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  • Springer  (61,831)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (12,383)
  • Oxford University Press  (4,433)
  • 1980-1984  (56,956)
  • 1960-1964  (21,691)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1982  (56,956)
  • 1961  (21,691)
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  • 1980-1984  (56,956)
  • 1960-1964  (21,691)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 305-318 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Freese’s Hypothesis states that a single specific alteration in the sequence of nucleotides of an information-bearing DNA molecule results in a specific mutational effect. Within the framework of the DNA-protein coding problem developed elsewhere, and assuming the quasi-ergodicity of the general coding process, it is shown that Freese’s Hypothesis allows us to derive expressions for the length of the smallest mutable DNA molecule and to obtain a bound for the maximal number of allelic molecules of fixed length. To illustrate these ideas, calculations are carried out on appropriate data from bacternophage and man, and the results are shown to differ by a factor of 10 (modulo the rather crude approximations used). It is further shown that, if ρ(N) and ϱ(N) are respectively the number of information-bearing words of lengthN in a given code and the number of words of lengthN, then the number lim ρ(N)/ϱ(N) depends sensitively on the parameter ∈ which specifiesN→∞ the given code. The implications of this result for the spontaneous aggregation of a sufficient number of information-bearing words to characterize an organism are discussed.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 319-319 
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 321-335 
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    Notes: Abstract As a “base line” of memorization performance, the behavior of a “perfect learner” is considered. He is characterized by a perfect memory and by the ability to choose the best search procedure in problems where the correct response from a given repertoire is to be found to each of several stimuli under the condition of “right” and “wroing” promptings by the experimenter. Expected learning curves are derived for the case of disjoint response repertoires associated with the stimuli under cyclic and random presentation of the stimuli and for the case of a single response repertoire (a one-to-one matching problem) under cyclic presentation.
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  • 4
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    Notes: Abstract Detailed equations are given for the computation of aortic distensibility in the intact living human patient from measurements of systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, heart rate and cardiac output. From these equations, the aortic characteristics of a large series of normal men of different ages were computed. Comparing these results with measurements on excised aortas, a more pronounced trend toward increasing aortic stiffness with increasing age is evident in living than in dead aortas. Nor-epinephrine and exercise apparently cause the living aortas to constrict but to become more distensible. The same change occurs after 30 minutes of high spinal anesthesia. The ganglionic blocking agents hexamethonium, pentamethonium, and tetraethylammonium usually cause the living aorta to become stiffer, presumably due to dilatation. The aortas of patients with pulmonary disease usually react in different fashion to exercise or tetraethylammonium. The increased aortic distensibility that occurs with the hypertension induced by nor-epinephrine or exercise acts as a compensatory mechanism by decreasing systolic pressure.
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 355-376 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Dimensional analysis is discussed from the viewpoint of its basic group properties and shown to be an algebraic Abelian group that is useful for analysis of physical measurements. The application of the method to various types of equations and the formulation of previously unclassified dimensions are discussed. Functional dimensional analysis is applied to the problems of cell size and biomass proliferation; future applications are also noted. A number of dimensionless terms have been formulated for cellular physiochemical phenomena. They apparently represent the first systematic study of biological dimensionless numbers recorded in the literature. A dimensionless proliferation law is suggested. A brief analysis of the physical dimensionality associated with information measures is carried out. Entropy and “information” are shown to be completely different in their dimensional meaning; other informational measures of possible interest in biology are proposed. The dimensional coding and computor analysis of biomathematical equations is suggested.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 377-391 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Expenditure of energy under several simultaneous forms (mechanical, chemical, etc.) is associated with all muscular activity. The energy is directly related to what is commonly called exertion or effort. This paper defines “muscular effort” quantitatively in terms of some of the elements of the dynamics of the human (and animal) body. It postulates that in all likelihood the individual will, consciously or otherwise, determine his motion (or his posture, if at rest) in such a manner as to reduce his total muscular effort to a minimum consistent with imposed conditions, or “constraints”. The principle, formulated in mathematical terms, is sufficient to ascribe to the moments at all body joints—a matter generally of free choice on the part of the individual—their most likely magnitudes. It therefore renders the equations of human (and animal) motion determinate within this context. The paper also describes briefly an iteration method for the solution of these equations, once they have been made determinate. A simple illustrative application of the principle is included.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 393-403 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is pointed out that two fundamentally different views of primary genetic processes occur in the literature which are frequently confused. The first is a true communication-theoretic view, which regards the genetic apparatus as containing a real information-source and a transducer which converts that information to useful form. The second view is generally expressed as a template scheme based on the Watson-Crick model; it is shown that in this model there is actually no such thing as genetic information in a communication-theoretic sense. Both views are then discussed on the basis of microphysical principles developed in previous work of the author (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 227–255, 1960) in an attempt to find which approach is in closer accord with the biological facts. It is shown that, if the communication-theoretic view is correct, then the information-bearing object must act as a “catalyst,” but it is pointed out that the type of catalysis involved must be of a fundamentally different nature than that occurring in familiar enzyme-catalyzed reactions. On the basis of general considerations of irreversible changes in microphysical measuring systems, it is shown that any type of template must suffer a gradual and irreversible denaturation, which seems to make it unlikely that a template could play a primary role in fundamental genetic processes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 405-411 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The theory developed in previous papers and based on distribution curves of definite form is generalized to any form of unimodel distributions. The time course of the change from one behavior to another is discussed and a general theorem about the time course is established.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 417-417 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A theorem is proved, concerning expected values of a multitype branching process in a varying environment. The consequence of the theorem is that the branching process can be treated (in the sense of expected values) as a dynamical system with control terms. This is of importance in situations where the process serves as an abstract model of the dynamics of malignant cells for use in chemotherapy. A simple example of this kind is given.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 29-42 
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    Notes: Abstract A method is developed for a full nonlinear evaluation of all velocities and stresses represented in the Navier-Stokes equations and in the general stress tensor. The information required is essentially that for solution of linearized forms. The solution is analytical except for the calculation of the axial velocity, which requires computer assistance to step through time and space. The treatment of the problem, although directed towards solutions involving fluid flow in elastic vessels, is also adaptable to solid deformations (strain vs rate of strain) where the general stress tensor applies. A special case for the distorting ellipse is presented as well as a limited, spatially analytic, solution.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The stability characteristics and dynamical behavior of a system of mutually excitatory neurons in close spatial proximity are investigated with a mathematical model. The model predicts the existence of uniform, intermediate levels of activity other than those of no activity and maximal activity. The model also, yeilds a good explanation of data obtained from periglomerular neurons in the olfactory bulb of the cat.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A multicompartmental model in which particles enter the system from the environment and reproduce according to a Markov branching process has been considered. Explicit expressions have been obtained for the mean vector and the correlation structure for the numbers of particles in different compartments in different time points of the system. Growth rates of the mean vector and some special cases of the system are also discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 57-74 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The study of bi-directionally coupled oscillators is relevant in biological modelling of such systems as gastro-intestinal electrical activity, cardiac pacemarkers, cardiovascular and respiratory interactions and circadian rhythms. Interconnecting pathways in biological systems often exhibit pure time-delay characteristics. In this paper the multiple-mode limit-cycle behaviour of such systems is analysed using the method of harmonic blance. It is shown that the coupling time delay radically affects the number, frequency and amplitudes of entrained limit-cycles.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 87-102 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of keeping all the parameters constant, except the diffusion coefficients, in a pair of reaction-diffusion equations is studied. It is shown that the stability of the constant solution and the bifurcation points can be easily established by constructing a simple stability diagram. The possible qualitatively different diagrams are enumerated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 103-117 
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    Notes: Abstract We have numerically examined more than one million Large Complex Systems (LCS) of interacting variables (interpretable as interacting populations) governed by Generalized Lotka-Volterra Equations (GLV), with self-regulation term. The scope was to have some insight on the stability-complexity relationship. We considered systems of prey-predator type, and we gave appropriate rules for constructing the model systems, rules that specify the behaviour of model systems in order to put them near the biological reality. The results show, among other things, a strict correlation between the stability and the prey-predator ratio (which, in our model, uniquely determines the connectedness of the system).
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 149-150 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The rate-controlling process in the oxygenation of red blood cells is investigated using a Roughton-like model for oxygen diffusion and reaction with hemoglobin. The mathematical equations describing the model are solved using two independent techniques, numerical inversions of the Laplace transform of the equations and numerical solutions via an implicit-explicit finite difference form of the equations. The model is used to re-examine previous theoretical models that incorporate either a red cell membrane that is resistive to oxygen diffusion or an unstirred layer of water surrounding the cell. Although both models have been postulated to be equivalent, the results of the computer simulations demonstrate significant differences between the two models in the rate of oxygenation of the red cells, depending upon the values chosen for the diffusion coefficient for O2 in the membrane and the thickness of the water layer. The difference is apparently due to differences in the induction and transient periods of the water layer model relative to the membrane model.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 537-547 
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    Notes: Abstract We examine certain mathematical structures presented in Part I. The most important of these are the energy structures determined by the couple (ω×E, ψ) the space of causality defined by ψ-1(0) and the notion of collapsibility, i.e., the descent of a species from a higher to a lower equilibrium configuration as a result of energy loss.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 557-570 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses a general stochastic model for a two-compartment reversible system with non-homogeneous Poisson inputs, arbitrary residence times at each of the compartments and time-dependent transition probabilities. The probability distributions of the number of particles in each compartment and in the system are obtained together with the number of particles which depart from the system. In addition, various covariance functions with a time lag are obtained. Some of the above obtained results are deduced for time-independent arrivals, exponential residence times and time-independent transition probabilities. Fluctuations of the particles present in the system are also analysed. Similar analysis is provided for the model into which some particles are initially introduced at the system. Some possible applications are discussed at the end.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 571-578 
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    Notes: Abstract The general multispecies prey-predator system with Gompertz's antisymmetric interactions is nonlinearly stable in the absence of dispersion and continues to remain stable with dispersion under both homogeneous reservoir and zero flux boundary conditions in a region containing the equilibrium state. It is proved that a general multispecies food-web model without antisymmetric interactions is stable in the absence of dispersion and remains stable with dispersion in the above-mentioned region.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 593-593 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 579-585 
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce a graphical approach in the study of the qualitative behavior ofm species predator-prey systems. We prove that tree graphs imply global stability for Volterra models and local stability for general models; furthermore, we derive sufficient conditions so that loop graphs imply stability and boundedness of the solutions.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 594-595 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 731-739 
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    Notes: Abstract A system of integro-differential equations is derived to describe epizootics of a fungal pathogen in an insect population. Because of piecewise continuous behavior under some parametric conditions, it is concluded that standard phase orbits can be misleading. Using a different analytic approach yields a simple system of finite difference equations. Both the continuous and discrete versions are compared to classical forms. The continuous version differs from a classical one in possessing a second derivative dependent on population density. The discrete version differs in maintaining positive, non-zero populations of both infectives and susceptibles in finite time.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 741-748 
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    Notes: Abstract This note is an attempt to demonstrate that hypothalamic pulsatile GnRH secretion is not the result of a short-term, negative steroid hormone feedback. Clarification of this point is of importance for further modelling the control of gonads.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 749-760 
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    Notes: Abstract A modern theory of the calculus of variations is used to form necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Lagrangian representation of a system of first-order ordinary differential equations. There exists a theorem to the effect that when a system of ordinary differential equations is variationally self-adjoint, the fulfillment of such conditions is guaranteed. In addition, self-adjointness, allows establishement of an algorithm by which a Lagrangian for the system may be explicitly constructed. Examples in mathematical biology are given to illustrate the use of the stated theorem.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 793-808 
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    Notes: Abstract Engineering optimal control theory is applied to equations describing insulin and glucose interactions. The nature of the optimal controller is established. It is shown how the results can be utilized in a closed loop feedback control system.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 777-791 
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    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to compare the conditions for the general error-optimality of linear systems developed by Kalman with the conditions for feasibility of linear models of neuromuscular and physiological control systems. Models of three actual physiological systems are tested for both the above criteria. Theoretical analysis presented here shows that there are no simple relationships between the two sets of conditions. Analysis carried out on the physiological systems models suggests the need for a general set of conditions for other optimality criteria, such as time and energy minimization, similar to Kalman's condition for error minimization.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 851-877 
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    Notes: Abstract Following arteriolar occlusion, tissue oxygen concentration decreases and anoxic tissue eventually develops. Although anoxia first appears in the region most distal to the capillary at the venous end, it eventually spreads throughout the entire region of supply. In this paper the changing oxygen concentration, from the time of occlusion until the tissue is entirely anoxic, is examined mathematically. The equations governing oxygen transport to tissue are solved by iterating a nonlinear integral equation. This solution is valid until anoxia first appears. After anoxia develops it is necessary to solve a moving boundary problem. This is done using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, and accurate solutions are obtained for a wide range of physiological conditions.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 899-900 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 93-104 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic approximation problem for polynomic operators is formulated. The performance of polynomic operators of various degrees is compared. The effect of causality constraints is also examined.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 137-169 
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    Notes: Abstract A recently developed algebraic approach to the feedback system design problem is reviewed via the derivation of the theory in the single-variate case. This allows the simple algebraic nature of the theory to be brought to the fore while simultaneously minimizing the complexities of the presentation. Rather than simply giving a single solution to the prescribed design problem we endeavor to give a complete parameterization of the set of compensators which meet specifications. Although this might at first seem to complicate our theory it, in fact, opens the way for a sequential approach to the design problem in which one parameterizes the subset of those compensators which meet the second specification...etc. Specific problems investigated include feedback system stabilization, the tracking and disturbance rejection problem, robust design, transfer function design, pole placement, simultaneous stabilization, and stable stabilization.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 267-268 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 433-445 
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    Notes: Abstract We describe a recently developed framework for exploring the structure of linear time-invariant models of large systems, and for constructing interpretable or physically-based, reduced-order models that reproduce selected modes of the original systems to a desired accuracy. Application of this framework to constructing lumped approximations for interconnections of lumped and distributed systems is briefly explored.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 1-14 
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    Notes: Abstract Some progress has been made on the problem of the interaction of respiratory gases with whole blood. A working mathematical model for the O2−CO2 interaction phenomena has been developed from mathematical studies of the data. The Edsall-Wyman (1958) model for CO2 absorption is improved upon in this paper by consolidating it with the O2 absorption model developed in paper I of this set (Bernard, S. R.,Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 391–415, 1960). This improved model assumed the effect of O2 on CO2 absorption is mediated through the electrical charge possessed by the hemoglobin molecule,i.e., O2 molecules bound to hemoglobin displace protons from the hemoglobin thereby increasing the negative charge on the hemoglobin and at the same time increasing the acidity of the solution. The model is tested against the data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 15-18 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of previously proposed mathematical models of social behavior, the present note investigates the possibility of the control of behavior remaining permanently in the hands of one class, if this class possesses sufficient means for influencing mass behavior. The conclusion is reached that, with the assumptions made, if the behavior imposed by the controlling class leads to sufficiently strong dissatisfaction, the control will pass to another class, no matter how strong the controlling power of the first.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 19-29 
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    Notes: Abstract Traffic in one direction on a multilane highway is considered, and a general expression for the number of cars which pass a car travelling at a given velocity, as well as the number of cars which the given car passes, is derived for the case when the speeds of different cars are distributed in some arbitrary manner. Closed expressions are derived and discussed for a rectangular distribution. Each passing by another car or of another car is considered as a distracting stimulus which affects the reaction times of the driver. Using previously derived expressions for the safe speed as a function of reaction times, expressions for the safe average speed are derived, in terms of the volume of traffic and of the spread of the distribution of speeds.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 99-103 
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    Notes: Abstract Emphasis upon the importance of homeostatic feedback has drawn attention away from the complexity of biological processes. A study of glucose metabolism indicates the importance of open-cycle as well as closed-cycle mechanisms. Besides the glucose-dependent mechanism of insulin secretion, many open-cycle processes involving the liver, adrenal glands and kidneys, play important roles in the variation of blood glucose. In addition, glucose utilization by the tissues is essentially open-cycle in nature.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 105-106 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 413-416 
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    Notes: Abstract In certain situations like the aftermath of a revolution when discontent rises amongst certain groups of the population, it is frequently observed that the discontented groups are firmly convinced that their point of view is shared by the majority of the population. Yet future events prove that this is far from being the case. This effect is partly attributable to “wishful thinking,” partly to a purely social mechanism. The wishful-thinking effect may be considered as a case of psycho-physical discrimination in which a bias is introduced proportional to the degree of satisfaction anticipated from a given situation. H. D. Landahl's well-known equations can be applied to this case. The social factor is based on the circumstance that an individual associates by preference with such other individuals as have similar opinions. This results in an actual error of estimation of the relative minority or majority because of different frequencies of contact with individuals of the two opposing groups. Both factors may be combined into one equation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 421-422 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 17-28 
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    Notes: Abstract The concept of natural selection is examined, which is one of basic principles for the Darwinian interpretation of evolution. In this model selection is defined as a solution of the deterministic Eigen equation. Next, the random effect is introduced through the mutation term. However, the probability of finding the solution expressing the selection is shown to be smallest. The validity of the model and its applicability to polynucleotide replication are discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 135-147 
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    Notes: Abstract Using numerical methods, the initial rates of oxygen uptake by the red blood cell have been computed. The methods accommodate both a water layer and membrane which may act as diffusive impedance to gas influx. The differential solubilities of the gas in these two layers have also been incorporated in the methods. The presence of a 0.50–0.65 μm deoxygenated water layer has been calculated to simulate the experimental results by Roughton (1959). Experimental studies of CO and NO uptake by the red cell could also be simulated. Although a membrane-only model with given parameters can also account for the observed rates of oxygenation of the red cell (Weingardenet al., submitted for publication), the additional incorporation of differential solubilities of oxygen in the different layers of the RBC yields results that indicate a three layer model to be more plausible. Using a thin layer-red cell oxygenation system, the rates of oxygenation were determined for red cells surrounded by a 4.2 μm deoxygenated water layer. The rates were found to compare favorably to the results of the theoretical model.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 151-151 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 152-152 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 175-192 
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    Notes: Abstract Due to the complicated physiological structure of soft biological tissues, stresses can only be measured after the specimen has been stretched to many times of its related length. Therefore, the classical constitutive equations of finite elasticity developed for vulcanized, rubbery materials and the linear theories developed for most engineering materials cannot be applied to soft tissues which are highly elastic in nature. In this article, utilizing a mechanical model developed by Demiray for soft tissues, a class of finite deformations of some tissues is studied and the results are compared with experiment and the existing literature. These problems are the simultaneous extension and twisting of a circular cylindrical bar, the bending of a rectangular block, and the pure shear of a rectangular prism. It is believed that solutions to these problems may find some applications in plastic surgery.
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, effects of convective and dispersive migration on the linear stability of the equilibrium state of a two species system with mutualistic interactions and functional response have been investigated. In both finite and semi-infinite habitats, it has been shown that the otherwise stable equilibrium state without dispersal remains so with dispersal also, both under flux and reservior conditions. In the case of finite habitat, the degree of stability increases as dispersal coefficients of the two species increase. The effect of convective migration also is to stabilize the equilibrium state in this case.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 307-307 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 283-305 
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    Notes: Abstract A linear spatially distributed model of a chain of neurons and interneurons was investigated in relation to the generation of propagated alpha rhythmic activity. It was assumed that the elements of the chain were interconnected by means of recurrent collaterals and inhibitory fibres in such a way that the connectivity functions were assumed to be homogeneous and their strength was an exponentially decreasing function of distance. It was found that such a neuronal chain shows propagation properties for frequencies in the alpha band. The results obtained with the model are in agreement with the phase velocities encountered experimentally. In this way, it was possible to estimate the length of the neural fibres responsible for the phenomenon of propagated activity. The estimates obtained are in good agreement with recent quantitative neuroanatomical data on the circuitry of the neocortex.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 309-320 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper characterizes the cycle structure of a completely random net. Variables such as number of cycles of a specified length, number of cycles, number of cyclic states and length of cycle are studied. A square array of indicator variables enables conveninent study of moment structure. Additionally, exact and asymptotic distributional results are presented.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 321-337 
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    Notes: Abstract A class of nonlinear equations describing the steady propagation of a disturbance on the infinite interval in one dimensional space are shown under certain conditions to admit solution with a unique velocity of propagation. The class of equations describe both initial and final homogeneous steady states which are asymptotically stable with respect to uniform perturbations, in contrast to the Fisher equation, which does not.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 399-409 
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    Notes: Abstract A model for insulin secretion with a storage and a labile compartment, as well as a provisionary factor, is combined with a signal model in which the signal can be the difference between an excitation and an inhibition, or the difference in concentrations inside and outside some cell components. The model, using a single set of values for the parameters, accounts in a semiquantitative manner for all of the regularly appearing features of the insulin secretion from thein vitro perfused pancreas to a wide range of patterns of glucose and tolbutamide stimulation. Among the features which can be accounted for are: early and late secretion of insulin as a function of glucose in terms of a single parameter; the apparent depletion and recovery during a pulsed pattern of stimulation by tolbutamide; the hypersecretion following a short period of rest during a prolonged stimulation by glucose; the negative spike which occurs when the concentration of glucose, which has been maintained for a period of time, is suddenly reduced to a lower level; and the appropriate responses to slow and fast ramp functions of glucose concentration.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 443-447 
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    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of a chaotic component in a computing system is incompatible with its being effectively programmable. The example presented shows that concepts of programming suitable for biological systems may differ from those which have grown out of our experience with present day digital computers.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 411-423 
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    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the interaction between stimulus molecules and the olfactory receptor cell membrane is presented. The model is based upon a sequence of events, i.e. stimulus delivery at the olfactory epithelium, absorption of molecules in the mucus layer, diffusion of the molecules towards the receptor cells and molecule-receptor cell membrane interaction. The mathematical analysis considers the situation during electrophysiological experiments, where an odour puff is delivered at an exposed olfactory mucosa. Such a situation resembles sniffing of odour samples. The analysis is discussed in relation to experimental evidence.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 425-442 
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    Notes: Abstract A model is developed to calculate the deposition of hygroscopic aerosols in the human tracheobronchial (TB) tree. The TB airflow pattern assumed is consistent with experimental observations and accounts for anatomical features such as the larynx and cartilaginous rings in large airways. Some original deposition efficiency formulae are presented for laminar and turbulent airstreams. Stepwise growth is simulated by changes in particle size and density at each TB generation. The dose distribution of NaCl aerosols is studied as a function of inhaled particle size and flow rate. Two NaCl growth rate curves are used which differ in the mode of aerosol-air mixing in the trachea. The initial rate of aerosol mixing in the human due to the laryngeal jet is shown to be an important factor affecting the deposition of hygroscopic aerosols. Total TB deposition of NaCl exceeds that for nonhygroscopic particles of the same inhaled aerodynamic size. Hygroscopic growth can also influence the regional TB distribution of dose when submicron NaCl particles grow rapidly enough to deposit by impaction and sedimentation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 449-449 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 451-452 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 491-500 
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    Notes: Abstract Granted that a single or complex gene is responsible for inbreeding depression, theoretical expressions for fertility and viability are obtained in different diploid populations: brother-sister, half-brother-sister, cousins and double-cousins. The conclusions of the study of viability variations according to the coefficient of parentage are proved by the results of experiments and lead to a new view of genetic load.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 501-535 
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    Notes: Abstract The Thom gradient model of morphogenesis poses the followinga posteriori problem: “From the observed morphology of a given natural process (effect) determine the dynamics of the process (cause)”. In this paper we consider the classicala priori problem: “Given the cause (dynamics) determine the effect (resultant morphology)”. We find that in biochemical processes the mechanisms for energy activation, energy-matter interaction and energy dissipation determine the dynamics. Furthermore there exists basic energy mechanisms which drive the equilibrium states through the elementary catastrophes of Thom. A comparison with current theories shows that our models describe open ecological food chains and their dynamical systems generalize the equations of organisation posed by M. Eigen.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 549-555 
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    Notes: Abstract We show that the elementary models of biochemical evolutionary processes are the bases for the study of open ecological systems and macromolecular self-organisation. We deduce a biochemical analogue for the basic closed phytoplankton-zooplankton food chain. The perturbation of the Michaelis-Menten mechanism which determines the nutrient-dependent growth rate of the phytoplankton species leads to higher catastrophes for the nutrient equilibrium manifold. The umbilic models are generalizations of the equations of organization of Eigen.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 761-775 
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    Notes: Abstract The transport equation of Kedem and Katchalsky for the flux of ions through a membrane is generalized to demonstrate explicitly the role of impermeant ions in determining its mathematical form. Whereas the Kedem-Katchalsky equation is linear in the salt concentrations in the bathing solutions, the more general equation is bilinear (and symmetric) in the ionic concentrations of the permeant species. The Kedem-Katchalsky flux equation is further generalized to include explicitly a term for ion-exchange in systems having more than a single permeant salt. This additional term is also bilinear (and antisymmetric) in the concentrations of the exchanging ionic species. Flux equations are derived for systems having (1) a single mono-monovalent salt, (2) two mono-monovalent salts and (3) an arbitrary number of salts with no restriction upon the valencies of the ionic components. Since it has no effect upon the form of concentration-dependent terms in the flux equations, coupling to volume flow is neglected.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 819-840 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical theory of the dynamics of the myocardium based on the concept of body forces is applied to account for two different experimental results. The first result consists of a relation between oxygen consumption and the kinetic energy of the myocardium. The second set of results provides a consistent interpretation of the relationship between different indices used to assess the ventricular performance.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 809-817 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper a semi-Markov process approach is developed to analyse stochastic compartmental systems using straightforward probabilistic arguments. Explicit expressions for several characteristics of thek-compartmental systems with a Poisson process input are derived and various models found in the literature arising from biological applications are generalised here using the semi-Markov process technique.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 841-849 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model for oxygen diffusion in a spherical cell with Michaelis-Menten oxygen uptake kinetics is analyzed by means of an intergral equation method. It is shown that an integral equation formulation can be used to obtain a numerical solution associated with this boundary and initial value problem. Through an illustrative numerical calculation we are able to obtain an accurate solution for both the steady and transient problems. Finally, a comparison is made with the numerical solution of McElwain and the variational solution of Anderson and Arthurs for the steady state and Lin's result concerning the unsteady state.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 893-897 
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    Notes: Abstract Exact solutions are obtained and discussed for classes of Lotka-Volterra and Leslie-Gower systems governing the interaction of two species. The classes are defined by certain constraints which are imposed on the time-dependent parameters of the equations. A general result for such systems is that each species is characterised by two time-scales: one representing natural growth and the other, the interdependence of the species.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 44 (1982), S. 879-891 
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    Notes: Abstract We present an analysis of the diffusion of a tracer in a model of a cell-intercellular space system. The problem reduces to the resolution of a system of a linear partial differential equation and of a linear integral differential equation. The mathematical results have been obtained in terms of their Laplace transforms, which have been inverted by a numerical procedure for some parameter values. The importance of considering gradients of concentrations in intercellular spaces instead of lumping them with the external mediums has been discussed together with the possibility of extending Ussing's relation to transient cases, in order to detect active transports. Some possible implementations of the model to take into account more general situations have been considered.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 305-309 
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    Notes: Abstract We present speculations on the asymptotic behavior of Hermite-Padé polynomials of type I constructed from a set of functions with common branch points. The proposed form is consistent with all known results and numerical work.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 321-343 
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    Notes: Abstract Algorithms are derived for representation of double power series by branched continued fractions. Some properties of the branched continued fractions are given. Two new alternative structures for realization of a two-dimensional, zero memory nonlinear transfer characteristic are proposed. These structures permit the design of 2-D systems with relatively low sensitivity of the transfer function to coefficient errors. Generalized equivalence transformations of branched continued fractions are also presented. Illustrative examples are included.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 77-92 
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    Notes: Abstract Time-invariantn-port networks are considered which are constructed from linear resistors and transformers, and nonlinear inductors and capacitors. A port property is sought which is analogous to the symmetry of the impedance matrix obtained in the linear case. Such a property is found using a stochastic characterization: with all resistors assumed to be at the one temperature and modelled to include the usual thermal noise, a fluctuating noise voltage will be observed at the ports of the networks. With some reasonable restrictions on the nature of the nonlinearities in the reactive elements, the vector of such noise voltages is shown to constitute what is known as a reversible stochastic process; in the linear case, reversibility holds if and only if the impedance matrix is symmetric.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 123-134 
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    Notes: Abstract Three algorithms for the solution of the eigenvalue problem for a continuously parameterized family of sparse matrices are presented; a continuousLU (orLR) algorithm, a continuousQR algorithm, and a continuous Hessenberg algorithm. Each of the three algorithms may be implemented recursively and the sparsity of the given matrices is preserved throughout the numerical process.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 171-202 
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    Notes: Abstract We present two new algorithms to estimate the domain of attraction of the equilibriumx=0 of a nonlinear systemx=f(x). One of these algorithms utilizes quadratic Lyapunov functions while the second algorithm makes use of norm Lyapunov functions. Both of these procedures yield estimates for the domain of attraction which are comparable to those obtained by existing methods; however, the present algorithms appear to be significantly more efficient than existing algorithms. We also show how sometimes the applicability of the above results can be extended to high order systems by invoking the comparison principle. In doing so, we establish some results for the comparison principle which are of interest in their own right. Specifically, we relate the domain of attraction of a low order comparison system to the domain of attraction of a higher order system and we give an interpretation of the comparison principle in terms of stability preserving maps. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the present results, and in order to compare the present results with existing results, several specific examples are presented.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 251-266 
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    Notes: Abstract This work provides a mathematical framework for topologically-independent analysis of permutation networks. First, a structure-dependent representation is provided using matrices whose entries are switching expressions. Then, a transformation is presented which maps these matrices into structure-independent representations which are matrices whose entries are 0/1 matrices. Algebraic tools for manipulating the second type of matrices are also provided. Notions such as permutations realizable by a network, the rearrangeability property, and series and parallel connections of networks are defined and discussed with regard to the proposed representations.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 289-304 
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    Notes: Abstract A reliable algorithm, similar to the modifed Kronecker algorithm, is provided for the solution of the Polish polynomial approximation problem. Implicit in this solution is an efficient and reliable method for the algebraic solution of Toeplitz equations.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 311-320 
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    Notes: Abstract TheKdV andMkdV multisoliton solutions are found to be generated by rational Stieltjes functions of the non-linearity parameter, each pole of which can be associated with a soliton. The well-known asymptotic emergence of the separate solitons follows at once from the motion of the poles. Successive (n-1/n) Padé approximants to theN-soliton series are considered to show how the solitons are reconstructed from an increasing number of perturbation terms (n ≤N). Their asymptotic behaviour is particularly striking: as time increases the behaviour of then th approximation becomes that of an actualn-soliton solution, constituted by then leading solitons. Furthermore, it turns out that each such Padé approximation satisfies a conservation law: the mass of the approximated solution, equal to that of then solitons included, is conserved.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 367-377 
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    Notes: Abstract In this note we review the technique for rational Chebyshev approximation as given by the generalization of the Remes algorithm and point out its connection to the generalized eigenvalue problem for symmetric Hankel matrices. By a classical example and some recent work it can be shown that interpolation with rational functions (even) on equidistant knots may lead to results that are superior to Chebyshev approximation by means of polynomials for comparable numerical work.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 407-431 
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    Notes: Abstract A problem on optimal approximation of continuous-time linear systems is studied. The performance measure (error) is chosen to be the spectral norm of the difference between the Hankel operators associated with the original system and the approximant. It is shown that the Hankel operators associated with continuous-time systems and the Hankel matrices associated with discrete-time systems are related by an interesting correspondence property via bilinear transforms. This fact is then used to derive the continuous-time results (theory and algorithms) from the established discrete-time ones. Some simple examples are presented.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 471-495 
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    Notes: Abstract The techniques of scattering and inverse scattering theory are used to investigate the properties of matrix orthogonal polynomials. The discrete matrix analog of the Jost function is introduced and its properties investigated. The matrix distribution function with respect to which the polynomials are orthonormal is constructed. The discrete matrix analog of the Marchenko equation is derived and used to obtain further results on the matrix Jost function and the distribution function.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 57-76 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents our unified approach to the solution of large system analysis problems. The macromodular behavioral technique combines multiple-logic function macromodeling, functional latency and nested macromodel. We take advantage of the dynamic behavior and the repetitive modular structure of a system to improve the computational efficiency during system analysis. Several Bipolar and MOSFET electronic networks are used to demonstrate the merits of the macromodular behavioral method for large system analysis.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 43-56 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the design of an FIR digital filter by interconnecting a number of identical FIR subfilters with the aid of a few additional multipliers and adders. The overall structure is in the form of a tapped cascaded FIR subfilters. A composite method to determine the tapping coefficients along with the coefficients of the subfilter to approximate overall frequency response characteristic is proposed. Several numerical examples illustrating the proposed method are included.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 105-122 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Given a passive frequency-dependent source impedance and an active or passive load and a preassigned transducer power-gain characteristic, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a lossless reciprocal equalizer which, when operating between the given source and the given load, yields the desired transducer power-gain characteristic. The significance of the present approach is that the realization of the equalizer involves only driving-point synthesis by the Darlington theory.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 135-135 
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 203-216 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using semistate theory forward and reverse binary hysteresis operators are defined from which design equations result for relevant circuits. Through variation of the design parameters swept hysteresis is introduced and experimental results presented on it.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 217-231 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The development of a block-state structure with minimum round-off noise subject to ℓ2-norm dynamic range constraint is outlined. The pertinent equations for scaling and for round-off noise analysis of block-state structures implemented using fixed-point arithmetic are first derived. Next, a lower bound and the global minimum of the output noise due to the round-off of the block-state-variables are derived. A method of deriving the minimum round-off noise block state-structure is outlined. A numerical example is included. With regard to computational complexity and overall noise performance, the block-state realization of recursive digital filters is shown to be superior.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 233-249 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Although an operational amplifier is a nonlinear device, the existing methods of analysis of circuits with operational amplifiers view it as a linear element which possibly has an infinite gain. As a result, it is not clear to what extent the results thus obtained hold. In this paper we construct a general model of a (nonlinear) circuit containing operational amplifiers. Viewing such a network as an interconnection of a multiport withn operational amplifiers, we give conditions for solvability (i.e., for the existence of an input-output operator), and establish estimates for the error incurred by replacing such a system by an idealized system whose operational amplifiers have infinite gain. In this way we determine ranges for variables within which the traditional linear analysis gives results that fulfill given accuracy requirements.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 279-287 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A brief account is given of a number of generalisations of Padé approximants defined and studied over the past twenty years. These generalisations include multi-point approximants, approximants based upon differential equations, multivalued approximants, multivariate approximants, and approximants defined from series of orthogonal functions. The general class of Hermite-Padé approximants is discussed, and various applications are noted.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 345-366 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent signal processing research suggests that a theory of moments for finite Toeplitz matrices and forms would help in understanding and solving certain model approximation problems. Such a theory is developed in this paper and it is shown how these moment parameterizations can make approximating by low rank Toeplitz matrices tractable. In the case of Toeplitz forms, this moment representation gives a simple solution to the extendibility problem for finite sections of a Toeplitz form.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 395-406 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A theorem is proved which demonstrates that an earlier derived minimum description length estimation criterion is capable of distinguishing between structures in linear models for vector processes. A fairly simple algorithm is described for the estimation of the best model, including its structure and the number of its parameters.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 1 (1982), S. 447-470 
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    Notes: Abstract Singular value analysis, balancing, and approximation of a class of deformable systems are investigated. The deformable systems considered herein include several important cases of flexible aerospace vehicles and are characterized by countably infinitely many poles and zeros on the imaginary axis. The analysis relies completely on the so-called asymptotic singular value decompositon of the Hankel operator associated with the impulse response of the system. A parametric study of a six-dimensional single-input single-output case is performed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This report describes a method by which the concepts of the lead vector and the lead field may be extended to include equivalent cardiac singularities above the first order. The theoretical treatment results in generalization of the well-known lead vector principle into a lead tensor apparatus. The specific electrocardiographic contribution of annth order multipole is found to be the product of annth rank contravariant (“heart”) tensor by a covariant (“lead”) tensor of the same rank, and with identical indices. Methods are also described whereby lead tensor components may be cast into a form which relates them directly to the more usual, spherical harmonic notation of multipolar current generators. Some attention is devoted to the possibility of applying lead tensors to biomedical problems, particularly to the prospect of quantitatively evaluating the significant multipolar components of the human heart.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 43-53 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A simple model is presented for the formation of functional groups in a random neural net. They show the following characteristics: 1. They can maintain autonomous activity which might serve as temporary memory traces. 2. Early in the process of formation they become resistant to contraction. 3. Later they become resistant to expansion. 4. Nearby groups inhibit one another. 5. Two groups may contain some cells in common.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 55-68 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Quantum biology is the quantum mechanical study of electrons in molecules of biological interest. This requires the solution of problems involving many electrons. Approximation methods are therefore necessary and are discussed. The present study, concerned with the mobile electrons in riboflavin (FMN) and its radicals (FMN−, FMNH and FMNH2 +), is based on the approximation method, developed by B. Pullman and A. Pullman. The solution of the eigenvalue problems so obtained gives the energy levels of the mobile electron systems involved. The corresponding eigenvectors yield the mobile electronic charges of the atoms of riboflavin radicals which have contributed mobile electrons. Important differences of the net charge distributions of these radicals are emphasized. The longest wave length of light absorption is calculated from the obtained energy levels and agrees, within the accuracy of the method, with corresponding experimental results. From the appropriate calculated results, electronic assignments are obtained for the experimental transitions involved.
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    Notes: Abstract A postulated scheme for sequential enzyme synthesis coupled with linear chain reaction is proposed. Mathematical calculations are carried out for the transient-state formation of enzyme coupled with enzyme-substrate reactions. Examples are presented to demonstrate the relations between various operational parameters during enzyme synthesis as a function of time. Significance of the phenomenon of sequential synthesis is discussed in relation to abnormal growth and cellular injury.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 91-97 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract By introducing a plausible model for the initiation of axonal impulses the output is obtained as a function of the input incoming impulses. If the temporal aspects of the excitatory process resulting from the afferent impulses are sufficiently rapid one obtains the discontinuous or microscopic model of McCulloch-Pitts. If these are sufficiently slow a continuous model, such as Rashevsky’s one or two factor theory, is a natural model. But the linear relation between the strength of excitation of one axon and excitatory factor of the next will not in general hold. However, under conditions which are not too restrictive the linear relation with threshold can be considered as satisfactory approximation over a fairly wide range of values.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 107-108 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 217-221 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 233-235 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract With a view to future applications in relational biology, the notion of relations between sets is introduced and several theorems are demonstrated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 223-232 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical theory is developed to explain the observed enhancement of O2 transport through solutions by hemoglobin. At high partial pressures of O2, ordinary diffusion through the solvent accounts for all transport of O2, but at low partial pressures the transport may be increased manyfold by the presence of hemoglobin. This phenomenon is explained and its possible role in living organisms is discussed. The theory also indicates a new method of determining dissociation curves from diffusion experiments.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 261-262 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A solution in quadratures is found for a special class of differential equations suggested by studies in the growth of competing populations.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 23 (1961), S. 237-260 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The tremendous complexity of even the simplest living unit makes a correct theoretical guess as to its mechanism very difficult. It is therefore suggested that, following the example of the physical sciences, a number of purely abstract cases in molecular biology be studied mathematically at first. Subsequent comparison of the different conclusions of such an abstract theory with available data would enable us to decide which of the conceivable situations are likely to occur in reality. As a first step toward such a study the problem of the minimal size of a living unit is studied. Usually the minimal size is considered to be determined by information-theoretical requirements. It is shown that the minimal size may have a very different origin. It may be determined by the possibility that too small a system, even though performing all necessary biological functions, may not be viable unless it is a member of a large group of other similar systems. This approach is developed both from a metric and from a relational point of view. Some relational characteristics of systems of reactions which possess the elementary metabolic properties of organisms are studied.
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