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  • Articles  (77)
  • Angiosperms  (77)
  • Springer  (77)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cell Press
  • Oxford University Press
  • Springer Nature
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • Wiley
  • 2020-2022
  • 1990-1994  (77)
  • 1960-1964
  • 2022
  • 2021
  • 1991  (77)
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  • 1961
  • 1960
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  • Articles  (77)
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  • Springer  (77)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cell Press
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 2020-2022
  • 1990-1994  (77)
  • 1960-1964
Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Angiosperm origin and early stages of seed plant evolution deduced from rRNA sequence comparisons (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Chloroplast 4.5S rRNA ; Cytosolic and chloroplast 5S rRNAs ; 5.8S rRNA ; 18S rRNA ; Nucleotide sequences ; Phylogenetic trees ; Angiosperms ; Gymnosperms ; Monocotyledons ; Dicotyledons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Complete or partial nucleotide sequences of five different rRNA species, coded by nuclear (18S, 5.8S, and 5S) or chloroplast genomes (5S, 4.5S) from a number of seed plants were determined. Based on the sequence data, the phylogenetic dendrograms were built by two methods, maximum parsimony and compatibility. The topologies of the trees for different rRNA species are not fully congruent, but they share some common features. It may be concluded that both gymnosperms and angiosperms are monophyletic groups. The data obtained suggest that the divergence of all the main groups of extant gymnosperms occurred after the branching off of the angiosperm lineage. As the time of divergence of at least some of these gymnosperm taxa is traceable back to the early Carboniferous, it may be concluded that the genealogical splitting of gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages occurred before this event, at least 360 million years ago, i.e., much earlier than the first angiosperm fossils were dated. Ancestral forms of angiosperms ought to be searched for among Progymnospermopsida. Genealogical relationships among gymnosperm taxa cannot be deduced unambiguously on the basis of rRNA data. The only inference may be that the taxon Gnetopsida is an artificial one, andGnetum andEphedra belong to quite different lineages of gymnosperms. As to the phylogenetic position of the two Angiospermae classes, extant monocotyledons seem to be a paraphyletic group located near the root of the angiosperm branch; it emerged at the earliest stages of angiosperm evolution. We may conclude that either monocotyledonous characters arose independently more than once in different groups of ancient Magnoliales or that monocotyledonous forms rather than dicotyledonous Magnoliales were the earliest angiosperms. Judging by the rRNA trees, Magnoliales are the most ancient group among dicotyledons. The most ancient lineage among monocotyledons leads to modern Liliaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342748
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima (Podostemaceae, Tristichoideae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 195-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Podostemaceae ; Tristichoideae ; Indotristicha ramosissima ; Rheophytes ; water plants ; life history ; development ; root-shoot model ; leaf-stem intermediates ; phyllotaxis ; flower structure ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima, a submerged rheophyte from South India, is described. Besides creeping organs (called roots) there are branched shoots with two kinds of short-lived photosynthetic appendages: scales and compound structures (called ramuli). These ramuli may be interpreted as leaf-stem intermediates because they combine typical leaf characters (extra-axillary position, determinate growth, subtending an axillary bud) and typical stem characters (nearly radial symmetry, acropetal development with apical meristem, arrangement of the scaly subunits helical or irregular). Floral shoots arise from axillary exogenous buds along the vegetative shoots, occasionally also from endogenous buds along the roots and vegetative shoots. The uppermost scales and ramuli of each floral shoot form a cup-like structure around the base of the terminal flower.Indotristicha is thought to be primitive within theTristichoideae (Podostemaceae). Some morphogenetic switches are postulated in order to deriveIndotristicha from a putative ancestor that still showed the classical root-shoot model typical of most angiosperms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937964
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative nuclear DNA changes inEleusine (Gramineae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Eleusine ; DNA amount ; intra- and interspecific variation ; karyotypes ; hybridisation ; polyploidy ; domestication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2C nuclear DNA amounts were determined in 30 collections belonging to 10 species ofEleusine. About a 2.5-fold variation in genome size is evident in the genus. The 2C DNA amount in the diploid species ranged from 2.50 pg inE. verticillata to 3.35 pg inE. intermedia. In contrast, the tetraploid species showed a range from 4.95 pg inE. africana to 6.13 pg inE. floccifolia. At intraspecific level 10 collections ofE. coracana, 6 ofE. indica, 4 ofE. africana, 2 ofE. tristachya, and 2 ofE. kigeziensis did not show any significant variation. However, 2 collections ofE. floccifolia, connected with polyploidy, displayed about 90% variation. Polyploid species showed approximately double the genome size of that of their corresponding diploids. An evolutionary increase in DNA amount is evident inE. coracana during the course of its origin and domestication fromE. africana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937965
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyploidy and aneuploidy inOphrys, Orchis, andAnacamptis (Orchidaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Ophrys ; Orchis ; Anacamptis ; Polyploidy ; aneuploidy ; karyology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies on chromosome numbers and karyotypes in Orchid taxa from Apulia (Italy) revealed triploid complements inOphrys tenthredinifera andOrchis italica. InO. tenthredinifera there is no significant difference between the diploid and the triploid karyotypes. The tetraploid cytotype ofAnacamptis pyramidalis forms 36 bivalents during metaphase I in embryo sac mother cells. Aneuploidy was noticed inOphrys bertolonii ×O. tarentina with chromosome numbers n = 19 and 2n = 38. There were diploid (2n = 2x = 36), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 72), hexaploid (2n = 6x = 108) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 144) cells in the ovary wall of the diploid hybridOphrys apulica ×O. bombyliflora. Evolutionary trends inOphrys andOrchis chromosomes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937966
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollination of four sympatric species ofAngelonia (Scrophulariaceae) by oil-collecting bees in NE. Brazil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 153-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Angelonia ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil flowers ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The manner whereby the oil-producing bisaccate flowers ofAngelonia (Scrophulariaceae) are pollinated by female oil-collecting bees is reported for the first time. Observations were made in the Caatinga formation of Pernambuco, NE. Brazil, on four synchronopatric species. These differ in sizes and structural details of the corolla, level of flower exposition, and habitat preferences. All legitimate visitors wereCentris spp. (Anthophoridae):Angelonia hirta was mainly pollinated byC. fuscata andA. pubescens byC. hyptidis; A. bisaccata andA. hookeriana shared an unidentified species. Several exomalopsine, tetrapediine and meliponid bees exploit the flowers less descriminately for oil or pollen, respectively, without regularly contacting anthers and stigma. The flowers are protandrous, and are self-incompatible except those of the annualA. pubescens. After alighting, theCentris bees introduce their front legs simultaneously into each of the pouches and start alternate collecting movements to gather the oil from the trichome elaiophores. While doing so, they are forced by projections of the corolla floor to press their head under the anthers and stigma, whereby pollen is transferred with their frons or clypeus. On account of their collector type and behaviour,C. fuscata andC. spec. are not specialized toAngelonia but may equally exploit other nonrelated taxa for oil, whereasC. hyptidis exhibits oligolecty onA. pubescens. It possesses relatively elongate forelegs with padlike collectors suitable for sweeping the lipids from the scattered glandular hairs inside the divergent spurs of its host. It is the only species that also collects pollen (by buzzing) from the oil host.A. hirta and relatives, provided with dense elaiophore carpets, are, for their part, adapted to “scraping”Centris species with typical oil collectors. Flower and bee phenologies, although largely dependent on the irregular rainfalls, are not always coincident.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937962
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Androecium and floral nectaries ofHarungana madagascariensis (Clusiaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 179-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Clusiaceae ; Harungana madagascariensis ; Androecium ; stamenpetal complex ; floral nectaries ; floral development ; floral anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mature flower ofHarungana madagascariensis (Choisy)Poir. has an androecium of five antipetalous fascicles, consisting of four stamens each. The stamen fascicles alternate with five indented nectary scales. A SEM-study of the floral development, as well as a study of the floral anatomy was carried out to understand whether the nectariferous scales represent staminodia or are receptacular in nature and consequently whether or not the androecium ofHarungana, and theClusiaceae in general, is originally diplostemonous. The five petals originate by the splitting of petal-stamen complexes. Next the upper part of each complex differentiates basipetally in four stamens. The stamens remain fascicled and are lifted on a long stalk at maturity. Five carpel primordia are initiated united in a low ringwall. The five nectary scales appear after carpel inception and develop an external morphology reminiscent of anthers. The floral anatomy reveals an independent origin of sepal median traces and common sepal lateral traces, free petal traces, stamen fascicle traces and alternating vascular tissue which supplies the nectaries. The petal-stamen complexes are the result of a retardation in petal inception, linked with the absorption of petal tissue into the stamen primordia. The development of the stamen fascicles is discussed; it is suggested that they are of a secondary nature and do not appear as a reduction from a multistaminate androecium. The external morphology and vascular anatomy of the scales speaks in favour of a staminodial nature. The comparison with some other species of theClusiaceae gives evidence of a diplostemonous ancestry of the androecium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937963
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Double fertilization inEphedra trifurca, a non-flowering seed plant: The relationship between fertilization events and the cell cycle (1991)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 165 (1991), S. 106-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cell cycle ; Double fertilization ; Endosperm ; Ephedra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertilization inEphedra trifurca was examined with a combination of light and fluorescence microscopy. Developmental analysis clearly indicates that double fertilization events, similar to those described inE. nevadensis, regularly occur during the process of sexual reproduction inE. trifurca. In addition to the typical fusion of a sperm nucleus and egg nucleus, a second fertilization event occurs between the second sperm nucleus from an individual pollen tube and the ventral canal nucleus. Both of the fertilization events take place within the confines of an individual egg cell of the female gametophyte. Microspectrofluorometric data demonstrate that each nucleus involved in a sexual fusion event proceeds through the synthesis phase of the cell cycle and increases its DNA content from 1C to 2C before the process of nuclear fusion is completed. Photometric data also confirm that the product of the second fertilization event is equal in DNA content (4C) to the zygotic nucleus derived from the first fertilization event, and is prepared to enter into mitosis as a fully functional diploid nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322281
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of naturally occurring quinones (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 70-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Algae ; Angiosperms ; Arthropods ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Lichens ; Marine animals ; Quinones, naturally occurring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Angiosperms, fungi (including lichens), and bacteria are the main sources of natural quinones. Small numbers are present in algae, ferns, conifers, sponges, echinoderms, other marine animals, and arthropods. In angiosperms quinones have some chemotaxonomic value at the genus and family level but more surveys are required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974983
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental documentation of natural hybridization inCactaceae: Origin of Lloyd's Hedgehog Cactus,Echinocereus ×lloydii (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 107-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Echinocereus ; Natural hybridization ; systematics ; dioecy ; flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The origin ofEchinocereus ×lloydii Britt. & Rose, pro sp. (Lloyd's Hedgehog Cactus) was investigated using comparative morphology, cytology, biochemistry, and particularly, artificial hybridization. Numerous artificial crosses between the putative parentsE. coccineus Engelm. (a species of claret-up cactus) andE. dasyacanthus Engelm. (Texas Rainbow Cactus) were successful, resulting in the production of hundreds of seeds with hybrid embryos. The F1 hybrid progeny (i.e., syntheticE. ×lloydii) grew to sexual maturity in about four and one-half years, whereupon successful backcrosses and F2 generation hybrids were also obtained. The known F1 hybrids closely approximated naturalE. ×lloydii. The fertility of these syntheticE. ×lloydii was high, like their natural counterparts. The populations ofE. ×lloydii in Pecos County, Texas are inferred to have originated as the result of natural interspecific hybridization. It is assumed thatE. ×lloydii or similar plants may arise wherever the parental taxa grow sympatrically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937985
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allozyme diversity and systematics inAnnonaceae—a pilot project (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 125-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Allozymes ; genetic variation ; systematics ; evolution in tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five species ofAnnona and one species fromArtabotrys, Cananga, Polyalthia, andRollinia were investigated in regard to 11 different allozyme loci. Preliminary studies on small population samples ofAnnona suggest genetic uniformity in three species and variability within and between populations in two other species. The allotetraploid origin ofA. glabra is clearly shown by its hybrid enzyme bands. The genetic distance between fiveAnnona species partly corresponds with their morphological relationships; onlyA. muricata appears more separated than is suggested by morphology. A comparison of the five genera demonstrates close relationship betweenAnnona andRollinia. Two enzyme loci are identical within all taxa investigated and possibly may serve as a genetic marker for the family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937960
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