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  • Articles  (1,058)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,058)
  • Institute of Physics
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (1,058)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1964  (627)
  • 1961  (431)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (1,058)
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  • Articles  (1,058)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (1,058)
  • 1925-1929
Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermosetting vinyl and acrylic copolymers (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1919-1919 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080437
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate of crosslinking of gelatin in aqueous solutionPresented at the 11th Canadian High Polymer Forum, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, September 1962. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1903-1918 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate of crosslinking of concentrated gelatin solutions in water has been measured by means of a gelation timer. Some effects of temperature, pH, crosslinking agent, and gelatin concentration have been measured. The crosslinking agents have varied from fast-acting chrome alum, glutaraldehyde, and a carbodiimide to slow-acting mucobromic acid and dialdehyde starches. Detailed crosslinking mechanisms are discussed for dimethylol urea, mucobromic acid, and several dialdehyde crosslinking agents. Some effects of urea and other additives on the dimethylol urea crosslinking rate are described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080436
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenolic-formal resins (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1921-1939 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of curing phenolic novolac resins by means of cyclic formals under the catalytic influence of strong acids is given. It was proved that the formals react with the novolac molecules to form a highly crosslinked resite structure. As a practical consequence of this novel curing process it is possible to use the new resins at low or contact pressures in molding operations. The physical properties of the end products in general resemble those of the standard phenolic casting resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080501
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of surface tension in the measurement of the average normal stress at the exit of a capillary tube through an analysis of the capillary jet (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1941-1947 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The analysis of a stationary, rotationally symmetric liquid jet which leads to an expression for the average normal stress at the exit of a capillary tube is reexamined with particular attention to the effect of surface tension. The limiting case of a nearly cylindrical jet is compared with the analysis presented by Gavis and Middleman.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080502
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of morphology on biaxial stress rupture of polyethylene (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1889-1901 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between biaxial stress-rupture behavior and polymer morphology has been investigated for a series of compression-molded disks of linear polyethylene. Rupture data were obtained over a range of temperatures on polymers of several melt indices that had been solidified at two rates. Two failure mechanisms were observed: one at high stress levels, which was ductile; the other at low stress levels, which was brittle. The stress level at which the mechanism changed from ductile to brittle decreased as the measurement temperature increased, as the melt index of the polymer increased, and as the rate or solidification decreased. It was shown that initial pressurization of the disks causes the formation of microscopic surface fissures along spherulite boundaries as well as within individual spherulites. The extensive growth of these fissures at high stress levels sufficiently raises the stress on the sound portions of the polymer to cause large-scale macroscopic drawing of the spherulites. At low stress levels the initially formed fissures grow by a localized drawing process at their ends. A macroscopic crack forms by a chance coalescence of a number of individually growing fissures. This process is more rapid in disks of polymer that form large spherulites when cooled slowly from the melt. The spherulite size in disks of polymer of low melt index is much smaller under the same conditions of cooling and is less sensitive to the cooling rate than in disks of polymer of high melt index. Annealing of rapidly cooled disks whose microstructure contains relatively small spherulites reduces the stress at which the failure mechanism changes without appreciably altering the spherulite size. Oxidation of the polymer also reduces the transition stress.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080435
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of ultraviolet stabilization of polymers by aromatic salicylatesPresented in part to the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 143rd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, January 1963. (See Newland and Tamblyn.1) (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1949-1956 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many derivatives of phenyl salicylate turn yellow when they are exposed, in solution, to ultraviolet light. This limits their usefulness as ultraviolet stabilizers for plastics. Evidence is presented to support the postulation that the yellowing is due to the formation, by a photochemical ortho rearrangement, of a derivative of 2,2′-dihydroxybenzo-phenone. Aromatic salicylates, such as 2,6-dialkylphenyl salicylate, in which the ortho rearrangement is blocked, are found to be nonyellowing stabilizers, although less effective than the better yellowing varieties, such as p-octylphenyl salicylate. Loss of stabilizer by volatilization, either in compounding or during subsequent exposure, is shown to be an important factor in limiting the effective performance of the stabilizer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080503
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of hydroxyl number of polyoxyalkylene ethers by reaction with toluene diisocyanate (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1985-1989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method for hydroxyl analysis is described in which excess toluene diisocyanate is reacted with a hydroxy compound, preferably in the presence of a catalyst, and the unreacted isocyanate is determined with dibutylamine reagent. The method is particularly applicable to polyethers intended for urethane foam preparation. It is rapid, is accurate, and has the added advantage of including such impurities as would be expected to consume isocyanate during a foam preparation.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080505
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural characterization of vulcanizates. Part IV. Use of triphenylphosphine and sodium di-n-butyl phosphite to determine the structures of sulfur linkages in natural rubber, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, and ethylene-propylene rubber vulcanizate networks (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1957-1983 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Determinations of the degree of chemical crosslinking and crosslinking efficiency values E (i.e., the number of sulfur atoms combined in the network per chemical crosslink present) have been used in conjunction with the chemical probes triphenylphosphine and sodium di-n-butyl phosphite to establish the structural features of sulfur links in vulcanizate networks derived from a variety of accelerated natural rubber-sulfur systems, from a cis-1,4-polyisoprene-TMTD-zinc oxide system, and from natural rubber and ethylene-propylene rubber crosslinked with a dicumyl peroxide-sulfur system. The triphenylphosphine converts polysulfide links into monosulfide and, to a lesser extent, disulfide links. The values of E′, i.e., the number of sulfur atoms combined in the network per chemical crosslink present after triphenylphosphine treatment are, therefore, a measure of the extent of main-chain modification in the network by cyclic monosulfide groups and/or pendant groups of the type: —Sx—Accel. (where x ≥ 1 and Accel. is an accelerator fragment). Sodium di-n-butyl phosphite cleaves di- and polysulfide crosslinks but leaves monosulfide and carbon-carbon crosslinks intact, and thus determination of the degree of chemical crosslinking before and after treatment with this reagent yields estimates of these two different classes of crosslinks. The combined results indicate that the efficiency of utilizing sulfur for crosslinking and, therefore, the structural complexity of the derived networks are very sensitive to the nature of the vulcanizing system (type and relative concentrations of crosslinking agent, accelerator, and activator) and vulcanizing conditions (time and temperature of cure). In general, the proportion of crosslinks which are di- and/or polysulfidic decreases with increasing cure time, and for the accelerated sulfur systems the structural complexity of the network increases with cure time, especially at higher vulcanizing temperatures and with low concentrations of fatty acid activator.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080504
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the promoted aggregation and coalescence of synthetic rubber particles (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2049-2065 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Small particles (ca. 700 A.) in an SB-R latex can be agglomerated (aggregation and coalescence) to the large size and heterogeneous distribution required for fluid high solids latex. This agglomeration is promoted by high molecular weight materials such as polyvinyl methyl ether (PVM). The mechanism of this agglomeration has been investigated. The effects of controlled variations in the amounts of PVM, electrolyte, soap and latex solids content were determined using statistically designed experiments. The agglomeration was found to differ from Smoluchowski kinetics in that it could best be described by the relationship: (1/n) = (1/n0) + at - bt2 where n = particle number, t = time and a and b are constants. The agglomeration rates were about 1011 to 1012 times slower than the theoretical Smoluchowski rapid coagulation rate. Increases in PVM, soap, and latex solids increased the agglomeration rate. The agglomerations were self-limiting and reached equilibria the level of which increased with increases in PVM and decreased with increases in soap. Regression equations relating the effects of the controlled variables on the agglomeration rate and the equilibria states are derived and presented graphically. The particle size distribution of the final latex was significantly correlated, with that expected from theoretical collision theory.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080509
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acid-base properties of fibers. Part II. A polyelectrolyte theory of the combination of fibers with acids and bases (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2029-2048 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A. new theory for the acid-base properties of fibers is presented, resembling those for polyelectrolytes, and based on the normal titration of the charged groups of the fibers and the energy needed to remove the protons from the fiber to the solution, against the electrostatic, osmotic, and affinity differences. The acid titration equation for a poly-ampholyte fiber is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm pH} = {\rm p}K_0 ^\prime - \log [{{\left( {1 - \alpha } \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {1 - \alpha } \right)} \alpha }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }] - \left( {{{0.4343} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{0.4343} {RT}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {RT}}} \right)[\chi F + \tau \bar V_{\rm H} + \Delta \mu _{\rm H}^{\rm o} ] $\end{document} where pK0′ is the intrinsic dissociation constant of the titration groups in the fiber, α is the degree of dissociation, χ is the electrostatic potential of the fiber, τ the osmotic pressure, V̄H the partial molar volume of the hydrogen ion, and ΔμHo the difference of standard chemical potential in the fiber and the solution. In all cases examined, the osmotic term proved to be negligible. The electrostatic potential was calculated as suming it to be uniform over the fiber. For wool, pK0′ is independent of salt concentration but varies linearly with degree of dissociation, indicating that two pK's are operating, pKq = 3.585 for paired groups and pKp = 4.855 for nonpaired groups at 0°C., present in equal proportions. Titrations of wool with sulfuric acid and a wide range of strong monobasic acids also obey the theory, and values of the anion affinities in general agreement with those given by Gilbert and Rideal are found. The acid titration of native ox-hide collagen gave a constant value of pK0′ = 4.0. For nylon, the value of pK0′ is, to a first approximation, independent of degree of dissociation and salt concentration, in agreement with the theory.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080508
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wet oxidation of undrawn nylon 66 and model amides (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2067-2093 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Undrawn nylon was found to be susceptible within a few days to degradation in wet or humid conditions at temperatures between 50 and 90°C. Model N-substituted amides, although not affected by these conditions, were attacked by hydrogen peroxide solutions. The degradation proceeded principally by rupture of the bond between the nitrogen of the amide and the carbon of its α-methylene group, consequent upon oxidation at this carbon. Unsubstituted primary amide, carboxyl, and aldehyde endgroups were formed, together with ammonia by hydrolysis of the oxidized amide. The bond between the α and β carbons of an N-methylene chain also suffered breakage, giving formic acid and carbon dioxide. The former could also arise by rupture of any initially produced N-formyl or N-formoyl amides. The appearance of lactic acid from butylacetamide showed that oxidation could proceed along the N-alkyl chain. Fragments of suitable size broken from the main chain of nylon became water-soluble and relatively stable to further attack by air or oxygen. These pieces essentially retained the nylon structure, but possessed two carboxylic ends and an average molecular weight of less than 600. A maximum oxygen uptake of about 30 moles per mole of original amide was calculated, corresponding to complete conversion into these soluble fragments. Significant degradation did not occur for many months at 60°C. in dry conditions or in solutions of 8-hydroxyquinoline, a process which has been patented. The latter was considered to function by chelating heavy metals into an inactive form and inhibiting peroxide formation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080510
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement and interpretation of nonlinear mechanical energy losses in high polymer fibers (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2095-2115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical loss measurements were made on fibers at large tensile strains which caused nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. Measurements on fibers from polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon 66, nylon 4 and an experimental polymer led to seven energy loss peaks for each sample in the temperature range of 120-350°K. The peaks were evenly spaced in temperature at intervals of 30-35°K. rather than at unequal temperature intervals of approximately 100-150°K. normally observed under conditions of linear viscoelastic behavior. In every case, the array of evenly spaced peaks occurred only at temperatures below the glass transition temperature. The temperatures at the energy loss peaks were virtually independent of crystallinity and molecular orientation and were interpreted in terms of polymer molecular structure. The data could be explained only by a single mechanism, common to all polymers, which could operate in a quantized manner, e. g., diffusional motion of molecular chain segments. To account for the constant temperature spacing between peaks of a given sample, it was necessary to assume that the rate controlling step in the energy loss process is the return of a displaced segment to equilibrium. Calculations from the experimental data indicated that peaks at higher temperatures stem from displaced molecular segments which experience high potential energy barriers and which have to be excited to higher skeletal vibrational energies to overcome the barrier. Precedence for this interpretation is provided by Tanaka and Ishida, who have associated molecular vibrations with the well-known β loss peaks in polymers.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080511
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kunststoffe als Schutz gegen Korrosion, BRUNO WAESER, Dr. Alfred Huthig Verlag G.m.b.H., Heidelberg, 1963, 116 pp. 11.80 DM (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2461-2461 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080533
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of rate and temperature on the tensile properties of double-base propellant (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 3-24 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile properties of two cast and two extruded solid rocket propellants were studied at 25°C. and 50% R.H. over a range of failure times from 0.005 to 2500 sec. The effects of temperature were also investigated at the highest rate and at 0.1 in./in./min. over a range of -60 to 80°C. The results indicate that both temperature and rate of loading greatly affect the tensile properties of double-base propellants.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080101
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N-chloro and N-nitroso compounds as synergists for the self-extinguishing action of bromine compounds in polystyrenePresented before the Symposium on Self-Extinguishing Plastics in the Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry Division at the 144th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Los Angeles, March 31-April 5, 1963. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2485-2495 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compounds other than peroxides may be used to enhance the self-extinguishing action of organic bromine compounds on polystyrene. The addition of certain chloramides or nitrosoamines converts some bromide-containing polystyrene compositions from flammable to instantly self-extinguishing. Two effective chloramides were N,N-dichlorotoluene sulfonamide or N,N′-dichloro-N,N′-diphenyl urea but they were of limited value because of hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture. The more effective nitrosoamines were N-nitroso-N-methylaniline, N-nitrosocarbazole and N-nitroso-diphenylamine. An undesirable characteristic of the three compounds is their inhibition of polymerization of styrene. The interaction of a nitrosoamine and an aliphatic bromine compound is apparent from the evolution of nitrogen, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide. If the minimum temperature for gas evolution falls in the range of about 145-180°C. in a prescribed simple test, the nitrosoamine and bromine compound may be used for rendering polystyrene self-extinguishing.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080603
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiochemical yields of graft polymerization reactions of cellulosePresented at the Polymer and Polymerization Symposium, 19th Southwest Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Houston, Texas, December 5-7, 1963. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2813-2824 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of radiation-induced graft polymers of cotton cellulose, while retaining the fibrous nature and high molecular weight of the cellulose, depended primarily on the radiochemical yields of cellulose reactions and of graft polymerization reactions. Yields of the initial major molecular changes in cellulosic polymer indicated that, in the case of scission of the molecule and carboxyl group formation, chain reactions were not initiated by radiation; however, in the case of carbonyl group formation chain reactions were initiated but quickly terminated. Generally, experimental procedures, used in graft polymerization reactions, were: (1) simultaneous irradiation reactions, that is, application of monomers or solutions of monomers to cellulose or chemically modified celluloses, then irradiation; and (2) post-irradiation reactions, that is, irradiation of cellulose or chemically modified celluloses, then after removal from the field of radiation, contacting the irradiated cellulose with monomer. Some of the most important factors influencing the radiochemical yields of graft polymerization reactions of styrene and acrylonitrile onto cellulose were: concentration of monomer in treating solution; solvent; ratio of monomer solution to cellulose; prior chemical modification of cellulose; and absence of oxygen, particularly in post-irradiation reactions. Experimental data were presented, and the direct and indirect effects of Co60 γ-radiation on these reactions were discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080626
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress relaxation of unaccelerated natural rubber-sulfur vulcanizates before and after treatment with triphenylphosphine (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 723-734 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The aerobic and anaerobic stress relaxation of unaccelerated natural rubber-sulfur vulcanizate networks has been examined before and after treatment with triphenylphosphine, a reagent which converts polysulfidic crosslinks into di- and monosulfide crosslinks. This treatment reduces the rate of anaerobic stress relaxation and makes the network more susceptible to protection by zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate against aerobic stress relaxation. Aerobic stress relaxation of the network after treatment with triphenylphosphine remains nonautocatalytic, indicating that it still contains the precursor of an antioxidant, and crosslinking continues to occur during aging, showing that the presence of polysulfide groups is not a sole prerequisite for such network formation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080213
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cut growth and fatigue of rubbers. II. Experiments on a noncrystallizing rubber (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 707-721 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile fatigue failure of a gum vulcanizate of noncrystallizing SBR can be accounted for by the growth of small flaws initially present in the rubber. Fatigue of crystallizing natural rubber was shown in Part I to be attributable to the same cause. Cut growth results are interpreted in terms of the tearing energy theory of Rivlin and Thomas. SBR exhibits cut growth under both static and dynamic conditions; in each case the rate is approximately proportional to the fourth power of the tearing energy. Variation of the dynamic cut growth rate with frequency can be explained by the summation of a timedependent static component of growth and a cyclic component not dissimilar to that occurring in natural rubber. Fatigue failure, under both static and dynamic conditions, is predicted from the cut growth results. These predictions are found to account quantitatively for experimentally observed fatigue lives when a suitable value is assumed for the initial flaw size. Fatigue lives at different temperatures correlate well with cut growth results obtained by Greensmith and Thomas over the same temperature range. The results are compared to those obtained previously for natural rubber, and possible reasons for the differences in fatigue behavior of crystallizing and noncrystallizing rubbers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Investigations on thermal dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 747-754 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal dehydrochlorination of PVC has been examined on some samples prepared by fractionation of a commercial PVC, and some other samples obtained by polymerization at different temperatures. The results disagree with the concept of a continuous dehydrochlorination from one side to the other of the chain, that necessitates initiating structural anomalies in the macromolecule itself.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080215
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    Anomalous flow of cellulose solutions during spinning (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 735-745 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: An apparatus is described for measuring the flow rate of cellulose xanthate solutions at known pressure gradients across spinning jets. It is shown that the jet hole behaves more like a capillary than an orifice in its effect on flow and that similar relationships exist for flow through spinning jet holes and a narrow pipe characterized by an equation of the form Q = Apb, where b has a value of approximately 1.5 for the high rates of shear strain found in spinning jets and 1.4 for the lower rates found in the pipe. A fundamental approach shows a similar discontinuity when comparing the relation between apparent viscosity coefficient and rate of shear strain, between low and high rates of shear. Experimental results are given for the effect of certain chemical factors in viscose solutions and the effect of spinning jet hole size, on the flow rate/pressure gradient curve.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080214
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    Rapid bursting of tubular specimens (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 141-149 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Burst tests on thin wall circular cylinders of aluminum, brass and magnesium alloys, mild steel and polymethylmethacrylate plastic are described in which stress and strain are measured at impact velocities of 14-31 ft./sec. The apparatus consists of an hydraulic cylinder and piston assembly attached to the inside of the specimen, with a falling weight producing a pressure pulse. Measurement problems inherent in the technique are analyzed: e.g., local instability leading to blister formation. An increasing amount of uniform deformation occurs in the specimen as strain rate is increased.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080110
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    Techniques for studying strain rate effects in brittle materialsThis study was sponsored by the Ceramics and Craphite Branch, Metals and Ceramics Laboratory, Materials Central, Aeronautical Systems Division of the Air Force Systems Command under Contract No. AF 33(616)-7465. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 151-167 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Techniques for studying brittle fracture over a strain rate range of 10-7-101 in./in./sec. and at temperatures from 75 to 1800°F are discussed. Techniques for achieving a uniaxial tensile stress in prismatic bars via a reflected stress wave method at strain rates up to 103 in./in./sec. at room and elevated temperatures are presented. Results of the aforementioned effects in flexure, and experimental verification of the stress-time-position history for the stress wave loading technique are presented along with applicable theoretical explanations. Applications of the above techniques to a broader spectrum of brittle and semi-brittle materials are described.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Factors influencing izod impact properties of thermoplastics measured with the autographic impact test (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 119-140 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The standardization of notched Izod impact test data to normalized values of foot pounds per inch of notch is based on the assumption of a 1:1 increase in breaking strength with increasing notch width. This assumed relation is not supported by experimental tests on commercial thermoplastics. As notch width was increased from 1/8 to 1/4 to 3/8 to 1/2 in., nine of ten thermoplastics tested showed a decrease in normalized impact strength. Each material appears to show a characteristic loss in breaking strengths as the notch width increases. A technique developed for calibration of pendulum impact testers has been used to examine the variation of impact breaking strength in relation to the total kinetic energy of the hammer. Experimental tests show practically no change in impact strengths up to values that take 2/3 of the available hammer energy. Experimental work on the comparison of the impulse transferred by the hammer during breaking with impulse curves photographed by the Autographic Impact test show very good agreement for catastrophic breaks and fair agreement for plastic type breaks. The reduction in recorded impulse is attributed to the degrading of the sample during the plastic portion of the breaking cycle. The peak force of thermoplastics as measured by the Autographic Impact test increases as the temperature decreases from 100°C. or above to 0°C. Over the same temperature range flexural tests on small cantilever samples of these thermoplastics show the same thermal dependence for the flexural yield or permanent distortion stress. Plots of the impact peak forces and flexural yield stress at corresponding temperatures give a linear correlation. Each thermoplastic material exhibits a unique relation for this correlation between impact yielding and flexural yielding. This correlation between the impact and flexural tests over the range of temperatures is the first known experimental indication of a direct relation between impact properties and standard physical tests.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080109
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    Ion exchange separations in analytical chemistry. O. SAMUELSON. Wiley, New York-London-Sidney, and Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, 1963, 474 pp. $9.50 (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1497-1497 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080340
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    Kinetic studies on the vulcanization reaction accelerated with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1667-1676 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Kinetic data for vulcanization of rubber with sulfur, accelerated with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) are presented. The decrease in concentration of sulfur and MBT during vulcanization under various conditions of temperatures have been determined with a precise amperometric method developed by the authors. The order of reaction for disapperance of sulfur was found to be unity. The energy of activation and frequency factor were 28.8 kcal./mole and 4.0 × 1013, respectively. The kinetics of disapperance of MBT was also first-order, and the rate of reaction, energy of activation, as well as frequency factor were much lower than those for the disapperance of sulfur. The consumption of sulfur proceeded as long as any free sulfur was present in the sample, indicating that the consumption of MBT is closely tied up with the disapperance of sulfur. It was found that about 133 atoms of sulfur were consumed for the disappearance of one molecule of MBT. The mechanism of ring opening involving an attack by the accelerator radical as proposed by Gordon is supported by the present investigation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Temperature dependence of tensile properties of polycarbonate films (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1677-1689 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The tensile properties of bisphenol A polycarbonate films were measured as a function of temperature from +25 to -180°C. The tensile properties at a given temperature were determined from the measured true stress-true strain behavior of the polycarbonate films by means of a photographic strain recording technique. The temperature dependence of the following tensile properties is presented: the yield stress, the fracture stress, the strain to yield, the cold-drawing strain, the fracture strain, and the strain-hardening rate.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080418
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    Slip deformation in drawn polyethylene films (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 971-983 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: When well oriented and crystallized high density polyethylene film was redrawn, slip deformation and twin deformation, the mode of which depends upon the redrawing angle to the original drawn structure, could be observed. When the redrawing angle is very small, single slips, the direction of which is [001] to the original drawn structure, and homogeneous deformation bands attached to them are usually observed. The [001] directions of slipped and unslipped regions are slightly at an angle to each other. As the redrawing angle approaches a right angle, kink bands can be observed. From these results we may conclude that the structure of this drawn polyethylene film is very similar to that of a single crystal or metal.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080233
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    Oxyluminescence of polymers. I. General behavior of polymersThis paper was presented in part before the Polymer Division of the American Chemical Society at the 142nd meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 12, 1962. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 985-995 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The faint emission of light by various classes and types of polymers when heated in the presence of oxygen, oxyluminescence, was studied by means of a photomultiplier tube and sensitive microammeter. Among the polymers with a carbon-carbon backbone, the polymers having the greater number of tertiary carbon atoms generally showed greater intensities of luminosity. Polystyrene was a notable exception to this generalization. The shape of the luminosity versus time curves varied with the type of polymer. It was also found that the emission of light did not stop instantly when the oxygen atmosphere was replaced by an inert gas, but rather followed an exponential type of decay. The rate of decay appeared to be different with different types of polymers. The intensities of luminescence and the times required to reach maximum or steady state luminescence were compared with oxygen uptake data for various polymers. In general there was a qualitative, but not necessarily quantitative correlation between the luminous intensities and polymer stabilities in the presence of oxygen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080234
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    Mechanism of polyethylene oxidation (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1691-1698 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Acetic and formic acids and acetone are products of the oxidation of propylene and ethylene polymers and copolymers. The two- and three-carbon products can be accounted for as the result of intramolecular attack by radicals, leading to β-oxidation. A high proportion of scissions in polypropylene involves multiple intramolecular attack.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080419
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    Light-sensitized crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol by chromium compounds (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1763-1776 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The insolubilization of polyvinyl alcohol by potassium dichromate on exposure to light has been investigated. Ultraviolet spectrometry shows that secondary hydroxyl groups are oxidized to ketone groups but insolubilization is attributed to crosslinking of polymer chains by co-ordination of alcohol groups to “nascent” chromic ions formed by reduction of the dichromate. Exposure to air saturated with water vapor eliminates the carbonyl absorption maxima from the ultraviolet spectrum of polyvinyl alcohol film but the spectrum can be restored by heating: this phenomenon is independent of the crosslinking reaction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080426
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    Effects of morphology and molecular structure on tensile impact behavior of linear polyethylene (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1751-1762 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: An instrumented tensile impact test which allows a load time curve to be obtained coincident with the energy to rupture values has been applied to the examination of a series of linear polyethylene homopolymers and copolymers of varying molecular weight and thermal history. The effect of test specimen geometry was also investigated. A morphological examination of these resins indicated a strong dependence of spherulite size on molecular weight, and to a much lesser degree on molding conditions; it appeared to be independent of comonomer. The overall crystallinity, as determined by both x-ray and density methods, and crystallite perfection was increased by a slower crystallization rate, but was independent of molecular weight. The tensile impact strength (energy to rupture) was found to increase with molecular weight, and decrease on the introduction of comonomer. But the effect of thermal history gave rise to results which bore no clear-cut relation to molecular and morphological parameters. The value of the instrumented tensile impact test is shown by the fact that these apparent anomalies can now be resolved by separating the elastic and plastic portions of the deformation. An increased level and perfection of crystallinity results in higher load bearing properties accompanied by a reduction in duration of impact. It is primarily the duration, rather than the peak load, which is affected by molecular weight. The main effect produced by changing from a type L (long) tensile impact specimen to a type S (short) was to reduce considerably the duration of the plastic region while simultaneously raising the maximum elastic load; this is thought to be associated with a more localized deformation and therefore a higher rate of strain.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Polymerizations of nitroalkyl acrylates (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1787-1799 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: We have prepared some nitroalkyl acrylates and methacrylates by a method involving alcoholysis, and investigated their polymerizability. 2-Nitrobutyl acrylate (NBA) was extensively studied. The especially purified NBA monomer has good polymerizability without inhibiting radical polymerization and gives a thermally stable polymer. From copolymerization experiments with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile, the Q and e values of NBA were estimated to be 0.47 and 0.85, respectively. The copolymerization behavior of NBA with some polyglycol dimethacrylates and unsaturated polyesters are comparable to those of n-butyl acrylate. This monomer has little tendency to polymerize with organometallic initiators, but some polymers obtained are found to be crystalline. The polar and steric effects of the nitro group situated on the ester side chain are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    High resolution electron microscopy of sodium lignin sulfonatePresented at the First Canadian Wood Chemistry Symposium, Toronto, September 1963. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1801-1812 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: High resolution electron microscopy of sodium lignin sulfonates revealed a granular microstructure of spherical particles of diameters ranging from 30 to 90 A. The weight average particle weight, Pw was computed from the dimensions measured on the electron micrographs and the density of lignin. For a fraction of intermediate molecular weight, the particle diameter derived from Pw was 64 A., in fair agreement with a value of 49 A. computed from the sedimentation equilibrium molecular weight. A high molecular weight fraction contained, in addition to the granular moiety, larger structures which appeared to be aggregates of the granules. The particle weight distribution for the high molecular weight fraction was similar to the distribution of sedimentation constants previously found for alkali lignins. The spherical shapes for both the granules and the aggregates was in accord with the compact spherical configuration previously proposed for lignin sulfonates in aqueous solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080429
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    Hydration and density of collagen and gelatinSupported by a contribution from the Old Dominion Foundation. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1813-1824 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The water sorption by adult and embryonic native and insoluble collagen was investigated, along with that of calfskin gelatin. Greater sorption was obtainable with the collagen fractions than with gelatin, but the technique could not distinguish the fractions themselves. The suggestion is made that the greater sorption by collagen over gelatin and differences in apparent wettability between the adult and embryonic insoluble collagen might be explained by the formation of helical grooves with aging. Density measurements of the collagen fractions indicate that collagen becomes more crystalline with aging. This also applied to the insoluble collagen. These results are consistent with the view that differences in collagen solubility are due to differences in molecular ordering. The density of the insoluble collagens and gelatin passes through a maximum at 3-4% sorbed water. The phenomenon is explained on the basis of water bridges comprised of a single water molecule double hydrogen bonded to closely aligned chains. A discussion is presented in this connection. A calculation based on the density yields a molecular volume of 4.32 × 10-19 cm.3 For tropocollagen. This is in agreement with the molecular dimensions and consistent with the idea that collagen is formed from an aggregation of the monomer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Stress relaxation of raw natural rubber (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1077-1087 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The effects of mastication on stress relaxation of raw rubber was studied in the range of 20-120°C. The stress relaxation time became shorter with increasing mastication, and the modulus also decreased. The modulus decreased with increasing temperature of measurement. Moreover, it is found that mastication caused the solution viscosity of rubber to decrease, and on heating an intermolecular reaction and cleavage of molecules by oxidation appeared to occur at the same time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080305
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    Stabilization of polyurethane to thermal degradationAbstracted from the Ph. D. dissertation of C. P. Ngoc Son, University of Delaware, June 1962. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1089-1096 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The labile hydrogen of the carbamate group is primarily responsible for color development in the thermal degradation of polyurethane. Replacement of this hydrogen by an alkyl group prevents back-dissociation. Accordingly, a number of N-substituted polyurethanes were prepared, including the methyl, benzyl, benzoyl, acetyl, and the (N-phenylamido) derivatives. Comparative studies at 150-155°C. showed that the N-methyl and N-benzyl polymers possess outstanding stability under the condition of our testing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080306
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    A continuum theory of nonlinear viscoelastic deformation with application to polymer processing (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1129-1146 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A continuum theory of nonlinear viscoelastic behavior has been developed which is applicable to the quantitative description of the rheological properties of high polymeric materials. Particular classes of deformations have been investigated. Special emphasis has been placed upon nonlinear effects in viscoelastic fluids such as normal stresses and variable viscosity. Two new classes of flows are defined: sufficiently smooth flow and isoelastic flow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080309
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    Some problems in melt spinning processes. II. Molecular orientation in the course of melt spinning (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1097-1111 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The approximate solutions of the three-dimensional, fundamental equation for the molecular orientation of a spun fiber are obtained, a rigid ellipsoid model for the molecular segments or the paracrystalline structure being assumed. A rate of strain G (sec.-1) of a molten fiber and a rotational diffusion constant D (sec.-1) of the segment are approximated as a function of time t (sec.) as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {G = G_0 + G_1 t + G_2 t^2 + \ldots } \\++ {D = D_0 + T_1 t + \ldots } \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} Under the conditions, 1〉〉G0t〉〉G1G2〉〉G2t3〉〉 … and 1〉〉D0t〉〉D1t2〉〉… a coefficient of the molecular orientation f of spun fiber is found to be: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {f = \frac{2}{5}\int_0^t {Gdt} } \hfill & { - \frac{6}{5}G_0 \left( {\left. {D_0 - \frac{1}{{21}}G_0 } \right)} \right.t^2 } \hfill \\ {} \hfill & { - \frac{2}{5}\left( {\left. {\frac{2}{{21}}G_0 3 + \frac{4}{7}G_0 2D_0 - 6G_0 D_0 2 - \frac{1}{7}G_0 G_1 + 2G_0 D_1 + G_1 D_0 } \right)} \right.t^3 + \ldots } \hfill \\ \end{array}} $$\end{document} The applicability of these approximate, theoretical results is extremely limited in the neighborhood of the spinneret under practical melt spinning conditions. However, the theory should be useful in the case where the polymer temperature is near its melting temperature and the extension rate of spinning fiber is small.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Rupture of rubber. XI. Tensile rupture and crack growth in a noncrystallizing rubber (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1113-1128 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theory of tensile rupture in a noncrystallizing rubber, a particular instance of a more general theory of rupture in simple extension, is outlined. The theory assumes that failure takes place by growth of a crack from some imperfection in the material where the stress is high locally. The imperfections are considered as being equivalent, in terms of stress concentration effects, to small cracks initially present in the material, and the conditions for crack growth to occur are then treated on the basis of the tearing energy criterion of Part I. It is assumed, by analogy with tearing on a macroscopic scale, that the crack grows continuously with time at a rate, dc/dt, given by: dc/dt = ATn, where A and n are constants and T is the energy expended per unit increase in crack length, per unit thickness of specimen. The predicted relationships of the breaking time to the stored energy density and initial crack length for specimens tested by stretching at uniform rates and by holding at fixed extensions are first compared with the results of model experiments on test pieces containing small tears and cuts. Values of A and n derived from tear test data are used in the theoretical relationships, and it is shown that there is fair agreement with experiment. Results of tests on tensile test pieces containing no deliberately introduced tears or cuts are then shown to be consistent with a failure mechanism of the above type. It appears, however, that the tearing energies in tensile rupture are lower than those observed in tear tests, and reasons for this difference are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Kinetics of thermal polymerization of shellac. Part I. Kinetics and gelation studies (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1185-1204 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the present investigation the kinetics of thermal polymerization of shellac has been studied. A linear relationship between the intrinsic viscosity [η] and the time of polymerization has been observed up to a certain extent of reaction followed by a sharp rise in value of [η] near the gel point. After gelation the intrinsic viscosity of the sol fraction again falls abruptly. Besides, an attempt has also been made to understand the nature of gelation from the weight fractions of gel formed after prolonged curing at different temperatures.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Synthesis and properties of some alkyds of more complex carboxyl functionality (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1147-1168 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Syntheses are described where dimer fatty acid (C36), or anhydrides of trimellitic, or pyromellitic, or dodecenylsuccinic acids are substituted in part for components of a model polymer derived from 1 mole each phthalic anhydride and glycerol, and 0.4 mole of linoleic acid. These polymers are compared at several degrees of polyesterification with respect to endgroup analysis, melt and intrinsic viscosity, and fractionation and emulsification behavior in water-solvent mixtures. The data suggest that predictions of the gel point in terms of functionality concepts are of general value only for defining the reaction degrees where insoluble molecules can first appear. The experimental event of gelatification can be delayed to varying degrees by different types and concentrations of inert solvent. The extent of reaction where molecular complexity can give a gellable polymer in the absence of solvency retardation occurs near the theoretical gel point and can be located by inspection of functions relating either melt or intrinsic viscosity to molecular weight. Significant differences in polymer structure have a very small effect on this parameter, nor is there much evidence to show preferential reactivity of similar functional groups associated with different structures. Other data here cited demonstrate some practically useful facts regarding how composition and molecular weight affect solvency behavior; however, no general correlations were found which relate solubility behavior to quantities here miasured.
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    Kinetics of thermal polymerization of shellac. Part II. Effect of catalysts (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1205-1211 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the present communication the effect of p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyst on thermal polymerization of shellac has been investigated. The difference in activation energy for uncatalyzed and catalyzed reaction, has been computed to be 7.4 kcal. when c = 0.1%. The activation energy for uncatalyzed reaction, calculated on this basis comes to 12.5 keal.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Antioxidant properties of carbon black in unsaturated elastomers. Studies with cis-polybutadiene (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1169-1183 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The thermal antioxidant behavior of carbon black was studied in vulcanized cis-polybutadiene and related to the surface chemistry of the black. Continuous and intermittent stress-relaxation and oxygen absorption measurements were employed to determine the antioxidant ability of the carbon blacks. The blacks were characterized by the surface concentrations of oxygen-containing functional groups, using methods described in the literature. Antioxidant activity was found to be highest in carbons containing relatively large amounts of bound oxygen. These carbons are also acidic and decompose peroxides by the ionic mechanism. This was demonstrated with dicumyl peroxide. However, even though the acidity and ability to decompose dicumyl peroxide to phenol and acetone could be destroyed by methylation, this treatment did not seriously impair the antioxidant activity, so that the role of acidic groups appears to be minor. Evidence is presented which suggests strongly that the antioxidant behavior of carbon blacks is due to surface quinones, possibly hydrogen-bonded with adjacent hydroxyl groups. Measurements made on samples vulcanized in peroxide and sulfur curing systems indicate that the antioxidant behavior of carbon black is independent of the method of vulcanization in the absence of other antioxidants. A characteristic feature of the antioxidant action of carbon blacks is their tendency to repress the oxidative crosslinking reactions, the relative amount of compensation of chain scission by crosslinking being smaller than in gum vulcanizates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    The amorphous fraction of cellulose and its relation to moisture sorption (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1213-1220 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The OH → OD exchange reaction between deuterium oxide vapor and cellulose has been studied for thirteen different types of cellulose; the extent of exchange in a cellulose was determined by measuring the increase in the dry weight of the sample. With each cellulose the deuteration reaction was in two stages, a rapid stage followed by a slow stage; the material that exchanges during the rapid stage is the infrared-amorphous fraction of the cellulose, and therefore values for the amorphous fractions of the thirteen samples could be obtained. These amorphous fractions were found to be linearly related to the moisture regains of the samples. There is tentative evidence that the cellulose II samples absorb slightly more water into a unit amount of amorphous material than cellulose I samples.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Quelques remarques concernant le mécanisme de polymérisation en bloc du chlorure de vinyle (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1275-1279 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Samples of PVC, obtained by bulk polymerization were tested. Molecular weight distribution by nephelometric titration, number of branching by viscosity measurement, and density of the powders and films using a density gradient column were assessed. Microphotographs of the powders were taken. It was found that the average number of branching in 1000 monomer units is approximately proportional to the contact surface of the liquid and solid phase.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080317
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    Dryblending behavior of commercial polyvinyl chloride (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1221-1255 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Ease of processing suspension-polymerized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is related to its ability to accept sufficient plasticizer, while remaining a dry, free-flowing powder. The successful incorporation of plasticizer, termed cold preblending or hot dryblending, depends upon basic physicochemical factors. Cold preblending corresponds to a purely geometrical filling of intraparticle pores and fissures, while hot dryblending depends additionally upon a time-dependent absorption. Quantitative laboratory tests for these two effects were developed and standardized. When applied to experimental and commercial lots of PVC and their fractions, the tests gave results which showed slight correlation with gross properties of the particles. However, intercorrelation between tests for cold preblending and hot dryblending was strong, indicating that the same factors may be responsible for both. The tests also provided good ratings of polymers for actual processing behavior. It is possible to control particle geometry via the process variables of suspension polymerization, and thence to regulate cold preblending behavior; the effects on hot dryblending are not as clear. Post-polymerization grinding markedly alters the PVC particle surfaces and can substantially improve hot dryblending capacity. Severe grinding is needed to change particle geometry enough for any large improvement of cold preblending.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080315
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    Determination of intrinsic viscosity from one point measurement (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1281-1286 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The method of calculation of the intrinsic viscosity [η] from one viscosity measurement according to the Solomon and Ciutǎ's equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} [\eta ]c = \sqrt 2 \sqrt {\eta _{sp} - \ln \eta _r } \\ \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} has been analysed. The difference between [η] extrapolated from the measurement of viscosity at several concentrations and [η] calculated has been defined in dependence on the product [η]c and the value of Huggins' constant k'. It has been demonstrated that the proposed equation is often useful but not generally valid; the range of its applicability has been defined.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080318
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    Interaction of nylon polymers with epoxy resins in adhesive blends (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1287-1295 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of nylon-epoxy resins are used as adhesives. It is found by swelling tests that the epoxy resin crosslinks the nylon. By the failure of poly-N,N'-diisobutylhexamethyleneadipamide to cure and by the failure of prereactions of the nylon with phenyl glycidyl ether, it is shown that the epoxy resin reacts with the nylon through the amide hydrogen. The effect of the epoxy cure on increasing the brittle strength and on decreasing the yield strength of the nylon is discussed in terms of stresses in the adhesive joint.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080319
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    Rheological properties of SBR polymers by capillary extrusion (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1257-1273 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A modification of the piston head of the Instron rheometer has enabled its use in studying rheological properties of SBR elastomers over a shear rate range of 30-2500 sec.-1. In place of the usual piston head, a Teflon plug with a cavitated bottom was used. This eliminates leakage between the piston and barrel and results in uniform force traces that can be extrapolated to zero barrel length to yield the total force of extrusion. Hence, it gives a practical means to study, on sound theoretical basis, the rheological properties which are all important in the prediction of factory processing behavior and factors which influence it. Extrusions of SBR 1712 and 1712-HAF compound were made through capillaries having 180° entrance angles, diameters of 0.033, 0.043, 0.052, and 0.070 in. and length/diameter ratios near 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 at temperatures of 80, 90, 110, and 130°C. and crosshead speeds of 1/2, 1, 2, and 5 in./min. Linear fits were found between length/diameter (L/D) ratio and the force of extrusion (at zero barrel length). The slopes of these lines give values of true shear stress which fit one relationship to Newtonian shear rates at each of the four temperatures independent of die dimensions. Plots of log true shear stress versus log true shear rate show curvilinear behavior for clear SBR 1712 elastomer over the entire shear rate range of 45-3900 sec.-1 at all four temperatures. The same plots for the HAF compound of SBR 1712 showed curvilinear behavior below shear rates of 100 sec.-1 and linear behavior above with a power law exponent of 6.1. There is a great difference in slopes between lower and higher shear rates at all four temperatures. This indicates that extrapolation from low shear rate instruments cannot be made to predict behavior at higher rates common to factory equipment. This observation holds for both clear SBR 1712 elastomer and its HAF compound. True shear stresses at corresponding true shear rates (and therefore viscosities) were considerably higher for the compound than for the clear elastomer, as was expected. However, the addition of black reduces the extent of deviation from Newtonian behavior. Even though uncorrected for recoverable shear strain, viscosities were calculated and used to calculate activation energies according to the Arrhenius equation. Straight lines were obtained covering temperatures at 90, 110, and 130°C. at all shear rates with activation energies of 1.5 kcal./mole of both the clear elastomer and its compound. Log viscosity at 80°C. in all cases was above the straight lines through the log viscosities at the other three temperatures. This indicates a higher activation energy at temperatures below 90°C. Addition of black apparently does not affect substantially the identity of the rheological unit. Extrusion die swell was found to decrease with increasing temperature and increasing L/D ratio at all rates of shear. At a given temperature it increases rate of shear. Swell was anisotropic for the clear elastomer but not for the compound.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Incremental modification of styrene-butadiene rubber with tert-dodecyl mercaptan (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 116-123 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of a styrene-butadiene rubber produced at 5°C. according to an incrementally modified recipe with tert-dodecyl mercaptan modifier, do not differ significantly from those of similar conventionally modified rubbers. The limiting effect of diffusion upon the mass transfer of mercaptan in the system provides a consistent explanation of this finding.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Glass transitions in polymers (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. S1 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Polymer news (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. S4 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051321
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    Use of the HLB system in selecting emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 135-148 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: In the present work a wide variety of nonionic emulsifiers and anionic/nonionic blends of emulsifiers were evaluated in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate and styrene. It was found that the emulsion stability and other polymer emulsion properties are often dependent upon a certain property of the emulsifier known as the HLB value. It has been shown elsewhere that the HLB value can be correlated with a fundamental physical property of the system oil-water-emulsifier, namely, the spreading coefficient of the internal phase liquid on the surface of a 1% solution of the emulsifier in the external phase. In the emulsion polymerization of styrene, good emulsion stability coupled with adequate conversion rate was obtained in an emulsifier HLB range of 13 to 16. For certain emulsifier blends it was found that emulsion viscosity and emulsion particle size were strongly dependent on the HLB of the emulsifier. Similar comments apply to vinyl acetate polymerization, except that the most stable emulsions were obtained with emulsifiers in an HLB range from 14.5 to 17.5. These observations on preferred HLB range apply only to nonionic emulsifiers and anionic/nonionic emulsifier blends, which were the emulsifier types screened in the present investigation. For both styrene and vinyl acetate the most generally satisfactory emulsion properties were obtained in the present work by the use of an anionic/nonionic emulsifier blend (G-3300/G-3920).
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    Influence of the initiator on the grafting of polyvinyl polymers (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 149-152 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The dependence of grafting on the type of initiator has been examined in the case of three polymer-monomer systems: polystyrene-methyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate, and polyethyl α-chloroacrylate-vinyl acetate. The different initiators used in these experiments were benzoyl peroxide (Bz2O2), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). In each case the graft copolymers were separated from the homopolymers by fractional precipitation or by extraction. In the case of the system polystyrene-methyl methacrylate, an appreciable degree of grafting as well as formation of graft copolymer occur in the presence of Bz2O2; in contrast, the grafting is low with DTBP and doubtful with AIBN. For the other two systems no noticeable differences occurred as function of the initiator. In the case of polyethyl α-chloroacrylate the amount of graft copolymer is exceptionally high owing to the sensitivity of this polymer to a radical attack; this sensitivity results in the partial insolubility of the graft copolymers in the presence of TBHP and DTBP, but not in the presence of AIBN.
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    A new synthetic elastomer based on a chlorophosphonated polyolefin (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 157-162 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new synthetic elastomer has been obtained based on an ethylene-propylene copolymer prepared using an organometallic catalyst system. Reactive sites (phosphonyl dichloride groups) are placed on the copolymer chain by treating the polymer with phosphorus trichloride and oxygen. After hydrolysis or alcoholysis of the phosphonyl dichloride groups to phosphonic acid or phosphonic acid esters, vulcanization may be carried out by reaction with metallic oxides, particularly lead oxide. Vulcanizates of the polyolefin elastomer have outstanding resistance to heat, ozone, and oxygen, and have excellent electrical properties. This combination suggests the use of this material in high temperature electrical applications.
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    Changes in fine structure and mechanical properties induced by cyanoethylation of cotton yarns. II. Reacted without longitudinal shrinkagePaper presented before the 138th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 11-16, 1960. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 163-170 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The cellulose of cotton yarns was reacted with acrylonitrile under conditions preventing their longitudinal contraction. Changes taking place in the fine structure of the fiber were studied by means of optical microscopy, density measurements, x-ray diffraction, and thermal stress behavior measurements. The results indicate that in spite of the strong tensions developed in the yarns, the reaction proceeds in both the accessible and the crystalline regions with considerable volume expansion and eventual disappearance of crystalline structure. Suggestions of a glass transition temperature appear at substitutions slightly above D.S. = 1. Annealing becomes possible at substitutions above D.S. = 2 with the development of the cyanoethyl cellulose crystal structure and over 40% increase in tensile strength. Changes in tenacity, ultimate elongation, energy of rupture, and immediate elastic recovery were also observed.
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    Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) and some soluble crystalline copolymers (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 184-190 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) has been prepared by polymerizing the monomer over a catalyst made from titanium tetrachloride and lithium aluminum tetradecyl. The molecular weight of the crystalline polymer was invariably too high for fiber preparation, even when polymerization variables were varied drastically, so a technique for thermal cracking was developed. By heating grease-free, crystalline poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) in a vacuum at about 280°, it was possible to lower smoothly the molecular weight of the polymer to any desired value, without undesirable crosslinking or by-product formation. The polymer was melt-spun by conventional techniques to highly oriented, tough fibers. Copolymerization of 10-25% 1-hexene and other linear 1-olefins with 4-methyl-1-pentene gives products which are still high-melting, but which are readily soluble in such solvents as cyclohexane or chloroform, in contrast to the homopolymer which is only slightly soluble. Polymerization in solvents for the copolymer gave solutions which were converted to fibers and film without intermediate isolation of polymer or removal of the catalyst. An interesting terpolymer in which divinylbenzene was the third component was found to be initially soluble, but was readily crosslinked at elevated temperature.
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    Structural characterization of vulcanizates. Part II. Use of triphenylphosphine to determine the structures of sulfur linkages in unaccelerated natural rubber-sulfur vulcanizate networks (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 299-302 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Treatment of unaccelerated natural rubber-sulfur vulcanizate networks with triphenylphosphine in benzene at 80°C. effects the removal of part of the combined sulfur, the proportion removed decreasing with increasing cure time. This partial desulfurization of the network is attributed, on the basis of the mode of interaction of simple organic di- and polysulfides with triphenylphosphine, to the conversion of polysulfide linkages in the network into either mono- or disulfide groups. Knowledge of the amount of sulfur removed by the reagent, and of the chemical degree of crosslinking and combined sulfur content of the untreated networks permits the following semiquantitative conclusions to be reached concerning the structures of the sulfur linkages in the networks: (1) long polysulfidic crosslinks (—S11— to —S12—) are initially formed, which on continued cure progressively decrease in length to a limiting value of —S2— to —S4—; and (2) a very high proportion to the combined sulfur (ca. 77% for short cure times, increasing to ca. 95% on extended cure) is present in cyclic monosulfide groups situated along the polyisoprene chains.
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    The relationship between glass temperature, molar cohesion, and polymer structurePresented before the Division of Polymer Chemistry at the 138th meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1960. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 318-321 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An empirical equation relating glass temperature, molar cohesion, and polymer structure has been developed from data found in the literature. A fairly extensive list of group cohesion values has been obtained from this relationship and glass temperatures which are in good agreement with reported values have been calculated. The equation is $$ H_c = 0.5nRT_g - 25n $$ where Hc is the molar cohesion and n is an empirical number obtained from the polymer structure.
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    Isobutylene copolymers of vinylbenzyl chloride and isopropenylbenzyl chloride (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 452-459 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The styrene derivatives vinylbenzyl chloride and isopropenylbenzyl chloride were prepared and copolymerized with isobutylene and propylene in order to produce polymers with reactive halogens. Vinylbenzyl chloride and isobutylene have relative reactivities such that the copolymer is much richer in isobutylene than the starting mixture, while with isopropenylbenzyl chloride and isobutylene the difference in reactivities is less and is in the opposite direction. Copolymers containing small amounts of the reactive benzylic chlorine were vulcanized, either with amines or with a conventional butyl rubber cure. Permselective membranes were prepared from copolymers rich in benzylic chlorine.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    The mechanism of post cure of viton ARegistered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Fluorocarbon elastomerBased on a lecture delivered at the 2nd International Synthetic Rubber Symposium, London, October 1960, by arrangement with Rubber and Plastics World. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 460-467 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The necessity for oven post-curing Viton A vulcanizates is explained in the following way: The formation of crosslinks is accompanied by the elimination of HF from the polymer. In the subsequent reaction of HF with the magnesium oxide present as acid acceptor water is formed which acts to inhibit the full development of cure unless it is removed from the vicinity of the polymer by post-curing in an open system. Measurement of the rate of elimination of water from the polymer serves as a method of following the development of crosslinking during cure. Approximately two moles of water, derived from four moles of hydrogen fluoride, are associated with the use of one mole of diamine curing agent. This ratio is confirmed by independent estimates of the relationship of crosslinking density to curing agent level based on measurements of swollen compression moduli.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Room temperature sulfur and nonsulfur vulcanization of natural rubber: With sulfur and piperidinium n-pentamethylenedithiocarbamate and with quinone dioxime (GMF) and yellow mercuric oxide (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 349-353 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Calendered sheets of pale crepe rubber containing an ultra-accelerator, piperidinium N-pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, and zinc oxide were embedded in powdered sulfur and kept at room temperature. Tensile strengths up to 294.2 kg./cm.2 (4185 psi) and elongations up to 530% were attained; the combined sulfur in 115 weeks was 3.60%. Calendered pale crepe rubber containing 10 parts of yellow mercuric oxide to 100 parts of rubber allowed to stand covered with quinone dioxime (GMF) powder at room temperature slowly vulcanizes, reaching a tensile strength of 53.1 kg./cm.2 (754 psi) in 405 days, and retaining this condition for at least twice this same period of time. The elongation reached 740%, and the set was 0.16. The tensile strength obtained is almost as high as that obtained in a press cure with quinone dioxime alone. The untreated sample containing yellow mercuric oxide alone showed a tensile strength of only 5.3 kg./cm.2 (75 psi). Calendered pale crepe with no mercuric oxide set in quinone dioxime and calendered pale crepe containing 2 parts of quinone dioxime, when allowed to stand at room temperature, showed no signs of vulcanization.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Uniformity of substitution during the emulsion xanthation of celluloseA portion of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of The Institute of Paper Chemistry for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Lawrence College, Appleton, Wis., June, 1960. This work was carried out under the direction of Kyle Ward, Jr. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 364-369 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Viscose-grade cotton linters (DPw = 1135) were converted to viscose by the emulsion xanthation technique. Two variables - namely, substitution level and xanthation time - were considered insofar as their influence on the uniformity of substitution with regard to chain length was concerned. The stable diethylacetamide derivatives were prepared by reaction with diethylchloroacetamide and fractionally precipitated from aqueous 2-chloroethanol. The DPw and degree of substitution (DS) of the individual fractions were determined. The results in each case indicated that the longer chains were more highly substituted than the shorter chains. For a constant xanthation time (6 hr.), uniformity in substitution improved with increasing substitution level. For a constant CS2:cellulose ratio (1.48), uniformity increased with xanthation time. A mechanism is suggested which accounts for these phenomena.
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    A comparison of the thermal gradient and elution methods of polymer fractionation (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 354-363 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The elution method is essentially a single-stage process, whereas the thermal gradient method is a multistage process which depends upon a thermal gradient to bring about reprecipitation of polymer in the fractions. As a test of the effectiveness of the thermal gradient, comparisons have been made of fractionation by these two column methods on high molecular weight polystyrene samples. It was found that the thermal gradient method definitely provides superior resolution and reproducibility, as expected. However, the degree of fractionation obtained by the elution method was surprising, accounting for at least 80% of the sample under the usual conditions and giving complete fractionation with certain modifications of conditions. These results indicate the difference in performance of the two methods is less than expected from an elementary consideration of the operation of the columns, and fractionation by the elution method, as conducted here, exceeds that expected for a single-stage extraction process. Although the reasons for the observed behavior are not clear, the following conclusions have been reached about certain factors which influence fractionation. Alternative methods of controlling the concentration of polymer in the fractions give almost equivalent results but enhanced resolution of the high molecular weight portion of the sample is obtained with extended solvent gradients. The inhibitor, tert-butyl catechol, which it was necessary to add to the solvents to limit degradation of the very high molecular weight sample, plays a specific role in the fractionation due to a reaction with the polystyrene which alters the fractionation behavior without affecting the molecular weight. Also, trace amounts of chemical heterogeneity in the polymers, presumably hydroxyl groups, have a marked adverse effect on fractionation by the elution method and probably account for molecular weight reversals observed in some fractionations by the thermal gradient method. It is suggested that adsorption on the surface of the beads is responsiblp for the adverse effect of chemical heterogeneity on the fractionation and that possibly an adsorption which increases with molecular weight contributes to fractionation by the elution and thermal gradient methods.
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    Effects of by-products, trace components, and similar compounds in viscose on ripening (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 375-383 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effects on viscose ripening of a variety of materials are reported. (1) Normal constituents (Na2CO3, Na2CS3, NaCl) appeared not to affect ripening; however, Na2S retarded ripening. By-product removal appeared to retard ripening. (2) Oxidizing agents (H2O2, Na2Sx) accelerated ripening; reducing agent (Na2SO3) retarded ripening; this is suggestive of possible addition product formation. (3) Na2SO4, (CH3)2SO, KClO3, Na2BH4 showed no effect on ripening. (4) Salts which precipitated as hydroxides or carbonates did not appear to affect ripening. (5) Salts which formed insoluble sulfides resulted in an initial increase in ripening rates. In later stages, ripening proceeded normally, probably after the salts were removed from solution as insoluble sulfides. (6) FeCl3, BiCl3 and Na3AsO3 appeared to retard ripening. (7) A comparison of the effect on ripening of the trivalent state of elements in group V of the periodic table showed that the rate of ripening decreased with the oxidation potential of the element. (8) The addition of sodium zincate retarded ripening and suggested possible cross-linking of xanthate and by-product sulfur, or of two xanthate groups. (9) Addition of tin and chromium salts at the 0.5% level resulted in gelation of the viscose within 30 min. after the addition.
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    Radiation crosslinking of vinyl chloride-vinyl stearate copolymer (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 388-396 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The crosslinking of internally plasticized polyvinyl chloride-stearate copolymer by irradiation with high-energy electrons was studied. Based on gel yields and swelling as a measure of relative crosslinking, the effect of added tetra-functional monomers, and of carbon black and silica fillers are discussed. Crosslinking by dicumyl peroxide a t 170°C. even in the presence of a stabilizer, causes concurrent decomposition (dehydrochlorination) which is avoided in the radiation-crosslinking process. The heat stability of the copolymer is not impaired by radiation crosslinking under the proper conditions. Results of tensile measurements a t 25 and 150°C. are given for the radiation-crosslinked copolymer with and without filler reinforcement.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Studies on the γ-irradiation of natural rubber latex. The effects of organic halogen compounds on crosslinking by γ-irradiation (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 401-407 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: As the accelerating effect of water in the crosslinking reaction of rubber in natural latex by γ-irradiation was assumed to stem from the decomposition of water into radicals by γ-irradiation, more effective reagents were sought among the organic halides which have greater G values for radical formation by γ-irradiation and, simultaneously, an affinity for rubber greater than that of water. 1,2-Dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene (for comparison) were tested, and these compounds, except for benzene, were found to accelerate the reaction in proportion to their G values for radical formation. Benzene was found to have no effect, in concentrations between 1 and 5 phr. The optimum dosage was decreased to 2.1 × 106, 1.0 × 106, and 7.6 × 105 r by the addition of 1, 3, and 5 phr of carbon tetrachloride, respectively, and was assumed to have decreased to 1.17 × 107, 9.0 × 106, and 7.6 × 106 r with 1, 3, and 5 phr of 1,2-dichloroethane, and to 8.6 × 106, 6.2 × 106, and 5.2 × 106 r with 1, 3, and 5 phr of chloroform, respectively. The physical properties of the films obtained at the optimum dosages under these accelerating conditions were equal to those of the latex irradiated up to the optimum dosage with no addition of halide. No side reactions occurred during the halide-accelerated crosslinking that were sufficiently extensive to influence the infrared spectra.
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    The estimation of catalytic parameters of metal acetylacetonates in isocyanate polymerization reactionsContribution No. 202. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 424-427 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The polyaddition process involving a hydroxy-terminated linear polyester and an organic diisocyanate in the presence of a series of metal acetylacetonates has been investigated. The method involved kinetic analysis of plasticity build-up in a Brabender Plastograph. Catalytic orders and relative catalytic constants (kc/k0) were determined for Mn(Aa)3, VO(Aa)2, V(Aa)3, Fe(Aa)3, Cu(Aa)2, Co(Aa)3, and Cr(Aa)3; the constants decrease in that order. Catalytic orders are unity for all complexes save manganese, which is 1.75. No correlation between dissociation potential and catalytic coefficient has been found, and it is believed that catalysis may be associated with the paramagnetic properties of the metal.
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    The strain dependence of rubber viscoelasticity. Part III. Natural and butyl rubber at high extensions (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 428-435 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Dynamic Young's moduli are derived from observations of wave propagation in stretched filaments of natural and butyl rubbers. Extensions up to about 700% are studied within a temperature range of -45 to +50°C. and a frequency range of 0.2 to 20 kycles/sec. At constant temperature and frequency both the real (E') and imaginary (E″) components increase with increasing extension. The loss factor (E″/E') decreases with increasing extension, but the decrease is more pronounced for the butyl rubber so that the large difference in damping between the two polymers in the unstrained state is greatly reduced at high extensions. Approximate relaxation spectra are derived for the strained materials on the basis of several assumptions regarding the applicability of the WLF equation. It is found that the spectra are displaced in the direction of longer times by increasing extension; this is equivalent to an increase in the monomeric friction coefficient with extension. The effect is more pronounced for the natural rubber than for the butyl, and consequently the ratio of the friction coefficients (butyl:natural) falls from several hundred unstrained state to approximately 3 at 550% extension.
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    Viscoelastic factors in the strength of elastomers under complex stress by a puncture methodPresented at the Tenth Canadian High Polymer Forum, Ste. Marguerite, Quebec, September 7-9, 1960.Contribution No. 262 from the research laboratory of the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 442-451 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Investigations of the viscoelastic aspects of the mechanical behavior of polymers have been limited almost exclusively to relatively simple conditions of homogeneous stress, that is, to tension or shear loadings. In the present work a study has been made from the viscoelastic standpoint of the response of several elastomers to a much more complex type of stress distribution arising from penetration up to failure by a cylindrical indentor for a range of temperatures and rates of penetration. The failure or “puncture point” was determined by a dip in the recorded curve of load versus depth of penetration. The puncture strength values were reduced to 25°C. by applying the ratio of absolute temperatures and plotted against the logarithm of the reciprocal of the rate of penetration. These curves were then shifted on the time scale to give a master curve after the manner of Tobolsky and of Ferry. The logarithms of the shift factors thus obtained were related to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature over the range studied. The results indicate a broader generality for the viscoelastic principle of time-temperature equivalence than has usually been supposed.
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    Status of investigations for improving weatherability of linear polyethylene and copolymers (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 612-619 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In an attempt to extend the outdoor serviceability of items molded from linear polyethylene and copolymers, three ultraviolet absorbers, namely, Cyasorb UV-9 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone), Cyasorb UV-314 (2,2′-dihydroxy-4-n-octoxybenzophenone), and TBS (4-tert-butyl phenyl salicylate), sixteen different pigments, and combinations of both ultraviolet absorber and pigment were investigated. Injection-molded test specimens were employed in this study. The laboratory source of radiation to which these samples were exposed was an Atlas XW Weatherometer. Similar samples also were exposed at various outdoor locations including Phoenix, Arizona, Summit, New Jersey, and Newark, New Jersey, to utilize practical conditions of outdoor weathering. During these weathering studies surface cracking was observed as occurring at approximately the same time as a significant decrease in tensile strength, elongation, and melt index. Such observations became a method of rapidly screening a large number of formulations for resistance to ultraviolet radiation. For optimal outdoor serviceability with respect to retention of elongation, tensile strength, and melt index properties of molded items, the following steps are necessary. A high-density resin having as low a melt index as possible is selected. The molded item is designed to minimize the formation of molded-in stresses and strains. Proper selection of UV absorbers, pigments, and combinations of both are made. Pigments such as green, orange, peacock blue, monastral purple, red, and black, in high concentrations, will prolong the outdoor weatherability of a given product.
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    Viscoelastic properties of regenerated cellulose sheet (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 647-654 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The viscoelastic properties of regenerated cellulose containing several different softeners or water only were investigated. Measurements of creep and Young's modulus were made on the Instron tensile tester, and the creep curves were fitted to a mechanical model consisting of Voigt and Maxwell elements of springs and dashpots in series. The elastic and viscous parameters were determined for the various softened films and compared with each other and with measurements of Young's modulus. It was found that the elastic modulus is a function of the effective molar concentration of the softener in the film which is related to its ability to break hydrogen bonds. The inelastic deformation was found to be a linear function of the heat of vaporization of softener (including water) in the film which is related to hydrogen-bonding energy. Thus, inelastic deformation requires breaking of interchain hydrogen bonds in contrast to pure elastic deformation which involves stretching of hydrogen bonds. A relationship of the Voigt unit and of the Maxwell unit on the composition of the cellulose-softener system and on cellulose-softener interaction has been demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Polysaccharide B-1459: A new hydrocolloid polyelectrolyte produced from glucose by bacterial fermentationPresented before the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry at the 136th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, September 1959. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 519-526 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The exocellular polysaccharide fermented from glucose in good yield by Xanthomonas campestrìs NRRL B-1459, has been characterized. The general aspects of chemical constitution have been established, as well as the physical properties related to practical applicability. This macromolecular polysaccharide is composed of D-mannose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid (as the potassium salt), and a small proportion of acetyl groups. It can be produced on an industrial scale and is stable is storage. Analytical fractionation indicates fairly sharp molecular distribution for the native polysaccharide. The polysaccharide forms homogeneous dispersions in water which show plastic rheological properties and viscosity comparable with that of high-grade plant gums. Outstanding characteristics of practical significance are the atypical insensitivity of solution viscosity to salt effects and to heat, especially when salt is present. Solutions of low concentration show a restricted viscosity decrease upon salt addition; those of higher concentrations show substantial increases. Viscosity is enhanced still further by monovalent cations at basic pH and by divalent cations at neutral or slightly basic pH. Salt moderates or eliminates any viscosity decrease due to heat and, in somewhat higher concentrations, it increases the viscosity of heated solutions. Heating or deacetylating Polysaccharide B-1459 causes no impairment of its properties, but actual improvement. The constitutional basis for these unusual properties is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051704
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    Digital recording and automatic computation of film tensile stress-strain dataPresented at ASTM Committee D-20 Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, October 3, 1960. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 527-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A system is described for automatic collection of stress-strain data for polymeric films on magnetic tape for subsequent automatic data reduction and computation of a variety of stress-strain parameters. Two shaft analog-to-digital encoders attached to a conventional tensile tester feed digital information to an incremental pulse recorder which stores all stress and strain data in two channels on 0.625-in. magnetic tape. Specimen information and test constants are inserted by the operator through a keyboard located at the tensile tester. The tape is subsequently fed into a standard digital computer through a special incremental pulse magnetic tape reader. The data pulses are internally stored and converted by means of a special program into eight significant stress-strain parameters for polymeric film samples, plus averages and standard deviations for groups of replicate determinations. These parameters include: corrected length of specimen, initial maximum tensile modulus, offset yield stress, strain at break, strain at maximum stress, maximum tensile stress, tensile stress at break, and work to break. While the program described applies to polymer film testing, both it and the digital recording equipment accessories are applicable with suitable modification, to any analog experimental data. Significant savings in man-hours and increased information output result from use of this system.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051705
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    Effects of heterogeneous acetylation and methylation on mechanical properties of isotropic cellulose film (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 545-552 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects on mechanical properties of heterogeneous acetylation and methylation of isotropic cellulose films have been studied. The effects on breaking load, extensibility, yield point, elastic recovery, and initial Young's modulus in the air-dry state were very small. It is concluded that these properties are not markedly influenced in cellulose derivatives by variation of the nature of the intermolecular cohesive forces in the way that might have been anticipated from the analogy of a simple molecular network. It is suggested that the lack of effect of such treatments, and also the cause of the low elastic recovery in cellulose and its derivatives, may be connected with molecular stiffness, dipole distribution, and supracrystalline structure. Cellulose and its derivatives are contrasted with nylon in this respect. The effects of methylation or acetylation on mechanical properties in water are much more extensive and are attributed to a solubilizing effect which, in the case of progressive acetylation, is ultimately opposed by the formation of acetate-acetate intermolecular bonds that are relatively stable to water.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051708
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    Heterogeneous polymer systems. I. Torsional modulus studies (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 580-588 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Torsional modulus-temperature data have been obtained on heterogeneous polymer compositions prepared by several procedures. Both the state of aggregation of the component chain molecules and their degree of compatibility are significant variables. Modulus curves similar to those for crystalline polymers can be obtained from incompatible polymers having glass temperatures sufficiently far apart. Detailed interpretations are presented for modulus curves of both individual homopolymers and bicomponent heterogeneous polymer mixtures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051713
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    Grafting of vinyl monomers onto crosslinked polymers. I. Grafting of methyl methacrylate onto fibers spun from polymer blends of polyvinyl alcohol and its partially N-methylolcarbamoylethylated productsPresented at a meeting of the Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo, October 19, 1960. (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 563-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Improvements in physical properties of polyvinyl alcohol fibers were attempted by means of both crosslinking and graft copolymerization. By using the ceric iron redox system on synthetic fibers spun from polymer blends containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and its partially (about 15 mole-%) N-methylolcarbamoylethylated products (PVM) in which the blend ratios were 0/100, 10/90, 15/85, and 20/80 by weight, methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted at 30°C. in the aldehyde-free acetone-water system after crosslinking by heat treatment or successive acid treatment. Grafting increases with increasing PVM component. This may be ascribed to the coarsening of the fiber texture caused by polymer blending and the increasing of methylol groups as a reducing agent. Moisture regains decrease with increasing graft fraction, but these appear to be greater than the additive values of backbone and graft polymer. Less shrinkage in boiling water is obtained with the increase of PVM component and grafting; the decreased shrinkage is significant in the acid-treated PVM-PVA fibers, and it reaches a nearly sufficient value at about 50% graft-on. The PVA fibers do not give sufficient shrink-proofing. The inherent tenacity and elongation of the grafted fibers increase slightly with increasing graft-on or denier except at the high grafting above about 100, 150, and 300 in the PVA, acid-treated, and acid-untreated PVM/PVA fibers, respectively; whereas the tensile strength in grams/denier decreases with grafting. Although at high grafting, a destruction in the fiber texture will perhaps occur, the coarser the texture of backbone fiber, the harder the change by grafting. The knot/normal ratios in tensile strength or elongation of the grafted fibers have been retained at above 90%. The elastic recovery of the grafted fibers is considerably improved as compared to the conventional Vinylon fibers. The improvements in the acid-treated and grafted PVM/PVA (20/80) fibers are significantly greater above and below 50% graft-on, especially in the range of lower extension. As expected, the thermosetting property is also appreciably imparted with grafting. In the conventional Vinylon fibers, the formalization for shrink-proofing is usually at a sacrifice of elastic recovery. But MMA grafting in the PVM/PVA fibers gives a fairly good elastic recovery and less shrinkage in addition to thermosetting property, making the most of the characteristics in the longer intermolecular crosslinkages formed between methylol groups or PVA-OH groups and methylol groups.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051711
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    International rubber conference (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 620-620 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051718
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    Symposium on structure and properties of regenerated cellulosePresented before the Division of Cellulose Chemistry, at the 139th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, St. Louis, Missouri, March 21-30, 1961 (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 621-623 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051801
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    The resilience of chemically modified cottons. II. Reactions of cellulose with formaldehyde under acid conditions (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 704-713 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the reactions of cellulose with formaldehyde under acid conditions, where the fabrics are baked at elevated temperature. These treatments have involved cotton cellulose in a “dry” or relatively unswollen state and have resulted in the treated fabrics exhibiting improved crease rccovery both dry and wet. It has been found that boiling 1% acetic acid solution reduces the acetal contents of the treated fabrics and causes corresponding decreases in both dry and wet crease-recovery improvement. The reproducibility of these treatments, with respect both to extents of formaldehyde incorporation and to dry and wet crease recovery, is found to be very good within a single treatment and, more importantly, tietween different treatments carried out under the same conditions. The rates of acetal removal by the boiling 1% acetic acid and the relationships between acetal content and crease-recovery improvement have been found to be fairly complex. A study has also been made of the rates of acetal removal by boiling 1% acetic acid for samples of cotton card sliver treated with acid and subsequently heated in sealed tubes with paraformaldehyde. The rates of acetal removal in this case have been observed to be qualitatively similar to those observed for treated fabrics. The implications of these findings are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Polymer news (1961)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 753-753 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1961.070051818
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    Theis-Kaltband-Handbuch; Herausgegeben aus Anlaß des 50jährigen Bestehens der Friedr. Gustav Theis, Kaltwalzwerke, Hohenlimburg. 175 S. m. zahlr. Abb., Normen u. Tab.  -  Verlag für Wirtschaftspublizistik, Wiesbaden. (Nicht im Buchhandel.) (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 68-68 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120116
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    Masthead (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961) 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120201
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    Über die Korrosion von Metallen in hölzernen Gehäusen (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of metal in wooden casingsCertain woods (e.g. beech and oak) contain up to 5 per cent, combined acid, mainly acetic acid. During furnace drying and steam treatment, a considerable quantity of acetic acid is released which, being volatile, is liable to promote corrosion through the gaseous phase. The dependence of this acid separation on the external conditions and the escape of the acid from the wood during storage have been investigated.Corrosion tests showed that the free acetic acid of the wood does not promote corrosion until the air humidity has reached about 70 per cent. In moist basements, even normally dry and properly packed casings (e.g. clock casing) absorb so much moisture in a matter of days that steel parts begin to rust.Measures to prevent such corrosion include: storing at humidities below approx. 75 per cent., using casing made from adequately seasoned wood (which is relatively free from acid), and wrapping the steel parts to be protected (especially clocks) with VPI paper.
    Notes: Gewisse Holzarten (z.B. Buche und Eiche) enthalten bis zu 5% gebundene Säure, in der Hauptsache Essigsäure. Beim künstlichen Trocknen und beim Dämpfen spaltet sich hiervon in erheblicher Menge freie Essigsäure ab, die, da sie flüchtig ist, über die Gasphase korrosionsbegünstigend wirken kann. Die Abhängigkeit dieser Säureabspaltung von den äußeren Bedingungen und das Entweichen der Säure aus dem Holz bei der Lagerung wurden untersucht.Wie Rostversuche ergaben, wirkte die freie Essigsäure des Holzes erst bei Luftfeuchtigkeiten oberhalb etwa 80% rostbegünstigend. In feuchten Kellern nehmen auch an sich trockene, normal verpackte Gehäuse (z. B. Uhrgehäuse) in einigen Tagen soviel Feuchtigkeit auf, daß Stahlteile zu rosten beginnen.Maßnahmen zur Korrosionsverhütung sind: Lagerung bei Feuchtigkeiten unterhalb etwa 75%, Herstellung der Gehäuse aus genügend abgelagertem und damit säurearmem Holz, Umhüllung der zu schützenden Stahlteile (im besonderen bei Uhren) mit VPI-Papier.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120102
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    Überzüge organischer Natur (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 46-58 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120110
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    Corrosion Data Survey, 1960 Edition, compiled by G. A. Nelson, Copyright 1950, 1954, 1960 Shell Development Company, Emeryville, California (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 68-68 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120114
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    Aus Industrie und Technik (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 70-72 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120118
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    Allgemeines, Theorie und Messung der Korrosion (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 88-98 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120205
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    Nichteisenmetalle (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 107-110 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120207
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    Beitrag zur Systematik der Korrosion der Metalle im Erdreich VI (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The systematology of the corrosion of metals in soil (VI) Lead, zinc and aluminum coatingsThe results of the field tests carried out by the U.S. Bureau of Standards with metallic coatings in U.S. soils have been evaluated on the basis of the results obtained and published so far. It was found that the resistance of lead coatings on iron pipes depends on the duration of the test, on the pH value of the soil, and on the average annual rainfall. In this respect, it was possible to find simple relationships explaining the behaviour of „parkway cable“ in different U.S. soils. Similarly, it was possible to find a simple law governing the longterm corrosion behaviour of galvanized iron' pipes buried in the soil. Like the behaviour of metallic coatings in new electrolytes, the behaviour of metallic coatings in the soil can be illustrated by corrosion rate/pH diagrams. The resistance of dip and powder calorized iron pipes depends on the pH value of the soil, and on its airing.
    Notes: Die Ergebnisse der von US-Bureau of Standards mit metallischen Überzügen in USA-Böden durchgeführten Naturkorrosionsversuche wurden unter Zugrundelegung der bisher gewonnenen und bekanntgegebene Erkenntnisse ausgewertet. Dabie wurde festgestellt, daß die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Bleiüberzügen auf Eisenrohren von der Versuchsdauer, dem pH-Wert des Bodens und der durchschnittlichen jährlichen Regenmenge abhängt. Für das Verhalten von „parkway cable„ in verschiedenen USA-Böden konnten in dieser Hinsicht einfache Zusammenhänge gefunden werden. Verzinkte Eisenrohre ließen ebenfalls im Erdboden hinsichtlich ihres Korrosions-Dauerverhaltens eine einfache Gesetzmäßigkeit erkennen. Für das Verhalten der verschiedenen metallischen Überzüge im Erdreich können ähnlich wie für deren Verhalten im neuen Elektrolyten, Korrosionsgeschwindigkeits-pH-Diagramme entwickelt werden. Die Widerstandsfähigkeit von tauch- und pulverkalorisierten Eisenrohren hängt vom pH-Wert des Bodens und von dessen Belüftung ab.
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    Eisenmetalle (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 300-303 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120507
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    Chemie und Technologie der Silicone von W. Noll, Leverkusen unter Mitarbeit von O. Glenz, Leverkusen; G. Hecht, Wuppertal-Elberfeld; W. Krauss, Leverkusen; J. Peter, Leverkusen; H. Rothert, Berlin; B. Zorn, Leverkusen. 1960. XV, 460 S. mit 101 Abb. und 97 Tab. sowie etwa 2000 Literaturzitaten. Verlag Chemie, GmbH., Weinheim/Bergstr. Ganzleinen DM 39,80 (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 125-125 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120213
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    Reactor handbook second edition in four volumes vol. 1: Materials. published under contract with the U. S. Atomic energy commission, volume 1 edited by C. R. Tipton, jr., New York 1960, Interscience Publishers, Inc. New York 1, N. Y.; Interscience Publishers Ltd., London, Preis $ 36,50 (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 126-126 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120218
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    Allgemeines, Theorie und Messung der Korrosion (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 154-156 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120305
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    Handbuch der Gießereitechnik. Erster Band, 2. Teil: Werkstoffe II, Stand und Probleme der Normung. Herausgegeben von F. Roll unter Mitarbeit zahlreicher Fachleute. Springer-Verlag Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg 1960, 1. Auflage, XII, 363 Seiten, 354 Abbildungen und viele Tabellen, Ganzleinen DM 66.- (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 410-411 
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120616
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    Kurzreferate zu den Originalarbeiten (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. X 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120621
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    Kathodischer Schutz von im Boden eingebetteten oder in Wasser eintauchenden AnlagenNach einem Vortrag, gehalten auf der Diskussionstagung „Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz“, 7. und 8. April 1960 in Frankfurt/M. (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 280-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cathodic protection of installations embedded in the soil or immersed in waterHaving emphasized the importance and development of cathodic polarisation methods as means of protecting metallic structures embedded in the soil or immersed in water, the author discusses the notion and working of the protective potential. The discussion covers, in some detail, the measuring of the different potentials, the type and effect of the reference electrodes used in cathodic protection, the standard values, the method of well as the determination of a limit value of the protective potential of the polarisation curves and the significance of this limit value as regards the service life of anti-corrosion sheathings of metallic surfaces. By way of example for the successful application of cathodic corrosion protection, a description is given of the drinking water pipeline supplying the islands of Procida and Ischia in the Gulf of Naples which, over a length ofs 6.2 kilometres, runs along the sea bed.
    Notes: Nach Hinweis auf Bedeutung und Entwicklung kathodischer Polarisationsmethoden zum Schutz bodenverlegter oder in Wasser eintauchender metallischer Konstruktionen erörtert Verfasser Begriff und Wirkungsweise des Schutzpotentials. Messung der verschiedenen Potentialwerte, Art und Einfluß der Bezugselektroden beim kathodischen Schutz, Normwerte, Ausführung der Kontrollmessungen sowie Festlegung und Bedeutung eines Grenzwertes des Schutz potentials bzw. der Polarisationskurven für die Lebensdauer korrosionsschützender Umhüllungen metallischer Oberflächen werden eingehend behandelt. Als Beispiel der erfolgreichen Anwendung des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes wird die im Golf von Neapel auf den Meeresboden verlegte Trinkwasserleitung nach den beiden Inseln Procida und Ischia beschrieben, deren gesamte Unterwasserlänge 6,2 km beträgt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120504
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    Aus Industrie und Technik (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 346-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120515
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    Das Fachwissen des Metallgewerblers, Tl. 4, Fachzeichnen (Ein Zeichenlehrgang und Aufgabenbuch). Von F. Diefenbach. 3., erweiterte und verbesserte Aufl. Bonn, Dümmler 1960, 240 S., 32 Abb. und 208 Aufgabenblätter, kart., DIN A 5, DM 6,80. (Reihe „Dümmlers Fachbücherei“) (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 468-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120712
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  • 100
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    Umschau (1961)
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 469-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.19610120717
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