the shape into which an elastic hemisphere is deformed when pressed against a rigid plane. The contact area was negligibly affected in size or shape by the presence of the tangential force of friction, in accord with the theory for the contact of elastic spheres. The deformations of the specimens were, within experimental error, completely recoverable but depended on the time of loading. The effects of changes in the four variables, load, radius, speed, and time were found to be essentially independent. Subsidiary experiments showed that both friction and contact area increased by about 10% for each factor-of-10 increase in loading time in the range 5-1000 sec. and that friction increased by a factor of 3 as sliding speed increased from 10-7 to 3 × 10-2 cm./sec. The main series of measurements (at constant sliding speed and loading time) showed that the dependence on load W of both the contact area A and the friction F could well be represented by the expressions: A = βWm and F = αWn (where α and β were constants for a given specimen). The values of m and n were almost independent of specimen radius and their mean values, for 15 specimens, were 0.708 ± 0.006 and 0.781 ± 0.012, respectively. The difference between these values, 0.073 ± 0.013, is statistically highly significant and in the following paper is interpreted as implying that the friction per unit area of true contact between nylon and glass increases with pressure. The dependence of A on the specimen radius R (which is included in β) was found to be as R0.576. The value of this index of R and the value of m are both consistent with a power-law dependence of mean contact pressure on deformation (measured by the ratio of contact to specimen radius) with index 0.82. The values of α for specimens of the same radius showed too much variation for a useful estimate of the dependence of F on R to be obtained.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070610
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyhydroxyethers. I. Effect of structure on properties of high molecular weight polymers from dihydric phenols and epichlorohydrinPresented at the American Chemical Society, Los Angeles Meeting, March 31-April 5, 1963. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2135-2144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An interesting series of high molecular weight thermoplastic polymers, based on dihydric phenols and epichlorohydrin, have been prepared. The polymers have, in common, a structure which can be represented by the general repeating unit where E is a radical residuum from a dihydric phenol. Certain properties appear characteristic of this class of polymers. All contain some chain branching through the secondary hydroxyl group. They are amorphous, noncrystallizable, transparent, tough, and thermally stable. They show two glassy state transitions, a minor transition at about -70°C. and a major transition at a considerably higher temperature. This family of polymers provides an excellent means for studying structure-property correlations. Data are reported showing the effect of the structure of the dihydric phenol moiety (E) on the major glass transition temperature and on certain barrier properties of a series of these polymers. The polymer prepared from 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, bisphenol A, is considered typical of this series; its mechanical and physical properties are described in somewhat more detail and compared with properties of certain commercial polymers.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070613
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactions of irradiated polytetrduoroethylene resin (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2121-2133 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Powders and compacted preforms of virgin unmelted polytetrafluoroethylene were subjected to ionizing radiation in high vacuum. The specific gravities, melt Visccmities, and mechanical strengths of the irradiated samples after a standard heating cycle in air or at reduced pressures indicate that degradation is more pronounced in the presence of oxygen than in vacuum. The presence of oxygen in the excessively degraded sample was shown by electron spin resonance and pyrolysis experiments. It is suggested that some branched molecules are also formed on heating the irradiated samples resulting in a broadening of the molecular weight distribution. Primary fluorocarbon radicals of the type . disappear rapidly when heated at 75°C. in vacuum while secondary radicals are stable thermally at 200°C. and disappear only slowly at 400°C. Both typea of radicals react rapidly with oxygen and tetrafluoroethylene at 0°C. The reactions which occur in irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene in various atmospheres and at several temperatures are reviewed in light of the information developed during this research.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070612
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyhydroxyethers. II. Effect of structure on properties of high molecular weight copolymers from dihydric phenol mixtures and epichlorohydrinPresented at the American Chemical Society Los Angeles Meeting, March 31-April 5, 1963. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2145-2152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The glass transition temperature and gas barrier properties of a number of high molecular weight thermoplastic hydroxyether copolymers have been determined. These copolymers were derived from mixtures of two dihydric phenols and epichlorohydrin. The property data are analyzed in terms of copolymer composition and the random or alternating distribution of monomer units in the polymer chains. In general, the glass transition temperatures of the copolymers were found to be intermediate between the values for the two homopolymers. In one system, good agreement between the experimental data and a simplified equation for the prediction of glass transition temperatures of amorphous, random copolymers was obtained. No differences in the glass transition behavior of random and alternating hydroxyether copolymers could be detected. Gas barrier properties, in general, were found to be intermediate in value between those of corresponding homopolymers. The exceptions are discussed in terms of polymer structure variations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070614
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colorimetric method for measuring polyester degradation due to weathering (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2161-2174 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemical changes occurring in thermoset polyesters during exposure to solar and carbon-arc radiant energy were determined quantitatively by a color reaction with a diamine, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, in a methanol-benzene solution. The amount of diamine reacting with a specimen and the color change of the treated specimen, as measured by differential reflectance, varied directly with exposure time. Three commercial polyesters (glass fiber-reinforced) exposed under identical conditions showed widely different degradation rates as measured by the amount of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine used per specimen. The relative stability of the three materials was independent of irradiation source. The color of the treated specimen was dependent on exposure time.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070616
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer structure and gas permeation II. Permeation studies (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2183-2197 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of gas permeability studies of plastic membranes demonstrated the strong dependence of gas transport on structural aspects of the membrane. Films of cellulose acetate butyrate, silicone rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, and vinyl chloride, were used in these studies. The effect of elastic and nonelastic stretching, orientation, plasticization, and phase changes were shown to be detectable by gas permeations. Interpretation of the permeation response, as a function of temperature, is compatible with a thermodynamic appraisal of the permeation process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070618
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyhydroxyethers. III. Ester derivativesPresented at the American Chemical Society Los Angeles Meeting, March 31-April 5. 1963. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2153-2160 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The esterification of high molecular weight hydroxyether polymers, derived from dihydric phenols and epichlorohydrin, has been studied. The esters of an assortment of monobasic acids, both organic and inorganic, were prepared by reaction of acid halides, anhydrides, esters or free acids with the secondary hydroxyl group in the polymer repeating unit. The effects of the structure of the acid radical and the degree of esterification on polymer properties were determined. In general, esterification resulted in a lowering of the major glass transition temperature of the polymer. This was true at all levels of esterification. Decreased chain symmetry and decreased hydrogen bonding appeared to be the major causes of the observed effect. Permeability of the polymers to oxygen and water vapor was increased by esterification. The increases was found to correlate well with the size and polarity of the acid radical. Some additional properties of the ester derivatives were examined in less detail.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070615
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer structure and gas permeation. I. Thermodynamic interpretation of permeation (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2175-2182 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A thermodynamic interpretation of the permeation process of gas transport through polymeric membranes is proposed. The mechanism used does not require the usual P = DS relationship. The dependence of gas permeability upon the crystallinity, strain, etc. is presented, and a method for obtaining values for the entropy of crystallization is suggested. Literature data have been correlated by this approach and values for the entropy of crystallization of polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and nylon 610 were derived.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070617
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rheological behavior of a filled viscoelastic material (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2211-2216 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The time-temperature superposition principle appears to apply to filled materials, a change in the proportion of filler being equivalent to a shift along the time axis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070620
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  • 16
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    A study on the thermal degradation of rubber in dilute solutionsCommunication No. 529 from the National Chemical Laboratory, Poona-8, India. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2199-2209 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of low-temperature (60-100°C.) thermal degradation of deproteinized and deresinified petroleum ether soluble fraction of natural rubber in two chemically inert solvents, cyclohexane and trans-decalin, have been studied. The changes in Mw, A2, and (r2)1/2 at various stages of degradation have been obtained from the lightscattering data. The rate constants and the energy of activation for chain scission have been calculated from the observed variation in Mu. The scission has been found to be random and the average energy of activation is 25.8 kcal./mole. This low-energy requirement suggests the presence of weak links in the rubber molecule which get ruptured at low temperature.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070619
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  • 17
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    Investigation of the catalyst in the cellulose-DMEU reaction. Part II. Physicochemical studies of the reactionPresented before the Division of Cellulose, Wood, and Fiber Chemistry at the 140th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 3-8, 1961. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1041-1062 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a continuation of a previously reported investigation into the effect of the catalyst in the cotton cellulose-DMEU reaction, experiments were performed in which the four inorganic salt catalysts originally studied, MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2, ZnCl2, and Zn(NO3)2, were employed at the higher metal ion concentration of 0.1M, and CuCl2 and CdCl2 were employed at 0.03M concentration. Data from infrared absorption spectra of the treated cotton products were in agreement with those obtained at the 0.03M catalyst concentration, again indicating that the catalyst entered into the reaction, forming a coordination complex through the formation of nitrogen-to-metal bonds between the catalyst and the DMEU molecule. Similarly, it was again indicated that reaction with DMEU takes place preferentially at the primary alcohol group of the anhydroglucose unit. Analyses of IR data indicated a higher degree of crosslinking, and thus fewer terminal O—H or N—H groups at the 0.03M catalyst than at the 0.1M catalyst concentration. Further evidence of complex formation was obtained from infrared spectra of the product of the CdCl2-DMEU reaction carried out in the absence of cellulose. Supplemental physical data obtained on products of reactions catalyzed with CdCl2 and CuCl2 at the 0.03M level, when compared with those obtained on products catalyzed with MgCl2 and ZnCl2, supported the earlier hypothesis that chlorine damage during heating was dependent upon the ability of the metallic complex to act as a free-radical trap. Additional support for the free-radical mechanism was obtained when treated cloth subjected to chlorination and exposed to ultraviolet radiation suffered the same discoloring and degradative effect as cloth chlorinated and subsequently scorched according to the usual AATCC method. Reaction rates of the cellulose-DMEU reaction at 45, 55, and 65°C. with each of the four catalysts at the 0.03M concentration were determined by following changes both in nitrogen and formaldehyde content as well as in crease recovery properties. The reaction was found to be pseudo first order when followed to 2/3 completion, and the catalysts, when ranked according to greatest to least effect upon the reaction rates, followed the order: Zn(NO3)2 〉 ZnCl2 〉 MgCl2 = Mg(NO3)2. Enthalpies, entropies, and free energies of activation have confirmed the earlier hypothesis that the metal ion enters into the reaction, forming a transition state complex.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070321
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of ozone cracking. I. Ozone cracking of plastic films (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1117-1132 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stretched films from partly unsaturated natural rubber hydrochloride develop cracks and fracture in ozonized oxygen. Cracking occurs only above a minimum stress level of about 70 kg./cm.2. Ozone sensitivity increases exponentially with stress, but goes through a maximum near the yield point of the thermoplastic films. Contrary to rubbers, these high-modulus materials do not undergo overall stress relaxation prior to fracturing induced by ozone. The rate of surface ozonization of an unstretched film is estimated gravimetrically and volumetrically; it is found to be similar to that of rubber surfaces. Physical and chemical changes of the ozonized surface are reported. Results are briefly compared with ozone attack on other (nonrubber) materials.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070325
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  • 19
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    A study of the oxidative degradation of furfuryl alcohol polycondensates by infrared spectroscopyThis work was supported, in part, under Grant DA-ORD-31-124-60-G51 from the U. S. Army Research Office (Durham). (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1083-1091 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The oxidative curing and oxidative degradation of cured furfuryl alcohol polycondensates was examined, with infrared spectroscopy, by following the functional group changes occurring in the solid phase of the resin. It has been found that the oxidative degradation of nitrogen-cured resins initially proceeds through the oxidation of methylene linkages to bifuryl ketonic species activated by adjacent furan rings. The second stage of oxidation is the scission of the bifuryl ketonic chain positions to produce substituted furoic acids. The process is postulated to proceed in a manner analogous to that observed in phenolic resin systems. The curing of furfuryl alcohol resin in air is shown to be a multistep process in which the initial oxidation of methylol groups to carboxylic acids is competitive with further polymerization through methylol condensation at adjacent furan ring alpha hydrogen positions. In addition, the oxidation of already formed methylene linkages to the bifuryl ketones is a competitive process removing methylene linkages after they are produced during further condensation (curing reactions). These routes of degradation are in good agreement with observed oxidations of furfuryl alcohol resins under more drastic conditions and offer a reasonable mechanism for resin degradation consistent with observations in analogous polymer systems.
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    Some aspeots of the microetructure of polyblends of poly(vinyl chloride) and butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer rubber with and without talc fillers (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2269-2292 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Fracture and microtome sections of polyblends, prepared from varying proportions of poly(vinyl chloride) and an elastomer (with and without talc fillers) and with the use of different conditions of mixing, were examined with the electron microscope. In general, the structures observed in cut and in fracture sections were very similar when taken from the same polymer at the same reference planes with respect to direction of process-induced orientation. Optimal tensile behavior seems to occur when the degree of mixing establishes a structure resembling a fibrous interweaving of continuous domains. Undermixing or overmixing seems to establish more random dispersions of more or less large and discrete particles of rubber in a continuous poly(vinyl chloride) phase. Introduction of fillers changes the microstructure of the fracture patterns. Particularly in polymers containing talc fillers, the influence of prior strain history on microstructure is very evident. Thirty-eight figures are shown to demonstrate how differences in composition, mixing process, and strain history can alter the microstructure produced by fracture or cutting of the plastic.
    Additional Material: 38 Ill.
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    Polymer flow irregularities (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S27 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Infrared spectra of irradiated polyethylene (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2307-2318 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The irradiation of polyethylene causes a number of molecular rearrangements in the chemical structure of polyethylene. In addition to the significant changes in the type and distribution of unsaturated groups, an infrared comparison of the radiation induced chemical changes that occur in air and in a vacuum showed that the presence of oxygen has a marked influence on the structural rearrangements that occur on irradiation. The infrared spectra of irradiated single crystals prepared by two different means indicated the location of vinyl groups in the crystals and their protection from radiation by aromatic structures. From these data, a number of reaction mechanisms are postulated which can contribute to our understanding of irradiation effects on polyethylene.
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    Determination of carboxyl groups in the presence of carbonyl groups in oxidized polyolefins by using sulfur tetrafluoride (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2319-2322 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A simple analytical technique has been developed to determine the amount of carboxyl groups present in degraded polyethylene film. This procedure is based upon the relative reactivities of the various carbonyl groups present, in oxidized polyethylene film, to sulfur tetrafluoride gas. The quantity of the carboxyl groups in the film is then measured as a function of the absorption at 5.45 μ.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Calibration device for an extensometer (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S15 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070331
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    Strength of filled rubbers: Temperature, rate, and oxygen effectsThis work was sponsored by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company as part of a general program in support of fundamental research on synthetic rubber. A major portion of this work was carried out at the University of Akron and was reported at the Gordon Research Conference on Elastomers, 1961. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1165-1174 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The time taken to break under fixed load has been measured for three SBR-filler systems. Two SBR-HAF black systems were used, one vulcanized with sulfur and the other with dicumyl peroxide; the third system was an SBR-silica formulation. Measurements at several temperatures between 30 and 100°C. allowed the computation of an activation energy for the breaking process: 45 kcal./mole for all three systems. By measuring the tensile strength of the filled stock in air and vacuum at various temperatures, it was shown that the presence of oxygen seriously decreases the strength of the filled stock at high temperatures, an effect not present in the gum stock or in silicasilicone stocks.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    The glass temperature of asphalt (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S45 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Introduction of polymer samples into a microreactor (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S19 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070333
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    Polysaccharide B-1459; a new hydrocolloid polyelectrolyte produced from glueose by bacterial fermentation (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S21 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070334
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    High gloss of extruded high impact polystyrene sheet. A microscopical study of sheet morphology (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. S51 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070638
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    Quantitative characterization of polybutadiene networks (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1257-1263 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Using a relationship found to be applicable for natural rubber networks in establishing contributions of chemical crosslinking, entanglements, and networks defects to physical crosslinking, a physical versus chemical crosslinking “calibration” is developed for polybutadiene prepared by organolithium initiation. This calibration is then used to determine chemical crosslink yields for sulfur-sulfenamide, thiuram, and peroxide vulcanization. Crosslink yields for polybutadiene in the sulfur-sulfenamide and thiuram curing systems are shown to be similar to those of natural rubber. In peroxide vulcanization the crosslink yield is in excess of unity for polybutadiene. Evidence is presented which indicates that this is due to a polymerization type reaction involving vinyl groups resulting from 1,2-addition during polymerization.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Fractionation of acrylonitrile copolymers. I. Development of a methodPaper presented at the 142nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N. J., September 1962. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1243-1255 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The mechanism of precipitation of acrylonitrile polymers was investigated using different nonsolvents. The effect of the dielectric constant and the polarity of individual bonds in the molecule of precipitant is discussed briefly. A methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile copolymer was successfully fractionated from dimethylformamide solution, using a two-stage fractionation technique, and a mixture of (2 parts n-hexane + 1 part ether) as a precipitant. The molecular weight distributions of primary fractions were skewed to the left and overlapped each other. A large, 100-g. sample of the same copolymer was separated into eight primary fractions, which on refractionation gave a result substantially the same as that obtained by the small scale experiment. An experimental terpolymer of methylvinylpyridine-vinyl acetate-acrylonitrile, prepared by suspension polymerization, was carefully fractionated by the same method. The polymer was shown to have a double-peak molecular weight distribution in agreement with the earlier suggestion that acrylonitrile in aqueous suspension polymerizes by two simultaneous mechanisms: (1) homogeneous polymerization of single radicals in solution, and (2) heterogeneous growth of radicals present in stable suspended polymer particles. The above conclusion was further supported by methylvinylpyridine analysis on secondary fractions. It was found that the low molecular weight fractions contained appreciably more of the water-soluble monomer (M.V.P.), than the high molecular weight fractions.
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    Sign reversal of permselective membranes: A possible mechanism for neural conduction (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1265-1271 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An electrochemical mechanism is sought for to explain the sudden transient change of potential across a nerve membrane during neural conduction. Ion-permselective membranes change the sign of their permselectivity if the charge of their fixed ions is overcompensated for by highly charged counterions which become strongly bound to these fixed sites by electrostatic forces. Imagine a membrane with its sign thus reversed beyond a given borderline: cations could traverse on one side in the vicinity of this line and anions on the other, while no ions would traverse pure membrane faces themselves. Thus concentrations would be equalized at the borderline by passive diffusion, while the sign of membrane potential would change from one side to the other of the border. A mechanism for automatic propagation of the border along the membrane is suggested. Sign reversal of membranes can also be caused by covalent bonding of oppositely charged groups to a charged membrane site, for instance by esterification of a carboxyl group or of a phosphoric acid group of a lipoproteid nerve membrane with the amino alcohol choline. Hydrolysis of such an ester would cause the sign of the membrane to revert to its original direction. Such acetic sites and choline abound on nerve membranes, together with enzymes, which are known to split and synthesize choline esters. Their electrochemical function in neutral conduction might well be this changing of sign of membrane permselectivity.
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    Differential thermal analysis of polymers. II. Melting (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1281-1289 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A theory is presented of the way in which the melting of a polymer is manifested in a differential temperature analysis thermogram. An analytical method based on this theory allows a precise determination of both the melting point and the crystalline weight fraction as a function of temperature. Experimental results for linear polyethylene and crystalline polypropylene confirm the theory.
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    Raman and infrared spectra of 3-methylbutene-1 (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1307-1315 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Infrared and near-infrared spectra of 3-methylbutene-1 were observed for the vapor phase at room temperature. Also, Raman displacements and depolarization factors of 3-methylbutene-1 in methanol and carbon tetrachloride were obtained at the same temperature. Tentative assignments of the observed Raman and infrared bands were made, and a classification of bands on the basis of group frequencies is given.
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    A recording apparatus for the measurement of longitudinal creep (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1273-1279 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A recording apparatus for measuring longitudinal creep was developed to study viscoelastic properties of polymeric films. The heart of the apparatus is a photoelectric transducer that converts specimen extension and contraction into a voltage which is then applied to a millivolt recorder through a d.c. low-drift amplifier. As used in this apparatus, the phototube detects the variable by having its photocathode surface shadowed by a movable mask. Supplementing the recording part of the apparatus is a mechanism for controlling specimen temperature. A polymer of plasticized polyvinyl chloride was studied, to demonstrate the applicability of the apparatus. The results obtained compared favorably with the method of visually observing the displacement with a cathetometer.
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    Temperature dependence of dynamic mechanical properties of mixed polymer systems. II (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1291-1306 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The temperature dependence at constant frequency of the viscous component E2(1/T) of the dynamic modulus has been determined for a homologous series of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers supported in a matrix of styrene homopolymer. The results, which agree with those reported earlier for a homologous series of butadiene-styrene copolymers, indicate that the transition temperature of a given plastic homopolymer, as measured from dynamic mechanical properties at essentially constant frequency in the range 200-300 cycles/sec., is depressed by the presence of a copolymerized rubbery diluent as the melting point of crystalline polymers is depressed by the presence of noncrystallizing comonomers. In addition, it has been found that the transition temperature is depressed by the presence of monomeric diluents much as the melting point of crystalline polymers is depressed by the presence of monomeric diluents. Two earlier assumptions, that the dynamic properties in the frequency range of interest should be independent of both the molecular weight of the rubbery copolymer and the degree of dispersion of the copolymer in the thermoplastic matrix, have been subjected to experimental scrutiny. The assumption regarding the dependence on molecular weight has been substantiated, at least for DP's in excess of 100. The assumption regarding the dependence on the degree of dispersion has been negated; the area under the E2(1/T) peak was found to be considerably greater for a coarse dispersion than for a fine one.
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    Measurement of triboelectric position (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1317-1323 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A convenient technique is presented for determination of triboelectric characteristics of a film sample relative to a group of reference surfaces and to other film samples, with the use of inexpensive, easily assembled equipment. It consists of pressing a number of reference surfaces into contact with a test film, determination of the sign and intensities of the charges generated, by spraying with an indicating powder, and estimation of tribo-electric position of the test sample by the distribution of positive and negative charges generated. With this technique, relative triboelectric characteristics were determined for films of various polymers. The measurements give some insight into the relation between polymer structure and triboelectric characteristics.
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    Characteristic viscoelastic parameters for amorphous polymers (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 1341-1347 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: By use of a reference value of modulus equal to 109 dynes/cm.2 and a reference value of time equal to 10 sec., characteristic viscoelastic parameters are defined from stress relaxation master curves and from modulus-temperature curves. Values of these parameters are tabulated for several linear amorphous polymers and slightly crosslinked amorphous polymers.
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    Dielectric loss features of some epoxy resins (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 2003-2023 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: At temperatures far below the heat distortion point, the dissipation factor (and therefore power factor) of epoxy resins is comparably low - in the order of 0.001-0.01. Internally flexibilized, polyester-modified resins may have higher loss tangents, in the order of 0.01-0.10, even at room temperature. At temperatures far above the heat distortion point, anhydride curing agents give lower dissipation factors than do amines or acids. With anhydride cures, the higher molecular weight resins investigated cure faster than the lower molecular weight resins, give lower elevated temperature power factors and loss tangents, and are tougher. With any hardener-epoxy resin system, the optimum elevated temperature power factor, weight loss on aging and heat distortion point will probably depend on a close examination of the optimum hardener/resin ratio.With certain anhydride-cured low molecular weight epoxy resin systems, an increased rate of cure and lower elevated temperature power factor may be obtained by use of a small amount of higher molecular weight (polyhydroxy) epoxy resin. Attempts to compare the effect on power factor of changing the hydroxyl groups to less mobile dipoles by acetylation were unsuccessful, since the resulting acetoxy groups changed the cure mechanisms. However studies with resins of different molecular weights indicated that the effect of hydroxyl content on elevated temperature power factor is subordinate to other effects such as the rigidity of the cured resin system, rate of cure and ionic impurities. Acetylation of hydroxyl-containing epoxy resins may inhibit cure with some curing agents, due to side reactions of the resulting acetoxy group with specific hardeners.
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    Reaction of fuming nitric acid with polyethylenesPaper presented before the Division of Polymer Chemistry at the 134th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 1958. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 71-83 
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    Notes: The oxidative effect of fuming nitric acid upon finely ground polyethylenes is observed by plotting changes in specific solution viscosity values against duration of reaction. The similarity in relationship between this reaction and that of polyethylenes with oxygen is set forth. It is shown that this reaction, like that between polyethylenes and oxygen gas, produces hydroperoxide and carbonyl structures, and results largely in scission of the polymeric chains. The effect of these oxidative alterations in decreasing the electrical resistivity and in increasing the flow properties of the subject resins is illustrated. The identical influence of methyl branching in favoring the reaction of polyethylenes with both oxygen and with fuming nitric acid is demonstrated. Nitration is seen to be a consequence of extent of reaction rather than of reaction temperature itself. The utility of this reaction in differentiating among polyethylenes is indicated. In this regard it is seen that the linear polymers are more severely affected by fuming nitric acid than are conventional polyethylenes. Finally, the usefulness of this reaction in assessing the inherent oxidizability of polyethylene resins, independent of the presence or absence of antioxidants, is proposed.
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    A study of the oxidative degradation of phenol-formaldehyde polycondensates using infrared spectroscopyPresented, in part, at the 138th National American Chemical Society Meeting, New York, Sept. 1960.This work was supported, in part, under contract No. DA-30-069-ORD-2626 and Grant No. DA-ORD-31-124-60-G51 from the U. S. Army Research Office, Durham, North Carolina. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 103-117 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An infrared spectrophotometric examination of the oxidative degradation of acid- and base-catalyzed phenol-formaldehyde polycondensates, novolaks and resoles, respectively, has been carried out in the temperature range form 100-200°C. The existence of structural moieties such as quinone methides and dibenzyl ethers in the cured phenolic resins systems could not be substantiated. The oxidation of phenolic resins was shown to be a stepwise degradation. Attack of oxygen, a surface reaction, was shown to be at the doubly activated methylene bridge linkage to form a substituted dihydroxybenzophenone system. This species was substantiated by the synthesis of polymers containing the ketonic linkage and their spectral identity to the degrading resin. The initial oxidation was shown to continue through the formation of quinone structures and secondary oxidation was shown to continue through the formation of quinone structures and secondary oxidation at these functional linkages to produce carboxylic acids as one of the fragments during chain scission. This degradation mechanism is in good agreement with other supporting experimental data concerning phenolic resin degradation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Polystyrene modifications. I. Styrene copolymersCommunication No. 2235 from the Kodak Research Laboratories. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 143-152 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The Tg of polystyrene was raised by copolymerization with acenaphthylene. Although physical properties of S20A polymer equaled or surpassed those of polystyrene, the addition of butadiene, mineral oil, or isoprene to poly(styrene-co-acenaphthylene) drastically reduced the Tg. The reduction of Tg of S20A by the addition of butadiene was less severe when butadiene was added several hours after the polymerization had begun. The incompatible terpolymers were flexible but showed no improvement in craze resistance. Crazing has been explained as being caused by forces concentrated in regions of irregularities.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Viscometric determination of molecular weight of cellulose pulps in zinc ethylenediamine solutionCommunication No. 473 from the National Chemical Laboratory, Poona-8, India. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 181-186 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A convenient method of preparing zinc ethylenediamine complex (ZED) solution for use as solvent for cellulose pulp is described, and the advantages in using this solvent (0.25M zinc in 41% ethylenediamine in water) over cupriethylenediamine (CED) or cuprammonium solutions for viscometric determination of molecular weight of cellulose are indicated. Intrinsic viscosities of eight rayon-grade pulp solutions have been determined at four temperatures: 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. The constants K = 5.85 × 10-5 and a = 0.936 of the Mark-Houwink equation [η] = KMna, required for evaluating the molecular weight of cellulose pulps in ZED solution, have been determined by using the molecular weight values obtained from CED solutions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Density gradient sedimentation in polymer solutions (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 203-213 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Density gradient sedimentation of polystyrenes, Hevea rubber and synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene was studied in the systems ethylene bromide-mesitylene and (1,2-dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane)-cyclohexene. The latter system has very closely matched refractive indices at atmospheric pressure. This work was oriented toward the analysis of mixed polymer and copolymers. Large density gradients were used with schlieren optics. No difference between the points of accumulation of polystyrene from different types of polymerization nor between Hevea and cis-polyisoprene could be found under the conditions employed. Narrow gradient patterns could be produced for polymers of Mv = 200,000. These broadened with increasing polymer concentration. At M = 106 it is believed to be possible to estimate semiquantitatively concentrations of polystyrene of 5 ppm. A method of estimating the amount of a component present in terms of its gradient pattern is given. The density distribution in the bromofluoroethane system was studied by the use of inert marker substances of known density.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070118
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  • 45
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    Accelerative effects in radiation-induced graft polymerization (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 245-250 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It has been demonstrated that the use of solvent additives can substantially increase the rate of radiation-induced graft polymerization in the systems polyethylene-styrene, polypropylene-styrene, polyvinyl chloride-styrene, nylon-styrene, polyethylenemethyl acrylate, polypropylene-methyl acrylate, nylon-methyl acrylate. Teflonmethyl acrylate, and polyethylene-tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate. Two different mechanisms have been shown to be responsible for the observed accelerative effects. One is the incursion of a Trommsdorff effect due to the insolubilization of the growing graft polymer chains in the solvent-monomer medium. The other mechanism is the enhancement in the degree of accessibility of monomer to grafting sites within the polymer brought about by the greater ability of the solvent additive to swell certain base polymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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    Volume changes during glycerol absorption by regenerated cellulose (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 251-255 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The volume changes which a cellulose gel swollen with water undergoes on immersion in aqueous glycerol solutions containing from 10-80% glycerol have been studied. If the gel is considered from the standpoint of dry cellulose plus glycerol solution, the volume contraction (compared with the theoretical sum of the volumes of the components) is less than 1% over the entire range of glycerol concentrations studied. When the unsoftened gel film is immersed in softener solution, the volume increase of the gel is small (1-5%, corresponding to a concentration of 10-60% glycerol in the softener bath). It may therefore be concluded that, except possibly at very high glycerol contents, the internal volume relationships for softened and unsoftened gel film are the same.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070122
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    Ueber die einwirkung von konzentrierten aethylendiaminlöusungen auf regeneratcellulosefasern (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 257-272 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of weight swelling of normal viscose mantle fibers and polynosic (“high modulus”) fibers in concentrated ethylene diamine solutions indicates marked differences in the swelling mechanism of both kinds of fibers in the concentration range of 30% to 62.5% ethylene diamine presumably caused by structure differences. These differences level off at concentrations above 62.5% ethylene diamine by increasing formation of the cellulose II-ethylene diamine complex. The cellulose-II-complex (regenerated cellulose-ethylene diamine) has practically the same stability during storage over 44% sulfuric acid as the cellulose I-ethylene diamine complex. Variations of the submicroscopical structure of regenerated cellulose fibers in comparison to cotton after treatment with 87% ethylene diamine, washing out and drying at 105°C. have been followed by determination of iodine sorption, water vapor sorption, heat of hydration, reactivity (acetylation), swelling, density and x-ray patterns. The treatment of regenerated cellulose fibers with ethylene diamine leads to an increase in the degree of order with simultaneous structure disorientation by swelling. The extent of variations depends on the type of drying after washing out the ethylene diamine and on the initial structure of the regenerated cellulose fibers. With normal mantle fiber die increase in degree of order is more marked as with the polynosic fiber. The increase of reactivity of ethylene diamine treated viscose mantle fibers in spite of the higher degree of order is caused by a disappearance of structural differences between mantle and core; this enables the agents better to penetrate the interior of the fibers. The behavior of cotton under the same conditions differs principally from that of regenerated cellulose fibers. A marked decrease in degree of order (decrystallization) was found after treating cotton with 87% ethylene diamine in agreement with the results of other workers.
    Notes: Die Bestimmung der Gewichtsquellung von normaler Viscosemantelfaser und polynosischer (“high modulus”) Faser in konzentrierten Lösungen von Äthylendiamin zeigt dass im Konzentrationsbereich von 30% bis 62.5% Äthylendiamin deutliche, vermutlich strukturbedingte Unterschiede im Quellmechanismus beider Faserareten bestehen. Diese Unterschiede werden bei Konzentrationen über 62.5% Äthylendiamin durch zunehmende Bildung des Cellulose-II-Äthylendiamin-Komplexes ausgeglichen. Die Stabilität des Komplexes Cellulose-II-(Regeneratcellulose)-Äthylendiamin beim Lagern über 44% Schwefelsäure entspricht praktisch derjenigen des Cellulose-I-Äthylenediamin-Komplexes. Die Änderungen in der submikroskopischen Struktur der Regeneratcellulosefaser im Vergleich zu Baumwolle nach Behandlung mit 87% Äthylendiamin, Auswaschen und Trocknen bei 105°C wurden anhand der Messung der Jodsorption, Wasserdampfsorption, Hydratationswärme, Reaktivität (Acetylierung), Quellung, Dichte und Auswertung von Röntgendiagrammen verfolgt. Bei den Regeneratcellulosefasern tritt nach der oben erwähnten Behandlung mit Äthylendiamin eine Zunahme im Ordnungsgrad unter gleichzeitiger Desorientierung der Struktur durch Quellung auf. Das Ausmass der Änderung des Ordnungsgrades hängt einerseits von der Trocknungsart nach dem Auswaschen des Äthylendiamins und andererseits von der ursprünglichen Struktur der Regeneratcellulosefaser ab. Bei normaler Mantelfaser ist die Zunahme des Ordnungsgrades ausgeprägter als bei der polynosischen Faser. Die beobachtete Erhöhung der Reaktivität trotz Zunahme im Ordnungsgrad der mit Äthylendiamin behandelten Viscosemantelfaser ist durch einen weitgehenden Ausgleich der strukturellen Unterschiede zwischen Mantel und Kern und die dadurch bedingte bessere Zugänglichkeit des Faserinnern für das Reaktionsmittel erklärbar. Das Verhalten von Baumwolle unter gleichen Bedingungen ist von demjenigen der Regeneratcellulosefaser grund verschieden. In Übereinstimmung mit Arbeiten anderer Autoren konnte bei der Baumwolle durch die Behandlung mit 87% Äthylendiamin eine deutliche Vermindurung des Ordnungsgrades (Dekristallisation) festgestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    A rapid molecular weight determination for linear polyethylene (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 309-314 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: For linear polyethylene in the molecular weight range above 100,000 it is proposed that a measurement of the 10-sec. Gehman modulus at 150°C. can be used as a nonabsolute but very rapid and convenient measurement of the molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070128
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    Anionic homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations of acrylonitrile by alkali metal alkoxidesPart of a Ph.D. Thesis to be submitted by B. A. Feit to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 287-300 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The homogeneous (in dimethylformamide) and heterogeneous (in petroleum ether) polymerizations of acrylonitrile by methanolic solutions of alkali metal methoxides were compared. In the homogeneous system termination of polymerization was by chain transfer to monomer and degree of polymerization (DP) was constant, while in the heterogeneous system termination was by the acidic hydrogen of the alcohol and DP increased with monomer concentration according to the equation DP = Kp[M]/Kt[ROH]. Decrease in temperature led to increase in molecular weight in the heterogeneous polymerization but not in the homogeneous. The positive counterion influenced the molecular weight only under the heterogeneous conditions; the more electropositive potassium gave smaller molecular weights than the sodium catalyst. Owing to the high dielectric constant of dimethylformamide and its high solvating power, the growing ion pairs — — —C-Li+, — — —C-Na+, and — — —C-K+ in this solvent were fully dissociated and showed their “limiting anionic behavior,” leading to the molecular weights' being constant irrespective of polymerization temperature and alkali metal counterions. Because of the high ionic character of the— — —C-K+ bond, the potassium catalyst shows its “limiting anionic behavior” even under heterogeneous conditions, leading to molecular weights of the same order in both the homogeneous and the heterogeneous systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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    Microscopical measurement of orientation of high-impact polystyrene extruded sheet (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 333-339 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The polystyrene-butadiene copolymer particles in high-impact polystyrene sheet respond to forces imposed on the sheet. Measurement of the ellipticity of these particles in thin microtome sections provides a measure of orientation of extruded sheet.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070130
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    On the characterization of non-newtonian flow (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 347-355 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A rheological distribution factor has been derived from well-known relations. It is compared with experimental data with the use of conventional ratios of molecular weights such as Mw/Mn. Data on polyisobutylene, polystyrene, and high density polyethylene are presented. An equation of flow has also been derived from experimental data. It has been used to describe the non-Newtonian flow of various polymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    A damping maximum in the free torsional oscillation of wool fibers (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 341-346 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A maximum in the damping of free torsional oscillations of wool fibers has been observed with changes in relative humidity at constant temperature. At relative humidities below that at which the maximum occurs, there is an increase in the logarithmic decrement as the temperature increases. At relative humidities larger than that of the maximum, however, an increase in temperature causes a decrease in the decrement. The implications of these observations on the complex elastic modulus are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of polymer melts (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 315-331 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: With the aid of Eyring's rate theory a set of equations is derived describing the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of a generalized Maxwell liquid in simple shear. It is shown that this behavior may be completely described by a stress- and temperature-dependent relaxation spectrum which, in a first approximation, becomes independent of stress if the latter tends to zero. Each term of the discrete relaxation spectrum is characterized by a relaxation time, a shear modulus, and a dimensionless parameter Γ equal to the limiting value of a recoverable strain at infinitely high stress. All Γi's disappear from the relevant equations if the stress tends to zero. Similar expressions describing nonlinear behavior of a generalized Kelvin-Voigt solid may be derived from Schwarzl and Brinkman's diffusion theory. The theory is used to interpret the observed nonlinear flow and relaxation behavior of a number of various polymer melts. The polymers have been studied under well-defined hydrodynamical and thermal conditions in a cone-and-plate viscometer. In a first approximation, all Γi's have been supposed equal to 1. The theoretical flow and relaxation curves calculated from the observed relaxation spectrum are in fair agreement with the experimental ones. Finally it is shown that the observed behavior may also be interpreted in terms of the transient network theory if the activated state of a flow unit is identified with the strained state of more or less voluminous parts of the molecular network in a polymer melt.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Viscoelastic properties of plasticized polymers (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 393-397 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Stress relaxation master curves were obtained for polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, and polyvinyl chloride, all plasticized with dioctylphthalate. The plasticized polyvinyl chloride results were quite different from the others, and this was tentatively ascribed to borderline crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Heterogeneous hydrolysis of cotton cellulose treated with different swelling agents (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 15-26 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Acid hydrolyses of untreated cotton (scoured) and cottons treated in slack with three swelling agents were carried out for different periods. It was found that treatment with swelling agents decreases crystallinity and fiber strength and increases reactivity of cellulose. Such treatments also improve the strength-fluidity relation of the fibers. Swelling treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or ethylenediamine (EDA) improves strength uniformity along the fiber length. Both mild and drastic hydrolyses increase crystallinity of the untreated and the treated cottons. Crystallinity figures obtained by x-ray diffraction technique are different from those obtained by iodine sorption method. Treatment of acid-hydrolyzed cotton fibers with sodium hydroxide improves fiber strength considerably. When acid-hydrolyzed cotton is swollen with zinc chloride solution, crystallinity (x-ray) drops down to as low as 36%.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    An electron microscopic reinforcement criteria for carbon black masterbatches (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A study was made to establish and define reinforcement criteria for the evaluation of the incorporation of carbon black in black masterbatch. Using replica electron microscopy, examination of the fractured surfaces of black masterbatches indicated that three terms were needed to correlate the quality of this black incorporation with the physical properties of the masterbatch. These are, in order of increasing effect on vulcanizate properties: dispersion, grinding, and bonding. Using these reinforcement criteria the performance characteristics of a tread stock made with such masterbatches can be predicted with good reliability.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070103
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    The effect of ionizing radiation on acrylamide-methylenebisacrylamide gels (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 53-57 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Acrylamide-methylenebisacrylamide gels (95/5 monomer ratio) of 10, 6, and 4% total monomer concentration were subjected to from 0 to 57.6 Mrad. of ionizing radiation. With increasing radiation dosage, the gels first shrink because of further crosslinking, then rupture and break into gel particles. At a dose rate of 0.5 to 1 Mrad/sec., the gels will absorb about 5 Mrad. before degradation begins. Weaker gels (4%) will absorb more irradiation before they degrade than will stronger gels (10%).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1963.070070105
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    Glycidyl esters. III. Reaction of diglycidyl esters and cyclic carboxylic anhydrides (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 7 (1963), S. 301-307 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The diglycidyl esters of oxalic, succinic, adipic, pimelic, azelaic, and sebacic acids were prepared and were made to react with o-phthalic anhydride to form crosslinked resins. The chain length of the monomeric diglycidyl esters was found to be directly related to the gel time and inversely related to the heat distortion temperatures of the derived resins, although neither relationship was linear. The reaction of diglycidyl sebacate and of diglycidyl azelate with several cyclic carboxylic anhydrides showed the reactivity of the anhydrides toward the esters to decrease in the following order: tetrahydrophthalic anhydride 〉 maleic anhydride 〉 hexahydrophthalic anhydride 〉 succinic anhydride 〉 nadic methyl anhydride.
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    Effect of catalyst concentrations on one-shot polyether flexible urethane foams (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 117-122 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Variations were made in the concentration of tin and amine catalysts used in a typical one-short polyether flexible foam system. Differences in foaming characteristics and foam stability were correlated with the relative rates of the chemical reactions which are believed to occur during the foaming process. Physical properties measured on the samples showed in many cases a dependence on the balance between the tin and amine catalysts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030206
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    Crystallinity in high polymers and copolymers: A determining factor for their practical applications (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 99-110 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationships between crystallinity and physical and technological properties of high polymers are examined. In addition, the relationships between structure and crystallinity are discussed and polymers consisting of asymmetric monomeric units are examined in particular. In correspondence with the different possible configurational successions, different conformational characteristics (chain structures) and different physical properties are observed. Polytactic polymers are taken into consideration for the most part. With regard to copolymers, various types of crystalline polymers, in particular those which due to isomorphism of monomeric units are crystalline for any composition, and new classes of alternating copolymers are described.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Synthesis of perfluorostyrene and (2,2-difluorovinyl) perfluorobenzene (a-hydroheptafluorostyrene) (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: These compounds were synthesized by starting with the addition of the Grignard reagent of bromopentafluorobenzene to trifluoroacetaldehyde and chlorodifluoroacetaldehyde, respectively. The new alcohols, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-α-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl alcohol and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-α-(chlorodifluoromethyl) benzyl alcohol, are formed in good yield and undergo smooth conversion to (1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene and (2-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene, respectively, in excellent yield when treated with sulfur tetrafluoride using n-pentane as diluent. The major pyrolysis product was identified as (2,2-difluorovinyl) perfluorobenzene (α-hydroheptafluorostyrene) and the minor one as perfluorostyrene. Perfluorostyrene was also synthesized in excellent yield by bromination of (1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene and subsequent pyrolysis of the brominated derivative. The dehydrochlorination of (2-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethyl) perfluorobenzene provided another good synthesis of perfluorostyrene.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030311
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    Moldability of plastics based on melt rheology. Part II - practical applications (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An expression for the “average” viscosity of a polymeric material realized during an injection molding shot is developed. From this expression certain rheological quantities are taken which should better express ease of molding than do conventional testing methods. Comparison is made between actual molding experience and quality as predicted by the new method.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030109
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    Some bonding characteristics of nitrile-phenolic liquid adhesives (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 42-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that the bonding characteristics of commercial liquid adhesive primers made from nitrile rubbers and phenol-formaldehyde polymers, cured by means of hexamethylenetetramine can be quite sensitive to the presence of small amounts of excess water and ammonia. The added water partially decomposes the hexamethylenetetramine to formaldehyde and ammonia, the concentration of the latter thus increasing to such a point as to promote a lower temperature curing of the phenolic resin. Restoration of the original adhesive properties can be attained by the addition of reagents which remove either the water or the ammonia, or both, from the adhesive. Examples of such reagents are certain organic acids, anhydrides and peroxides. The addition of these reagents has been found to reactivate and increase greatly the useful lives of nitrile-phenolic liquid adhesive primers containing hexamethylenetetramine.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030110
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    The relationship between optical exaltation and polymerizability of olefins. Correlation of exaltation with copolymerization (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 50-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Monomers for which the necessary information was obtained for comparison included the following: styrene, α-methylstyrene, cis and trans-propenylbenzene, allylbenzene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, o-, m-, and p-chlorostyrene, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, and 3,5-dichlorostyrene, p-ethylstyrene, and p-tert-butylstyrene. In both free radical and ionic copolymerizations involving similar monomers, plots of the logarithms of the relative reactivities of several substituted styrenes toward the styrene and methyl methacrylate radicals versus the differences existing between the exaltations of substituted styrenes and the exaltation of styrene were strikingly similar to those in which Hammett's sigma values for the styrene substituents were plotted against the relative reactivities of the substituted styrenes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Crystalline organization in useful plastics (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The size of the crystallites in nylon 66, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylene correlates with the degree of crystallinity. This supports the suggestion that the amorphous content of partially crystallized polymers can be attributed to chain folds and other regions directly related to the crystalline structure, at least down to a level of 40-60% crystallinity. In all cases, the term “percent crystallinity” is a useful unifying concept expressing the over-all degree of order including mesomorphic structures, the relative amounts of ordered and disordered material, and the quality of the ordered regions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    The polymerization and long-term stability of room temperature curing epoxy resins (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of resin mass on the degree of crosslinking during the initial polymerization of three typical polymer compounds was determined by electrical resistivity techniques. Activation energies for the electrical conduction process (Ec) were calculated and used as an index of the extent of additional crosslinking occurring during sixteen months of storage. Test data show continued polymerization at slow rates for periods of time ranging from three days to over sixteen months before the polymerization process is completed. The final degree of crosslinking is shown to be dependent on the extent of initial crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Microencapsulation by interfacial polycondensationSubject matter of U.S. Patent Application, Serial No. 813425 (1959), abandoned. (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 71-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A water immiscible liquid is encapsulated in a thin skin of an insoluble copolymer by dissolving a difunctional acid chloride in said liquid and spraying the solution in fine droplets into a dilute aqueous solution of excess glycol or diamine. The polymer, which is not hygroscopic, forms as an insoluble film on the periphery of each drop. The microcapsules may be separated from the aqueous phase and dried without coalescing. Dyes, pigments, stabilizers, and other materials may be incorporated within the capsules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Tensile creep and recovery of compression molded polypropylene samples (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 72-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simplified creep apparatus was used to evaluate the creep and recovery of polyethylene and polypropylene. The creep resistance of polypropylene containing as much as 9% n-heptane (boiling) soluble material is superior to that of linear polyethylene. The lower the boiling n-heptane soluble content, the better the resistance to creep. The creep resistance of polypropylene is also improved by annealing.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Determination of functional groups in epoxy resins by near-infrared spectroscopy (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 78-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Analysis in liquid or solid state and in various conditions of cure, have been developed. The analysis is carried out by spectroscopy in the near-infrared region. Epoxy values are determined preferably at 2.205 microns, or else at 1.159 microns. The required path length in the specimen is between 1 and 10 mm, solid resins were examined either in disposable glass cells or in the form of cast sheet. A direct method of evaluation is used when the path length is precisely known, a relative method based on internal calibration when this is not the case. Similarly, a near-infrared method for the determination of hydroxyl groups in epoxy resins was developed. The use of the isosbestic principle led to an accurate method for the determination of hydroxy values in uncured epoxy resins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030117
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    The interpretation of tacticity measurements (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To date, quantitative stereochemical data are available for a few polymers only. A convenient and graphic representation of this data has been developed. Analysis of this data yields two parameters characterizing a polymer, one representing the tacticity and the other representing the nature of the tactic sequence distribution. The statistical parameters obtained may be related to the polymerization conditions and, hence, to the mechanism of stereoregulation. Furthermore they may be related to a number of physical properties, such as melting point, equilibrium crystallinity, and melting curve. Thus, the proper analysis of the NMR data supplies a link between polymerization conditions and the properties of the resulting polymer.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Influence of channel curvature on flow, pressure distribution, and power requirements of screw pumps and melt extruders (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 176-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of channel curvature on flow through screw pumps and melt extruders is derived for infinite channel aspect ratios. Flow rate and horsepower relations for flow of Newtonian liquids are given as functions of design parameters. The results of this cylindrical theory are compared with those of conventional theories. Curvature factors converting the equations of the flat plate theory to those of the cylindrical theory are shown. Pressure distributions in screw pump channel are analyzed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Continuous mixing of very viscous fluids in an annular channel (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 192-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mixing of viscous fluids in an annular channel is analyzed theoretically. Four basic mixing patterns are described which can be generated by altering the relative rotational velocities of the annular boundaries. Only one aspect of the mixing problem is isolated, i.e., reduction in striation thickness. Problems of front to back mixing to iron out variations of feed stream composition and mixing of solid particles are not considered. The theory was verified experimentally using molten polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Effect of density and orientation on the permeability of polypropylene film (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 186-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The permeability of films to O2, CO2, and H2O vapor is reduced by drawing processes. The permeability data are compatible with the hypothesis that crystallinity reduces permeability because of (1) a decrease in the volume fraction of penetrable amorphous polymer; (2) a lengthening of the diffusion path by impenetrable barriers, presumably crystallites; and (3) a reduction in segmental motion within the amorphous volume. Analysis of the effect of molecular diameter on diffusion rate shows that the segmental motion within amorphous polypropylene regions is less than that in natural rubber.
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    Impact behavior of a nitrile elastomer (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 210-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This investigation studies the behavior of several cylindrical specimens of a Buna-N elastomer subjected to compression impact by a finite mass. Initial strain rates fall in the range between 40/sec and 400/sec, with maximum nominal strains up to 0.4. It is shown that values of nominal stress, true and nominal strain, energy dissipation and impact duration can be correlated with elastomer geometry and initial kinetic energy by means of two parameters derived from an analysis of a linear viscoelastic model. Other sources of variability of elastomer behavior are discussed.
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    Masthead (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030201
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 96-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    On the metric system (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 98-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030203
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    Fire-retardant components of self-extinguishing polyesters (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An attempt has been made to categorize the various materials which have been utilized in polyester compositions to impart or enhance the fire-retardancy of these compositions. Examples of halogen-containing and phosphorus-containing compounds are classified according to where they may be thought to occur in the complex chemical structures which are polyesters. The classifications are basically designed to take advantage of the known chemical reactions which lead to polyesters; the fire-retardant component may be incorporated into the final composition in the diacid, diol, crosslinking agent or may be merely mechanically added as a diluent.
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    Swelling behavior in extrusion (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 134-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diameter increase of a molten thermoplastic extrudate is discussed in terms of the viscoelasticity of the resin. A swelling index, the ratio of the extrudate diameter to the orifice diameter, is defined. It was observed that swelling data taken at different temperatures can be correlated with stress in the die. An unexpected influence on the swelling for polyethylenes is the length of the die where short dies show larger swelling than long dies. Some suggestions for reducing swelling tendencies are made based on a simple model for flow in a capillary.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Analysis of pressure transducer data from screw extruders (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 138-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on the simplified, flat-plate, isothermal, Newtonian flow model of the screw pump, an expression for pressure as a function of time at a fixed point on the extruder barrel has been derived. This expression predicts a periodic saw tooth pressure cycle under most flow conditions. It also establishes the flow conditions under which an inversion of the saw tooth cycle will occur. Pressure transducer data, in conjunction with extrusion rate data, can be used to calculate the average fluid viscosity in a region near the transducer.
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    Further basic and experimental developments on heterophase polymer materials (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 152-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Basic considerations are presented for the formation of three-dimensional or “polymer” units from the conglomeration of freely moving reactive molecules. The resulting “heterophase” conditions are shown between these swelling units and the not-polymerized fluid matter. Systematic variations of the ratio of the phases and changes in material are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030211
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    Viscous flow and degradation of molten polypropylene (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt extrusion of a commercial polypropylene resin was studied with a screw extruder and a series of capillary dies of length:radius ratios varying from 0 to 65. Three temperatures and the range of shear rates encountered in industrial processing were covered. The temperature dependence of the apparent melt viscosity of polypropylene was intermediate between linear and branched polyethylene. Extrapolated zero shear activation energy for viscous flow was 9 ± 1 Kcal/mole. Shear dependence of the apparent viscosity of polypropylene melt was greater than for branched polyethylene in turn, greater for linear.
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    Masthead (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030301
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 164-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030302
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    Determination of the packing density of solid polymer chains. Determination of the specific surface area of polymers by sorption of nitrogen vapor (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption of nitrogen vapors on polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, saran, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylacetate, polystyrene, cellulose and ethylcellulose at the nitrogen boiling point has been investigated. It has been shown that polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, saran, polyvinylalcohol and polyvinylacetate are non-porous sorbents with dense packing of the macromolecules. It has been shown that the specific surface area of cellulose, ethylcellulose and the total pore volume of polystyrene calculated from nitrogen vapor sorption is less than the corresponding value determined from the sorption of organic substances. Nitrogen vapor sorption at the nitrogen boiling point cannot be used for estimating the porosity of loosely packed polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030212
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  • 86
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    Progress in high polymer science and technology (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 166-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thoughts on the development of theoretical approaches that would help make progress more certain in the polymer field are developed by a British polymer scientist of international reputation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030303
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  • 87
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    Structure property relationships of chlorinated polyethylene (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 168-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Resin structures available from chlorinated polyethylene have been determined by studies of the infrared absorption spectra, and have been related to the glass transition temperatures and degree of crystallinity of the products. The relationships between chlorine content, molecular weight, glass transition temperature and a number of mechanical and rheological properties are described. Data are presented on the effect of blends of various resins in this series on glass transition phenomena. The stability of the resins to dehydrochlorination is discussed.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030304
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  • 88
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    A rheological study of the injection molding of styrene polymers (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 260-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Seventeen different samples of styrene polymers and copolymers were examined in a capillary extrusion rheometer over broad ranges of temperatures and shears. They were injection molded in a spiral mold over the same temperature range. If viscosities at constant shear stress are obtained from the rheometric data, they cannot be correlated with spiral flow results. However, if viscosities are calculated at a proper “high” shear rate, capillary data correlate will with spiral flow results at all temperatures and for all materials.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030405
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  • 89
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    Heat-transfer calculations in crystalline plastics (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 270-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The problems of unsteady-state heat transfer associated with the melting and cooling of crystalline plastics such as polyacetals, high density polyethylene and polypropylene, are complex because of the latent heat of fusion that must be dealt with in problems where the temperature range being considered extends across the melting range. In the case of polyacetals, the use of a computer is shown in the literature to provide solutions to those problems. For many molding shops, such aids are not available. Numerical methods for the solution of such problems have been investigated, and their results are compared with those obtained using a computer and published for polyacetals. Cooling curves derived from numerical calculations, for slabs and rods made from high density polyethylene and polypropylene, are presented. Applications of the method are indicated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030406
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  • 90
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    Glass transitions in polypropylene (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dilatometric measurements show that both isotactic and atactic polypropylenes have two distinct glass transition temperatures. Because of the two transitions, three values for the cubical coefficient of thermal expansion are necessary to accurately define the volume expansion of polypropylene from -80° to +90°C. A method is outlined for calculating the content of amorphous atactic, amorphous isotactic, and crystalline isotactic polymer in a given polypropylene sample.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030407
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  • 91
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    An infrared spectroscopic study of the chemical changes in polyethylene during flame sprayingTranslated from Vysokomolekulyarnye Soedineniya 6, 816-821 (1963) (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 286-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chemical changes taking place in polyethylene in the process of flame spraying have been investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by a spectroscopic method. It has been shown that oxidation occurs during the process with the formation of acidic, ketonic, ester carbonyls, associated hydroxyls and -C-O- bonds. The degree of unsaturation also increases due to growth in the number of vinyl and trans-vinylene groups. A small increase in the number of CH3 groups is also observed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030408
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  • 92
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    Radiation-induced polymerization at high pressure of n-tetradecafluoroheptene-1; 1,1,2-trifluorovinyl phenyl ether; and 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorophenyl 1,1,2-trifluorovinyl etherBased on research supported by the U.S. Army Research Office, Durham, North Carolina. (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 300-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The radiation-induced polymerization of n-tetradecafluoroheptene-1 was investigated at pressures of 8100, 11,900 and 17,100 atmospheres and temperatures between 90 and 267°C. The data are interpreted in terms of a free radical mechanism and the polymer has a low ceiling temperature. As temperature is increased, the depropagation step becomes important and reduces the rate of polymerization. Under some conditions transfer seems to be a significant part of the mechanism. Several radiation-induced polymerizations at high pressure were carried out with 1,1,2-trifluorovinylphenyl ether as well as one with 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorophenyl 1,1,2-trifluorovinyl ether. The results suggest that transfer limits the molecular weight of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030410
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  • 93
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    Gamma irradiation of polytetrafluoroethylene in chlorineBased on research supported by the Aeronautical Research Laboratory, United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Presented in part before the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 14, 1962. (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 290-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Films of polytetrafluoroethylene, irradiated in halogen atmospheres, decrease in ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break almost as rapidly as in oxygen. The rate of degradation is approximately independent of chlorine pressure down to about 1 mm Hg. The phenomena can be explained semi-quantitatively in terms of first order, cage reactions of scission, recombination, and reaction with chlorine, complicated by diffusion at low pressures. However, all reaction and diffusion parameters must shift with gradual increase of crystallinity.For a given decrease of elongation at break, polytetrafluoroethylene irradiated in a vacuum retains a relatively higher ultimate tensile strength. In the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, the changes in ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break are much slower under all conditions. Both polytetrafluoroethylene and the copolymer retain appreciable tensile strength but little elongation up to a dose of 2 x 108r.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030409
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  • 94
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    Masthead (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030101
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  • 95
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030102
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  • 96
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    Polymer research in Canada (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 5-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030103
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  • 97
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    The status of non-Newtonian polymer flow (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 18-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study summarizes the flow behavior of concentrated and melt systems of linear amorphous polymer. For low molecular weight polymer, viscosity increases regularly with a lower power dependence on molecular weight. This dependence decreases towards first power with increasing temperature but is independent of shear, with viscosities being constant up to the highest attainable steady state stresses, about 106 dynes/cm2. At a higher molecular weight, 2,000-40,000, depending on polymer type, the viscosity dependence on molecular weight changes abruptly to a high power which is generally about 3.4. Above the transition, this high power function is independent of temperature but depends markedly on shear. Non-Newtonian flow sets in abruptly and predictably above the transitional molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030105
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  • 98
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    New aspects of melt fracture (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 7-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The movement of coloured markers (polydimethyl siloxane and low density polythene) placed near the die entry before extrusion or injected through the side of the die during extrusion has been measured both above and below the onset of instability. During stable flow the observed velocity distributions are similar to those predicted by assuming that polymer at the die wall is stationary, but when melt fracture occurs there is movement at the wall. The possibility of a stick-slip mechanism being responsible for unstable flow is examined and evidence in support of this hypothesis is presented. Available evidence suggests that for a given molecular weight, the critical shear stress increases with the polarity of the polymer, and the material of which the die is made has been found to affect the instability.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030104
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  • 99
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    Polymers with conjugated bonds in the macromolecular chains (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of polymers with conjugated bonds, namely polyphenylvinylene, phenylacetylenep-diethinylbenzene copolymer and thermally dehydrochlorinated polyvinylchloride, upon the stability of polyvinylchloride suspensions has been investigated. It has been shown that polymers with conjugated double bonds are efficient inhibitors of the thermal dehydrochlorination of polyvinylchloride. The most active inhibitor, polyphenylvinylene, is not light stabilized.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030107
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  • 100
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    Anomalous flow behavior of high density polyethylene melts (1963)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 3 (1963), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts to operate plastic processing equipment at higher production rates is often accompanied by erratic flow behavior of the polymer melts. In order to study this problem, a constant-rate, capillary rheometer was used to study the melt flow over a wide range of shear rates. These data demonstrate that many high-density polyethylenes exhibit a discontinuous shear-stress shear-rate curve; that is, under certain conditions the observed load oscillates “between two values differing by about 15%”. This region of unstable melt flow is not necessarily allied with melt fracture although it is dependent on molecular weight and melt temperature. Unstable melt flow occurs at lower shear rates with a decrease in the melt index (increase in molecular weight) or melt temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760030106
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