ALBERT

Description: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230891291_The_Orbital_Theory_of_Pleistocene_Climate_Support_frim_a_Revised_Chronology_of_the_Marine_d18O_Record

Description: Summary Holocene sediments of the North Lagoon, Bermuda, were studied with shallow seismic reflection profiles (200 km CSP-survey, UNIBOOM-system) and vibration coring (40 sediment cores, pneumatic vibration corer, Meischner et al., 1981). Seismic Stratigraphy Four seismic sequences are distinguishable by seismic stratigraphy. All seismic sequences correspond to depositional sequences built up during high sea levels in interglacial times. The seismic sequences are separated by unconformities which are often strongly reflective and correspond to emersion planes during glacial phases. The upper sequence (sequence 4) is related to Holocene sediments. The pre-Holocene bedrock is divided into three different seismic sequences (Kuhn et al., 1981): Sequence 1: oldest Pleistocene sequence (pre-Sangamon sea-level highstands), upper boundary with levelled relief (lower boundary not discernible), composed of strongly cemented carbonate sediments, forms the bedrock below Three Hill Shoals Sequence 2: Sangamon (125 ky sea-level highstand), distinct surface morphology, forms the bedrock of a large area below Holocene sediments, Holocene reefs grew up on elevations of the sequence 2 surface, the Holocene reef rim was developed on an elevated rim of sequence 2 Sequence 3: youngest Pleistocene sequence (Sangamon, 105 and 85 ky sealevel highstands lower than recent), deposited mainly in depressions of the bedrock deeper than -15 m below recent Mean Sea Level, levelling the older relief, peat sedimentation in places The distribution of recent reef areas and lagoonal basins is strongly controlled by pre-Holocene topography and geology of the bedrock. During the Holocene approx. 1050 x 106 m3 of carbonate sediments were deposited in the North Lagoon (290 km2) and approx. 1350 x 106 m3 in the reef rim area (170 km2). Sedimentology There are no larger oscillations of the Holocene sea level identifiable in the sedimentological record. The pre-Holocene topography was gradually drowned during the Holocene sea-level rise. At first, the depositional depressions were separated and landlocked. Fresh water peat marshes, fresh water ponds, marine ponds and bays were formed. With rising sea level, the land barriers were more and more eroded, drowned and lost their influence on the back-barrier sedimentation area. Autochthonous and allochthonous peat, lime gyttja and carbonate mud are a typical transgressive back-barrier sediment sequence. After destruction of the barrier, the depositional milieu changed from restricted marine to normal marine, open lagoonal. Sea-grass sediments and nearly mud-free carbonate sand were deposited in shallow water in an exposed environment. Hydrodynamic energy decreases with increasing water depth in the lagoonal basin. A more densely growing reef rim and intralagoonal reef growth added to the protection of the deeper lagoonal floors. Fine-grained sediments were deposited in this environment. They are distributed over a large area of the North Lagoon and form the top of the transgressive lagoonal sediment sequence. Holocene reefs mainly developed on rises of the pre-Holocene surface. In the early Holocene, solid reef build-ups were able to keep up with the rapid rise of sea level. Sand pockets in the reefs were left behind and filled up mainly in the later Holocene. The percentage of fine-grained sediments, produced and resuspended in the reef rim and deposited in the near lagoonal back-reef zone, increased during the Holocene. Two models of Holocene sedimentation in a depression and on an elevation of the pre-Holocene surface illustrate the dependence of vertical facies gradation on pre-Holocene topography. Trends of the mostly polymodal grain-size distributions of the Holocene sediments are a coarsening-upward in the back-barrier and a fining-upward in the lagoonal sediment sequences. Change in the composition of the molluscan fauna in the Holocene sediments (particle size 〉 2000 µm) is an Indication for fades changes. Gastropods are abundant in the basal backbarrier sediments. Bivalves are rare and their diversity 1s low. Sea-grass sediments contain Codakia orbicularis and Astraea phoebia shells. In the sheltered lagoonal environment shell fragments 〉 2000 µm become rare, common species are Gouldia cerina, Pitar fulminata and Finella sp. (approx. 1000 µm). Fine-grained reef-rim derived sediments differ from lagoonal sediments by a higher percentage of Homotrema rubrum fragments and Alcyonaria spicules.

Description: Twelve species of terricolous microlichens from the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland, are reported: Caloplaca friesii, C. livida, Lecanora boligera, Lecidea oligotropha and Leciophysma arctophila, which are new to the lichen flora of Greenland, Rinodina conradi, which is new to the eastcoast, and Baeomyces roseus, B. rufus, Buellia geophila, B. punctata, Caloplaca tornoensis and Mycoblastus tornoensis, new to Southeast Greenland. In a discussion of the greenlandic distribution, unpublished records from the herbarium of Copenhagen (C) are incorporated. Notes on the habitats are given and the pertinent phytosociological units indicated. Some morphological and anatomical characters are commented upon briefly.

Description: The 16 recognized species of Sorocea are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Two new taxa are described: S. steinbachii C.C. Berg and S. hirtella Mildbread ssp. oligotricha Akkermans & Berg. Three new combinations are made: S. muriculata Miquel ssp. uaupensis (Baillon) C.C. Berg, S. trophoides W. Burger ssp. rhodorachis (Cuatrecasas) C.C. Berg, and S. sprucei (Baillon) Macbride ssp. saxicola (Hassler) C.C. Berg. A key to the species is presented.

Description: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Description: The species Polypodium banaense C.Chr. is transferred to Crypsinus. The recognition of a genus Phymatopteris Pic. Ser. (= Phymatopsis J.Sm.) separate from Crypsinus is discussed.

Description: The six species of Curtia, including a hitherto undescribed species published here, as well as the monotypic genus Hockinia can be distinguished from each other by the seed coat structure. The anticlinal walls and the cuticle provide the most useful information. Curtia tenuifolia appears to be a complex species, but subsp. tenella can be readily separated from this complex by the seed coat structure. Heterostyly has been found in C. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, C. obtusifolia, and Hockinia montana, but differences in seed coat structure can not be correlated with long-, short-, and equal-styled flowers. The differences in seed coat structure, the length of the seeds, and the number of cells per seed plead for maintaining Hockinia (closely related to Curtia) as a distinct genus. One new species of Curtia is described and a new combination is made.

Description: SETTEN, A. K. van & KOEK-NOORMAN, J.: Studies in Annonaceae. VI. A leafanatomical survey of genera of Annonaceae in the Neotropics. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 17—50. 1986. — ISSN 0006-8152. Within the scope of the multidisciplinary research project on systematics of Annonaceae, a survey of the leafanatomical features and their distribution in the neotropical Annonaceae is presented. The studied specimens form a rather homogeneous group, as may appear from the family description given here. A detailed study of the leafanatomical features reveals, that differences are mainly found in the indument, the position and contents of the idioblasts, the structure of the primary vein, the type of crystals in the epidermal cells, and the type of sclereids. Based on character states, phenetic similarities and differences are discussed and compared with the classifications of FRIES (1959) and WALKER (1971).

Description: One new species of Dorstenia from Brazil is described: D. carautae C.C. Berg, and four new combinations are made: D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. paraguariensis (Hassler) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. vitifolia (Gardner) C.C. Berg, and D. ramosa (Desvaux) Carauta, Valente & Sucre subsp. dolichocaula (Pilger) C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 22 Dorstenia species distinguished in south-eastern tropical America are presented, together with synonymy and distributional data.

Description: Recently a multidisciplinary investigation program on the systematics of Annonaceae was started at Utrecht with special emphasis on the Neotropics. This project will be carried out largely within the framework of the UNESCO-project Flora Neotronica. The first goal is to provide a modern classification of the family as a whole, the second is the publication of a series of monographs for Flora Neotropica. The project has been planned and started in close consultation with leading botanists on the Neotropical flora. The Annonaceae are a family of pantropical distribution with between 2000 and 2500 species in ca. 130 genera as presently understood. In the Neotropics the family is represented by ca. 750 species and 35 genera. It is a family of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Its place is within the order of the Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is the family of the Myristicaceae. The Annonaceae, although generally considered primitive in many features, nevertheless offer a number of specialized features as well This makes it a promising object using various kinds of comparative morphological, karyological, and anatomical data. Besides, many species are of medicinal or commercial value, such as various species of Annona and Rollinia, the fruits of which are commonly eaten in most countries of Central America and South America; the Soursop (Annona muricata) is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description: Recently I got the opportunity of examining a specimen from the “Rijksherbarium”, Leiden, which was provided with a label on which ROTH had written in the middle the name of the plant, viz. “ Micranthus serpyllifol-Roth ” and in the lower right corner the name of the collector, viz. “Heyne”; in the lower left comer another hand had added “Ind. or. Hb. Roth”. As the specimen proved to answer the description of Micranthus serpyllifolius given on p. 282 of ROTH’s “Novae Plantarum Species, Halberstadt 1821,” there can be little doubt that it is either the type of this species or else a duplicate of the latter. This is the more important as none of the authors who in the past ventured an opinion with regard to the taxonomic position of ROTH’s species, apparently had seen the type. ROTH’s specimen was inserted in the Leiden Herbarium under the name Andrographis serpyllifolia R.W. (Acanthaceae), but this is obviously a misidentification. for Andrographis serpyllifolia does not fit ROTH’s description. The plant described by the latter has smaller and less numerous leaves and its flowers are arranged in terminal spikes instead of solitary or a few together in the axils of ordinary leaves.

Description: A new species of Asterophorum, A. mennegae, is described from the Sipaliwini Savanne (Suriname). The position of Asterophorum within the family is briefly reviewed, and a key to the 2 species is given.

Description: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.

Description: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of representatives of the 9 genera of the Opiliaceae are described in detail. It is possible to separate the genera on the base of both wood- and leaf anatomical characters. Herein the presence of cystoliths of varying shape and size is important. Some comments on the taxonomy and possible phylogeny of the familiy are given.

Description: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Description: As has been stated in the introduction of the second part, this third part will include the remainder of the American part of the tribe Eupodostemeae of the subfamily Eupodostemoideae which was not treated in part I, viz. the genera Oserya, Devillea, Ceratolacis, Mniopsis, Podostemum and Castelnavia. Included are the dubious genera, and it also contains additions and corrections to part I, latin descriptions of new taxa, a list of collectors’ numbers in this part, new references to the literature, and a general index to the third part. The attention of the reader is drawn to a publication of SZAFER (1952) in which a fossil Podostemacea from Europe has been described. As I have not seen the material it is at present impossible to judge the value of the discovery though it seems highly improbable that Podostemaceae ever lived in Europe.

Description: In his introductory statements to 'The Symposium on the Phylogeny and Classification of the Filicopsida' which was held in London, 1972, HOLTTUM, when dealing with 'dubious groups of relationships which would particularly repay investigation', mentioned the Polypodiaceae first (HOLTTUM, 1973: 6). Talking about Polypodiaceae the present authors deal with the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto only, thus excluding the Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Grammitidaceae, and also the Loxogrammaceae, taxa which were formerly (or are still) included in the Polypodiaceae sensu lato. As delineated in this way, this almost exclusively pantropical family consists of about 600 species and an indefinite number of genera.

Description: The new species Coussapoa manuënsis C.C. Berg is described.

Description: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Description: De ontwikkeling van het vegetatiekundig onderzoek heeft in de laatste 10 jaar althans in ons land geen gelijke tred gehouden met de daarvoor in sommige gevallen noodzakelijke uitbouw van het terminologisch apparaat. Het mag sommige buitenstaanders misschien voorkomen, dat de terminologie van de vegetatiekunde reeds rijkelijk ingewikkeld is. Dit is echter slechts schijn. Weliswaar bestaat er een indrukwekkende reeks van termen, doch de meeste hiervan spelen in de practijk van het onderzoek geen enkele rol, en zijn slechts bedacht om er zich van te kunnen bedienen in extreme en vaak gezochte probleemstellingen. In de practijk van het onderzoek heeft men behoefte aan behoorlijk omschreven termen voor alle verschillende gevallen die zich kunnen voordoen bij het onderscheiden van vegetatie-eenheden. Daarbij moet bovenal zo nodig een scherp onderscheid gemaakt kunnen worden tussen concrete vegetaties, – die in het Duits “Bestand” genoemd worden, maar waarvoor geen Nederlands woord bestaat, – en abstracte eenheden. Wij hebben reeds herhaaldelijk betoogd, dat het veelal ontbreken van het besef van de noodzaak van dit onderscheid niet bevorderlijk is geweest voor de methodische ontwikkeling van de vegetatiekunde (zie bijv. Westhoff, 19501). Mat name bij de Zweedse, Engelse en Noordamerikaanse onderzoekers heeft dit besef veelal ontbroken. De zgn. Frans-Zwitserse school baseert haar methodiek wel op dit onderscheid, maar het wordt toch niet altijd scherp in het oog gehouden. Opvallend is bijv., dat in het laatst verschenen nummer (1957) van de “Mitteilungen der floristisch- soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft” door prof. Tüxen een poging werd gedaan om het begrip plantengezelschap opnieuw te definiëren, en dat hij deze definitie, die overigens niet onverdienstelijk is, het concrete en het abstracte weer niet uit elkaar gehouden worden. Aan de andere kant is het juist een bezwaar van de Frans-Zwitserse school, dat men zich hier te veel heeft vastgelegd op de associatie als zgn. fundamentele eenheid, zonder er zich altijd voldoende rekenschap van te geven, dat het niet mogelijk is en ook niet de bedoeling van het Frans-Zwitserse systeem is om het gehele vegetatiedek in associaties op te delen. Wanneer men dus de associaties van een bepaald gebied heeft onderzocht en beschreven, blijven er een aantal vegetaties over, die niet of nauwelijks of slechts met gewrongen kunstgrepen tot deze associaties gebracht kunnen worden. Werden deze gevallen door vroegere onderzoekers min of meer gebagatelliseerd of eventueel genegeerd, dit is bij gedetailleerder en nauwkeuriger onderzoek niet aanvaardbaar en met name niet bij vegetatiekartering, waarbij men zich van elk stuk vegetatie methodisch rekenschap moet geven. Een derde moeilijkheid is hierin gelegen, dat vegetatie niet eendimensionaal, doch meerdimensionaal variëert, of om het wat beperkter en daardoor aanschouwelijker uit te drukken, dat een associatie niet alleen door de werking van locale edafische en biotische factoren variëert en dus in verschillende sub-associaties, varianten enz. verdeeld kan worden, doch ook over een grotere ruimte bezien een geografische differentiatie vertoont, zonder dat het nochtans altijd mogelijk is deze beide vormen van varianten scherp te scheiden. Dit probleem heeft in de laatste 20 jaar zeer zeker in de volle aandacht van de onderzoekers gestaan en het gevolg daarvan is eerder een verwarrend teveel dan een tekort aan terminologie geweest.

Description: Aan hen die nog ingevulde hoklijsten onder hun berusting hebben, wordt verzocht deze op te sturen aan het Rijksherharium, afd. Nederland. Er wordt op het ogenblik hard gewerkt aan het inboeken van alle gegevens in de albums.

Description: Door F. Drouet (Nat. Hist. Mus., Chicago) en mij werd thans een door J. Poolman op 27 aug. 1944 te Noorbeek (Zuid-Limburg) gevonden groenwier herkend als Chlorotylium cataractarum Kütz. Volgens W. Heering (in Pascher, Süsswasserfl. H.6, 1914), H. Printz (in Engl. -Prantl, Nat. Pfl. Fam. ed.2, Bd-3, 1927) en G.M. Smith (Freshw. Alg. U.S., Behoort deze soort tot de Chaetophoraceae, volgens F.E. Fritsch (Struct. and Reprod. I, 1935) tot de Trentepohliaceae. Zij groeit op hout en stenen in snel stromend water, zodat de soortnaam goed gekozen is. Uit Nederland was deze soort nog niet eerder Bekend, In Noorbeek groeide het wier in een drinkbak voor dieren, waar het water in stroomde uit een beek.

Description: Tragopogon dubius Scop. Het duinterrein te Nieuwe Sluis in de gemeente Groede, waar verleden jaar de planten van Tragopogon dubius Scop. groeiden, is de afgelopen winter in verband met herstellingen aan de zeewering met behulp van draglines en bulldozers geëgaliseerd, waardoor de Tragopogon naar ik dacht volkomen uitgeroeid zou zijn. Ik bemerkte dit pas dit voorjaar en kon dus geen maatregelen nemen om een gedeelte van het terrein te sparen. Bovendien vrees ik, dat men aan mijn verzoek toch geen gevolg had kunnen geven. Enkele weken geleden bezocht ik het terrein weer en tot mijn vreugde vond ik toch nog twee planten, die het overleefd hadden. Mij bleek echter, dat kneuen bijzonder verzot zijn op de onrijpe zaden van deze soort. Zij pikken de omwindsels stuk en halen zo de onrijpe zaden er uit, zodat het de vraag zal zijn of er nog iets voor het volgend jaar zal overblijven. Ook verleden jaar was mij dat opgevallen, doch bij de vele planten, die er toen groeiden, was dat niet zo’n bezwaar. Eigenaardig is, dat ik aan planten van Tragopogon pratensis iets dergelijks nimmer heb waargenomen. Hebben anderen dat wellicht wel gedaan?

Description: In 1957 waren wij weer herhaaldelijk in de gelegenheid het adventiefterrein “de Dwinger” aan de Langesloot tussen Wartena en Eernewoude te het laatst op 1 november, samen met M.T. Jansen. Hier volgt een opgave van de nieuw waargenomen planten (zie Corr.bl. no. 1 en 4). Buiten adventieven was het aantal verwilderde kultuurplanten vrij groot. De heren dr. S.J. van Ooststroom en Th.J. Reichgelt waren weer bereid het materiaal te controleren, terwijl de heer G. Bakker, direkteur der Gemeentereiniging Leeuwarden, opnieuw toestemming verleende het terrein te betreden.

Description: During 1954 the Gray Herbarium, the Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, the paleobotanical collections of the Botanical Museum and a portion of the herbarium collections and the library of the Arnold Arboretum were moved into a new building in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This move was the culmination of a long period of planning to determine how the best interests of each institution as well as the field of systematic botany could be served best in this period of rapidly developing interrelationship of diverse scientific fields of knowledge. Additional considerations prior to the move were the isolation of the various taxonomic units at Harvard, the duplication of resources, efforts and goals, as well as the more mundane problems of increasing costs of labor, material and demands for additional storage facilities. In 1946 the President and Fellows of Harvard College appropriated from its unrestricted funds the sum of one million dollars to construct and equip a new and modern building to house the systematic work and collections of these institutions in Cambridge, to be in close proximity to the resources of the Department of Biology, the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Farlow Reference Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. The building, designed around the requirements established by the taxonomists of these institutions, was under construction during 1953 and was finished in the early months of 1954.

Description: Uit afschriften van door de heer W.W. Schipper te Winschoten in de jaren omstreeks 1904 ingevulde kwartierhokstaten blijkt, dat voor H8-61-42 (Bovenhuren bij Winschoten), H8-62-34 (bij Winschoten Oostereind) en H8-63-32 (bij Klein Ulsda) Agrimonia eupatoria L. opgegeven werd, doch nergens Agrimonia odorata (Gouan) Mill. Uit kwartierhok H8-61-41, eveneens Bovenburen, Winschoten, nl. langs de Kloosterweg, is mij Agrimonia odorata (Gouan) Mill. van 1917 tot ca. 1942 bekend geweest. De standplaats langs een meestal droge sloot op hoge fluvioglaciale zandgrond is ca. 1935 verwoest door verbetering van de weg en aanleg van lintbebouwing. Gelukkig bleek de plant toen een honderd meter verder aan de overkant van de weg een nieuwe groeiplaats te hebben verworven, die thans helaas niet meer bestaat. Ik heb er toen wat vruchten van verzameld, die zeven forse planten hebben opgeleverd, maar in de oorlogsjaren verloren zijn gegaan. Van de vruchten van deze exemplaren heb ik twee planten kunnen opkweken aan een veendijkje te Oude Pekela, doch ook die planten zijn vernietigd, toen in 1957 dat dijkje wegens een nieuwe waterschapsindeling werd afgegraven. Haar mijn weten komt Agrimonia odorata thans niet meer in Oostelijk Groningen voor. Ik vermoed evenwel, dat de bovenvermelde planten van A. eupatoria ook A. odorata geweest zullen zijn en dat het areaal in de Noordduitse laagvlakte zich over Groningen tot in Friesland uitstrekte.

Description: IUCN, says the paper Categories, Objectives and Criteria for Protected Areas, ”is dedicated to the wise use of the Earth’s natural resources and to the maintenance of the Planet’s natural diversity.” What to think of the sequence? Use first, maintain second? And this comes from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources? ”The World National Parks Congress, taking place in Bali, Indonesia, October 11-22, 1982, will provide case studies from around the world to illustrate how the various categories of protected areas are meeting the needs of countries of all economic, social, cultural, and political backgrounds,” writes J.A. McNeely, the secretary of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio (11: 237. 1982). ”No longer just playgrounds for vacationers and means for conserving natural heritage, protected areas have become an inseparable part of the modern human ecosystem.”

Description: Mrs. Delia D. Adefuin, Museum Research Assistant, Manila, is pursuing her M.S. in Botany degree. She is currently the Secretary of the Fern Society of the Philippines. She is working on the Fern Flora of Metro Manila and is preparing the manuscript of a pictorial encyclopedia which will include descriptions of species and horticultural recommendations. Miss Barbro Axelius (S) collected and studied Xanthophytum and Lerchea (Rubiaceae) in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sumatra, August 1982- February 1983.

Description: Tropical Botany in Aberdeen University. This was started by Professor J.W.H. Trail, who held the chair from 1877 to 1919, and travelled in the Amazon Valley (1873-75) mainly collecting cryptogams and studying palms. He was succeeded by Prof. W.G. Craib (1920-33) who was never in the tropics but devoted his work to the Flora of Siam, based on the collections of A.F.G. Kerr, and assisted by Miss E.C. Barnett. After a considerable lag, tropical botany was revived by the energetic efforts of Dr. P. Ashton as lecturer in systematics and ecology of the eastern tropics, establishing ties with Malayan colleges in teaching and research. This is at present perpetuated by two lecturers, Dr. K. Jong and Dr. M.D. Swaine, the latter’s experience lying largely in the tropics of West Africa. In addition Dr. N.M. Pritchard, Dr. J.B. Kenworthy and Dr. G. Hadley have been on secondment to the University of Malaya, while Dr. I. Alexander made research visits to India, Ghana and Peru. Over the years the Department has provided undergraduate and research training to innumerable students from many different tropical countries, some of which attained responsible posts, e.g. Prof. E. Soepadmo. Important courses in tropical biology are given, not available elsewhere in the U.K. (started 1973). The benefits for Aberdeen students is important: amongst others they led to expeditions to various parts of the tropics, recently to Sabah and to the Ivory Coast. Royal Society Tropical Rain Forest Collaborative Research Programme. Arising out of a feasibility study by Dr. T.C. Whitmore and P.F. Cockburn, the theme ’Recovery of tropical rain forest after disturbance’ was adopted as the initial basis of the programme. Possible territories for the research include Sabah and the Philippines. Detailed plans for a 5-year project are being prepared in consultation with colleagues in Southeast Asia.

Description: Besides the importance of correct identification the revision of a large genus should add considerably to knowledge of phytogeography and of infrageneric diversification. In all respects Ficus has much to contribute. It is a genus which the collector meets in abundance in all parts of tropical Asia and Australasia, whether in primary or secondary environments, and which he soon learns to recognise. It can be exploited, therefore, provided the species can be identified. The purpose of this note is to request intensified collection, because I believe it is possible to name satisfactorily sterile material. Only too often, valuable sterile material is left uncollected, as I know from my own experience, for sooner or later it can be recognised as a positive record from some locality. Some figs, too, fruit rarely and are in consequence ill-represented, though really frequent.

Description: Mr A.G.L. Adelbert of Herbarium Bogoriense was transferred to the new Garden Setia Mulya near Padang, Sumatra’s Westcoast, as leader of the staff, Dec. 1954. Cf. also chapter 6. Dr A.H.G. Alston was in Malaysia. Cf. chapter 5.

Description: ANDERSON, J.A.R., A checklist of the trees of Sarawak, 364 pp. (1983, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Cawangan Sarawak, for Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak). Cloth Mal$ 15.00. When Dr. Anderson retired from the Forest Department in 1973 he left the manuscript of this checklist for publication. Unfortunately publication was delayed for 10 years. It contains data on over 2500 arboreous plant species. The text consists mainly of two parts: the first is a list of vernacular names with their scientific equivalents, the second is a list of plant names alphabetically arranged by family. Each species is concisely annotated with its vernacular name(s), maximum diameter, ecology, frequency, soils, etc. Species names have been coded: the first two figures are for the family, the next two for the genus and the last two for the species. A list is given of the trees of the peat-swamp forests of which Anderson was a great expert. A small draw-back is that the literature of the last ten years has not been included. Nevertheless this is a most helpful book. — C.G.G.J. van Steenis.

Description: It is with the utmost regret that we announce the sudden and quite unexpected death of Dr. Marius Jacobs, editor of this Bulletin. See the obituary on page 3869. He was co-editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin for nr. 17 (1962) to nr. 22 (1968) and took full responsibility onwards of nr. 27 (1974). He showed great ability in enlarging its scope and we have many letters in our archives expressing appreciation and admiration for the lively and informative style in which he edited the Bulletin. I had to take over the editorial work for this number at short notice, but I was greatly helped by a number of Rijksherbarium colleagues, which help is gratefully acknowledged. In this way the delay has been kept to a minimum. It is, however, possible that some news items etc. have not been printed and that information submitted to Dr. Jacobs has not been entered due to this sudden change of editorship. I offer my apologies if this has happened and hope that (if still relevant) the news will again be forwarded to the new editor, Dr. J.F. Veldkamp, Rijksherbarium, who will take over starting next number.

Description: Owing to shortage of time, this most precious element in the life of a taxonomist, nearly two years have elapsed since the last number (10) appeared (Febr. 1953). It should not be understood that our interest in editing this Bulletin has waned; we still regard it as a useful bond between Flora Malesiana Foundation, its collaborators, and its sympathizers. It also aims to chronicle some selected miscellaneous news to many people in Malaysia who are far from libraries or have only limited facilities to keep informed about progress. It tries to assemble data on activities of botanical work in the wide sense performed in the Malaysian area. Much work that is done in the field or is going on in establishments of forestry and botany in the Malaysian tropics is often locally known or published in technical reports which hardly reach the scientific botanic world. There is, hence, a field of mutual interest which this Bulletin tries to cover.

Description: Small evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas; two genera ( Cansjera and Opilia) are known to be root-parasites. Leaves distichous, simple, usually extremely variable in form and size, entire, exstipulate, pinnately veined; dried leaves mostly finely tubercled by cystoliths located in the mesophyll. Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, panicle-like, racemose, umbellate (in Africa) or spicate; bracts narrowly ovate or scale-like, in Opilia peltate, often early caducous. Flowers small, (3—) 4—5) (—6)-merous, mainly bisexual, sometimes unisexual and plants then dioecious ( Gjellerupia, Melientha, and Agonandra) or gynodioecious (Champereia). Perianth with valvate, free or sometimes partly united tepals (in ♀ flowers of Gjellerupia wanting). Stamens as many as and opposite to the tepals (in ♀ flowers only small staminodes); anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk intrastaminal, lobed (lobes alternating with the stamens), annular, or cupular. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or none, stigma entire or shallowly lobed. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta, anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar. Fruit drupaceous, pericarp rather thin, mesocarp ± fleshy-juicy, endocarp woody or crustaceous. Seed large, conform to the drupe, without testa; hilum basal, often in a funnel-shaped cavity. Embryo terete, embedded in rich, oily endosperm, nearly as long as the seed or shorter, with 3—4 linear cotyledons, radicle often very short. Distribution. There are 9 genera with about 30 spp., widespread in the tropics. Rhopalopilia is restricted to Africa and Madagascar, Agonandra to South and Central America. In Malesia: 7 genera, 5 of these only known from the eastern Old World (1 endemic: Gjellerupia in New Guinea); Opilia and Urobotrya occur also in tropical Africa.

Description: Monoecious, medium-sized to very large trees (rarely shrubby in very exposed situations). Either four independent cotyledons or two fused pairs (which may be retained in the seed after germination). The growing point of foliage shoots quite distinct between the two genera, being just a few highly reduced leaves in Araucaria and a highly organized bud formed of overlapping scales in Agathis. The leaves vary from scales or needles to broad leathery forms with many parallel veins sometimes on the same plant at different stages of growth. Pollen produced in cylindrical cones from one to as much as twenty cm long with numerous pedunculate spirally placed microsporophylls each with several to many pendent elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower side of an enlarged shieldlike apex which also projects apically more or less overlapping the adjacent microsporophylls. Pollen cones solitary, terminal or lateral, on branches separate from those bearing seed cones, subtended by a cluster of more or less modified leaves in the form of scales, deciduous when mature. Pollen globular, without ‘wings’. Seeds produced in large, well-formed cones which disintegrate when mature, dispensing the seeds in most cases with the help of wing-like structures; the seed cone terminal on a robust shoot or peduncle with more or less modified leaves that change in a brief transition zone at the base of the cone into cone bracts, formed of numerous spirally-placed bract complexes, usually maturing in the second year. Individual seed cone bract leathery or woody and fused with the fertile scale which bears one large inverted seed on its upper surface. Distribution. The 40 species in two genera are well represented in Malesia (13 spp.) and extend eastward and southward into Fiji, New Caledonia (18 spp.), Australia, and New Zealand, with 2 spp. also in the cooler parts of South America, giving the family a distinct Antarctic relationship. Only one species of Araucaria (in South America) occurs completely outside of the tropics, while the majority of the species in the family belong in the lowland tropics and others grow in the tropical highlands.

Description: Dioecious or monoecious small shrubs with thick woody roots. Leaves simple, opposite, sessile, fleshy, with a distinctly saccate, colourless base. Stipules minute. Flowers unisexual, either solitary and terminal or axillary, or in small axillary spikes. ♂ Flowers subtended by bracts, enclosed in a membranous spathella which opens with one or two transverse or radial slits giving rise to 2-4 lobes. Tepals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, alternitepalous; anthers dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscing lengthwise with 2 slits. Sometimes an abortive gynaecium present. ♀ Flowers merely consisting of a naked ovary, in the axil of leaves when solitary, in the axil of cordate bracts when growing in spikes, 2-carpellate, 4-celled by one true and one false septum; ovules 1 in each cell, basal, anatropous, with a long funicle. Stigmas 2, sessile, distinctly papillate. Fruit a septicidal berry dehiscing with 2 valves, either solitary or many united together with the bracts into a connate, spikelike whole. Seeds with a large, straight embryo, exalbuminous. Distr. The Batidaceae, consisting of one genus with two species, show a remarkably discontinuous area, viz B. maritima L. growing along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America, the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands, while B. argillicola has hitherto only been found in South New Guinea. As the distribution of the species is still rather insufficiently known and they are confined to littoral districts it has been found advisable to include both of them in the key given below.

Description: Adelbert, A.G.L.: Labiatae (in Backer, Beknopte Flora van Java (emergency edition) part 14, March 1954, 1-59, mimeograph). Full descr. and keys to genera and species; in Dutch.

Description: The Botanical Survey of India continued to make collections during 1982, with the following results: Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Shola Bag, Mt Harriet, Jirkathang, Poona Nallah, Saddle peak, Diglipur, Rutland I. & Little I., 2875 specimens. Arunachal Pradesh: Various areas of Kameng Distr., Subansiri Distr., 9750 specimens. Assam: Garampani, 60 specimens. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hollong, Jaldapara, Chilapata, Salkumar, Daidaighat, Barasat, 2665 specimens. Bihar: Madhuban, Nimiaghat, Paresnath Hills, 315 specimens. Dehra Dun: Chakrata, Missoori, 325 specimens. Gujrat: Catchment and submergence areas of Sipu Reservoir Project, 1505 specimens. Kerala: Trichur, Idduki, Silent Valley, Valra Reserve Forest, Cannanore, Trivandrum, 3770 specimens. Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park, Chhodarpur Distr., 1190 specimens. Maharashtra: Areas of Jalgaon Distr. and Buldhana Distr., 4390 specimens. Manipur: Cherrapunjee, Mawphlong, Sorharim, areas of West Khasi Hills Districts, 2000 specimens. Rajasthan: Bharatpur, Desert National Park, 1605 specimens. Sikkim: Rangpo, Singtham, Bumbing, Manuring, Duga, Pandam, Takchi, Meli, areas of Gangtok, Chungtham, Lachi, Thanga, Panthang, 2590 specimens. Uttar Pradesh: Gori & Kali Valley, Chittoragarh Distr., 500 specimens.

Description: Annual or perennial aquatics and marsh plants, sometimes laticiferous. Leaves basal and erect, sometimes floating, rarely all submerged, sometimes some reduced to phyllodes, lanceolate to sagittate, rarely broad-elliptic to ovate, entire, with a hydathode on the apex, curvinerved, nerves more or less parallel and gradually joining the marginal nerve, connected by ascending cross-veins; petiole sheathing, mostly with air-channels, often septated. Inflorescences mostly erect, racemose or paniculate; peduncle sometimes hollow, mostly with air-channels. Bracts 3(-2) per whorl of flowers or branches. Flowers actinomorphous, bisexual or unisexual (and then rarely with rudiments of the other sex). Sepals 3, imbricate, green, parallel-nerved, convex, persistent. Petals 3, imbricate, white or faintly coloured, marcescent. Stamens 3-~, free, in a whorl; filaments filiform or dilated; anthers 2-celled, basifix, sometimes versatile, latrorsely lengthwise dehiscent. Carpels 2-~, free, in the Mal. spp. spirally arranged on the receptacle (in extra-Mal. Alisma in a whorl); style 1, ventrally or terminally inserted on each carpel, persistent. Ovule 1 (in extra-Mal. Damasonium 2 or more), basal, campylotropous, rarely anatropous (Damasonium), micropyle extrorse, rarely introrse ( Luronium). Achenes in a head (or whorl in Alisma), free, rarely connate at the base. Seeds oblong or horseshoeshaped; testa membranous; embryo horseshoe-shaped; albumen 0; radicula extrorse, rarely introrse (Luronium). Distribution. About 10 genera with c. 70 spp., all over the temperate and tropical zones except in the Pacific area (Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia). The largest genera are Sagittaria and Echinodorus both centering in the New World.

Description: Many botanists must have wondered why as yet no volume of Flora Malesiana was dedicated to the outstanding botanist Carl Ludwig Blume, undisputed pioneer in planning the compilation of a ‘Flora Malesiana’. The writing of this Dedication would have been greatly facilitated if a full biography of BLUME had been existent, but none is available; there is not even a bibliography of his works. Only recently, in 1979, two biographical attempts were made, by J. MACLEAN and by A. DEN OUDEN, but only for the period 1820-1832; together with other biographical and obituary notes they are here assembled in Appendix B. I have also compiled a bibliography: Appendix A.²

Description: Annual or perennial, laticiferous herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves (in Mal. spp.) spirally arranged, often incised. Stipules 0. Flowers mostly solitary, large, actinomorphic, ♀♂, 2—3-merous. Sepals caducous or calyptrate, free or united. Petals free, 4-6, rarely more or absent, biseriate, imbricate, often crumpled in bud; nectaries absent. Stamens ~, free; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentas (sometimes with protruding placentas or a spurious wall). Stigmas opposite or alternate with the placentas. Ovules 1 to numerous. Capsule opening by valves (or pores). Seeds small, with a crested or smooth raphe, or arillate; embryo minute; endosperm copious, fleshy or oily. Distr. About 23 genera, of which the bulk on the N. hemisphere, few in Central & S. America, almost absent from Africa and Australia, in Malaysia none native.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Suprageneric epithets have been entered under the family name to which they belong preceded by the indication of their rank (tribes, e.g.).

Description: Monoecious, mostly deciduous shrubs or trees with perular buds. Pith triangular in section. Innovations often resiniferous. Leaves simple, (in Mal. spp.) spiral, penninerved, crenate or dentate, rarely entire, mostly with domatia in the nerveaxils beneath, in bud mostly folded along the midrib and plicate, often glandularlepidote beneath. Stipules caducous. Catkins unisexual, at least the pendent ♂ ones in terminal panicles above the ♀ ones, the latter mostly in stiff, axillary, poor racemes or terminal on short-shoots.—♂ Flowers in triads, each sustained by a bract. Perianth segments 4 (or less by abortion), mostly connate at the base. Stamens 4, epitepalous; filaments short; anthers glabrous, 2-celled; cells parallel, dehiscing lengthwise. No rudiment of ♀.—♀ Flowers in diads sustained by a bract concrescent with 4 bracteoles, accrescent and woody in fruit, densely packed and imbricate. Perianth 0. Ovary 2-celled, each cell with one anatropous, pendent ovule attached near the apex of the cell; styles 2, free, short, cylindric. Fruiting catkins cone-like. Nut small, compressed, 1-seeded, mostly winged and crowned by the styles. Seed without endosperm; embryo straight; cotyledons flat; testa membranous; embryo straight; endosperm 0; cotyledons flat. Distr. About 20 spp. mainly on the N. hemisphere except in the New World, mostly extra-tropical, in SE. Asia southward to Bengal, N. Assam, Tonkin, and Formosa, in Malaysia only cultivated.

Description: Erect or straggling herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, the herbs sometimes rhizomatous; branches sometimes jointed at the nodes, sometimes without vessels ( Sarcandra). Leaves simple, decussate or sometimes whorled in fours, serrate, crenate or dentate, the teeth often thickened at the apex, penninerved, usually petiolate; petioles more or less connected at the base at least by a transverse line or connate into a distinct sheath; in Ascarina often alternating with leafless internodes which have the petiolar sheath; stipules minute to fairly conspicuous, subulate, borne on the petiole bases or sheath, occasionally pectinate. Flowers much reduced, without perianth, fully unisexual or essentially bisexual with the reduced anther-bearing organ adnate to the side of the ovary; arranged in spicate, paniculate, or capitate axillary or terminal inflorescences. — Male flowers bracteate or not, apparently consisting of 1—5 stamens, or in Hedyosmum consisting of numerous anthers in a cone-like structure; if 3 then the whole forming a fused 3-lobed organ sometimes enveloping the female flower by its edges, the central anther with 2 or aborted loculi and the laterals with single loculi, simply lobed or with connectives slightly to considerably produced so that the whole organ is 3-fingered; if with only 2 anther locelli then these on either side of a thickened filament plus connective. — Female flowers naked or enclosed by a cupular bract, the perianth adnate to the ovary, often minutely or shortly dentate at the apex and the ovary thus inferior; ovary 1-locular; stigma sessile or style short; truncate, 2-lipped, depressed or subcapitate (or horseshoe-shaped in one species), rarely linear or clavate. Ovule solitary, orthotropous, pendulous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Drupes fleshy, small, ovoid or globose, sometimes more or less 3-sided in Hedyosmum, free or united into a mass by the bracts; endocarp hardened and crustaceous. Seeds subglobose, exarillate, with copious fleshy or oily endosperm and minute embryo, the cotyledons divaricate or scarcely formed. Distribution. Four genera with about 80 species. Since VESTER’S (1940) small-scale map the family (Ascarina) has been found in Madagascar. It is mainly tropical but Ascarina extends south to North Island of New Zealand (fig. 6) and Chloranthus and Sarcandra extend north to Japan, China, Korea and the eastern U.S.S.R. (Ussuri).

Description: Trees or shrubs (or rarely suffrutices outside Malesia). Leaves simple, alternate, often coriaceous, glabrous or with an indumentum on undersurface, margin entire; petioles often with 2 lateral glands. Stipules 2, minute and caducous to large and persistent, usually linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, paniculate or cymose; flowers bracteate and usually bibracteolate; bracts and bracteoles small and caducous or larger and enclosing flower or groups of flowers and persistent. Flowers actinomorphic to zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, markedly perigynous. Receptacle campanulate to cylindrical or rarely flattened cupuliforum, often gibbous at base; calyx lobes 5, imbricate, often unequal, erect or reflexed. Petals 5 (absent in some Neotropical species), inserted on margin of disk, commonly unequal, imbricate, deciduous, rarely clawed. Stamens indefinite, 2—60 (to 300 in Neotropics), inserted on margin of the disk, in a complete circle or unilateral, all fertile or some without anthers and often reduced to small tooth-like staminodes; filaments filiform, free or ligulately connate, short and included to long and far exserted; anthers small, 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Ovary basically of three carpels but usually with only one developed, the other two aborted or vestigial, variously attached to (the base, middle or mouth of) receptacle, usually sessile or with short gynophore, pubescent or villous; ovary unilocular with two ovules or bilocular with one ovule in each locule. Ovules erect, with micropyle at base (epitropous). Style filiform, basally attached; stigma 3-lobed or truncate. Fruit a fleshy or dry drupe of varied size, interior often densely hairy; endocarp much varied, thick or thin, fibrous or bony, often with a special mechanism for seedling escape. Seed erect, exalbuminous, the testa membraneous; cotyledons amygdaloid, plano-convex, fleshy, sometimes ruminate. Germination hypogeal with the first leaves opposite or alternate or epigeal with opposite first leaves. An extensive review of the generic limits of the family has been published: G.T. PRANCE & F. WHITE, The genera of Chrysobalanaceae: a study in practical and theoretical taxonomy and its relevance to evolutionary biology, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 320 (1988) 1—184. This contains full details of taxonomic history, morphology, anatomy, pollen, ecology and distribution of the family. A condensed version of these subjects is given here. Details of the Neotropical members of the family are given in: G.T. PRANCE, Chrysobalanaceae, Flora Neotropica 9 (1972) 1—410. The African members of the family were treated in: F. WHITE, The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African Chrysobalanaceae (excluding Acioa), Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 46 (1976) 265—350.

Description: Trees or shrubs. Leaves spirally arranged or often distichous, sometimes crowded towards the top of the branchlets, simple, entire or crenate or serrate, crenations mostly glandular; petioles often thickened at the base and (or) the apex. Stipules small, rarely large and foliaceous, often early caducous, or wanting. Inflorescences subterminal or mostly axillary, sometimes on the old wood, in often spike-like racemes or in panicles or in short cymes, but sometimes condensed to glomerules or reduced to few-flowered fascicles or even to a solitary flower, apparently essentially cymose. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, in the latter case mostly dioecious, sometimes polygamous, actinomorphic, 3- to polymerous, cyclic (with sepals and petals) or rarely spiral (with perianth segments, in trib. Oncobeae). Pedicels often articulated near the base. Sepals 3-6, rarely more, mostly persistent, sometimes accrescent, imbricate or valvate, free or connate at the base into a calyx-tube, or calyx closed in bud and disrupting in different ways. Petals 3-8, rarely more, free, imbricate or valvate, mostly alternating with the sepals and caducous, sometimes persistent and accrescent, often inserted on the margin of a hypogynous or nearly perigynous disk, or absent. Receptacle often deepened in the centre, mostly with appendages such as an extrastaminal disk or disk-lobes, free glands between the stamens, or a corona of 5 phalanges, each of which is consisting of fine barbate threads, or staminode-like scales inserted on the inner side of the base of the petals, or with true, mostly barbate, staminodes. Stamens 5 to ~, hypogynous, mostly free, rarely the filaments connate into a column; anthers with 2, longitudinally dehiscent cells; connective sometimes with a short appendage. Ovary mostly free, rarely semi-inferior, unilocular with (2-)3-5(-8) parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2—8-celled by the deeply protruding placentas; ovules 2 to numerous, anatropous. Styles 1-10, free or connate; stigma sessile. Fruit a fleshy or dry berry or a capsule, rarely a drupe, 1- to many-seeded. Seeds sometimes arillate, with abundant endosperm; embryo straight; cotyledons mostly broad, foliaceous. Distr. About 84 genera with c. 1300 spp., nearly all woody, predominantly in the tropics, rapidly decreasing in number towards the subtropics, 2 genera with a total of 9 (mostly Chilean) spp. in the temperate zones of S. America.

Description: In the absence of a complete bibliography of the botanical literature of Malaysia, comparable to those on Eastern Asia and the Pacific by MERRILL & WALKER, and as the ‘Flora Malesiana’ will not to be completed within the near future, the need was felt to have at hand a concise, selected bibliography of existing revisions and other phytographical publications temporarily providing taxonomists with a reference to what is roughly available for the identification of Malaysian collections. When the ‘Flora Malesiana’ is completed, after some decades, this bibliography should no longer be required, as the references contained in it will all have been accounted for in the Flora itself in one way or another. In the meantime, however, a list arranged by families seems to serve a very practical purpose, as it gives access to the main body of accumulated knowledge precursory to the final revisions in the Flora.

Description: Perennial herbs, more commonly woody at the base, undershrubs or shrubs, erect, scrambling or scandent, sometimes high lianas. Rhizome not rarely tuberous. Branches often slightly swollen and jointed at nodes. Hairs simple, uni- or multicellular, short ones often with a hooked apex. Leaves simple, spiral or alternate, petioled (without an abscission zone), exstipulate; midrib usually prominent beneath, elevated or flat above; nervation commonly palmate, or pinnate, nerves often obliquely extending towards the margin. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary, fasciculate, or in axillary or cauligerous, racemose, paniculate or cymose inflorescences, usually only one or two flowers open at a time; bracts present and often persistent; pedicel often hardly distinct from the ovary. Calyx petaloid, gamosepalous, 3- (or 6-) lobed or 1-lipped; lobes valvate or induplicate. Petals (in Mal.) absent. Disk (?) 0, rarely present (e.g. a few Thottea spp.). Stamens 6 (4 or 5 in some extra-Mal. Aristolochia spp.) or 6—c. 36 (—46), in 1 whorl or in 2 (3 or 4) whorls (Thottea); filaments free or slightly mutually united at the base, and/or almost completely adnate to the style column to form a gynostemium; anthers free (Thottea) or dorsally united with the style column (Aristolochia), each consisting of 2 thecae with 4 pollen sacs, extrorse, rarely introrse (extra-Mal. spp.), dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior (rarely half-inferior in extra-Mal. genera), 4—6-carpellate, 4—6-celled, syncarpous (or ± apocarpous in extra-Mal. Saruma); placentae parietal (distinct when young, then intruding and connivent axially, thus often seemingly axile); ovules usually many, anatropous, in 1 or 2 vertical rows in each locule of the ovary, horizontal or pendulous; style-column 3—many-lobed, sometimes some of the lobes redivided; stigmas or stigmatic tissue apical, lateral, or on the surface of style lobes. Fruits capsular or siliquiform (follicular or cocci in extra- Mal. genera), 4—6-celled; dehiscing apically towards the base (basipetal, e.g. Thottea) or basally towards the apex (acropetal, e.g. most Aristolochia); septicidal, rarely septifragal (some extra-Mai. Aristolochia) or bursting irregularly (extra-Mal. Asarum); rarely indehiscent (W. African Pararistolochia). Seeds many in each locule (1-seeded in extra-Mal. Euglypha), often coated with remains of placental tissue (membranous when dry), horizontal or pendulous, variously shaped; ovate, deltoid or triangular, flat, convex-concave, or longitudinally curved, or oblong (and triangular in cross-section), rugose, finely verrucose, or smooth, immarginate (Thottea; Aristolochia, p.p.) or winged (Aristolochia, p.p.); albumen fleshy, copious; embryo minute, cotyledons two, distinct. Distribution. There are 7 genera, Aristolochia worldwide, Asarum over the northern hemisphere, Thottea in continental Southeast Asia and Malesia, Pararistolochia in tropical Africa, and 3 monotypic genera, viz. Saruma in China, Holostylis and Euglypha in South America. As to number of species, Aristolochia is by far the largest with some 300 spp., largely concentrated in the New World, especially in Central and South America, in Malesia with 28 spp.; Asarum (incl Hexastylis and Heterotropa) with possibly some 70 spp. in northern temperate regions, Thottea with 26 spp., of which 22 in Malesia, and Pararistolochia with 12 spp. in West Africa.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore walls of Beenakia dacostae (Beenakiaceae, Gomphales) has been studied. Spore walls are mainly composed of a distinct episporium and a thick, dark, ornamented ectosporium. The general structure is identical with that of other members of the Gomphales, such as Gomphus and Ramaria

Description: Type material of Tulasnella cystidiophora Höhn. & Litsch. has been studied. The species is characterized by often moniliform gloeocystidia and clamp-less hyphae (at least in the subhymenium).

Description: During an ecological study of fungi of the tidal mudflats in Kuwait, a Sporothrix species has been recorded twice, in 1977 and 1980. It differs from other species of the genus (de Hoog, 1974, 1978) in several characters and is here described as a new species. A comparison with similar species of the genus is added.

Description: The part certain lime-secreting marine algae play in the building of coral reefs and in the formation of banks was discussed chiefly at the end of the last and in the beginnig of this century. At that time it was already known that extensive parts of the sublittoral zone of the Arctic sea were covered by a luxuriant growth of Lithothamnion species. Kjellman states in 1883 (p. 96) that along the northern coast of Norway Lithothamnion soriferum “covers large spaces of the bottom in great masses”, and that off the shores of Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla in 10 to 20 fathoms of water Lithothamnion glaciale “covers the bottom in deep layers for several miles, and altogether determines the general aspect of the vegetation wherever it occurs”, whereas Lithothamnion norvegicum is said to form banks on the coasts of Iceland and of Greenland. Rosenvinge (1893, p. 772) reports that Lithothamnion ungeri forms banks on the coast of Iceland and of Greenland.

Description: There is much confusion about, the identity of the above mentioned aroid genera, the typification of which is still unsatisfactory.

Description: var. bullatus, nov. var. — Ramuli novelli ferrugineo-velutini. Folia 1—3-juga; foliola bullata. Folliculi inconspicue rostrati. Typus: Kostermans 4928 (fl., fr.), E. Borneo, Sangkulirang island, alt. 20 m (Holotype in L; Isotypes in BO, K).

Description: My colleague Lam, in whose honour this volume is composed, has made it very easy for contributors to find a subject in a field in which he has worked himself. His versatile interest nearly covered the whole of the taxonomy and phylogeny of vascular plants, subjects in theoretical biology, plant morphology, plant geography, and plant ecology. In the latter section his “Fragmenta papuana” contains an inspiring picture of tropical vegetation in correlation with environment. I have pleasure on this occasion in offering some considerations in the field of plant ecology. The subject which I have chosen deals with the way of reasoning when interpreting a correlation found to exist between vegetation and environment. I have not infrequently traced a deficiency in such interpretation and I feel a need of discussing this point which is, in my opinion, a matter of vital importance.

Description: Although Clarke saw the type of Scirpus erectus Poir. in the Paris Herbarium he misapplied the name to a quite different species occurring in Madagascar, S. and E. Asia, and tropical Australia. Herein he was followed by Ridley, Merrill, Backer, and others. It has now generally been accepted that the correct name of this species is Scirpus juncoides Roxb. and that the name Scirpus erectus Poir. does not belong to its synonymy. After having examined the type of S. erectus I am convinced that the question was admirably cleared up by Chermezon (see Arch. Bot. 4, 1931, 26, and also in Humbert, Fl. Madag., fam. 29, 1937, 149). Scirpus erectus is much nearer to the European S. supinus L. than to S. juncoides Roxb. It differs from S. supinus by the larger spikelets, the larger, more distinctly mucronate glumes, the bristly appendage of the connective, the bifid style, and the larger, biconvex, only faintly wavyridged, elliptic or suborbicular nuts. It is an African species extending from the Mediterranean region through tropical Africa to Madagascar and Mauritius. There can be no doubt that Isolepis uninodis Delile is conspecific with Scirpus erectus Poir. Delile’s description is very accurate: “épis cylindriques, ovoïdes-lanceolés ... écailles ovales, aiguës ... deux stigmates ... graine lenticulaire, transversalement rugueux vers les bords.” The differences with Scirpus supinus are clearly indicated: “ses graines [du S. supinus] sont ovoïdes-cunéiformes, trigones, ridées transversalement sur toute leur surface; ses styles sont trifides.” Moreover, Delile’s excellent figure leaves no doubt whatever on the identity of his species.

Description: In the development of the various scientific disciplines certain contacts have been established between neighbouring sciences, while other endeavour still proceeds almost on its own. The study of the influence of the environment on chemical reactions has given us a large part of physical chemistry, while the inverse, the study of the influence of chemical reactions on the (natural) environment has been, in the last decades, developed as geochemistry. Much of our physiology and ecology deals with the influence of the environment upon the organism, while the inverse, the influence of the organism upon the natural environment (geobiology) has hardly been studied systematically. This influence is great, as already realized by Pasteur a century ago. Moreover, this study completes the picture of the relations of “give and take” between the organism and its milieu and the author believes that a true ecology should concern itself with the mutual relations between organism and environment rather than view the landscape (or seascape) entirely from the biological point of view. Blumea twice before has been so kind as to accept ecological notes from the author of this paper. Because of the interest Professor Lam has always taken in this ecological approach, the author hopes that this short note will not be a complete dissonant in the, chiefly taxonomic, matter contained in this volume. By a study of the influence of various groups of organisms on the estuarine environment Baas Becking and Wood (1) arrived at the conclusion that, primarily, the following groups are of geochemical importance; sulphate-reducing bacteria, thiobacteria, purple bacteria, iron bacteria and algae. The limits of the potential algal environment surpass the regions of most other groups, the thiobacteria excepted. The range of conditions in which algae may occur, be it temperature, salinity, pH or electrode potential is very wide indeed. Algae occur in all aqueous environments; evaporate, geothermal, soft and hard freshwater, estuarine and marine water and also in buffered and non-buffered products of pyrite oxidation (Baas Becking, Wood and Kaplan, 4). The author recently isolated, from mirabilite at Mawson Base, Antarctica, a green polyblepharid while Kaplan (12) describes the occurrence of bluegreens at 86°C in the hotsprings of the Rotarua district, N—Z. From this same region Kaplan described a Navicula at pH 1.2, while several algae occur in a solution of trona (sodium carbonate-bicarbonate) at pH 10.55. The above anecdotical remarks only serve to illustrate the extent of the algal potential milieu.

Description: A new species, Alstonia undulifolia Kochummen & Wong, is described from the Malay Peninsula. Two sections of the genus occur in the Malay Peninsula, Alstonia sect. Monuraspermum Mon. and Alstonia sect. Alstonia, the latter being the correct name for what was previously known as sect. Pala (Adr. Juss.) Benth. Various characteristics, including growth architecture, are examined for their usefulness in distinguishing these two sections of the genus. In comparing A. angustiloba Miq. and A. pneumatophora Berger, both of which have not been properly differentiated by characteristics of the reproductive organs, A. pneumatophora var. petiolata Mon. is reduced to synonymy under A. angustiloba. A key to the seven species of Alstonia native to the Malay Peninsula is provided.

Description: Among the collections of Knema acquired by the Rijksherbarium since the publication of my new account of the genus Knema, in Blumea 25, 1979: 321 — 478, a few specimens caused problems with the identification, and at closer examination these yielded facts of interest which are published here. Some specimens represented stages not yet known, for instance fruits, or male flowers, while other specimens meant a significant range extension of the species. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. For easy reference, the sequence and numbers of the species presently treated correspond with the numbers as used in the account of 1979. The new species bear the number of the species after which they appear in the general key of 1979, with the addition ‘-bis’.

Description: The early development (ontogeny) of the carpels of 20 species belonging to 8 apocarpous families was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that on the floral apex a circular or a convex meristem develops into an obliquely ascidiate primordium by unequal growth of its periphery. By further unequal growth it develops into a young carpel. The terminal mouth of a cup becomes the lateral cleft of a carpel. The different forms of the young carpels in different species are defined by the varying degree of development of the adaxial region of the initial meristem and/or its margin on the side of the floral apex. This hypothesis is theoretically evaluated.

Description: In Malesia the genus Tephrosia is represented by 20 species, native or introduced and naturalized, including 6 subspecies and 5 varieties; 4 species are restricted to Malesia. Two of these species are newly described: T. barbatala and T. elliptica; the former includes one new variety (var. glabra). Two new subspecies and one new variety are distinguished: T. filipes subsp. longifolia, T. purpurea subsp. barbigera, and T. maculata var. elongata. Two taxa are given a new status: T. maculata var. appressepilosa and T. pumila subsp. aldabrensis. Four species, T. dichotoma, T. repentina, T. coarctata, and Kiesera sumatrana are for the first time sunk into synonymy. A key to the taxa, synonymy, and full descriptions with plates and distribution maps are given.

Description: During identification and study of the materials of the genus Blepharis Juss. in the Central National Herbarium (CAL) of the Botanical Survey of India the authors came across some specimens (Lawson 314) from Tavancore, which was identified as B. molluginifolia aff But critical study revealed that the typical molluginifolia is a different species from which the new taxon can be distinguished by several characters. The species is named after M.A. Lawson who collected the specimen for the first time.

Description: The stomata as occurring on the fronds of the sporophytes of a large number of Polypodiaceae s.s. (Filicales) are investigated. A number of different stomatal types is recognised, (newly) described, and their ontogeny investigated. The different types of stomata are discussed in relation to their possible significance for tracing phylogenetic relationships in the Polypodiaceae following a cladistic analysis.

Description: Revision of the Malesian species of the genus Steganthera, which centres in New Guinea; precursor to treatment in Flora Malesiana. There are 16 species accepted; 5 are described as new, 12 names are reduced, 3 are excluded and 9 are imperfectly known.

Description: In a recent thesis B.S. Fey (Zürich) has developed a new theory about the origin of the cupule in Fagaceae. He has concluded that the appendages (spines, lamellae, etc.) on the outside of the cupule are regularly arranged and that they reflect a condensation (concrescence) of a dichasial flower system, so that cupule and fruit(s) form together the representation of one ancestral inflorescence; the cupular appendages would then largely represent the bracts of the ancestral inflorescence. This stands in contrast with former opinions, in which the cupule was interpreted as of separate vegetative origin from the nut(s) which was (were) the remain (s) of the inflorescence.

Description: One new species of Aristolochia, A. singalangensis, from Sumatra is described here. This is the only Malesian species to have the fruit dehiscing from the apex towards the base. Remarks are given for some Asiatic and Malesian species, all belonging to Aristolochia except one to Thottea, on their taxonomy, nomenclature, typification, characteristics for identification, relationship, distribution, etc. The phenomena and significance of aristolochiaceous plants-butterflies relationship have been discussed. Germinated pollen grains have been found in dehisced anthers of open flowers in both Aristolochia and Thottea. Pollination of the Aristolochiaceae has been concisely reviewed.

Description: Recent studies in Sabah and Sarawak have demonstrated the presence of an undescribed species of Podocarpus.

Description: A world-revision of Arthraxon Beauv. ( Gramineae) is presented. Three wide-spread species, A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, A. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst., and A. lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. are very variable and have caused the description of a great number of taxa, most of which are here reduced to synonomy. There are now 7 species and 9 varieties; for 6 of the latter new combinations are proposed. No new taxa are described.

Description: There are only two genera of the Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia and Thottea, so far known to occur in Malesia. In the course of a revision of this family for the Flora Malesiana, some new species of both genera have been found. Eight new ones of Thottea were published in a precursor on that genus (Blumea 27, 1981, 301-332, f. 1-72). There are four new species of Aristolochia from Borneo and one more new Thottea from Sumatra to be described here.

Description: Pholidota kinabaluensis is transferred to the new monotypic genus Entomophobia. Coelogyne phaiostele, C. ridleyana, and Pholidota triloba are identical and transferred to the new genus Geesinkorchis, that also comprises the new species G. alaticallosa. The monotypic genus Sigmatochilus is reduced to Chelonistele, in which C. dentifera and C. lurida var. grandiflora are described as new. Chelonistele crassifolia is regarded as a variety of C. sulphurea.

Description: The genera Hunteria and Lepiniopsis of the family Apocynaceae are in Malesia represented by one species each. Distribution and ecology are cited in full.

Description: Five new species of Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) are described, while attention is drawn to a sixth, possibly also new one. A key to all recognized species is given.

Description: The morphology and leaf anatomy of Myxopyrum is described and a key to the species is given. Of the 15 species previously described four species and two subspecies are recognised: M. nervosum Bl. (synonyms M. horsfieldii, M. zippelii) with one subspecies coriaceum (Bl.) Kiew (synonym M. ellipticum), M. ovatum Hill (synonyms M. macrolobum, M. cordatum, M. philippinensis), M. pierrei Gagnep. (synonym M. hainanense) and M. smilacifolium Bl. (synonym M. serrulatum) with one subspecies confertum (Kerr) Kiew. Myxopyrum enerve Steen. is Chionanthus enerve (Steen.) Kiew. Descriptions for the extra-Malesian species, M. smilacifolium, is given.

Description: Carpels develop centripetally as oblique slightly ascidiform structures provided with a seat-like support. The terminal mouth of the ascidiform primordium becomes the lateral cleft of the carpel. Solitary terminal carpels develop as lateral structures. The sections Tasmannia and Drimys of the genus Drimys differ by the varying degree of ascidiform development. Austrobaileya is like Drimys. The structure of the carpel margins with submarginal placentation may have evolved from a slit like that in Winteraceae. Allometric development of an oblique ascidiform structure may have formed a large basal ovary, and may thus have moved the stigmatic part apically. A possible cupular origin of carpels is discussed.

Description: In subgenus Malachobatus twenty Malesian species are recognized, one of them ( Rubus moluccanus L.) with four varieties. Synonymy, descriptions, habitat notes, etc. are given. New names: R. moluccanus L. var. discolor (Bl.) Kalkm. and var. angulosus Kalkm. A key is given to the Malesian species.

Description: During a recent treatment of the Proteaceae for “Flora Malesiana” it has become evident that a revision of the generic status of all proteaceous taxa reported from S. Asia and Malaysia as well as from the adjacent regions of Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and subtropical-tropical Australia had to be made to reach a satisfactory correlation of the genera and species concerned as a basis for the discussion of phytogeographical relations both within and outside the proper Malaysian area. During this work it appeared necessary to transfer some species to other genera. A revision of the genus Helicia showed that a group of species had to be segregated as a distinct new genus Heliciopsis. My studies are based on herbarium specimens borrowed from the following Institutions: Arnold Arboretum (A), Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem (B, where the type-material of the family remained intact), Bogor (BO), Brisbane (BRI), Calcutta (CAL), Edinburgh (E), Florence (FT), Kepong (KEP), Lae (LAE), Leiden (L), Melbourne (MEL), Miinchen (M), New York (NY), Manila (PNH), Singapore (SING), Stockholm (S) and Utrecht (IT). The material preserved in the British Museum (BM), at Kew (K), and Paris (P) has been studied during a stay at London and Paris.

Description: For identifying the mosses collected in different localities of the Malaysian region, the need was felt for a key to the genera. In the preliminary one that I constructed to this end the genera were taken in the delimitation accepted in the second edition of Brotherus, Natürl. Pflanzf. In addition to the latter the genera published after 1925 and therefore not included in Brotherus 1. c. are taken into account. In revising the families for Flora Malesiana I will doubtless be compelled to alter the position of some of the species and the delimitation of some of the genera, and at the end of series III of Flora Malesiana, which will contain the Mosses, I therefore intend to give a final key. I sincerely hope that the preliminary key will in the meantime have been tested by different bryologists, and that they will let me profit by their remarks. For this reason it is published here. The analytical key is based as far as possible on vegetative characters, especially on the shape of the leaf cells. The principal features of the sporophyte are noted, but are not, as a rule, made use of as alternatives. This applies particularly to those alternatives that lead to the main groups. Only when no reliable vegetative characters could be found, have characters of the sporophyte, especially those of the peristome, been used. The habitat of each genus, not its distribution in the Malaysian region, is indicated in the key.

Description: In Southeast Asia (excluding India) 44 taxa are recognized, 39 species, of which four are newly described ( I. kerrii, I. luzoniensis, I. emmae, and one unnamed species A, which will be treated by Nguyen Van Thuan, Paris), four subspecies, one of which is new (I. sootepensis subsp. acutifolia) and three are new combinations ( (I. suffruticosa subsp. guatemalensis, I. trifoliata subsp. unifoliata, I. trita subsp. scabra) ), and one variety which is a new combination I. spicata var. siamensis). A key, descriptions and full synonymy are given as well as 4 distribution maps and 5 figures.

Description: Mapania holttumii Kern, nom. nov. — Mapania insignis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 11, 1947, 293, non Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1933, 496. When publishing the name Mapania insignis for a species occurring in the Malay Peninsula, Holttum overlooked the existence of the earlier homonym Mapania insignis Sandw. for a different species from British Guyana. I therefore propose to replace the illegitimate binomial by that of Mapania holttumii.

Description: Owing to their limited possibilities for either active or passive dispersal, their association with the soil habitat, their vulnerability towards a dry atmosphere, and, in fact, on account of their general ecology and ethology, Diplopoda among arthropods are surely one of the most important classes in relation to the study of historical biogeography. For the class as a whole the sea appears to be an unsuperable barrier as is proved by the almost complete absence of endemic taxa on oceanic islands. In many cases lowland plains also act as severe obstacles against the dispersal of millipedes. The presence or absence of diplopods on islands or continents, therefore, may give a strong argument in favour or against any supposed former land connection. The long geographical isolation of the Australian continent and the absence of endemic higher taxa seems to imply that most, if not all, of its diplopod fauna dates from the time this continent was solidly attached to other southern continents, i.e. the Mesozoic. Subsequent penetration of fauna elements from the north or northwest seems utterly unlikely, although perhaps not entirely impossible.

Description: The buthid scorpions of the genus Centruroides are widely distributed in the Antillean area. They are also the most common scorpions in the majority of these islands. Nevertheless they remained almost forgotten until recently (STAHNKE 1970; ARMAS 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982; FRANCKE & SISSOM 1980). For the purpose of this paper the Lesser Antilles are defined as the islands situated between the Virgin Islands and Trinidad & Tobago, according to BOND’S 1978 zoogeographical point of view.

Description: Some time ago a paper was published by Brouwer (1954) on the geological interpretation of a vertical section through Pleistocene deposits near the village of Wezep in the northeastern corner of the province of Gelderland, in the central part of the Netherlands. The exact locality¹, known locally as the ""Moordenaarshoek"" (murderer’s corner), is situated on a heath along the edge of a pine forest, which grows on the lower slopes of the northeastern tip of the great Pleistocene pressure ridge or moraine along the western border of the valley of the river Yssel. The locality was described for the first time by Bursch, Florschütz and van der Vlerk (1938) who made an excavation there on the instigation of the late Colonel Mallinckrodt, an ardent amateur archaeologist. It was believed that the numerous flint objects which could be found in a peculiar kind of boulderclay there and at other localities in the neighbourhood, might be interpreted as artefacts of a primitive, somewhat Clactonian, type; a belief which was also accepted by the present author until some five years ago. With the object of collecting more data on these somewhat enigmatic phenomena², an excavation at approximately the same locality as that described by Bursch, Florschütz and van der Vlerk was made in the autumn of 1948 by the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut of Groningen University (director Professor A. E. van Giffen) under supervision of Dr. A. Bohmers and the present author. Thanks to the energetic help of the late Colonel Malunckrodt two other localities, situated more to the West, on the Oldebroek artillery range, were also excavated. Here again the same flint objects, interspersed in either gravel and coarse sands, or in a loam comparable to that found at Wezep, were recovered. The layer of loam at one of the two Oldebroek localities was found to be much thinner than that encountered at Wezep, although not differing from it in any other aspect.

Description: This paper contains some morphological and statistical data on a number of Ozolaimus populations gathered from entire specimens of Iguana iguana iguana — injected with formaline and/or alcohol for general purposes only — and from a few intestinal tracts that had been preserved separately. Further research on these samples — which, on the whole, still contain quite a number of other nematode species — has been entrusted to Dr. E. Caballero y C., México. All Iguana specimens studied (see Table 6) were collected by Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, with the exception of Nos. 11 (Dr. J. Boeke), 11a-b (Dr. A. C. J. Burgers), 45-50 (Dr. D. C. Geijskes), and 51 (unknown collector). The hosts — except for Nos. 8, 11a-b, 45-50 — have been deposited in the State Museum of Natural History, Leiden, and in the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam.