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  • Springer  (51,893)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1965-1969  (27,018)
  • 1955-1959  (25,789)
  • 1966  (27,018)
  • 1959  (15,182)
  • 1955  (10,607)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1965-1969  (27,018)
  • 1955-1959  (25,789)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract By means of the Laplace transform, the behavior of a simplified model of the cardiovascular system is mathematically formulated. This formulation allows mathematical expression of the periodicity of the cardiac output and the systemic response. With the cardiac output represented as half of a sine function cycle, the systolic aortic pressure becomes the sum of a sine term and exponential terms, while the sum of the exponential terms alone represents the diastolic pressure. The characteristics of the mathematical expressions for systole and diastole are analyzed, and some relationships of potentially practical value are derived. Variation in the parameters of the system yields mathematical results consistent with the expected physical ones.
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract A generalization of Landahl's approximation method (H. D. Landahl,Bull. Math. Biophysics,15, 49–61, 1953) for non-linear diffusion problems is suggested. The method is applied to sorption, desorption, and free diffusion problems involving concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients. With some limitations, the results compare favorably with those obtained by numerical methods.
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  • 3
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 33-60 
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    Notes: Abstract Recently a theorem for representing current generators in a volume conductor by the superposition of a central dipole, quadrupole, octopole, etc., has been established by G. C. K. Yeh, J. Martinek, and H. de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958). This theorem makes possible the representation of any discrete or line, surface- or volume-distributed current source by a unique model which can be determined for each given case by surface potential measurements and closed form analysis. In this paper the multipole representations of an eccentric dipole and an eccentric double-layer are obtained in terms of the various parameters of the assumed singularities, and the contributions to surface potentials due to each of the multipoles are compared. Certain numerical results corresponding to those of E. Frank (Amer. Heart J.,46, 364–78, 1953) are carried out and compared. Furthermore, the multipole representation of a partially damaged double-layer is also determined and compared with that of an undamaged one. It is concluded that within the range of parameters corresponding to human subjects the higher-order multipoles can contribute significantly to the surface potentials compared with the dipole.
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  • 4
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In line with a recent suggestion by the author (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 267–73, September, 1958) that not only does the organism as a whole map on the primordial, but that each organ can also be thus mapped, it is shown that the previously introduced abstract spaces, which represent an organism, contain subspaces which map continuously on the space of the primordial. Several theorems about those subspaces are proven.
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  • 5
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 71-95 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract The DNA-protein coding problem is given a general algebraic formulation, the consequences of which are then explored by standard mathematical methods. To keep the treatment self-contained, the mathematical techniques to be used are explained in detail. It is demonstrated that there exista priori a countably infinite number of different abstract DNA-protein codes, thereby showing that inductive attempts to construct such a code will most likely be fruitless. A notion of ergodicity is then introduced, which imposes a number of restrictions on the admissible codes, and, in fact, these considerations enable us toderive a small portion of a code which, if our hypothesis of ergodicity is correct, must occur in nature. Finally, we discuss briefly the problem as to whether there can exist more than one DNA-protein code in nature.
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  • 6
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    Notes: Abstract The present-day practices of electrocardiography and vectorardiography are based upon the theory that the surface potential differences can be assumed to be due to a single dipole inside the body. It is shown in this paper that a dipole cannot account for all the surface potentials due to realistic current generators, and hence the determination of the current generator from surface potential measurements based upon such a theory will lead to inconsistent representations of the heart for one and the same subject. To demonstrate this point two eccentric dipoles of different strengths and locations representing two muscle fibers are taken to be the current generator in a homogeneous spherical conductor. The exact surface potentials are then expressed by means of the “interior sphere theorem” of the authors. With these expressions the magnitude, direction, and location of the resultant dipole are determined by the method of D. Gabor and C. V. Nelson (J. App. Physics,25, 413–16, 1954). The surface potentials due to this resultant dipole are again exactly expressed by means of the “interior sphere theorem” and compared with those due to the eccentric dipoles assumed. It can be seen that the differences can be considerable. It is suggested that the multipole model of the authors (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–16, 1958) be used as a more accurate and the only unique representation of the heart.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract In a preceding paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics 20, 71–93, 1958) the principle of biotopological mapping was formulated in terms of a continuous mapping of an abstract space, made from the set of biological properties which characterize the organism, by an appropriate definition of neighborhoods. In this paper it is shown that we may consider directly the mappings of the different sets of properties which characterize different organisms without taking recourse to abstract spaces. All the verificable conclusions made in the preceding paper remain valid. A serious difficulty mentioned previously is, however, avoided and the possibility of more general predictions is established.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 107-107 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 109-128 
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    Notes: Abstract The general Theory of Categories is applied to the study of the (M, R)-systems previously defined. A set of axioms is provided which characterize “abstract (M, R)-systems”, defined in terms of the Theory of Categories. It is shown that the replication of the repair components of these systems may be accounted for in a natural way within this framework, thereby obviating the need for anad hoc postulation of a replication mechanism. A time-lag structure is introduced into these abstract (M, R)-systems. In order to apply this structure to a discussion of the “morphology” of these systems, it is necessary to make certain assumptions which relate the morphology to the time lags. By so doing, a system of abstract biology is in effect constructed. In particular, a formulation of a general Principle of Optimal Design is proposed for these systems. It is shown under what conditions the repair mechanism of the system will be localized into a spherical region, suggestive of the nuclear arrangements in cells. The possibility of placing an abstract (M, R)-system into optimal form in more than one way is then investigated, and a necessary and sufficient condition for this occurrence is obtained. Some further implications of the above assumptions are then discussed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 141-151 
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    Notes: Abstract The transient stage of the random dispersal of logistic populations is investigated, using a Sturm-Liouville series leading to an infinite system of non-linear integral equations. These equations are then solved via a successive approximation scheme. R. A. Fisher's (steady-state) velocity of advance paradox is discussed. An illustrative example is worked to the second order of approximation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 153-159 
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    Notes: Abstract An approximation method using a sine function is used to solve the second degree growth equation for the case in which an organism may simultaneously become dispersed throughout a uniform region. The resulting expression for a special case is compared with the expression obtained by R. Barakat (1959,Bull. Math. Biophysics,21, 141–51), giving the first two terms, by an iterative, procedure. The agreement is satisfactory.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 129-140 
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    Notes: Abstract Diffusion through a flat pore into a large open region is proportional to the linear dimension of the pore and not to its area. This was first explained by Brown and Escombe (1900) for a circular pore and is here generalized, by means of a dimensional argument, to include any type of regular opening. The problem is further generalized to include diffusion through pores of finite thickness, finite distance apart, and into finite regions. Since this problem cannot be solved exactly, an approximation method is introduced. Reasons for the credibility of the approximation are presented. It is then shown, by means of the approximation method, that the diffusive flow through a pore is equal to the total concentration difference divided by the resistance of the system. The resistance, in turn, is the sum of the resistances of all portions of the system, each of which is calculated. The result is compared with results which have been calculated exactly for limiting cases and found to agree very well. The results are then applied to a standard method of computing pore size in membranes, and it is shown that the correction factor is negligible.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 161-183 
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    Notes: Abstract V. S. Ivlev [Experimental Ecology of Nutrition of Fishes, 1955, Moscow (in Russia)] has shown that the food uptake by fishes during a fixed interval of time is an exponential function of the concentration of food. Ivlev's equation is derived here, and it is shown that it can hold only for non-stationary conditions, such as prevailed in Ivlev's experiments. For a stationary state, the rate of food uptake should tend asymptotically to a limiting value as the concentration increases, but the variation is not exponential. Different other aspects of the problem are investigated, and definite new experimental procedures suggested. The implications of Ivlev's findings on the effect of non-uniformity of food distribution upon the rate of food consumption are studied from a mathematical point of view. The conclusion is reached that whereas a fish does not, in the process of eating, move directly to an individual food particle which it perceives, it does move more or less directly to large aggregates of particles, if the latter are distributed nonuniformly.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 185-193 
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    Notes: Abstract Some relational aspects of the property of self-reproduction of biological systems are studied. If in addition to the requirement of the property of self-reproduction we add also the requirement of adaptability of the organism to changing environment, this imposes certain conditions on the topology of the graphs which represent such systems. A further study of the relational properties of such systems seems to offer the possibility of deriving the principle of biological mapping from the requirement of self-reproduction and adaptability. An examination of the problem of the original formation of such self-reproducing systems in connection with the established fact of impossibility of spontaneous generation leads to the conclusion that an organism must inhibit such processes which, in the absence of organisms, would lead to spontaneous generation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 195-216 
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    Notes: Abstract In the human, the antagonistic, extensor-flexor system of the leg is an example of a common type of neurophysiological feedback system. After a brief introduction to the neuroanatomy and physiology of this feedback system, the paper formulates transfer functions from temporal response data available in the literature. A feedback stability analysis, based on the extension of Nyquist's stability criteria to multiple-loop systems and utilizing flow-graph techniques, demonstrates the stable behavior of the system. Expressions are given relating the sensitivity of the system to variations in muscle response and Golgi tendon organ (tension receptor) response. By considering the events taking place at synapses and end-plates during “isometric tension-small knee angle excursion” conditions as stationary stochastic processes, an external “noise” input to the system is given, whose spectrum is derived from the statistics of a shot-process representation of these events. The paper concludes with some correlations between the analytical results and clinical syndromes.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 217-255 
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    Notes: Abstract In this continuation of a previous report it is shown how the Volterra population dynamics, which underlies the statistical theory, can be based on a variational principle; how the dynamics can be generalized as regards both the behavior of total populations and migration phenomena; and how many directly observable data, such as amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation of a population, fit into the statistical theory and can test it. Such a test is carried out in some detail using the fox-catch data of Elton, with a clear indication that the theory is capable of comprehending the major statistical properties of population-time curves. A final section sketches an extension of the theory to cover secular variations of external conditions such as temperature of the environment.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 333-345 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is a sequel to a paper by the author entitled “Restricted Transition Probabilities and Their Applications to Some Problems in the Dynamics of Biological Populations” (Bull. Math. Biophysics, 1966,28, 315–331). The paper is divided into two parts. In part one some aspects of the maximum size attained by the population during a finite time interval are studied for the case the stochastic process underlying the evolution of the population is a birth process. Two interesting by-products emerge from the study presented in part one; namely a combinatorial method of finding solutions to the Kolmogorov differential equations in special cases, and secondly, a set of criteria for the optimum allocation of genotypes in the host population of a host-pathogen system. The optimum allocation of genotypes in the host population is a problem of practical importance in controlling plant pathogens. In part two the theory of restricted transition probabilities developed in the companion paper is applied in finding the distribution of the time to the appearance of the first mutation for the case of a two dimensional birth process. The distribution of the time to the appearance of the first mutation is of importance in understanding the role mutation plays in the evolution of a population, particularly in the pathogen population of a host-pathogen system.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 355-362 
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    Notes: Abstract The complex arrangement of the muscle fibers in the ventricular wall and the nonsymmetric contraction and expansion of the ventricle preclude the writing of a differential equation of motion for the ventricle as a whole. We can, however, describe the motion of the ventricle by describing the motion of the dimensional parameters length and diameter; the radius, circumference, cross-sectional area, and volume following naturally from these. The ventricle is assumed to be an ellipsoid of revolution and the dimensional parameters to be periodic functions of time. Each of the parameters is expressed as a Fourier series.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 347-354 
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    Notes: Abstract Le modèle de Nelson peut-être considéré comme une approximation du modèle de Hodgkin-Huxley. Moins précis, il est plus maniable. Le modèle de Nelson peut également être considéré comme une généralisation du modèle de Hodgkin-Huxley. En effet, il introduit des liaisons synaptiques localisées ou diffusantes, et un processus de facilitation. Le mécanisme des liaisons synaptiques ne se traduit pas facilement dans le langage de Hodgkin-Huxley. Par contre, le processus de facilitation s'interprète facilement. Nelson's model can be taken as an approximation of Hodgkin-Huxley's model. Its precision is lesser, but it is more usable. Nelson's model can also be taken as a generalization of Hodgkin-Huxley's one; for it introduces localized or diffusing synaptic connexions and a facilitating process. The mechanism of synaptic connexions cannot be easily translated into Hodgkin-Huxley's language. On the contrary, the facilitating process is easily interpreted.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 363-370 
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    Notes: Abstract A spherical model for the human left ventricle with two different types of aneurysms, circular and rectangular-square, is proposed and meaningful relations are derived between the parameters of the aneurysms and ventricle. Such ventricular parameters as stroke volume, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume are given normal human values to compute values for end-systolic radius and percentage shortening of muscle for various sized circular and rectangular-square aneurysms.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 375-378 
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    Notes: Abstract The Volterra theory of two competing populations is extended to the contemporary social problem of crime control. Domains of stability for the time dependence of the numbers in the criminal and enforcement groups are exposed by a numerical example. Both augmentation and reduction of enforcement can produce a stable system. Average values of the ratio of members in each group show great sensitivity to the control policies adopted by the remaining sector of the total population.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 379-390 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with interactions of substances via an enzymatic reaction (Bull. Math. Biophysics,25, 141–154, 1963). The substances are the activators, inhibitors and/or substrates of the reaction. Due to the bimolecularity of the processes in the reaction, the quantitative relation between the steady state amount of complexes and the amounts of the substances assumes a typical form. In multiple enzymatic reactions this form is more complicated, though basically similar. Because the substances may influence the steady state amounts of the complexes in opposite directions, the compensation and blocking effects are the properties of enzymatic reactions. The substances with the same direction of influence may potentiate each other. In the enzymatic reaction here considered, the potentiation is always non-negative.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 391-409 
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    Notes: Abstract Growth-rate functions in analytic form have been obtained for cell cultures in which the doubling times follow the Gaussian and Poisson distributions. The growth-rate functions are calculated by using Laplace transforms to solve an integral equation previously presented. Oscillatory solutions result if a substantial fraction of the cells in a culture are synchronized to divide at some particular time. The synchrony and, hence, the oscillatory character of the growth-rate function eventually disappear because of the non-zero variance of the doubling-time distribution. If their variances are sufficiently small, the Gaussian and Poisson doubling-time distributions lead to growth-rate functions that become identical in the limit of large time.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 411-416 
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    Notes: Abstract IfN(t) is the expected number of cells in a culture at timet, $$\dot N(t)$$ the corresponding time derivative, andf(t−τ)dt the probability that a cell of aget−τ at timet will divide in the succeeding time intervaldt, then according to Hirsch and Engelberg (this issue) there obtains the integral equation $$\dot N(t) = 2\int_{ - \infty }^t {f(t - \tau )\dot N(\tau )d\tau }$$ for describing the dynamics of the cell population. It is the purpose of this note to give two alternative derivations of this equation, one based on the age density equation of Von Foerster, and the other based on a generalized form of the Harris-Bellman equation describing the first moment of an age dependent, branching process. In addition, a probability model is posed from which the Von Foerster equation and, hence, the Hirsch-Engelberg equation readily follows.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 417-432 
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    Notes: Abstract A model of the dissolution kinetics of powdered enamel is developed based on the kinetic rate termq, $$q = K'H - k'C \cdot P_1$$ , whereH=[H +],C=[Ca ++] andP 1=[HPO 4 = ]. The differential equations describing the rate of mineral dissolution (and the linearly related rate of appearance of calcium and phosphate in solution) have been derived and solved for three basic cases: (1) when thepH of the solution and surface area of the enamel are considered constant, (2) when thepH is assumed constant, but the reduction in surface area during dissolution is considered, and (3) when the rise ofpH resulting from the buffering effect of the dissolved enamel is considered along with the change in surface area. Analytical solutions have been obtained for cases (1) and (2), while a numerical solution has been found for case (3). Data from a study on enamel dissolution are presented that agree with the theory of case (3), and it is noted that apH rise as large as 0.5 can occur, as has been shown elsewhere in the literature.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 477-481 
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    Notes: Abstract On the basis of Landahl's theory of two-choice learning it is shown that application of punishment for wrong responses, without giving award for correct ones, does not lead to complete learning, no matter how many trials are used. If initially a “wrong response” was learned, then an attempt to inhibit it by punishment alone will in a class of cases lead only to a 50% suppression of that wrong response. Possible connection with the problem of effectiveness of punishment as a deterrent for crime is mentioned.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 483-483 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 483-483 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 485-485 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 501-510 
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    Notes: Abstract A set of characteristic parameters is given for electrophoresis accompanied by diffusion, followed by a method of simplification of the transport equation. The concept of electrophoretic similarity is introduced in connection with the presentation of solutions and the final section contains some dimensional considerations of the potential equation.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 511-517 
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    Notes: Abstract We show that when we represent (ℓ, ℛ)-systems with fixed genome as automata (sequential machines), we get automata with output-dependent states. This yields a short proof that ((ℓ, ℛ)-systems from a subcategory of automata—and with more homomorphisms than previously exhibited. We show how ((ℓ, ℛ)-systems with variable genetic structure may be represented as automata and use this embedding to set up a larger subcategory of the category of automata. An analogy with dynamical systems is briefly discussed. This paper presents a formal exploration and extension of some of the ideas presented by Rosen (Bull. Math. Biophyss,26, 103–111, 1964;28, 141–148;28 149–151). We refer the reader to these papers, and references cited therein, for a discussion of the relevance of this material to relational biology.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 487-500 
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    Notes: Abstract A two-dimensional nonlinear integro-differential equation with time-varying coefficients describing the behavior of the fluttering wing-body systems typical of natural flight mechanisms has been deduced from the Navier-Stokes equation which generalizes local pressure and velocity distributions in the externally oscillating air field. The resulting equation for the wing forces is combined with an analogous expression for the forces of gravitation and acceleration associated with the body. The air acceleration force, not previously considered in bio-physical models of insect and bird flight, is shown to arise from a formal analysis of unsteady or time-varying contributions to the velocity field, while the square form of the conventional steady state aerodynamic forces is derived from the intertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equation with the aid of the approximations of Newtonian impact theory. Previous calculations (Houghton, 1964) have indicated that the contribution to gravitational stability of air acceleration and aerodynamic life are roughly in the ratio of 3:1.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 519-536 
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    Notes: Abstract Certain types of cortical electrical events are non-propagated so that the associated electric fields must have standing wave characteristics. However, cortical electric events typically are generated by neurone populations which cannot be activated simultaneously on impulse driving. Hence the sum of the standing wave fields due to asynchronous activation of adjoining regions of cortical neurones must give the appearance of a traveling wave. Analysis of cortical waveforms is further complicated by curvature in cortical surfaces. A model is presented that shows the effects of curvature and time lag in activation on the form of the potential at points in space around a laminar array of elements simulating a population of cortical neurones. The results are compared with waveforms evoked by single-shock stimulation of the prepyriform cortex in cats.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 545-554 
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    Notes: Abstract A continuity equation for cell-number density in a population of cells is derived, and a system of equations for eliminating parameters between the general solution and the initial distribution obtained.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 537-544 
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    Notes: Abstract Use of an electrical model of the left ventricle of the heart and the arterial system permits analysis of the changes which take place as the capacity of the myocardium for generation of force decreases. The model is simple in structure, and its construction and practical testing would not be difficult. It demonstrates that, as the heart muscle weakens, the peak of intracardiac force occurs later in systole, and the difference between the intracardiac pressure and the aortic pressure in the second half of systole is much greater than for the normal heart. The feedback mechanisms which are proposed to affect myocardial contractility would affect this compensation for cardiac weakening. Indices to categorize the behavior of the normal, compensated though weakened, and decompensated myocardium are proposed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 555-566 
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    Notes: Abstract The frequency distribution in a population of cells of the quantityCD (defined as the amount of some chromosomal substance in a cell which containsC chromosomes) is calculated using the distribution in the population of the amount per chromosome,D, and the distribution of chromosome number,C.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 567-574 
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    Notes: Abstract The rate of chromosomal DNA synthesis in an exponentially growing population of cells having chromosome-number dispersion is calculated using DNA histogram data, chromosome-number distribution data, and the assumptions that the synthesis rate is constant and DNA double exactly.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 575-584 
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    Notes: Abstract An estimate is made of the rate coefficient for linear DNA synthesis with exact doubling in an exponentially growing population of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells having chromosome-number dispersion. Comparison of calculated and experimental results suggest that the assumptions used in the calculation are tenable, but further experimental evidence is needed to prove this.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 655-661 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper develops further some suggestions made previously (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,28, 283–308, 1966) that certain biological phenomena may be more easily interpreted from a “sociological” point of view by considering the organism as a social aggregate of cells and a cell as a social aggregate of genes. In this light the problems of origin of life on earth, of aging, and of parasitism and symbiosis are discussed. The notion of social aggregates of different orders is introduced.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 663-663 
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    Notes: Abstract A theoretical and experimental study was made of the mechanical behavior of the cornea. The theoretical analysis included an analytical solution for the symmetrical constraint of a thin, shallow, spherical shell by a rigid indenter. The experimental study investigated the rheology of the cornea with particular emphasis on its compliance with the requirements of the Boltzmann Superposition Principle. Representative results of tests on twenty enucleated hog eyes and two human eyes have been reported. The corneas of the human and hog eyes behaved as linear viscoelastic solids; the human eyes differed from the hog eyes in having a long term creep component. Several eyes were tested at the site of procurement, six to seven minutes after the animal's death, and it was established that creep is not an artifact due to aging or enucleation. The analytical and experimental results were combined to study some instruments used to detect the level of pressure in the eye. The theoretical analysis predicted that a type of elastic instability occurs during the process of flattening a small portion of the cornea; this is discussed with reference to the Goldmann and Mackay-Marg tonometers. The role of corneal creep was considered with reference to the response of the Schiøtz indentation tonometer during the time dependent process known as tonography.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 645-654 
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    Notes: Abstract Following previous studies, differential equations are established which determine the variation of the stimulus towards a corrective turn of the steering wheel and its effect on the excitation of the centers in the brain which results in the production of the corrective turn. The equations are derived under the highly oversimplified assumption that all excitation thresholds are so small that they can be neglected. Under these assumptions it is found that the tracking curve of a car is a sinusoid with negative damping, that is, with an ever increasing amplitude. Driving under these assumptions is imposible since the car will always eventually jump off the road. The possible effects of the threshold as well as stimuli towards corrective turns other than the distance from the edge of the lane are very briefly discussed. In spite of the negative results of the paper, its interest lies in the circumstance that with the complication of the model, we find that driving depends not only on the reaction times as the only “purely biological” parameter, but on three other neurobiophysical constants. In a subsequent paper (Rashevsky, 1967) it is shown how the introduction of one or more purely biological parameters of the driver makes a stable driving regime possible.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 663-663 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 1-10 
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    Notes: Résumé Les premiers étages sensoriels sont étudiés en utilisant notre modèle de neurone et en supposant que les réseaux responsables de la perception sont particulièrement solides, stables, économiques. Nous montrons que les premiers neurones doivent être spontanément périodiques et autorégulés. La nécessité fonctionnelle des premiers étages de la voie visuelle est démontrée. Par analogie, nous étudions la voie auditive.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 11-24 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of the viscous flow of an incompressible Newtonian liquid in a converging tapered tube has been solved in spherical polar coordinates. The method of the solution involves the Stokes' stream function and a technique introduced by Stokes in the study of a sphere oscillating in a fluid. The theory for the flow in a rigid tube includes: (1) the pulsatile flow with both radial and angular velocity components; (2) the steady state flow with both radial and angular velocity components and (3) the very slow steady state flow with only a radial velocity component present. For a tapered elastic tube, the velocity of the propagated pulse wave is determined. The solution given is in terms of the elastic constants of the system and the coordinates for this type of geometry. The pulse velocity is then related to the velocity in an elastic cylindrical tube with the necessary correction terms to account for the tapered tube.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 25-50 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper a class of branching processes applicable to populations reproducing by some asexual means or by a simple selfing system of mating is studied. The paper is divided into three parts. In part one the mathematical model is introduced, part two is a mathematical analysis of the model, and in part three concrete applications and examples are given. Many of the proofs of the theorems in part two are omitted but will appear in a subsequent issue of theBulletin.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 51-74 
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    Notes: Abstract The application of the earlier results (Pavlidis, T. 1965. “A New Model for Simple Neural Nets and its Application in the Design of a Neural Oscillator.”Bull. Math. Biophysics,27, No. 2, 215–229) to the design of more complex neural nets is attempted. The following cases are considered: 1. Chains of neurons where it is proven that the frequency of the output pulses does not depend on the value of the input as long as it is above a certain threshold. 2. Groups of neurons with backward inhibition which present an intermittent mode of operation. 3. Neural nets with periodic facilitation which permit time sharing of certain components for different functions. 4. A neural net which can detect the sign of the input even if the main receptor is sensitive only to the absolute value of it, is presented. 5. A velocity estimating neural net which in combination with one of the nets with intermittent response provides a model for the smooth eye tracking movements.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 75-90 
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    Notes: Abstract By assigning coordinates to the information space comprising all knowledge, rigorous mathematical interpretations can be placed on such terms as academic ability, memory and creativity such that these psychometric concepts can be incorporated into a framework of functional analysis which then permits the optimization of long-term academic learning processes through the location of the teaching trajectories in information space which will maximize the knowledge accumulated in a generalized educational system composed of a complex of subject-pupil-teacher interactions. The concepts of discrete and continuous information spaces are discussed in connection with subject-subject, subjectpupil and pupil-pupil interactions, and the advantages of using variational versus dynamic programming methods of optimizing alternative educational systems are evaluated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 103-106 
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    Notes: Abstract IfK is a partition of a setK which is partially ordered by the relationR andR is a collection of pairs of sets ofK such that the sets of each pair are related byR in the sense of Rashevsky, thenR is a relation which partially ordersK. Necessary and sufficient conditions thatK be a chain are obtained, and ifK is a chain under these conditions, it is shown thatK is unique.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 161-166 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper continues a comparison of the Taylor series and spherical harmonic forms of multipole representations initiated by Yeh (Bull. Math. Biophysics,24, 197–207, 1962). It is shown that while transformations from Taylor series form into spherical harmonic form is always possible, the inverse cannot be accomplished as suggested by Yeh; corrected transformation equations are given. It is also shown that direct measurement of Taylor coefficients, as outlined in Yeh, Martinek, and de Beaumont (Bull. Math. Biophysics,20, 203–216, 1958), is actually not possible. Accordingly, only the spherical harmonic coefficients can be determined by measurement of surface potentials, as in electrocardiography.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 181-190 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is a continuation of a paper, “Some Multi-Dimensional Branching Processes as Motivated by a Class of Problems in Mathematical Genetics I,” by C. J. Mode, which appeared in a previous issue of theBulletin. Its purpose is two-fold; namely to discuss the mathematical existence of the model and to supply the mathematical proofs of some theorems in section two of the paper mentioned above. This paper should be read in conjunction with the previous paper.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 191-194 
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    Notes: Abstract Rosen (Bull. Math Biophysics. 1959) has argued that a self-reproducing automaton of the type originally described by von Neumann is impossible because of a logical paradox inherent in its definition. The paradox is resolved by explicitly allowing errors (mutations) in the system and thus introducing evolution. There is no paradox in an automaton, originating from a slightly different ancestor through mutation. The von Neumann model thus becomes realistic and useful for a discussion of biological phenomena.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 167-179 
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    Notes: Abstract Previously proposed formulae for the quantitative estimation of bidirectional shunts across ventricular septal defects require determination of the oxygen contents of mixed venous, pulmonary artery, pulmonary venous, and aortic blood. Because these formulae do not take into account the mixing of oxygenated with unoxygenated blood within the ventricles, their use must result in underestimation of shunt flows in each direction. A mathematical model for a ventricular defect is examined, in which it is assumed that mixing of blood occurs in each of six sites in the venae cavae or right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta. A total of fourteen streams of blood can flow from one to another of these mixing sites. As long as complete mixing occurs in the six specified mixing sites, any degree of mixing or non-mixing of the various streams is permitted. From the equations characterizing the model, formulae are derived in which the shunt flow in each direction is expressed in terms of the oxygen contents in the six mixing sites and the fractions of blood which enter the shunt from either side without prior mixing in a ventricular mixing site. The previously reported formulae, which apply when no ventricular mixing is allowed to occur, lead to theoretical minimum values for the shunt flows in each direction. At the opposite extreme where all the shunting blood is required to mix in a ventricle before entering the shunt, formulae for maximum possible shunt flows are also obtained. The absolute values for the left-to-right and right-to-left shunt flows, which must lie somewhere between the theoretical maximum and minimum values, cannot be computed from blood gas data alone.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 195-205 
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental evidence strongly suggests that the contractility of the intact heart in situ, in contrast to that of striated muscle elsewhere in the body, is controlled in a close-cycle system. Thus, the variation of intraventricular pressure during systole follows a complex pattern, whose relative form remains quite constant regardless of the duration of ejection. By use of the single-chambered model of the cardiovascular system, a mathematical representation of a feasible feedback mechanism is developed. The requirement that the feedback system must satisfy mathematical principles eliminates relationships apparently reasonable from a physiological viewpoint. A clinical application which the mathematical development suggests is that early arterial hypertension may arise from an abnormal feedback mechanism with excessively large cardiac output in the initial portion of systole.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 207-216 
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    Notes: Abstract Due to the lack of direct X-ray evidence for base pairing being the only mechanism for the formation of double helix in a DNA crystal, an alternative explanation is suggested so that the observed DNA loop becomes essential.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 219-233 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 217-218 
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    Notes: Abstract Validity of group ring expression of selfed population is shown for cases in which there are differences in recombination probabilities between two sexual sides of a plant.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 261-282 
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    Notes: Abstract An integral equation analysis of generaln compartment steady state systems imbedded in static media of arbitrary complexity has been developed. A set of initial entry functions can be found which serve to determine a corresponding set of partitioned initial entry functions. The partitioned functions, in turn, can be used to predict the probabilities and time courses of various transport histories and to determine all steady state rates of flow between measured compartments. The method is quite general, being completely applicable, for example, to closed systems, to cyclic systems and to systems in which relatively rapid (but finite) exchange between compartments occurs.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 309-313 
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    Notes: Abstract From the definition of a strong and weakn-ary relation betweenn sets, given in a previous paper (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,27, 477–492), it follows that for a given set ofn sets and givenn-ary relationR between them there can exist only one strong relation, but a large number of weak ones. An expression for the total number of possible weak relations is derived and the notion of the degree of weakness of a relation is introduced and discussed.
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of determining the sequence of a biopolymer from its fragments is stated in mathematical terms. Using concrete properties of a free monoid, certain general classes of biopolymers are shown to be insolvable from fragment data produced by complete digestion where enzymes specific for any possible combination of chemical bonds are employed.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 283-308 
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    Notes: Abstract To the extent that all biological phenomena are perceivable only through their physical manifestations, it may be justified to assume that all biological phenomena will be eventually represented in terms of physics; perhaps not of present day physics, but of some “extended” form of it. However, even if this should be correct, it must be kept in mind that representing individual biological phenomena in terms of physics is not the same as deducing from known physical laws the necessity of biological phenomena. Drawing an analogy from pure mathematics, it is possible that while every biological phenomenon may be represented in terms of physics, yet biological statements represent a class of “undecidable” statements within the framework of physics. Such a conjecture is reinforced by the history of physics itself and illustrated on several examples. The 19th century physicists tried in vain todeduce electromagnetic phenomena from mechanical ones. A similar situation may exist in regard to biological and social sciences. Quite generally, the possibility of representing a class B phenomena in terms of class A phenomena does not imply that the phenomena of class B can be deduced from those of class A. The consequences of the above on the relation between physics, biology, and sociology are studied. A tentative postulational formulation of basic biological principles are given and some consequences are discussed. It is pointed out that not only can the study of biological phenomena throw light on some physical phenomena, but that the study of social phenomena may be of value for the understanding of the structures and functions of living organisms. The possibility of a sort of “socionics” is indicated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 371-374 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that any (ℳ ℛ) has some component which cannot be re-established after it has been inhibited. If there is only one such component, it must be central, that is, its inhibition stops the whole system. These results hold even when it is not assumed that ℳ is connected.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 315-331 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper a theory of a class of restricted transition probabilities is developed and applied to a problem in the dynamics of biological populations under the assumption that the underlying stochastic process is a continuous time parameter Markov chain with stationary transition probabilities. The paper is divided into three parts. Part one contains sufficient background from the theory of Markov processes to define restricted transition probabilities in a rigorous manner. In addition, some basic concepts in the theory of stochastic processes are interpreted from the biological point of view. Part two is concerned with the problem of finding representations for restricted transition probabilities. Finally, in part three the theory of restricted transition probabilities is applied to the problem of finding and analyzing some properties of the distribution function of the maximum size attained by the population in a finite time interval for a rather wide class of Markov processes. Some other applications of restricted transition probabilities to other problems in the dynamics of biological populations are also suggested. These applications will be discussed more fully in a companion paper.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 433-441 
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    Notes: Abstract Equilibrium solubility considerations are presented based on the assumption that equating the kinetic expressionq, developed in part I, to zero can describe the equilibrium or steady state between hydroxyapatite and salt solutions. From this expression is derived Hodge's empirical equilibrium equation,C=KH. Further, a lograithmic transformation of this equation results in an expression that accounts for the equilibrium calcium, phosphorus andpH relation found by Levinskas and Neuman. Finally, it also shows the relation between log (C·P) andpH necessary for typical artificial carious lesions as found by Coolidge, Besic and Jacobs. A discussion of a recent theory of hydroxyapatite solubility of LaMer reveals calculation errors that vitiate his results. It is shown that logK 1 (K 1 is the ratio of the rate constants inq and can serve as a solubility equilibrium constant for hydroxyapatite) varies by only 1.2 units when calculated from three diverse sets of data. This variation is less than that reported by LaMer (when the errors of calculation in that work are corrected) and considerably less than the range of 11 among attempts to calculate a conventionalpK sp , as summarized by Hodge.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 465-475 
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    Notes: Abstract In imitative behavior, as studied previously by N. Rashevsky (Mathematical Biology of Sociol Behavior, Chapter XIII, The University of Chicago Press, 1950), the reason for the majority of a society to accept a particular behavior is based on purely voluntary action (band-wagon effect). In the present paper effects of coercion of the majority by a small minority group which poses the means for coercion, are studied. More general types of equations are thus obtained and threshold effects found, which bear a resemblance to some such effects studied previously.
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    Notes: Abstract Part III attempts to develop a diffusion controlled model of caries in the intact enamel employing the kinetic results of the previous two parts. A model of the enamel as a granular bed with a diffusible organic matrix filling the interstices is considered. The basic equations of diffusion and simultaneous reaction are developed under the assumption that all the reactions are so rapid as compared with the diffusion rate, that they are in a quasi-equilibrium state. The resultant system of seven coupled, non-linear parabolic partial differential equations is of such complexity that only numerical solutions could be attempted. Stability restrictions inherent in the problem dictated the use of the DuFort-Frankel numerical solution for parabolic boundary problems. Numerical solutions giving the concentration of all reactants, the rate of mineral loss, and the enamel porosity were obtained for a variety of boundary conditions. It is found that departure from the equilibrium condition expressed in part II is necessary for the occurrence of an attack on the enamel. The rate and pattern of penetration is then determined primarily by the concentrations of undissociated buffer, and salts, together with the rate of diffusion in the surrounding medium. The possibility of a relatively intact surface layer persisting over a demineralized subsurface region due solely to the composition of the demineralizing medium is noted. Remineralization behavior in portions of the carious lesion occurs in the model under certain boundary conditions.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 21 (1959), S. 13-17 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper extends Leslie's vector and matrix treatment of populations. A simple matrix is given for species in which adult mortality and fertility are independent of age, but in which the juvenile mortality rate differs from the adult. The population vector can be changed into a population matrix. This should allow equations using functions of the size of the population to be developed. Genetic variables such as sex or other polymorphisms can be introduced, and the notation allows different systems of selection or non-random mating to be specified.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 91-102 
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    Notes: Abstract In previous papers (1955–1957) a theory of biological similarity was established, assuming that the limits are the mechanical and the electrodynamical similarity criteria. The range of this theory lies between the coefficient of the time exponent (γ) for mechanical (0.5γ) and electrodynamical (1.0γ) similarities, being the mode 0.93γ. Moreover, for certain functions this restricted theoretical range should be extended to the hydrodynamical similarity criterion (2γ), so that the dimensionless numbers commonly used in Physics (Reynolds, Froude, Weber, etc.) can be included within the total range (0.5–2γ) of biological similarities. From dimensional analysis of physiological, functions it was possible to obtain, by means of dimensional and solution matrices, a group of “nondimensional numbers” by applying Buckingham's Pi-theorem. Nevertheless, only if a single similarity criterion was applied, the residual weight exponent was exactly zero; in all other instances the weight exponent was not zero, due to the existence of a range for biological similarities and to the statistical meaning of exponent (b) of the allometric equations. From the similarity criteria “invariant numbers” can be obtained, by means of which it is possible to establish correlations between numerous morphological and physiological characteristics of a particular system (circulation, respiration, metabolism, etc.).
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 117-124 
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    Notes: Abstract The notion of relations between sets, defined in a previous publication (Bull. Math. Biophysics,23, 233–235, 1961) is generalized and some biological examples are given. A generalization ton-ary relation is suggested.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 107-116 
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    Notes: Abstract A method is introduced for using matrices to represent the organism-graphs of Rashevsky's theory of biotopological mapping. The representation is made in such a way as to reveal the structure of these graphs. Using insight gained from the consideration of the matrix representations, a theorem is proved concerning the primordial origins of organisms and counterexamples are displayed to show the necessity of the hypotheses of this theorem.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 137-138 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 139-139 
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 125-135 
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    Notes: Abstract The neurobiophysical model of schizophrenia discussed previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,26, 167–185, 1964;27, 21–26, 1965) is generalized further, to include catatonic and stuporous states. It is concluded that the development of schizophrenia will proceed through different stages of catatonic and non-catatonic states, depending on parameters which characterize on one hand the general inhibition of the individual, on the other hand what may be called his “stability.” Suggestions for possible clinical verifications of the conclusions are made.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 141-148 
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    Notes: Abstract Using the relationship between (M,R) and sequential machines developed in previous work, it is shown that the totality of (M,R) which can be formed over a given categoryA itself forms a category in a natural fashion.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 149-151 
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    Notes: Abstract The condition which allows the existence of induced replication maps in (M,R)-systems is shown to place strong restrictions on the “richness” of the category from which these systems can be constructed. This condition also admits of a simple biological interpretation, which can be checked empirically, and which may offer insight into the physical and biological realizations of these abstract systems.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 28 (1966), S. 153-160 
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    Notes: Abstract Rosen’s identification of abstract biological systems, called (M,R)-systems, with sequential machines is formally characterized. It is then shown that the determination of environmental alterations of (M,R)-systems from a knowledge of the response sequence and the structure of the system, which we call behavioral reversibility, can be interpreted as information-losslessness of sequential machines. Applying this relationship, necessary conditions for behavioral reversibility are derived. It is further shown that, similar to Rosen’s work on structural reversibility, (M,R)-systems are behaviorally reversible only if the number of physically realizable mappings are restricted.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 1-7 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The hunting-science has rounded off itself in the course of the last about 50 years from the junction of its natural and intellectual scientific foundations under joining of the technical, economical and political factors, concerning hunting. There are represented its knowledge got thereby, as well as the problems due for the near future, the difficulties and possibilities in organizing, personal and real consideration.
    Abstract: Résumé La science de chasse s'est arrondie dans le courant des dernières environ 50 années de la fusion de ses bases scientifiques naturelles et intellectuelles, y compris les facteurs techniques, économiques et politiques concernat la chasse. Ses connaissance gagnées de cette manière et les tâches échues à l'avenir proche, les difficultés et les possibilités à l'égard d'organisateur, de personnel et d'objet sont représentées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Jagdwissenschaft hat sich im Laufe der letzten etwa 50 Jahre aus der Zusammenfassung ihrer natur- und geisteswissenschaftlichen Grundlagen unter Hinzutreten der die Jagd betreffenden technischen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Faktoren abgerundet. Ihre dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und für die nähere Zukunft fälligen Aufgaben, die Schwierigkeiten und Möglichkeiten in organisatorischer, persönlicher und sachlicher Hinsicht werden dargestellt.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 32-33 
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 29-32 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the same hunting ground on 100 ha area had been killed 15 hares by driving them towards the shooters and 24 hares by circular beats. The bag on young hares has been the same in either hunting-manner, whereas more old ones escaped the kill by driving the hares towards the shooters.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans la même varenne on a tué sur un district de 100 ha des 15 lièvres par placer les chasseurs en face des batteurs et des 24 lièvres par battue concentrique. C'est le même nombre des jeunes lièvres, qui est tué par les deux manières de chasser. Les chausseurs placés en face des batteurs plus des lièvres vieux s'échappaient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im gleichen Jagdgebiet wurden auf 100 ha abgejagter Fläche bei Vorstehtreiben 15 Hasen, bei Kesseltreiben 24 Hasen erlegt. Die Strecke an Junghasen war bei beiden Jagdarten gleich groß, während bei den Vorstehtreiben mehr Althasen dem Abschuß entgingen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 22-29 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The growth of horns of the first three years is decisive for the size of the ripe trophy; from this reason the form of the horns during youth is especialy fit to draw from it conclusions as to the quality of the ripeness-form of the horns. The first two classes of age being to be recognized with security with regard to their age, the shooting off according the size of horns in the class of the yearlings and two years old ones, should be furthered. For this purpose there are given directions, according to the local experiences, for the distinction of males to be shot off and those promising for the time to come, within these two classes of age.
    Abstract: Résumé La croissance des cornes du chamois pendant les premières trois années c'est décicive pour la vigueur du trophée mûr; c'est pourquoi c'est la forme du corne pendant le jeune âge, qui est particulièrement propre à en tirer des conclusions à l'égard de la qualité de la forme de maturité du corne. Les premières deux classes d'âge étant connaissables avec certitude eu égard à leur âge, on devrait favoriser la chasse relectif dans la classe des animaux d'un et de deux ans. A cela d'après les expériences locales, des directions sont données pour la distinction des mâles à abattre et ceux-ci qui promettent des trophées forts pour le temps à venir dans ces deux classes d'âge.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Kruckenwachstum der ersten drei Jahre ist entscheidend für die Stärke der reifen Trophäe; deshalb ist die Jugendform der Krucke besonders geeignet, aus ihr Rückschlüsse auf die Qualität der Reifeform der Krucke zu ziehen. Da die ersten beiden Altersklassen mit Sicherheit auf ihr Alter anzusprechen sind, sollte man den Wahlabschuß in der Klasse der Jährlinge und Zweijährigen fördern. Dazu werden nach den örtlichen Erfahrungen Richtlinien für die Unterscheidung von Abschuß- und Zukunftsböcken in diesen beiden Altersklassen gegeben.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 33-35 
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 35-36 
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 36-36 
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 36-48 
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 49-50 
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 78-79 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du territoire de Salzbourg (Tauern) on a pû constater que le vautour fauve (Gyps fulvus fulvus) soit devenu un oiseau d'été qui revient régulièrement. La limite inférieure de diffusion d'altitude est rapportée à 1000 m NN. Le nombre, annuel des vautours habitant ce territoire de Mai à September (en moyen 200 vautours d'oie) dépend directement du temps de départs des moutons pour les Alpes et du nombre départi. Les vautours fauve n'airent pas dans les Alpes de Salzbourg, ils viennent des Balkans après la couvaison au mois de Février. Les gypaètes barbus sont par contre devenus depuis 25 ans oiseaux de demeure dans ce territoire.
    Notes: Summary In the Tauern area near Salzburg the griffon-vulture (Gyps fulvus fulvus) is observed as a regular summer bird. The lowest limit of its occurrence is reported to be about 1000 m NN. The number of vultures living from Mai to September in this area (averagely about 200) shows an immediate dependence on the date of the departure of sheep for the Alpine pastures and the quantity of sheep to be found there. The griffon-vultures do not build their eyries in the Salzburg mountains, but they immigrate into this area after their hatching time in February, coming from the Balcans. The bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), however, returned to keep to these same grounds since about 1930.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 80-81 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'apparition de la gale des chamols s'est accrue d'une telle façon qu'on ne peut plus computer sur son extirpation complet. On peut seulement essayer d'empecher qu'elle ne se répande pas plus loin ou que des foyers de contagion neuf se forment. On a proposé d'installer un bureau central pour l'Autriche, la Bavière, la Suisse, l'Italie et la Yougoslavie et de rendre de rigueur la notification de l'apparition, de la gale de chamois aux autres pays.
    Notes: Summary The scab of the chamois has grown to such an extend that we cannot hope to exterminate it, but can only try to prevent further extension and the formation of new centres of contagion. With this end in view it has been recommended to create a common centre for the countries of Austria, Bavaria, Switzerland, Italy and Yugoslavia, together with an obligation to report new cases to all the countries above mentioned.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 75-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Depuis 1946 on a fait des recherches relatives au menu gibier le plus important de la Pologne le lièvre de champs (lepus europ. Pall.) dans les districts gouvernementaux de Gdansk et de Bydgoszcz à l'aide des butins de la chasse aux lièvres et au lièvres vivant. L'index moyen de rendement (lièvres tués sur 100 ha) est entre 15 et 50 pièces par 100 ha. La proportion moyenne entre hases et lièvres est de 50,7% ♂ et 49,3% ♀. Le poids moyen de 1404 lièvres tués en 1953 était de 4,2 kos, le poids maximal est 5 kos. Quoique l'été fût assez sec et qu'on suppose que la réproductibilité d'une paire de lièvres soit de 10 jeunes lièvres, on a pû constater par une hase tuée seulement 0,54 jeune lièrre. Il fut pour le moment impossible de trouver une raison objective pour cette proportion très base. Pour les autres parts de la Pologne l'année 1953 était une année de lièvres très mauvaise, et seulement les districts du Nord avaient une population satisfaisante. La part de la venaison par lièvre est en moyen 35,4% par poids moyen de 4,1 kos. La viande très maigre du lièvre contient 0,2% de graisse mais par contre approximativement 25% d'albumine.
    Notes: Summary Since 1946 there have been realized investigations about the most important small game of Poland, the field hare (Lepus europ. Pall.), uitilizing bagged and living hares in the administrative districts of Gdansk and Bydgoszcz. Results: Average index of production (=number of pieces of bagged hares on 100 ha) fluctuates between 15 and 50 hares/100 ha. The average proportion of sex is 50.7% of ♂ hares and 49.3% of ♀ hares. The average weight of 1404 hares shot in 1953 was 4.2 kilos; the maximum weight was 5 kilos. Although the summer of 1953 was dry in the district of Gdansk, only 0.54 young hares fell from 1 shot old, female hare in spite of the supposed average propagation of 10 young hares out of 1 couple of old hares. This small number may at present not be interpreted objectively. In other parts of Poland 1953 has been a really bad hare year, only the Northern districts had a good stock. The average eatable game part of a hare amounts to 35.4% of an average total weight of 4.1 kilos. The very lean hare meat contains 0.2% of fat, but about 25% of albumen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 81-84 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'eploration de la science de chasse est malheureusement peu soutenue par les gens de profession. Les appels faits en vue de recevoir le matériel nécessaire aux recherches, ont eu trés peu de succès. L'exploration doit de ce fait essayer d'avoir à sa disposition cantons d'essai, grilles et enclos pour pouvoir s'occuper sur une plus large échelle des bêtes vivantes. Cependant, il ne faut pas s'attendre d'avoir sous peu des résultats.
    Notes: Summary The research in the section of game management does not receive much support from practice. Appeals to provide material which is wanted for purposes of examination do not meet with much success. Therefore research has to attempt to organize special districts of investigation, enclosures, and preserves in order to be able to observe live animals to a greater extend. Results may not be anticipated within a short period of time.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 84-92 
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 104-106 
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 101-104 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La science de chasse a subi pendant le dernier siècle un tel élargissement et une telle consolidation, qu'il y faut maintenant apporter un examen, un ordre et une élimination. La manière d'envisager les faits varie selon les besoins et est différente s'il s'agit d'établir un exposé pour l'enseignement par exemple, ou d'établir la structure d'une matière bibliographique, ou de donner la description logique et mentale d'une continuité des problèmes.
    Notes: Summary The science of Game Management (or knowledge of Game Management) has experienced such an extension and consolidation in the course of the last century that this field requires to be sifted, ordered, and limited. According to circumstances, if a classification of matters for teaching purposes or for bibliographical purposes is intended, or if a representation of the logical and ideal relations of the problem is to be given, the results will always differ.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 99-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'Union des Chasseurs Suèdois fondée il y a 100 ans a entamée pour la primière fois l'exploration du gibier en Suède. Ce fut cependant la Loi de Chasse de 1938 qui a rendu possible la création d'une organisation plus solide, ayant à sa disposition des moyens suffisants. Après un développement de plusieurs années le Gouvernement Suèdois vient d'installer cette année un Conseil indépendant pour l'exploration du gibier. Ce Conseil a les buts suivants: Suivre de près sur son domaine d'activité au développement tant à l'intérieur du pays qu'à l'extérieur. Créer une collaboration entre les diverses Organisations d'exploration et avoir soins d'éléver l'efficacité des recherches. Le Conseil doit soutenir en outre l'initiative importante de chaque Organisation pour l'exploration du gibier et au besoin saisir lui-même l'initiative pour encourager une telle exploratation. L'exploratation du gibier a lieu maintenant principalement à l'Université d'Economie Forestière à Stockholm sous la direction de M. le ProfesseurNotini et à l'Institut National vétérinaire de M. le Docteur med. vet.Borg. Certaines explorations pratiques seront l'objet des recherches faites par l'aide de champ de l'Union des Chasseurs,M. Nils Höglund.
    Notes: Summary Game Research in Sweden has been taken up in the first place by the “Swedish Union of Hunters”, founded over 100 years ago. Only the Shooting Law of 1938 made a firmer organization and the disposition of means possible. After several years' development there has been appointed by the Swedish Government in this year an independent Council for Game Research, which has the following tasks: The Council has to follow the development in its sphere of activity as well within its native country as in foreign countries. It has to act for a co-operation in research, which is carried through by different research organs, and to take care of the raise of research effectivity. Besides the Council has to support the initiative of every research, which is important for the care of game, and it has to seize the initiative for the promotion of such research itself, if required. At present game research is carried through chiefly by the “Academy of Forestry” at Stockholm (under direction of ProfessorNotini) and in the “National Veterinary College” (by Dr. med. vet.Borg). Besides there exists a certain practical investigation of the subject in the “Union of Hunters” by Field-AssistentNils Höglund.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 92-98 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les interprétations données parM. Beninde sur les différences dans le poids des fauves ne sont pas satisfaisantes. On a surtout pas assez pris en considération les facteurs concernant la paisson. En 33 administrations de cantons on vient de vérifier les rélations entre le poids moyen des fauves et celles des conditions dans les cantons, la qualité de populations était entre 51,7 et 72,8 kos. Il était impossible d'établir une rélation quelconque entre les conditions de vie dans le canton et le poids de la venaison. Il était en particulier impossible de reconnaitre une influence exercé par le climat. De ces recherches on doit conclure, que les différences des mésures corporelles dépendent des dispositions de la race. La profusion des fauves, d'abord ferme, s'est relâcher en ilots isolés. Par l'abattement sans plan, une diminution des allèles dans ces groupes isolées a eu lieu, qui a amené une formation des différences raciales. Il en suit pour le pratique que, lièrement la qualité de l'état du gibier peur être seulement corrigé dans une mésure limitée par l'amélioration du paisson et 2ièmement, qu'on peut seulement avoir un succès par l'élimination, s'il y a encore des bonnes qualités héréditaire et que, 3ièmement il faut amener les bêtes ayant ces qualités héréditaire requises, si la population en est dépourvu.
    Notes: Summary The explanations given byBeninde for the differences in the body weight of red deer are not satisfactory, above all the factor of browsing has not been considered sufficiently. Rherefore the relation between the average weight of grown animals and the conditions of the district have been examined in 33 Forestry Districts of Western Germany. The quality of populations was between 51.7 and 72.8 kilos. There could not be proved relations between the conditions of the living space and the weight of game within larger areas, especially there could not be recognized any climatical influence. The investigations permit the conclusion that differences are caused by racial particularities concerning size of bodies. The originally close distribution of red deer has been dissolved into isolated isles. By arbitrary shooting a diminution of alleles within the isolated populations has taken place which is the cause of the formation of racial differences. For practical purposes we may draw the following conclusions: 1. the quality of a stock may be improved by improved browsing only up to certain limit, 2. the method of selective shooting may lead to good results if there are still hereditary qualities of good condition, 3. it is necessary to introduce heads of deer of better hereditary qualities, if such have disappeared out of the population.
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    European journal of wildlife research 1 (1955), S. 145-148 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The first scientific prove of the occurrence of the louse of the wild boar (Haematopinus apri Goureau) in Germany was established in 1942. The auther investigates the occurence, development, nourishment, expressions of life, contagion, and the extent of seizure.
    Abstract: Résumé La présence du pou de sanglier (Haematopinus apri Goureau) en Allemagne fut pour la première fois établie en 1942. L'auteur traite ici l'habitat, le développement, la nourriture, la condition de vie, la transmissibilité et la force du saisissement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der erste wissenschaftliche Nachweis des Vorkommens der Wildschweinlaus (Haematopinus apri Goureau) in Deutschland erfolgte 1942. Verfasser befaßt sich mit dem Vorkommen, der Entwicklung, der Nahrung, den Lebensäußerungen, der Übertragung und der Befallsstärke.
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    European journal of wildlife research 12 (1966), S. 29-29 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 12 (1966), S. 30-30 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 12 (1966), S. 31-33 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 12 (1966), S. 34-34 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    European journal of wildlife research 12 (1966), S. 5-11 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper discusses the taxonomic significance of hide coloration of the roe deer of Europe and the Near East from several points of view. The coloration as such is certainly no fundamental criterian in the case of environment — parallel color phases („Standortsformen“, ecotypes); but it becomes important as a distinguishing and delimiting character, where isochromatic ecotypes occur, widely separated geographically from one another by other color phases (and thus indicate a divergent evolutionary development). The coloration maintains this preeminent significance a taxonomic character until an exact study of these parallelraces reveals anatomical or other deviations. Most likely, all color characters are directly genetically determined and some observations substantiating this hypothesis are cited. Thus in certain cases of the taxonomic classification of the subspecies group („Formenkreis“) it may be justifiable to use hide color as a decisive criterion the valid subspecies of the prospecies capreolus (the western roe deer) are listed at the close of the paper.
    Abstract: Résumé Les différents aspects de la signification taxonomique de la couleur du pelage du chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus) fait l'objet d'une discussion. En tant que tels, les tons du pelage résultant de conditions de mileu parallèles (variétés stationnelles, écotypes) ne constituent pas un critère taxonomique fondamental; toutefois, ils gardent une signification comme caractères d'identification ou de délimitation géographique dans les cas où des écotypes, présentant un ton du pelage identique, vivent clairement séparés dans l'espace d'autres écotypes et résultent dès lors de précédents évolutifs divergents. La couleur du pelage garde cette signification prioritaire aussi longtemps qu'une analyse de ces races parallèles recouvre des déviations anatomiques ou autres. Les caractères de couleur sont plus que probablement fixés directement dans le matériel héréditaire. Quelques observations sont mentionnées qui s'accordent avec cette hypothèse. Par conséquent, il est justifié, dans la classification taxonomique, de faire usage aussi, dans bien des cas, de la couleur du pelage comme critère décisif de sub-spéciation. A l'issue de cet exposé, l'auteur donne la liste des sous-espèces valables du prospecies capreolus (chevreuil occidental).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die taxonomische Bedeutung der Fellfarbe des Rehes wird unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten diskutiert. Bei umweltparallelen Farbtönen („Standortformen“, Ökotypen) ist die Färbung als solche zwar grundsätzlich kein Kriterium, sie behält aber als Erkennungs-und Begrenzungszeichen in den Fällen seine Bedeutung, in denen gleichgefärbte Ökotypen geographisch weit voneinander durch andere getrennt leben (und daher eine divergente Entwicklung hinter sich haben). Die Färbung behält diese vorrangige Bedeutung so lange, bis ein genaues Studium dieser Parallelrassen anatomische oder sonstige Abweichungen aufdeckt. — Alle Farbcharaktere sind mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit unmittelbar erblich verankert. Einige Beobachtungen, die darauf hindeuten, werden angeführt. — Es ist daher berechtigt, bei der taxonomischen Gliederung des Formenkreises auch die Färbung der Decke in manchen Fällen als entscheidendes Kriterium heranzuziehen. — Es werden anschließend die validen Unterarten der Prospeciescapreolus (Westreh) angeführt.
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