ALBERT

Description: Respiration, ammonia excretion and decompression tolerance were studied in several species of lysianassoid amphipods captured at four stations in the deep Arabian Sea with an isolated trap maintaining them at in situ temperature. The amphipods were decompressed from their ambient to atmospheric pressure during recovery. Six amphipods, belonging to the species Eurythenes gryllus, Paralicella caperesca and Abyssorchomene abyssorum, survived decompression from depths between 1920 and 4420 m. The physiological condition of these specimens was good inferred by the fact that their swimming and resting behaviour appeared normal, they reacted to disturbance by light and vibration, and were able to ingest food to maintain full guts. Most of the amphipods (421 individuals), however, were recovered dead, which allows information about their decompression tolerance and their vertical migration ability to be deduced. Weight-specific respiration rates of the deep-sea amphipods that were fed prior to the experiments were not lower than in shallow-water amphipods living at similar temperatures. Differences in respiration rates between the specimens are discussed with regard to body size, species specificity and food supply. Weight-specific ammonia excretion rates were extremely high when compared with shallow-water relatives, indicating a capability for rapid digestion. This may be an adaptation to the unpredictable food supply in the deep sea as it enables the amphipod to empty its digestive tract quickly, thus making it available for additional food. Rapid digestion also enables the animals to regain mobility soon after feeding, permitting them to move to new food sources.

Description: A. DE CANDOLLE’s (1830) treatment of the genus Campanula lists 137 species. Many new species were described since, so that the total number of species should be estimated to be at least twice that number. A new monograph of the genus is, therefore, highly desirable (CLIFFORD CROOK, 1951). Any classification into subgenera and sections, based on herbarium studies, is bound to meet considerable difficulties on account of the great uniformity among many floral characters of the various species. Cytological information may prove very valuable in order to arrive at a modern classification of the species within the genus.

Description: Cytological studies on the Rubiaceae with special references to the genus Galium have been done by HOMEYER (1936) and FAGERLIND (1937). EHRENDORFER (1949, 1954, 1955, 1956) described the phylogeny of the section Leptogalium. More detailed cytological and cytotaxonomical investigations appeared by HANCOCK (1942) (Galium palustre L., Galium debile Desv. and Galium uliginosum L.), CLAPHAM (1949) ( Galium palustre L.), EHRENDORFER (1949, 1953) (Galium pumilum Murr.) 1955 (Galium rubrum L. and Galium pusillum L.) and of Galium boreale L. by Löve and Löve (1954) and more recently by RAHN (1961). FAGERLIND (1937) and, previous to him, HOMEYER (1936) determined the chromosome numbers of many Galium species. Later investigations by EHRENDORFER (1949, 1955, 1956, 1961), LÖVE and LÖVE (1954, 1956), PIOTROWICZ (1958), POUQUES (1949), RAHN (1960, 1961) and REESE (1957) confirmed and supplemented this list of chromosome numbers. Many investigators have paid attention to the genus Galium. However, their studies have concerned only with some critical species or groups. Many taxonomical problems remain concerning the genus. SCHUMANN (1891) in ENGLER and PRANTL „Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” divided the genus in 14 sections which are very distinct morphologically. However, within these sections it is often very difficult to define exactly the morphological differences between the species.

Description: This is the second paper dealing with Myxomycetes collected by me in the Netherlands, mostly in the neighbourhood of Doorwerth. Specimens of the species dealt with are preserved either in my private collection or in that of the Botanical Museum and Herbarium of the State University, Utrecht (in the last named case the numbers are followed by a “U”), or in both.

Description: In the present study pollen morphology of the Euphorbeaceae is treated as an additional character in taxonomy. Besides the greater part of the genera occurring in the system of PAX and K. HOFFMANN (1931), most of the genera published after 1931 are studied. The pollen grains have been described with the aid of a terminology as simple as possible. In principle the terminology of IVERSEN and TROELS-SMITH has been followed, although in addition, many improvements of ERDTMAN have been used. One of the simplifications is the rejection of POTONIÉ’s term sculpture. All elements occurring on the endexine are called structure elements; all structure elements together form the structure of a pollen grain. For the sake of consequence endexine apertures and extexine apertures are discussed separately. Different pollen grains are placed in different pollen types. If the differences are of minor importance, the pollen grains are placed in subtypes. Several types can have some characters in common. To express the correspondences, these types are assembled in configurations. As the pollen types in Phyllanthoideae and Crotonoideae differ distinctly, the division of the Euphorbiaceae in these subfamilies is maintained in the discussion of the results. The Phyllanthodieae can be separated in three large groups of pollen types ( Antidesma configuration, Amanoa configuration and Aristogeitonia configuration), which agrees with the grouping of PAX in 1924. The remaining small configurations belong in taxonomic respect to the genera of the Antidesma configuration. In the Crotonoideae many genera possess pollen grains with a croton-pattern. These genera should be treated as a single group. Besides this natural group, the Plukenetiinae possess pollen grains which are clearly distinguished from other genera in the Crotonoideae. Pollen grains of Omphalea are similar to those in the Plukenetia configuration. This pollen-morphological result agrees with the opinion of CROIZAT. The remaining pollen grains in the Crotonoideae are less easy to differentiate in groups. One of the largest configurations is the Mallotus configuration, which includes most genera of the Acalypheae and several genera or other tribes. The Hippomane configuration is another large one. This configuration comprises the tribes Hippomaneae and Euphorbieae. The pollen grains of both tribes are very similar. The genus Pachystroma is pollen-morphologically as well as taxonomically related to the tribe Hippomaneae. Pera, treated as a separate tribe by PAX and K. HOFFMANN, is related by its pollen grains to some genera in the Acalypheae. Dalechampia is habitually related to the genera in the Plukenetiinae. Pollenmorphological data, however, do not support this relation. The pollen grains of Dalechampia are not similar to any other pollen type. The morphology of the pollen grains of the Stenolobeae is in agreement with the opinion of PAX, that any separation of these Australian genera is an artificial one.

Description: The case described here analyses morphological change at the boundary between ecological and evolutionary scales. The size and shape of 8 populations of two sibling species of tenebrionid beetles (Asida planipennis and A. moraguesi) are analysed using landmark-based methods. The two species differ in size, shape and in allometric trajectory. Thin-Plate Spline Analysis (TPSA) combined with Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) reveal the specific shape changes that allow the best inter-species discrimination. These changes involve the outline of the posterior margin of the pronotum. Moreover, the landmarkbased method provides useful tools for interpreting the intraspecies variability of some continuously varying morphological characters. In the case of A. planipennis, size and shape are correlated at the inter-population level, but are independent at the intra-population level. Moreover, size and shape do not reflect any spatial (i.e., geographical) structure or phylogenetic inertia at the inter-population level. These facts favour sitespecific environmental conditions as the main cause of shape and size variability in this species. One environmental variable is suggested to be the cause of the inter-population morphological differences detected.

Description: The analysis of consecutive ontogenetic stages, or events, introduces a new class of data to phylogenetic systematics that are distinctly different from traditional morphological characters and molecular sequence data. Ontogenetic event sequences are distinguished by varying degrees of both a collective and linear type of dependence and, therefore, violate the criterion of character independence. We applied different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction to ontogenetic data including maximum parsimony and distance (cluster) analyses. Two different data sets were investigated: (1) four simulated ontogenies with defined phylogenies of six hypothetical taxa, and (2) a set of “real” data comprising sequences of 29 ontogenetic events from 11 vertebrate taxa. We confirm that heterochronic event sequences do contain a phylogenetic signal. However, based on our results we argue that maximum parsimony is a biased method to analyze such developmental sequence data. Ontogenetic events require a special analytical algorithm that would not neglect instances of chronological (horizontal) dependence of this type of data. One coding method, “event-pairing”, appeared to fulfill this requirement in the vertebrate analyses. However, to accurately analyze ontogenetic sequence data, a more sophisticated coding method and algorithm are needed, for example, measuring distances of dependent events.

Description: I have long maintained that in the unfolding of exciting lines of research, seldom can one plan how to achieve a cooperative program. “Planned science,” more often than not, is forced science and not particularly productive. Far more significant is the role of serendipity in defining an exciting and innovative line of research, i.e., a truly stimulating cooperation. Fundamental advances simply cannot be planned for; one has to flow with the current. Thus it was that serendipity brought together the research group in Experimental Embryology of Prof. dr. J.A.M. van den Biggelaar at the University of Utrecht, and my own group in Systematics and Zoogeography at the University of Amsterdam. Several years ago I had received a grant proposal to review from the Dutch science research council (NWO). The proposed project intended to examine patterns of early development in the gastropod Patella in a large scale, evolutionary context. I found the project an exciting one and gave it my highest endorsement. Furthermore, so taken was I by the proposal that I made contact with its author. Prof. van den Biggelaar. I had long entertained the idea that a combination of an evolutionarily inclined group in embryology with embryologically sensitive systematists could achieve great things. I revealed myself to Jo van den Biggelaar as one of his reviewers and proposed that we meet.

Description: A critical study of the morphological data sets used for the most recent analyses of metazoan cladistics exposes a rather cavalier attitude towards character coding. Binary absence/presence coding is ubiquitous, but without any explicit justification. This uncompromising application of Boolean logic in character coding is remarkable since several recent investigations have nominated absence/presence coding as the most problematic coding method available for standard cladistic analysis. Moreover, the prevalence of unspecified “absence” character states in the published data sets introduces a discrepancy between the theoretical foundations of phylogenetic parsimony and current practices in metazoan cladistics. Because phylogenetic parsimony assumes transformation of character states, its effective operation breaks down when not all character states are carefully delimited. Examples of resulting meaningless character state transformations are discussed in two categories: 1) when unspecified “absence” states are plesiomorphic; and 2) when unspecified “absence” states are apomorphic (character reversals). To facilitate future progress in metazoan cladistics, the mandatory link between comparative morphology and character coding needs to be reestablished through a more explicit study of morphological variation prior to character coding, and through a more explicitly experimental approach to character coding.

Description: In 1885 publiceerde J.D. Kobus een Flora van Wageningen en omgeving. Hij vermeldt hierin het voorkomen van Sambucus racemosa L. op de Wageningse Berg met het bijschrift; „aangeplant?” Of de soort aan de zuidelijke Veluwerand oorspronkelijk voorkomt is thans minder dan toentertijd uit te maken; ze is er nu zeker plaatselijk niet zeldzaam. Ook in het Zuidoosten van de provincie Utrecht wordt ze op tal van plaatsen aangetroffen. Zo groeit ze in groot aantal op en om de Grebbeberg, evenzo op en nabij het landgoed Remmerstein tussen Rhenen en Veenendaal. fan kunnen we de plant nog verspreid aantrffen te Eist (Utr.) en in de omgeving van Amerongen. Een wat ongewone en daardoor interessante vindplaats ligt in de gemeente Veenendaal. Hier vindt men in het laagste deel van het Griftgebied het natuurreservaat De Ho. open water met rietland er om heen. Als afsluiting heeft men na de laatste oorlog enkele el zenbosjes aangeplant. In deze elzenbosjes zijn verscheidene houtige gewassen spontaan verschenen: Ribes sylvestre, Ribes nigrum, Rubus, Sambucus nigra en ook Sambucus racemosa. He kiemplanten van Sambucus racemosa gaan veelal te gronde door te vochtig en schaduwrijk milieu, maar op enkele meer geschikte plaatsen hebben zich struiken weten te handhaven. Het rietland van De Hel is sinds jaar en dag een slaapplaats voor spreeuwen, die zich hier uit wijde ontrek verzamelen, waarschijnlijk uit een gebied met een straal van wel 15 km. Deze spreeuwen zijn stellig grotendeels oorzaak van het optreden van bovengenoende soorten.

Description: This series of two or more volumes starts to be published in the summer of 1962; the page proofs of the first volume, which was sent to the press in May 1960, were received by Dr. E. Quisumbing at Manila where the volume is being printed, in March; its publication can be expected by July 1962. The series ”Pacific Plant Areas” means to give all that is already known about distribution of taxa of generic and lower level which centre round the Pacific Ocean, and also to add to our knowledge by giving new maps which have been carefully prepared by specialists. Hence the series consists of a bibliographic part and a cartographic part, preceded by an explanatory introduction. Volume I is mainly bibliographic, containing about 3200 references to maps and 26 newly prepared maps; volume II will be mainly cartographic, containing about 124 newly prepared maps, and will hopely be ready for the press by the end of 1962.

Description: 1. Introductory.--This project was to study fern specimens in certain herbaria in the U.S.A., especially of tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae), in connection with preparation of the Pteridophyte Series of Flora Malesiana, and to make contacts in the U.S.A. with a view to continued cooperation in this work. The family Cyatheaceae, on which I am at present engaged, is a particularly difficult one, comprising 350 described species in Malaysia, in a close alliance. Probably all should be regarded as belonging to one genus. Descriptions of species have on the whole been unsatisfactory, so that many identifications of specimens in herbaria are doubtful or erroneous. It is thus necessary to see all type specimens to establish the significance of names; and also, as the fronds are large so that only a part of one appears on each herbarium sheet, the different specimens of the same collection, distributed to different herbaria, often give complementary information, so that to see one is not enough. Furthermore, it is necessary to see as many collections as possible, to understand what variation is possible within a species. The material is bulky, and it is a physical impossibility to gather together in one place all that one needs to see for a proper understanding of the family. I had already spent more than a year on this study before going to the U.S.A., and had seen most of the type material in European herbaria.

Description: In de oudere jaargangen van Heukels’ flora staan aanvankelijk alleen Schouwen en Huisduinen genoemd als groeiplaatsen van Crithmum maritimum, in nieuwere drukken is er Vlissingen bijgekomen, nog later veranderd in Walcheren en thans prijkt Crithmum met vier groeiplaatsen, n.l. Huisduinen, Schouwen, Walcheren en West Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Daaruit zoumen mogen concluderen.dat Crithmum, hoewel zeldzaam, niettemin in opmars is en zijn gebied uitbreidt. Een nauwkeurig volgen van de ontwikkeling op de bekende groeiplaatsen en een naarstig zoeken naar nieuwe gedurende een tijdvak van ongeveer 15 jaren hebben mij echter de overtuiging gebracht, dat de soort in Zeeland op zozeer kwetsbare plaatsen groeit, dat misschien wel van opmars doch geenszins van uitbreiding kan worden gesproken. Alle in die jaren gevonden planten groeiden aan zeeweringen op glooiingen van Vilvoordse steen en basalt, met slechts één uitzondering. Deze glooiingen staan enerzijds bloot aan zware aanvallen van de zee en behoeven anderzijds als gevolg van die aanvallen regelmatig te worden hersteld, vernieuwd of verzwaard. Vooral het herstel en verzwaren van die zeeweringen zijn de laatste jaren voor het voortbestaan van de soort bijna catastrophaal geworden, zoals uit het volgende relaas moge blijken. Het is mij niet bekend of de soort zich. in Huisduinen heeft kunnen handhaven, doch in Zeeland zijn de meeste gevonden groeiplaatsen na korter of langer tijd weer verdwenen, De groeiplaats in Vlissingen is mij nooit bekend geweest, maar er groeit in Vlissingen nu geen Crithmum meer. Op Schouwen was een groeiplaats op Vilvoordse steen in de omgeving van Flauwers met vrij veel, goed ontwikkelde planten, die konden bogen op een grote mate van inschikkelijkheid jegens haar door de Waterstaatsmensen – Zo zeer zelfs dat toen de glooiing versterkt moest worden en de ruimte tussen de stenen werd volgegoten met beton, de groeiplaats van Crithmum daarvan werd uitgezonderd om de planten te sparen, Na de ramp in 1953, waarbij de dijk en de planten ter plaatse intact bleven, moest de dijk zodanig worden verzwaard, dat het niet mogelijk bleek de planten nog langer te sparen. Zij zijn daar onder een laag klei van ongeveer twee meter dik begraven.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson, Kuching, will go on leave in October 1962. Mr P.S. Ashton, Cambridge (U.K.), has accepted the post of Forest Botanist at kuching, Sarawak, and will in September 1962 proceed to Borneo.

Description: History of Indian Botany. It is with great pleasure that Mr I.H. Burkill wrote us that the third and final instalment of his History of Indian Botany was ready for fair copying, Xmas 1959. The Bombay Natural History Society contemplates reprinting the three chapters in one booklet. Pacific Plant Areas (see p. 645). The text and maps of the first instalment are finished now.

Description: With the founding of the Museum of Natural History (MNH) at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) the former Department of Botany Herbarium (CAHUP) has been transferred to this. This required the establishment of another herbarium to cater to the increasing need by courses in systematics of the undergraduate and graduate programs of the Institute of Biological Sciences (IBS), UPLB. Thus, in 1999, the birth of the IBS Herbarium (PBDH). It is used for six more or less advanced courses in biodiversity, botany, ecology, and systematics. It is also the repository of documentation on the flora of Mt Makiling and vicinity. Mount Makiling is the best scientifically studied mountain of the country, materials dating back to the time of the Malaspina Expedition in 1789. Prominent collectors were W.H. Brown, E.B. Copeland, H. Cuming, A.D.E. Elmer, A. Loher, C.G. Matthews, E.D. Merrill, C. Pickering, and many others. Those after WW II are listed below.

Description: At the Biodiversity 2000 Kuching Conference in November 2000, I put forward the thesis that biodiversity is a knowledge resource, and that Asian societies have an attitude problem with respect to the management of knowledge (Ng, 2001). I offered the following evidence: In AD 304, Chi Han published his famous monograph on the Flora of Southeast Asia (available in English translation by Li, 1979), covering about 80 species of plants from what is now Vietnam and S China. Chi Han covered 18 edible fruits and nuts, 5 useful palms, 3 vegetables, 2 other food crops, 5 spices, 2 masticatory plants, 2 dye plants, 5 fibre plants, 6 perfume plants, 7 drug plants, 11 wood and wood-products plants and 10 ornamental plants. Chi Han’s book became a classic in the Chinese scientific literature.

Description: Mount Akiki (16° 37’ N, 120° 53’ E, c. 2760 m alt.) is one of the highest mountain peaks in the Cordillera mountain range, Luzon Island, Philippines. It is situated in the municipality of Benguet, north-east of Baguio City (a world famous tourist city in the region) and is north-west of Mt Pulog, Luzon Island’s highest mountain peak and the second in the entire Philippines next to Mt Apo in Mindanao (Schoenig et al., 1975; Buot & Okitsu, 1997a; Buot, 1999). Locally the mountain is known as ‘Pulag’, internationally as ‘Pulog’. Knowledge about the vegetation types on Mt Akiki (similar to that of many of the Philippine mountains), is quite wanting despite its importance in biodiversity studies, zonation and sustainable forest conservation plans, wise utilisation of forest resources, and bioprospecting possibilities (PAWB-DENR, 1998).

Description: MOGEA, J.P., D. GANDAWIDJAJA, H. WIRIADINATA, R.E. NASUTION & IRAWATI. 2001. Tumbuhan langka Indonesia (Rare plants of Indonesia). 86 pp, illus. Puslitbang Biologi-LIPI. ISBN 979-579-036-6 (In Bahasa Indonesia). This is an illustrated guide to and descriptions of 40 rare or endangered plants of Indonesia. Not surprisingly several species of Aquilaria, mercilessly sought after for their scented wood (gaharu), are included as well as several species of orchids and Rafflesia, of which habitat destruction is the main threat. This is also true for Amorphophallus titanum which, by the way, has been successfully propagated by seeds in the Leiden Botanical Garden, alongside other species of the genus.

Description: For the pollination of their flowers, plants of the genus Ficus are absolutely dependent upon the activity of small insects, the ”fig wasps” (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, family Agaonidae). Consequently, no account of Ficus can be exhaustive without considering the entomological data. On the other hand, the fig wasps can only develop in the gall flowers of the fig receptacle. Consequently again, in the evaluation of the data on fig wasps, great stress should be laid on the botanical evidence. These statements may serve as ample justification for the appearance of an entomologists’ notes in this botanical bulletin. Since 1960 I am working through a large collection of Indo-malayan and Papuan fig wasps, mainly consisting of the collection made by Dr. J. van der Vecht at Bogor, and material sent by Dr. E.J.H. Corner from various parts of Malaya, Indonesia, Papua, and Melanesia. As the study of the fig wasps is still in its analytical stage, progress is slow, but the results are promising.

Description: Currently both those teaching and those learning about phylogenies face a variety of problems. There are several systems to chose from, yet there is no explicitly phylogenetic system (in the sense of recognizing only strictly monophyletic groups) where all those groups are described. Conventional family descriptions are long, and present a formidable challenge to somebody trying to learn about the family. This website attempts to deal with such problems. It is a web-based treatment of all flowering plant families and orders that very largely follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system (APG, 1998, 2002). It contains characterizations of all plant families, some infrafamilial groups, and most of the well-supported nodes above the level of family including those formally recognized as orders. The characterizations consist of hierarchically organized information (see below), and are linked to trees. Associated material consists of a brief discussion of the characters used, indexes of familial and ordinal names, and a bibliography, as well as links to photographs, lists of genera, and other sites.

Description: On 25 and 26 June 2001 FRIM and PROSEA Country Office Malaysia organised a First National Workshop on Environmental Education (EE) in Forest Recreational Areas. The workshop was attended by 75 participants, most from municipalities and government agencies. The issue is actual because tourism is increasingly shifting towards eco- or nature tourism and Malaysia has a lot to offer in this respect. PROSEA Malaysia could contribute e.g. by institutionalising EE at all levels of education, including teachers training, providing teachers with support material for EE, bringing school and community closer by making them undertake EE activities together and providing basic environmental knowledge to all government agencies, private sectors, general public, and political parties. Mid 2001, Dr. E. Sukara, Deputy for Natural Sciences for Biology LIPI, succeeded Dr. A. Nontji as Chair of PROSEA’S National Steering Committee in Indonesia.

Description: Balan Menon, P.K.: Taxonomic value of wood anatomy seen through Malayan woods. The Malayan Forester 24 (1961) 290- 301. Mr Menon, who is a wood technologist at the Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaya, presented this paper at the Hawaii Congress. In it, he gives a series of classifications of Malayan woods on the basis of anatomical features which can be seen by a hand-lens, he distinguishes 18 classes, notably woods with: ring-porous structure, exclusively solitary pores, multiple vessel-perforation, vestured (vessel) pits, scalariform intervessel pits, ripple marks, broad rays, uniseriate rays, septate fibres, distinctly bordered fibre pits, tanniferous tribes, latex tribes, horizontal canals, vertical canals, included phloem, mucilage or oil cells, silica inclusion, raphides.

Description: Endlicher, S.: Genera plantarum. 1836-40. Index. -----: Ibid. Suppl. 1842. Index. Index nominum genericorum. Card index I.A.P.T. In course of preparation.

Description: The World Wildlife Fund (Kikori Catchment Developmental Project, Papua New Guinea) has commenced field surveys of the Orchidaceae in the Lake Kutabu and Mt Bosavi areas of Papua New Guinea. The main purpose of the survey is to get a more accurate assessment of the orchids in the region. In a previous survey based on data collected along transects within the region, the total orchid flora appeared to have been underestimated due to a lack of knowledge in the recognition and identification of these plants. A major component of the project therefore was to work jointly with two national botanists, L. Balun, Senior Lecturer, Bulolo University College, and O. Jebia, WWF Botanist, and train them to recognise and identify the orchids encountered in the field. The survey area is biologically rich with diverse tropical rain forest at 800-1400 m altitude on the Papuan fold belt geological region on the southern slopes of the Southern Highlands. Currently it is an area of major economic significance to Papua New Guinea containing major oil and natural gas fields. Much of the forest within the region is in a pristine state with minimal clearing and agriculture evident. The ease of access to various habitats within the region either by road, boat, or air, makes it an ideal situation to conduct research to assess biodiversity in this part of Papua New Guinea.

Description: Mr C. Jeffrey of the Kew herbarium, who works on Cucurbitaceae, has been to the Seychelles for botanical collecting and exploration, his letter of Jan. 20, 1962 is interesting enough to quote the following passage from: ”You may be interested in a few impressions of the Seychelles flora, discounting introduced naturalized species, which now I fear cover most of the islands, I gain the impression that here we have a number of long-isolated and endemic species (perhaps some may prove subspecies?) of mixed African, Mascarene, and SE. Asian affinities, and mostly confined to higher ground on the larger islands, together with a number of indigenous non-endemic species which formed most of the original lowland vegetation, but some of which also occur in the higher parts, which are mostly (but not all) otherwise SE. Asian to Malaysian in distribution (the others are mostly Afro-Mascarene) or palaeotropical.

Description: Trees, shrubs, herbs, or armed climbers; roots not rarely tuberous. Indument consisting of simple hairs. Leaves simple, exstipulate, opposite or rarely in whorls or pseudowhorls, sometimes unequal in one pair. Inflorescence cymose, often thyrsoid, corymbose or umbellate terminal or axillary, sometimes cauliflorous. Bracts and bracteoles present, sometimes very small, not rarely early caducous. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual by reduction; pedicelled, with 1-3 bracteoles sometimes coloured, or sustained by an involucre. Perianth tubular, campanulate, funnel-shaped, or urceolate, sometimes articulated with the pedicel; the basal part persistent, enclosing the receptacle, tubular, club- or funnel-shaped, often accrescent; the apical, mostly circumscissile caducous part plicate or valvate in bud, with (4—)5—10 lobes, green or coloured. Stamens 1-40, rarely more, in 1-2 whorls, connate at the base, free from the perianth; anthers 2-locular, latrorse, basifixed. Ovary (sub)sessile, superior, 1-celled, with one erect, anatropous ovule. Style terminal, stigma capitate or fimbriate- to shortly lobed. Basal persistent part of the perianth accrescent in fruit and enveloping the fruit, the whole being known as anthocarp; anthocarp indehiscent, smooth, or with viscid ribs and glands, sometimes the glands accrescent into prickles; pericarp thin. Seed 1; embryo straight or folded; endosperm mealy or reduced to a gelatinous rest. Distribution. About 26 genera with 300 spp. in the New World, particularly in South America, with poor representations of mostly widespread (native or introduced) species in the warm parts of the Old World. Although the family is predominantly tropical, its area reaches to 38° SL in New Zealand and to 45° SL in Argentina. In Malesia there are 19 spp. in 4 genera, of which only Pisonia is undoubtedly native.

Description: Trees, shrubs, woody climbers, or herbs. Hairs simple, stellate, or glandularcapitate; colleters often present in the axils of the leaves, stipules, and sepals (among Mal. genera absent in Buddleja only). Leaves nearly always opposite, entire or nearly so, penninerved, rarely 3-7-plinerved (Strychnos) or curvinerved (Mitrasacme); ; stipules interpetiolar (in many genera reduced to a stipular line) in some genera moreover intrapetiolar. Flowers in cymose to thyrsiform (rarely racemose or spicate) inflorescences or solitary, 5-(rarely 4-, in Anthocleista up to 16-)merous, nearly always bisexual, actinomorphic (in some genera slightly zygomorphic). Disk sometimes present (not in Mal. spp.). Sepals united or free. Corolla gamopetalous, very rare with a corona. Stamens isomerous in Mal. spp. in 2 extra-Mal. genera less), alternating, inserted on the corolla tube (with one exception in Buddleja), , included or exserted; anthers basifixed or sometimes slightly (in the Spigelieae), , slightly to deeply bifid at base, lengthwise dehiscent. Ovary superior (in Polypremum, Cynoctonum, and Mitrasacme p.p. semi-inferior), (1-)2(-4)-celled, placentas axile (parietal if 1-celled), often peltate; ovules l-~ per cell, amphitropous or anatropous; style usually one. Fruit always superior, capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds 1-~, with copious endosperm; embryo minute straight, cotyledons small. Distribution. About 28 genera with some 600 spp., almost confined to the tropics of both eastern and Western hemispheres, a few genera extending to the warm-temperate regions, mainly towards the south. In Malaysia 11 genera with 80 spp.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4, 5, and 6 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Arts, T. 2001. A revision of Splachnobryaceae (Musci). Lindbergia 26: 77-96, illus. — 2 gen (1 new), 10 spp (1), 6 Malesian; key; synonymy, descriptions, notes. AWASTHI, U.S., S.C. SRIVASTAVA & D. SHARMA. 2000 (‘1999’). Lopholejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. in India. Geophytol. 29: 35-60, illus. — 12 taxa, 4 new; key; synonymy, descriptions, notes.

Description: Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs or fleshy saprophytes. Leaves spiral, sometimes opposite or pseudowhorled, simple, entire, crenate or serrate, mostly evergreen and ± coriaceous (Malesia), exstipulate (stipule-like perulae of axillary buds occur in Diplycosia and Vaccinium p.p.). Flowers bisexual (rarely functionally unisexual; or the plant dioecious in extra-Mal.), characteristically regular, (4-)5 (rarely 6-7)-merous. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, entirely covered by perulae in bud, mostly in racemes, these sometimes arranged to panicles or condensed to umbels, or reduced to few-flowered fascicles, or even to a solitary flower. Sepals (reduced in Monotropastrum and Wirtgenia) very rarely free, generally connate below to a calyx tube, the latter free or ± adnate to the ovary, persistent, whether or not accrescent in fruit, lobes imbricate or open in bud. Corolla campanulate to funnel-shaped, urceolate or cylindric, sometimes slightly zygomorphous, caducous, lobed to various degree, lobes imbricate (sometimes ± contorted), rarely valvate in bud. Stamens usually 10 (rarely 5, 8, or up to 20), obdiplostemonous, rarely haplostemonous, inserted at the outer margin of the disk between its lobes, or slightly attached to the base of the corolla; filaments free (Malesia); anthers dorsifixed to almost basifixed, the 2 cells (thecae) not rarely extending into free or connate tubules, these muticous or sometimes (bi)aristate distally by the prolonged back-wall, opening by terminal or introrse, very rarely extrorse pores or slits, not rarely with projecting dorsal appendages or spurs; pollen in tetrads, simple in Monotropoideae. Gynoecium syncarpous, 5- or pseudo-10-, rarely 2-4- or 6-7-celled. Disk hypogynous or epigynous, often fleshy and nectariferous, entire or mostly 5-10-lobed. Ovary 1, superior, half-inferior or inferior, generally with as many cells as carpels; placentation central, with 1 or 2 lamellas per cell, each bearing mostly numerous, rarely 1, anatropous or obliquely amphitropous, 1-tegumented ovulus. Style 1; stigma obtuse, capitate or peltate, whether or not 5-7-lobed. Fruit a 5(-7)-valved, septicidal or (sometimes lately or irregularly) loculicidal capsule, which may be ± included by the accrescent, ± fleshy calyx, or a rather dry to fleshy berry (Malesia). Seeds usually numerous, small, whether or not winged or tailed at one or both ends; testa thin, often reticulate; embryo cylindric, small, with copious endosperm. Distribution. About 125 genera with approximately 3500 spp., predominantly woody, all over the world.

Description: This smallish family, containing five genera¹, is almost confined to the northern hemisphere in both the Old and New World, overstepping the equator only in Ecuador and Peru in S. America and in Malaysia, where it is found southward to Java and New Guinea. Among the genera Huertea is confined to Peru and the West Indies (Cuba, Haiti). Tapiscia and Euscaphis are East Asian. Staphylea is widely distributed in the subtropical and temperate zone on the northern hemisphere. Turpinia is subtropical and tropical, it is the only genus represented in Malaysia. It is remarkable that the distributional areas of the latter two genera seem to exclude one another save for a slight overlapping in SE. Asia.

Description: The completion of the sixth volume of this Flora gives me the privilege to dedicate this to the memory of ELMER DREW MERRILL, a man who has achieved more for the knowledge of the Malesian flora than any other individual botanist. It is neither my intention to give nor is it the proper place for a full biography of this most distinguished American scientist, as it would for the greater part be duplication of his own ‘Autobiographical’ (1953), the scholarly essay by ROBBINS (1958), and the vivid life sketch by SCHULTES (1957), which together give the story of his life, his ambitions, his personality, his immense drive, his multiple interests, his capacity for establishing botanical periodicals as well as successfully filling the posts of Dean of a Faculty of Agriculture, director of the Bureau of Science at Manila, director of the New York Botanical Gardens, and administrator of Botanical Collections of Harvard University.

Description: Within the Helobieae there has been a great deal of controversial opinion about the evaluation of the genera belonging to the Potamogetonaceae, among which Najas finds by almost unanimous opinion its closest relatives. Generally Najas has been accepted to represent a separate monotypic family on account of the basal ovule and the structure of the anther (with a thin, tight, 2-lipped envelope and apically escaping pollen). The closest allied genus among Potamogetonaceae seems to be Zannichellia, which is by HUTCHINSON (1934) accepted as a separate family, Zannichelliaceae, put together with Najadaceae in his order Najadales. Within the Helobieae some authors accept the structure of Najadaceae as primitive, notably CAMPBELL (1897) and RENDLE (1930), but others find it a derived, advanced state within the order, cf. HUTCHINSON (1934) and LAWRENCE (1951).

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, erect, ascending or prostrate, less than 1½ m high. Leaves spirally arranged or alternate (often various in one plant), or opposite, often in a basal rosette, exstipular, simple, sometimes lobed, penninerved. Inflorescences racemose, terminal (sometimes axillary) racemes or umbels, or flowers in whorls, or solitary axillary. Bracts small or leafy. No bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic), isomerous, in Mal. always 5-merous, often dimorphous in sexual organs. Calyx dentate or cleft, persistent, sometimes leafy, rarely coloured ( Glaux). Corolla connate, shallowly to deeply cleft (free in Pelletiera), in bud often quincuncial or contorted, variously coloured (absent in Glaux). Stamens inserted on the corolla, epipetalous, rarely alternating With staminodes or their vestiges; anthers dorsifixed or versatile, sometimes basifixed; cells opening with apical pores or latrorse, filaments free or connate. Disk absent. Ovary superior (in Samolus semi-inferior), 1-celled with ~ ovules on a free central placenta; style simple. Capsule mostly 5-valved (valves epi- or alternisepalous) or 10-valved, sometimes irregularly bursting, or circumsciss. Seeds mostly ~, often angular, small; embryo straight, endosperm present; integuments 2. Distribution. Genera 21 with approximately 900 spp., all over the world, but mainly developed in the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere; in the tropics mostly on the mountains. The largest genera, Primula (incl. Androsace) with c. 500 spp. and Lysimachia with c. 150 spp. are almost confined to the northern hemisphere and centre in the Sino-Himalayan region. In Malaysia and Melanesia Primula extends across the equator and finds its southernmost stations in the Old World. Lysimachia and Anagallis have a worldwide area. It is remarkable that the almost cosmopolitan species Samolus valerandi L., which occurs in the surrounding continents of Asia and Australia and is widely distributed in the Pacific (New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., Norfolk I., Chatham, Auckland Is., Kermadec, New Zealand, and Easter I.), has never been found in Malaysia.

Description: A new species of nivicolous myxomycetes, Diderma cristatosporum is described from Spain and compared with the type of D. subdictyospermum. LM and SEM photographs of the microscopical characters are provided.

Description: Mede dankzij de gebiedsdekkende inventarisatie door de provincie Zeeland in de jaren zeventig en tachtig zijn er omtrent de Zeeuwse flora in de loop der jaren al veel gegevens op papier gezet. Nu, zo’n twintig jaar later, beginnen deze gegevens aardig gedateerd te raken. Bovendien zijn er ondanks het vlakdekkende werk toch nog redelijk wat ‘witte gebieden’ op de kaart. Reden genoeg om tussen 2001 en 2004 vier speciale inventarisatiekampen te organiseren. Het eerste kamp dat afgelopen jaar vanuit Veere plaatsvond was een succes dankzij een aantrekkelijk programma met goede hokken naast saaie hokken, een uitstekende overnachtingslocatie, goed weer met tot slot een typisch Zeeuwse bui met zware luchten boven de Oosterschelde en bovendien een opkomst 43 floristen van binnen en buiten Zeeland. Niet onbelangrijk te melden dat zowel de provincie Zeeland, het Zeeuwse Landschap, Staatsbosbeheer en Natuurmonumenten dit initiatief financieel ondersteunden. De inventarisaties vonden plaats op Walcheren en Noord- en Zuid-Beveland. In totaal werden 47 kilometerhokken geheel of gedeeltelijk onderzocht. Tevens werden van 14 hokken LMF-formulieren ingevuld. Dit alles was goed voor 5.512 waarnemingen betreffende 541 soorten, waarvan 47 Rode-Lijstsoorten. Het LMFproject maakte op een nogal schokkende manier duidelijk hoezeer de plantengroei in relatief korte tijd kan veranderen. In de periode van 1976 tot en met 1997 werden volgens FlorBase in de geselecteerde kilometerhokken 162 waarnemingen van bijzondere plantensoorten genoteerd. Tijdens het FLORON-inventarisatiekamp werden daarvan slechts 55 groeiplaatsen met zekerheid teruggevonden. Dit is niet meer dan 33,5%. Van de 66 soorten werden er slechts 25 teruggevonden (37%). Naar zeldzaamheden als Rozenkransje ( Antennaria dioica), Wollige distel ( Cirsium eriophorum) Akkerdoornzaad ( Torilis arvensis), Bergnachtorchis ( Platanthera chlorantha) en Grote leeuwenklauw ( Aphanes arvensis) werd tevergeefs gezocht. Overigens werden de laatste twee wel op andere plaatsen gezien. Zeer opvallend is dat de voor Zeeland relatief algemene soorten als Gewone agrimonie ( Agrimonia eupatoria), Rode ogentroost (Odontites vernus susp. serotinus), Wilde marjolein ( Origanum vulgare), Dubbelkelk ( Picris echioides) en IJzerhard (Verbena officinalis) binnen de LMF-hokken niet werden teruggevonden.

Description: Ample collections preserved at Uppsala under the name Hydnum versipelle and two exsiccata of Sarcodon laevigatus were examined and compared with the original descriptions. The material of Hydnum versipelle is shown to be heterogeneous, comprising three collections belonging to Sarcodon amarescens, and ten collections of a species which has the main characters of Sarcodon laevigatus. The few differences observed are attributed to differences of a chemical nature, and Hydnum versipelle is formally reduced to the synonymy of Sarcodon laevigatus.

Description: A new Momordica species from Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana is described.

Description: This volume on medicinal and poisonous plants treats lesser known species. In the brief introduction to the book it is explained that the choice of taxa to be included is a bit arbitrary and mostly based on the amount of information available. For the species treated in vol. 12(1) more information is available than for those treated in vol. 12 (2). However, the book discusses many taxa with surprisingly detailed information, maybe the truly lesser known species are saved for vol. 12 (3). Many of the taxa treated are not originally found in South-East Asia, but are locally or widely cultivated in the area. For general information on medicinal and poisonous plants the reader is referred to vol. 12 (1). As usual for the PROSEA volumes, also this one is produced along the well-known PROSEA standards.

Description: This is a well-illustrated text book for students of the Open University, comprising six chapters: 1. Plant evolution and structure; 2. Photosynthesis; 3. Water and transport in plants; 4. Plant mineral nutrition; 5. Plant growth and development; 6. Interactions between seed plants and microbes. I cannot really judge the quality of the latter five chapters, although the last chapter (6) and especially the treatment of the plant-fungus relation seem quite fine to me. I feel more capable of evaluating the first chapter (1) on evolution and structure. And, I must say that I am a bit critical on this one. It is always difficult to find an optimum between completeness on the one hand and a good focus on brief treatments of essential items on the other. However, in this case I see too many omissions. No treatment of evolution can be given without presenting a skeleton phylogeny with presumed apomorphies indicated. A phylogenetic tree as presented in fig. 1.3 does not give clues, not to mention possible criticism on e.g. the implied monophyly of the hepatics, hornworts and bryophytes. The book not only focuses on plants (embryophytes), it is restricted to it. Not dealing with its sistergroup and further outgroups, in my view, severely hampers a proper understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of plants. A last omission to be mentioned is that none of the gymnosperm groups have been treated, which again hampers proper understanding of seeds and seed plants and places the discussion on the success of flowering plants in a kind of vacuum. There are enough examples of recent text books on plants, botany or biology showing that with only a few pages more, a much better view on the evolution of plant diversity can be presented. This, in my view, will be of great benefit for especially those students who are mainly interested in the last five, more physiologically oriented chapters.

Description: A new species of Uvaria from Gabon is described.

Description: Section Moniliformes Carr of the orchid genus Coelogyne is revised using morphological and molecular data. Twelve species are recognised, including two new ones (C. chanii and C. renae). and a dubious one (C. crassiloba). A combined analysis of morphological characters, and sequences of the nrDNA ITS region, matK gene, trnT-trnL intergenic spacer, trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer supports the monophyly of the section as here recognised. Persistence of the rhizome scales, shape of the margin of the leaves, inflorescence type, shape of the rachis, its nodes and pedicel scars, indument of the floral bracts, lip size and depth of the sinus of the lateral lobes of the hypochile seem to be phylogenetically informative characters. Shape of the leaf blade, flowering mode, shape of the base and keels of the hypochile, shape of the apex of the lateral lobes and keels of the epichile and shape of the column show many parallelisms.

Description: A full review of books announced in this section may be published in Blumea at a later date.

Description: A new species of Magnolia, M. thailandica is described from Thailand.

Description: Twenty-seven new species, one new subspecies and five new varieties of Ardisia are described from the Flora Malesian region.

Description: Among the new material which was examined by me after the completion of the revision of the genus Pittosporum for the Flora Malesiana (vol. I, 5, 1957) and additions in Nova Guinea n.s., 9, 1958, 339, the following is worth mentioning: Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. NORTH BORNEO. Ranau Distr., Bukit Ampuan, alt. 1500 m, Meijer SAN 20289, in primary forest on hill side ridge. Note. This is the first record from Borneo; otherwise known from Formosa, the Philippine Islands, and N. Celebes. Pittosporum pullifolium Burkill. WEST NEW GUINEA. Koebre Mts, Anggi Lakes, alt. 2300 m, Sleumer & Vink BW 14148, shrub 4 m, on forest edge, rather scarce, fruit green. Note. A specimen with young fruits on infructescences which are placed axaillary along the twigs, instead of being terminal.

Description: Through the kind assistance of Prof. Dr D. K. Zerov large photographs were obtained of type specimens of two dozen Verbenaceae which have been described by Turczaninow and are preserved in his Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian S.S.R. at Kiew. These have been studied by Dr Moldenke and have been deposited in his files. He discarded one of them as it did not seem verbenaceous, viz Vitex lanceolata Turcz. (Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 36, 1863, ii, p. 224). The provenance of the specimen on the label reads “Goring coll. Japon: Java” — No. 90.

Description: Descriptions are given of the tribe Lepidagathideae, that had already been proposed in an earlier paper, and of an entirely new tribe related to the latter, the Borneacantheae. The last-named tribe comprises so far but a single genus, Borneacanthus, based on B. grandifolius; it further includes B. angustifolius, B. paniculatus, B. stenothyrsus, B. parvus and B. mesargyreus (Hall. f.) Brem. (Strobilanthes mesargyreus Hall. f. = Filetia mesargyrea Brem.), and is confined to Borneo. Another new genus, Cosmianthemum, a near ally of Pseuderanthemum, seems to have an even narrower geographical distribution, for it has been found so far only in the western part of Borneo. It is based on C. magnifolium, and comprises in addition C. latifolium, C. angustifolium, C. obtusifolium, C. longibracteatum, C. brookeae, C. punctulatum and C. subglabrum. To the species of these two genera keys are provided. Further are described Hemigraphis sarawacensis, Lepidagathis marginata, Filetia brookeae, F. lanceolata, Hallieracantha peranthera and Peristrophe monosemaeophora. The area of Hallieracantha is extended to Siam by the inclusion of H. graphocaula (Imlay) Brem. ( Justicia graphocaula Imlay). On account of the presence of two different kinds of pollen in this genus, it is suggested that it may not be an altogether natural unit. The leaves of the two new species of Filetia proved to contain inulin, but this substance, whose occurrence in the Acanthaceae was so far unknown, is not present in all the representatives of this genus.

Description: The material of Saldidae covered in this paper comprises: Pentacora signoreti, from St. Martin; Pentacora sphacelata, from Aruba, Curaçao, Klein Curaçao, Bonaire, and St. Martin; Saldula “palustris”, from St. Martin; Saldula dentulata, from Curaçao, and Bonaire; Micracanthia humilis, from Curaçao, St. Eustatius, and St. Martin; Micracanthia drakei, n. sp., from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire; Micracanthia husseyi, from St. Martin.

Description: A few years ago, an interesting collection of fresh-water fishes from Trinidad was presented to the Leiden Museum by Mr. J. S. KENNY, fish culturist of the Trinidad Department of Agriculture. For this gift we are also greatly indebted to Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK of the Zoological Laboratory at Utrecht, who kindly acted as intermediary. Most specimens were collected by Mr. J. L. PRICE, a few by Mr. W. A. KING-WEBSTER or by Mr. KENNY himself; a few more were added by Dr. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK. All examples had already been identified and, evidently, represent part of the material assembled during a survey of the fresh-water fishes of the island, reported upon by PRICE (1955) in a valuable though rather scarce publication. During the usual examination preceding addition to our collections, a procedure which was expected to be merely a matter of routine, questions arose concerning the identifications of various samples. Some of these will be discussed in the annotated list of species in the present paper.

Description: The family of Syrphid flies (“Hover flies” or “Flower flies”) is richly represented in the Neotropical region. FLUKE’S Catalogue of Neotropical Syrphidae, finished in September 1953, records 107 genera and 1,507 species, exclusive of 100 “species incertae sedis.” (In actual fact, 1,508 species are enumerated, but Baccha picta Wiedemann (FLUKE, p. 259) is an Ethiopian species.) The large genera Volucella with 274 species, Baccha with 269 species, Mesograpta with 130 species, and Eristalis with 106 species, seem to have had their greatest opportunity of development in this region. However, some of the names will probably prove to be synonyms, since the descriptions by earlier authors are often too short and insufficient to enable a species to be recognized with certainty. As a rule, the species described by recent authors are quite recognizable. Up to a few years ago the number of Syrphids described or known from Suriname was very small. Moreover, one of them, Volucella ardua Wiedemann, proved to be synonymous with Volucella tympanitis Fabricius, as stated by CURRAN, who studied WIEDEMANN’S type specimens. Of course, the number of the species taken on occasion in Suriname is somewhat larger; but, as far as is known, no enumeration has ever been published.

Description: Von 14 Taumelkäfer-Arten, die bislang für Guiana nachgewiesen waren, kannte man aus Suriname lediglich 2. Dank der Sammeltätigkeit der Naturwissenschaftlichen Suriname Expedition 1949 in den Nassau Gebergte erhöhen sich diese Zahlen um 3 neue Arten und 2 Unterarten, die hierunter beschrieben werden, auf 19 bezw. 7. Auch diese Ziffern erscheinen noch sehr niedrig angesichts der günstigen Lebensbedingungen, die den Taumelkäfern in diesem tropischen, von zahlreichen Bächen und Flüssen verschiedener Grösse und Charakters bewässerten Bergland geboten sind. Zweifellos wird in Zukunft eine gründliche Erforschung der verschiedenen Fluss-Systeme in verschiedenen Höhenlagen die Gyriniden-Fauna von Guiana um zahlreiche Arten bereichern. Meine vorliegende Arbeit behandelt nicht nur die in den 3 Guiana’s (Suriname, Französisch- und Britisch-Guiana) vorkommenden Gyriniden, es war vielmehr notwendig, auch den südöstlich anschliessenden Teil Brasiliens einzubeziehen, der seiner Natur nach dazu gehört, sowie 2 Arten, die am Mt. Roraima auf venezolanischem Gebiet entdeckt wurden, da für sie die Überschreitung der nahen Grenze von Britisch Guiana sicher kein Hindernis darstellt.

Description: This publication represents a continuation of a previous article on the Caribbean Vertiginidae (this series, Vol. X, 1960, No. 41), and it will follow the same arrangement as the former. This will not only add to the uniformity of the series, it will, furthermore, make it simpler to compile individual faunal lists from any locality situated within the region treated here. Yet another continuation will follow this article, in which some smaller families with their representatives in the Caribbean region will be listed. The photographs (Plates X E and XI I excepted) were again taken by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, with the technical assistance of Mr. H. VAN KOOTEN, at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University, Utrecht.

Description: The following Tardigrada were collected from a few Antillean localities which were studied by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1930 and 1936. One discovery on floating Sargassum north of the Azores was added. It may be expected that much richer material will result from more thorough microscopic examination of the many samples still awaiting further study. Styraconyx sargassi ..... on floating Sargassum, north of the AZORES. Echiniscoides sigismundi . . in salt-water ponds, BONAIRE. Macrobiotus rubens . . . . in a shallow cave, Isla de Conejo, Los TESTIGOS, Ven. Macrobiotus spec. on a hill top, Morro Grande, Los TESTIGOS, Ven. Macrobiotus spec. .....on a hill top, CURAÇAO. Milnesium tardigradum . . . at a brackish-water spring, CURAÇAO.

Description: The geology of the map sheets 1:50.000, 1 Garonne and 2 Salat of the Geological map of the Central Pyrenees is described. The stratigraphic sequence consists of Paleozoic rocks from the Cambro-Ordovician to the Carboniferous, and of Mesozoic rocks from the Trias up to the Tertiary. Hercynian and Alpine orogenies have acted on this intercontinental mountain chain. The Hercynian orogeny is accompanied by epi-to cata-zonal metamorphism in which several successive stages can be recognized. The Alpine orogenesis consists also of successive stages of which the Pre-Cenomanian one has been accompanied by basic rock intrusion and a particular kind of metamorphism. In the structure presented on these sheets a stretch of the axial zone is represented and a part of the external zone containing six of the satellite massifs, the two units separated from one another by the north Pyrenean fault zone.

Description: A sequence of more than 4000 m of marine sediments, mainly unfossiliferous and apparently without any unconformities, range in age from probable Cambrian to pre-Hercynian Carboniferous. The lower formations are of neritic facies and there is no indication of a Pyrenean basin before the Devonian, the deposits of which are much thicker in the centre of the present axial zone than on the margins. A relatively thin band of black shales of Silurian age acted as a tectonic lubricant and thus its presence resulted in a marked disharmony between the infra- and supra-structures. The infra-structure is very complicated and consists of multiple composite anticlinoria and synclinoria in which the tectonic shortening is mainly accounted for by the smallest fold unit — the tightly isoclinal micro-folding. Fold axes and b-lineations of this cleavage microfolding plunge consistently in the same direction over sharply delimited areas of up to hundreds of square km. In the supra-structure the microfolding plays a much smaller role than in the infra-structure; the folding is less composite and high-amplitude folds of some 1000 times larger dimensions provide a real shortening of about 40—50 %. A thinning of roughly 20 % of the Devonian sediments by compression has been calculated from fracture phenomena in thin slate intercalations in limestone beds. This thinning thus gives an apparent shortening which is greater than is actually the case. The northern boundary of the main dome of Lower Palaeozoic is formed by a steep flexured zone with a throw of at least 2 km. Adjacent to this flexure on the northern side is a zone of steep isoclinally folded Upper Palaeozoic rocks cut by an E—W branch of the North-Pyrenean fault system, resulting in a tilting of both blocks towards the north. The main dome is flanked to the south by a deep Upper Palaeozoic syncline of which the southern flank in the Monseny area passes into recumbent folds directed towards the south. After the main folding arching caused a fanning out of the originally vertical structure elements. Genetically related to this fanning is a late fracture cleavage (knick-zones) which displaces the syn-tectonic cleavage in such a way as to indicate a dilatation in a N—S direction. A subsequent, yet pre-Triassic vertical jointing, visible on aerial photographs, shows a complicated picture with many strike maxima of poor regional consistency. These major lineaments greatly influence the drainage. Important remnants of pre-glacial denudation surfaces have been preserved and lie at 2400—2600 m and 1850—2350 m altitude. The lower altitudes of these ranges are found towards the west of the area. The snow line of the last glaciation — derived from the lowest level of nivation cirque excavation — lay at 1500—1600 m in the north rising to 2100—2200 m in the south. A purely petrographical description is given of granodiorite batholiths, dykes, sills and basic rock intrusions. The talc of Fonta probably originated from dolomite by metasomatic addition of large quantities of hydrothermal quartz which penetrated from the granodiorite intrusion along a fault plane. The galena and sphalerite occurrences of Carbauère are also connected with a fault.

Description: The present paper is based upon a small collection of water striders of the family Hebridae, collected by the junior author while conducting a field survey of the Hemiptera of Curaçao and the other Netherlands Antillean islands in the Caribbean Sea. It is striking that the hebrids mentioned here were found only on the three islands of the Leeward Group, off the coast of Venezuela, i.e. Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire. On the very small islands of St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba, situated about 900 km farther to the northeast, not a single hebrid has been met with, in spite of the fact that suitable habitats were examined very carefully for their occurrence. The collection comprises four species of hebrids, divided between two genera: Merragata hebroides, from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire; Hebrus concinnus, from Curaçao; Hebrus consolidus, from Curaçao; Hebrus elimatus, nov., from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire.

Description: A collection of 79 specimens of Notostraca from the islands of Bonaire, Curaçao, and Aruba was kindly handed over to me for examination by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, to whom my thanks are due for giving me this opportunity of seeing some interesting material. All the specimens concerned belong to Triops longicaudatus (LeConte) — usually known as Apus longicaudatus LeConte — which is the only species of its genus yet found in America.

Description: In the present series of papers the results of two different field trips to the West Indies are coordinated. Each paper, dealing with a convenient taxonomic group, will be numbered separately. The sequence of the taxonomic units is arbitrary. Part of the material on which the results are based was collected by J.H.S. during a five months’ stay (October 1958-February 1959) in the Dutch West Indies (or Netherlands Antilles, as they are more officially called), which was made possible by a grant from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam. The greater part of the time was spent at the Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Piscadera Bay, Curaçao, although short visits to the other islands of the Netherlands Antilles, viz. Aruba, Bonaire, St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba, have to a certain degree supplemented the results obtained in Curaçao.

Description: Mr. H. R. VAN HEEKEREN and Mr. C. J. DU RY, of the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde at Leiden, entrusted me with the identification of some animal remains collected from Indian sites on Aruba by Professor J. P. B. DE JOSSELIN DE JONG in 1923. These remains relate for the most part to marine turtles (Chelonia mydas L. and Caretta caretta (L.)), indistinguishable from the recent forms today living in the Caribbean Sea, but they do include also a small number of bones of mammals. These comprise a few items which are of sufficient interest to make it worth while placing the specimens on record. Five species of mammals are represented, three of which do not belong to the extant fauna of Aruba. The annotated list is given below. Details on the localities of Santa Cruz and Savaneta are to be found in Mr. VAN HEEKEREN’S recent account on the non-ceramic artifacts (VAN HEEKEREN, 1960).

Description: Die Untersuchung des Ems-Estuarium mit dem Dollart und dem anschließenden Wattgebiet wurde u.a. vorgenommen, um durch das Sammeln von ökologischer Kenntnisse, die paläo-ökologischen Verhältnisse derartiger Regionen aus früheren Epochen der Erdgeschichte besser kennen zu lernen. Deshalb haben diese Schlußfolgerungen über die ökologischen Verhältnisse einen etwas anderen Akzent, als wenn sie von einem Biologen stammten. Die Ökologie der Diatomaceae, Mollusca, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Copepoda, Foraminifera und noch einiger anderer wirbelloser Tiere wurde einer näheren Untersuchung unterzogen. Absichtlich war die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Mikrofauna und -flora gerichtet, weil wir besonders unsere mikropaläontologische Kenntnis vertiefen wollten.

Description: Abstract - A diagnostic model is established to estimate synoptically the mesoscale distribution of primaryproduction at the Antarctic Polar Front (APF). The model domain is a three-dimensional box, centered at roughly50° S and 10° E, of about 1° latitude and 2° longitude horizontal extent, and of 300 m depth. The box wassurveyed in high resolution during austral summer 1995/1996 with a towed undulating vehicle and bycomplementary ship based measurements. Measurements of global solar radiation, of the underwater light field,and of the chlorophyll concentration from the survey are used as input variables for the model. The model isbased on photosynthesis-light relationships, with parameters taken from in vitro incubations performed duringthe survey. The model results show mesoscale patches of elevated primary production along a meander of theAPF, and lowest production in a cold cyclonic eddy south of the front. Production is confined to a shallower depthrange in the front than outside, due to self-shading effects from generally higher mixed-layer chlorophyllconcentrations. Self-shading effects account for variations of the percent light depths, and of the saturation lightdepth, by a factor of two within the survey area. Primary production at the surface varies horizontally between 7and 56 mg C m-3 d-1 with a mean of 26 mg C m-3 d-1, and vertically integrated production ranges from 295 to975 mg C m-2 d-1, with an areal mean of 585 mg C m-2 d-1. Changes by a factor of two in integrated productionoccur on horizontal scales as small as 10 km. Production rates also differ significantly between days as a resultof changes in global solar radiation.

Description: We examined how seabirds might be used to study marine environmental variables, which necessitates knowing location and the value of the variable to be studied. Five systems can potentially be used for determination of location: VHF (Very High Frequency) telemetry, PTT (Platform Terminal Transmitter) telemetry, GLS (Global Location Service) geolocation methods, dead reckoning and GPS (Global Positioning System), each with its own advantages with respect to accuracy, potential number of fixes and size. Temperature and light were used to illustrate potential difficulties in recording environmental variables. Systems currently used on seabirds for measurement of temperature respond slowly to environmental changes; thus, they may not measure sea surface temperature adequately when contact periods with water bodies are too short. Light can be easily measured for light extinction studies, but sensor orientation plays a large role in determining recorded values. Both problems can be corrected. The foraging behaviour of seabirds was also examined in order to identify those features which would be useful for determination of marine environmental variables at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Area coverage by birds is highly dependent on breeding phase and tends to be concentrated in areas where prey acquisition is particularly enhanced. The identification of these sites may be of particular interest to marine biologists. Plungers and divers are potentially most useful for assessment of variables deeper within the water column, with some divers spending up to 90% of their time sub-surface. Few seabirds exploit the water column deeper than 20 m, although some divers regularly exceed 50 m (primarily penguins and auks), while 2 species dive in excess of 300 m. The wide-ranging behaviour of seabirds coupled, in many instances, with their substantial body size makes them potentially excellent carriers of sophisticated environmental measuring technology; however, the ethical question of how much the well-being of birds can, and should, be compromised by such an approach needs to be carefully considered.

Description: The concept of drag partioning to parameterise the surface roughnessof sea ice is validated using topography data of regions with high sea iceconcentrations. The parameterised drag is compared to measurementsobtained by aircraft and ship. The form drag can well be expressed asa function of mean rigde heights and spacings averaged over flightlegs of at least 12, if an improved approximation for the coefficient ofresistance of a single ridge is used. We find a good agreement between theparameterised and observed drag coefficients. The highest sea iceroughness was encountered close to coastal regions and the lowest in thecentral Arctic.

Description: Large losses of Arctic ozone occur during winters with cold, stable stratospheric circulations that result in the extensive occurrence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Reactions on the surface of PSCs lead to elevated abundances of chlorine monoxide (ClO) that, in the presence of sunlight, destroys ozone. Here we show that PSCs were more widespread during the 1999/2000 Arctic winter than for any other winter in the past two decades. We have used three fundamentally different approaches to derive the degree of chemical ozone loss from ozone sonde, balloon, aircraft and satelite instruments. We show that the ozone losses derived from these different instruments and approaches agree very well, resulting in a high level of confidence in the results. Chemical processes led to a 70% reduction of ozone for a ~1 km thick region of the lower stratosphere, the largest degree of local loss ever reported for the Arctic. The chemical loss of ozone in the total column amounted to about 100 DU by the end of the winter. This total column loss was balanced by transport, resulting in relatively constant total ozone between early January and late March, which is in contrast to the climatological increase of the total ozone column during this period, that is observed during most years.

Description: Abstract:During the SO-JGOFS-Polarstern-cruise in Oct/Nov 1992, faecal pellet abundance and distribution were determined in order to assess the impact of zooplankton grazing and defecation within the following three typical Antarctic plankton regimes in the Atlantic sector: the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the Polar Frontal region (PFr). In contrast to the more southern regions, the PFr was characterised by the occurrence of relatively dense phyto-plankton blooms and high copepod concentrations. Faecal pellets were relatively abundant in the MIZ reaching up to 〉 105 µg faecal pellet carbon (FPC) m-3, whereas the values in the more northern regions were about one to two orders of magnitude lower: about 6 µg FPC m-3 in the southern ACC and less than 1 µm FPC m-3 in the PFr. Thus, the region with the highest phyto- and zooplankton concentrations showed by far the lowest faecal pellet standing stock concentrations. These results were compared to other regions in the Southern Ocean and to other regions in the world oceans and possible reasons for this situation and the potential ecological impact are discussed. Our investigations show, that not only the biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton, but also mainly the structures of the plankton communities are decisive for sedimentation potentials of carbon and silica via faecal pellets in the different regions of the ocean.

Description: Accurate geoids are expected to improve our knowlegde of the dynamicsea surface height (SSH) as a mirror of the dynamic state of theoceans. The dedicated geoid mission GOCE is expected to be lauched in 2004.It will lead to a highly accurate geoid model with a resolution of degreeand order 200. We examine the impact of this missionon the assessment of large scale oceanic mass and heat transports via itsexpected error characteristics. We do so applying a linear box inversemodel and a non-linear section inverse model to hydrographic data andto (synthetic) sea surface height data. The results are compared tothose obtained when substituting the error estimates of the GRACEmission and the present day geoid EGM96.For the box inverse model, we find an average reduction in transportuncertainties in Experiment A (which includes model error at the levelof sea surface height variability) of about 9 % for GRACE geoid errorcovariances and about 17 % for GOCE over the ``hydrography only'' solution.In both GRACE and GOCE these average percentage improvements aresignificantly increased when the SSH variability signal is excluded(Experiment B) to 42 % for GRACE and 47 % for GOCE. We expect a greaterimprovement in the accuracy of ocean transports from GOCE when WOCEhydrographic data are used to enclose numerous, smaller box regions.The apriori assumptions of the non-linear model about the oceancirculation are much more conservative than for the box model. As aconsequence, the uncertainties of large scale transports are much biggerthan for the linear model. On the other hand, since this model buildson small scale balances, it can resolve small scale features of theflow field better. SSH data with GRACE geoid error covariances reducethe uncertainties on the average by 29 %, with GOCE geoid errorcovariances by 37 %. Exclusion of the SSH variability changes(Experiment B) these numbers by less than 5 % points.Summarizing our results and those of Part I, III and IV of this studywe conclude that the GRACE mission reduces the marine geoid uncertaintiessuch that altimetry becomes useful for the study of the steady stateocean circulation.The GOCE mission will improve the accuracy of the circulation estimates evenfurther on the large scales and introduce higher accuracy on shorterwavelenths as well.Furthermore, it will enable us to study individual ocean currents.

Description: The usage of dissolved nutrients and carbon for photosynthesis in the euphotic zone and the subsequent downward transport of particulate and dissolved organic material strongly affect the carbon concentrations in surface water and thus the air-sea exchange of CO2. Efforts to quantify the downward carbon flux for the whole ocean or on basin-scales are hampered by the sparseness of direct productivity or flux measurements. Here, a global ocean circulation, biogeochemical model is used to determine rates of export production and vertical carbon fluxes in the Southern Ocean. The model exploits the existing large sets of hydrographic, oxygen, nutrient and carbon data, that contain information on the underlying biogeochemical processes. The model is fitted to the data by systematically varying circulation, air-sea fluxes, production and remineralization rates simultaneously. Use of the adjoint method yields model property simulations that are in very good agreement with measurements.In the model, the total integrated export flux of particulate organic matter (POC) necessary for the realistic reproduction of nutrient data is significantly larger than export estimates derived from primary productivity maps. Of the about 10,000~\TgC\ (10~\GtC )required globally, the Southern Ocean south of 30\degree S contributes about 3000~\TgC\ (33\%), most of which is occurring in a zonal belt along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and in the Peru, Chile and Namibia coastal upwelling regions. The export flux of POC for the area south of 50\degree S amounts to 1100$\pm$200~\TgC\ and the particle flux in 1000~m for the same area is 120$\pm$20~\TgC . Unlike for the global ocean, the contribution of the downward flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is significant in the Southern Ocean. Comparison with satellite based productivity estimates (CZCS and SeaWiFS) show a relatively good agreement over most of the ocean except for the Southern Ocean, where the model fluxes are systematically higher than the satellite based values by factors between two and five. This discrepancy is significant, and an attempt to reconcile the low satellite-derived productivity values with ocean-interior nutrient budgets failed. Too low productivity estimates from satellite chlorophyll observations in the Southern Ocean could arise because of the inability of the satellite sensors to detect frequently occurring sub-surface chlorophyll patches, and to a poor calibration of the conversion algorithms in the Southern Ocean because of the very limited amount of direct measurements.

Description: Marine organisms are the major, sustaining components of ecosystem processes and are responsible forbiogeochemical reactions that drive our climate changes. Despite this, many marine organisms are poorlydescribed and little is known of broad spatial and temporal scale trends in their abundance and distribution.With new molecular and analytical techniques we can advance our knowledge of marine biodiversity at thespecies level to understand how marine biodiversity supports ecosystem structure, dynamics and resilience.We can then interpret environmental, ecological and evolutionary processes controlling and structuring marineecosystem biodiversity. With better analytical methods available, we can augment our understanding ofbiodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in especially the pico- and nano fractions of the plankton as well as in thedeep sea benthos , both of which are very difficult to study. We have provided examples of new and long standingmolecular tools for researchers in marine ecosystems to enable them to provide better, faster and more accurateestimates of marine biodiversity in the community using tools at the forefront of molecular research.

Description: During the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and ValidationExperiment (SOLVE)/Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone (THESEO) campaign,Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III sampled in the vortex core, on the vortexedge, and outside the vortex on a near-daily basis from December 1999 through mid-March 2000.During this period, POAM observed a substantial amount of ozone decline. For example, ozonemixing ratios in the core of the vortex dropped from about 3.5 ppmv in mid-January to about 2ppmv by mid-March at 500 K. The ozone chemical loss indicated by these measurements isassessed using two methodologies. First, the POAM data is used to construct vortex-averagedozone profiles, which are advected downward using vortex average descent rates. The maximumozone loss (1 January to 15 March) is found to be about 1.8 ppmv. In a second approach, theREPROBUS 3-D CTM is used to specify the passive ozone distribution throughout the winter. Thechemical loss in the vortex is estimated by performing a point-by-point subtraction of the POAMmeasurements inside the vortex from the model passive ozone evaluated at the time and locationof the POAM measurements. Both ozone loss estimates are in general agreement and they agreewell with published loss estimates from ER2 and ozonesonde measurements.

Description: A number of studies have reported empirical estimates of ozone loss in the Arctic vortex.They have used satellite and in situ measurements and have principally covered the Arcticwinters in the 1990s. While there is qualitative consistency between the patterns of ozone loss, aquantitative comparison of the published values shows apparent disagreements. In this paper weexamine these disagreements in more detail. We choose to concentrate on the five maintechniques (Match, Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénithale (SAOZ)/REPROBUS,Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), vortex average descent, and the Halogen OccultationExperiment (HALOE) ozone tracer approach). Estimates of the ozone losses in three winters(1994/1995, 1995/1996 and 1996/1997) are recalculated so that the same time periods, altituderanges, and definitions of the Arctic vortex are used. This recalculation reveals a remarkably goodagreement between the various estimates. For example, a superficial comparison of results fromMatch and from MLS indicates a big discrepancy (2.0 ± 0.3 and 0.85 ppmv, respectively, for airending at ~460 K in March 1995). However, the more precise comparisons presented here revealgood agreement for the individual MLS periods (0.5 ± 0.1 versus 0.5 ppmv; 0.4 ± 0.2 versus0.3-0.4 ppmv; and 0.16 ± 0.09 ppmv versus no significant loss). Initial comparisons of the columnlosses derived for 1999/2000 also show good agreement with four techniques, giving 105 DU(SAOZ/REPROBUS), 80 DU (380-700 K partial column from Polar Ozone and Aerosol Monitoring(POAM)/REPROBUS), 85 ± 10 DU (HALOE ozone tracer), and 88 ± 13 (400-580 partial columnfrom Match). There are some remaining discrepancies with ozone losses calculated using HALOEozone tracer relations; it is important to ensure that the initial relation is truly representative of thevortex prior to the period of ozone loss.

Description: Simultaneous balloon-borne observations of ozone (O3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), a long-livedtracer of dynamical motion, are used to quantify the chemical loss of ozone in the Arctic vortexduring the winter of 1999/2000. Chemical loss of ozone occurred between altitudes of about 14 and22 km (pressures from ~120 to 30 mbar) and resulted in a 61 ± 13 Dobson unit reduction in totalcolumn ozone between late November 1999 and 5 March 2000 (the date of the last balloon-bornemeasurement considered here). This loss estimate is valid for the core of the vortex during the timeperiod covered by the observations. It is shown that the observed changes in the O3 versus N2Orelation were almost entirely due to chemistry and could not have been caused by dynamics. Thechemical loss of column ozone inferred from the balloon-borne measurements using the "ozoneversus tracer" technique is shown to compare well with estimates of chemical loss found usingboth the Match technique (as applied to independent ozonesonde data) and the "vortex-averageddescent" technique (as applied to Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III satellitemeasurements of ozone). This comparison establishes the validity of each approach for estimatingchemical loss of column ozone for the Arctic winter of 1999/2000.

Description: AbstractFour ODP sites located between 64°S and 41°S in the eastern Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean were investigated to refine the Miocene diatom biostratigraphic zonation tied to the geomagnetic chronology. The Miocene diatom stratigraphy from two sites located on Maud Rise (ODP Leg 113) is revised considering the progress in diatom biostratigraphic research, diatom taxonomy and magnetostratigraphic age assignment during the past 10 years. A new diatom zonation was erected for Site 1092 (ODP Leg 177) located on Meteor Rise integrating a magnetostratigraphic interpretation of the shipboard data. This zonation was also applied to Site 1088 (ODP Leg 177) located on Astrid Ridge. The study is focused to Middle and Upper Miocene sequences. It reveals latitudinal differentiations in stratigraphic species ranges and species occurrence pattern that are related to latitudinal differences in surface water masses reflecting the climatic development of the Antarctic cryosphere. Considering the latitudinal differences two stratigraphic zonations are proposed that are applicable to the northern and southern zone of the Southern Ocean, respectively. The southern Southern Ocean Miocene diatom biostratigraphic zonation consists of 16 zones in which 11 represent new or modified zones. The northern biostratigraphic zonation contains 10 diatom zones allowing a stratigraphic resolution in the range of 0.2 to 2 m.y. This paper also includes the taxonomic transfer of seven Miocene diatom taxa from genus Nitzschia Hassal to Fragilariopsis Hustedt.

Description: Polychromatic response spectra for the induction of UV absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were calculated after exposing small thalli of the red alga Chondrus crispus under various cut-off-filters to natural solar radiation on the North Sea island Helgoland, Germany. The laboratory grown specimens, typically contain only traces of palythine and synthesise five different MAAs rapidly and in high concentrations after being transplanted into shallow water. The resulting qualitative and quantitative patterns of MAA induction differed markedly with respect to spectral distribution. Furthermore, the wavebands effective for MAA induction vary within the MAA. UV-B radiation had a negative effect on the accumulation of the major MAAs shinorine (lmax = 334 nm) and palythine (lmax = 320 nm), while short wavelength UV-A exhibits the highest quantum efficiency on their synthesis. In contrast, the synthesis of asterina-330 (lmax = 330 nm), palythinol (lmax = 332 nm) and palythene (lmax = 360 nm) was mainly induced by UV-B radiation. Whether the synthesis of shinorine and palythine is induced by a photoreceptor with an absorption maximum in the short wavelength UV-A and whether a second photoreceptor absorbing UV-B radiation is responsible for the induction of asterina-330, palythinol and palythene remains to be studied.Our results show that C. crispus has a high capacity to adapt flexibly the qualitative and quantitative MAA concentration to the prevailing spectral distribution of irradiance. On the one hand, this is regarded as an important aspect with respect to the acclimation of algae to increasing UV-B irradiance in the context of ongoing depletion of stratospheric ozone. On the other hand the experiment demonstrates that UV-A irradiance is more important for the induction of the major MAAs shinorine and palythine than UV-B.

Description: During an ice tank experiment, samples were taken to study the processes of acquisition and alteration of the gas properties in young first-year sea ice during a complete growth-warming-cooling cycle. The goal was to obtain reference levels for total gas content and concentrations of atmospheric gases (O2, N2, CO2) in the absence of significant biological activity.The range of total gas content values obtained (3.5 to 18 ml of gas per kilo of ice) was similar to previous measurements or estimates. However, major differences occurred between the current and quiet basins, showing the role of water dynamics at the ice-water interface in controlling bubble nucleation processes.Extremely high CO2 concentrations were observed in all the experiments (up to 57% in volume parts). It is argued that these could have resulted from two unexpected biases in the experimental settings.Concentrations of bubbles nucleated at the interface are controlled by diffusion both from the ice-water interface towards the well-mixed reservoir, and between the interface water and the bubble itself. This double kinetic effect results in a transition of the gas composition in the bubbles from values close to solubility in sea water towards values close to atmospheric, as the ice cover builds up.