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  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,166)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (734)
  • 1975-1979  (431)
  • 1950-1954  (1)
  • 1981  (734)
  • 1977  (431)
  • 1954  (1)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (734)
  • 1975-1979  (431)
  • 1950-1954  (1)
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  • 1
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    Kerogen structures in recently-deposited algal mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California: A model system for the determination of kerogen structures in ancient sediments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 29 p
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  • 2
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    The tectonics of anorthosite massifs (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Anorthosite massifs developed approximately 1.4 to 1.5 billion years ago along an arch which developed parallel to a zone of continental separation as a block which included North America, Europe, and probably Asia separated from a block which included parts of South America, Africa, India, and Australia. Anorthosite massifs also developed at the same time along a belt which runs through the continents which comprise Gondwanaland (South America), Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. This was a zone of continental separation which subsequently became a zone of continental collision about 1.2 billion years ago. The northern anorthosite belt also parallels an orogenic belt which was active between 1.8 and 1.7 billion years ago. Heat generated during this mountain building period helped in the formation of the anorthosites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 29 p
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  • 3
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    Experience with the inversion of Nimbus 4 BUV measurements to retrieve the ozone profile (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The relative merits of pressure increment and partial derivative formulations of the ozone inversion problem are discussed briefly. The height range of validity of the retrieved ozone profile and the effects of adding wavelengths to or of dropping wave-length from the inversion system are indicated. Illustrative results are presented for profiles retrieved from BUV data using Backus-Gilbert, minimum information (Twomey), and quasi-optimum procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 577-597
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  • 4
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    The inversion of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles from spacecraft solar extinction measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 505-527
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  • 5
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    Application of modified Twomey techniques to invert lidar angular scatter and solar extinction data for determining aerosol size distributions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Polarization properties of the angularly scattered laser light from a volume of air are used to determine the size distribution of the aerosol particles within the volume by the use of appropriate inversion techniques. Similar techniques are employed to determine a mean size distribution of the particulates within a vertical column through the atmosphere from determinations of the aerosol optical depth as a function of wavelength. In both of these examples, a modification of an inversion technique originally described by Twomey has been employed. Details of this method are presented as well as results from actual measurements employing bistatic lidar and solar radiometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 469-503
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  • 6
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    Application of statistical inversion to ground-based microwave remote sensing of temperature and water vapor profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Surface-based observations of downwelling microwave thermal emission are related to temperature and humidity profiles via a standard integral equation of radiative transfer. Both in clear and in cloudy atmospheres, statistical inversion techniques are used to retrieve profiles from a data vector of brightness observations and surface meteorological constraints. For the clear case, accuracy predictions and profile retrievals are illustrated for: (1) single frequency angular scanned data; (2) multi-frequency angular scanned data; and (3) multi-frequency zenith data. For the last case predicted and achieved accuracies were compared in a recently conducted radiometric experiment. Retrievals of cloud contaminated radiometric data are elaborated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 395-427
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  • 7
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    Comparison of linear inversion methods by examination of the duality between iterative and inverse matrix methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Linear numerical inversion methods applied to atmospheric remote sounding generally can be categorized in two ways: (1) iterative, and (2) inverse matrix methods. However, these two categories are not unrelated; a duality exists between them. In other words, given an iterative scheme, a corresponding inverse matrix method exists, and conversely. This duality concept is developed for the more familiar linear methods. The iterative duals are compared with the classical linear iterative approaches and their differences analyzed. The importance of the initial profile in all methods is stressed. Calculations using simulated data are made to compare accuracies and to examine the dependence of the solution on the initial profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 325-360
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  • 8
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    Analytic model approach to the inversion of scattering data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: An analytic model approach is applied to several simple atmospheric inversion problems. This method gives a sharp determination of aerosol size distribution parameters. It is shown that this analytic approach, together with ground level point sampling data measurements, can be used to infer information on the tropospheric ozone profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 297-324
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  • 9
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    Inversion of infrared limb emission measurements for temperature and trace gas concentrations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Limb emission measurements are characterized by sharp weighting functions at high altitudes, and for temperature determinations, strongly nonlinear dependence of the weighting function on the temperature. Several methods for inverting this type of measurement have been described and used, including iterative, statistical, nonlinear and approximate direct approaches. These approaches are described and advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 195-216
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  • 10
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    Inverse solution of the pseudoscalar transfer equation through nonlinear matrix inversion (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Nonlinear matrix inversion operators have been developed which, applied to observed radiances, infer maximal information regarding atmospheric scattering parameters and vertical distribution of radiant sources and sinks. The algorithm has the attractive feature of noise discrimination, attributing instrumental errors to extra-atmospheric sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 139-153
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  • 11
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    Backus-Gilbert theory and its application to retrieval of ozone and temperature profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversion method provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between vertical resolution of a retrieved profile and formal root-mean-square (rms) error due to measurement noise propagation. The problem of retrieving the top-side ozone profile from backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements is considered. For measurements of the type currently being obtained with the Nimbus 4 and AE-E BUV experiments, it is found that a vertical resolution of approximately 0.75 scale height can be achieved for a formal volume mixing ratio profile error of 10%. Other examples include treatments of the retrieval of temperature profiles from measurements in the 15 micron CO2 absorption band for both the terrestrial and Martian atmospheres. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of retrieving temperature profiles of the Jovian planets from measurements in the far infrared pressure induced H2 lines to be obtained from the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-by missions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 155-193
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  • 12
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    Statistical principles of inversion theory (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Statistical methods are used to deal with the inverse problem of radiative transfer. All the available information about an unknown profile can be expressed in the form of values of functions of that profile and error estimates of these values. Estimation theory shows how these values are combined to give an estimate of the unknown profile and its error covariance. Many inversion methods are expressed in this form, although the error estimate is not usually carried out. Practical applications are described, both for inversion of individual profiles, and the global analysis of satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 117-138
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  • 13
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    Some aspects of the inversion problem in remote sensing (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Several commonly used methods for inversion--constrained linear inversion, synthesis (Backus-Gilbert) methods and nonlinear iterative techniques for the Chahine type--are discussed. It is demonstrated that a very close connection exists between Backus-Gilbert solutions and those given by constrained linear inversion. A number of examples of the application of such methods are presented, showing that resolution is not greatly different for quite different algorithms, a result quite in accord with general theoretical considerations: more resolution can be achieved at the expense of introducing greater a priori bias in the procedure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 41-65
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  • 14
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    Review of radiative transfer methods in scattering atmospheres (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The radiative transfer in a scattering plane-parallel atmosphere is discussed, considering the exact analytical, the computational and the approximate methods. Some results of numerical comparisons are given. Finally, the difficulties of realistic atmospheric models are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 21-40
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  • 15
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    Hybrid methods are helpful (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Multiple scattering problems in a plane layer often permit the convenient use of different methods joined together. Sample numerical results to illustrate this point refer to X- and Y-functions, asymptotic fitting, the small-loss approximations, polarization in high orders, and photon path distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 1-19
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  • 16
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    Low-energy electron flux and its reaction to active experimentation of Spacelab (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: An instrument capable of observing the natural electron flux in the energy range from 0.1 to 12.0 kiloelectron volts is discussed for use in an experiment intended as a forerunner of a method that will utilize artificially accelerated electrons as tracer particles for electron fields parallel to the magnetic field. Effects that are of importance either as means of detecting the echo beam or as causes of beam perturbations (e.g., spacecraft charging effects and electron background) are to be studied. The use of electron accelerators as a tool to probe magnetospheric processes rather than to modify them is planned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 17
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    Atmospheric emission photometric imaging (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A dual-channel video system mounted on a stabilized two-axis gimbal system (mounted on the pallet) with associated optics and data handling electronics described the low light flux observations are required for: (1) investigating ionospheric transport processes by observing Mg+ ions; (2) supporting magnetospheric electron bounce experiments; (3) measuring electron cross sections for selected atmospheric species; (4) detecting small particle contamination; and (5) studying natural auroras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 18
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    DC-magnetic field vector measurement (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A magnetometer experiment was designed to determine the local magnetic field by measuring the total of the Earth's magnetic field and that of an unknown spacecraft. The measured field vector components are available to all onboard experiments via the Spacelab command and data management system. The experiment consists of two parts, an electronic box and the magnetic field sensor. The sensor includes three independent measuring flux-gate magnetometers, each measuring one component. The physical background is the nonlinearity of the B-H curve of a ferrite material. Two coils wound around a ferrite rod are necessary. One of them, a tank coil, pumps the ferrite rod at approximately 20 kilohertz. As a consequence of the nonlinearity, many harmonics can be produced. The second coil (i.e., the detection coil) resonates to the first harmonic. If an unknown dc or low-frequency magnetic field exists, the amplitude of the first harmonic is a measure for the unknown magnetic field. The voltages detected by the sensors are to be digitized and transferred to the command and data management system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 19
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    Investigation on Atmospheric H and D through the measurement of their Lyman-alpha emissions (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Study of sources of Lyman-alpha emission in the atmosphere, in the interplanetary medium, and perhaps in the galactic medium is planned. Sources of Lyman-alpha emission are described and a schematic of the instrument presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 20
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    Space experiments with particle accelerators (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The purpose of space experiments with particle accelerators (SEPAC) is to carry out active and interactive experiments on and in the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is also intended to make an initial performance test for an overall program of Spacelab/SEPAC experiments. The instruments to be used are an electron beam accelerator, magnetoplasma dynamic arcjet, and associated diagnostic equipment. The accelerators are installed on the pallet, with monitoring and diagnostic observations being made by the gas plume release, beam-monitor TV, and particle-wave measuring instruments also mounted on the pallet. Command and display systems are installed in the module. Three major classes of investigations to be performed are vehicle charge neutralization, beam plasma physics, and beam atmosphere interactions. The first two are mainly onboard plasma physics experiments to measure the effect of phenomena in the vicinity of Spacelab. The last one is concerned with atmospheric modification and is supported by other Spacelab 1 investigations as well as by ground-based, remote sensing observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 21
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    Ozone and aircraft operations (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The cabin ozone problem is discussed. Cabin ozone in terms of health effects, the characteristics of ozone encounters by aircraft, a brief history of studies to define the problem, corrective actions taken, and possible future courses of action are examined. It is suggested that such actions include avoiding high ozone concentrations by applying ozone forecasting in flight planning procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 40-44
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  • 22
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Determinations of tracking station locations and the gravitational constant of the earth, based on Doppler-tracking data from lunar and planetary spacecraft are presented. Two-way Doppler data obtained by the Deep Space Network of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The Deep Space Station instrumentation that JPL employed is described. How the stations were located is detailed, and the data used are discussed. Results are given together with an analysis of the errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 249-292
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  • 23
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) space research program was directed toward modeling the gravitational field of the earth from an analysis of the Doppler shifts on the transmitted frequencies of the satellites as obtained by the tracking stations. Emphasis is on the satellites involved and the methods used in accomplishing this aim.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 89-138
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  • 24
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    Introduction: National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Background for the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) is presented. An historical summary of the program and its technical structure is given. The technical structure of the program is described in enough detail that the reader can relate the work of the individual contributors to each other and to the NGSP.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 3-85
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  • 25
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The major accomplishments of the GEOS-B, C-band systems project is assessed. The project objectives are given, namely: (1) primary objectives that must be met for project success; (2) secondary objectives that were sufficiently important to warrant serious consideration; and (3) other objectives that were important to the project and for which additional effort would be desirable. The primary objectives are presented and discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 487-524
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  • 26
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Equipment and techniques were evaluated operationally, by the Department of Defense, during the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP). The theory, instrumentation, and data reduction methods used are described. Results obtained during the NGSP are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 139-245
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  • 27
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    Comparisons of global ozone trends inferred from the BUV experiment on Nimbus 4 and the ground-based network (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Preliminary comparisons between global ozone burdens derived from the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) experiment on Nimbus 4 and those inferred from an analysis of ground-based network data seem to indicate significant differences in the inter-annual variability of ozone. Some of the observed differences may be due to improper weighting of the ground-based network data, slowly changing planetary wave structure over the fixed station, of small inter-annual changes in meridional transport parameters. There is also some evidence which indicates that the polar stratosphere at high latitudes may represent an important ozone storage resevoir which tends to compensate for large scale changes observed in the regions outside of the polar stratosphere. Possible consequences of this are that the global trends derived from ground based ozone measurements may not be valid and furthermore that the current satellite techniques by themselves may be sufficient. An ozone monitoring system which includes observations from satellites, ground-based stations, balloons and rockets may be necessary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints, 1978 - 1979, Vol. 1; p 279
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  • 28
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    Measurement of trace levels of chlorine in the stratosphere (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Mathematical models of stratospheric ozone have predicted a reduction in the total ozone due to chlorofluoromethanes released into the atmosphere. Analytical procedures for the collection of air in the stratosphere and for analysis of these air samples for trace levels of chlorine, regardless of the state of chemical composition were developed. Calibration experiments are conducted in order to validate all methods and procedures. Results of neutron activation analysis calibration procedures using standard chlorine gases are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 15 p
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  • 29
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    Stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reported discussion is concerned with longitudinal waves associated with electron motions. These waves are easily stimulated in the ionosphere by rocket- and satellite-borne RF sounders. Most of the observations of stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere are based on ionograms obtained from the sounders carried on board five satellites, including Explorer 20, Alouette 1 and 2, and ISIS 1 and 2. The majority of the observations can be explained by considering the propagation of the sounder-stimulated plasma waves. Attention is given to aspects of plasma wave dispersion, linear phenomena, plasma wave instabilities and nonlinear phenomena, unexplained phenomena, diagnostic applications, geophysical and astrophysical applications, and a number of experiments planned for the future.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 12; Nov
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  • 30
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    Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of a fragment of Jurassic seafloor, Point Sal, California (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocks from an ophiolite suite once on the seafloor were analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Co, Na2O, Cr, Zn and FeO. Strontium isotope exchange noted in some of the lavas is attributed to basalt-seawater interaction; the Ce abundance in smectite- and zeolite-bearing lavas may also be due to prolonged exposure to seawater. The higher grades of metamorphic rock, however, show no variation from the usual flat or slightly light REE depleted profiles. Plutonic igneous rock, all light REE depleted, have total REE abundances varying by a factor of 100 between the dunites and diorites. In order of decreasing REE abundance are hornblende, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, orthopyroxene and olivine. Calculations of REE contents of liquids in equilibrium with early cumulative clinopyroxenes suggest that the parent to the stratiform sequence was more depleted in light REE than the parent to the lava pile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 41; Oct. 197
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  • 31
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    Computer simulation of earthquakes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a computer simulation study of earthquakes a seismically active strike slip fault is represented by coupled mechanical blocks which are driven by a moving plate and which slide on a friction surface. Elastic forces and time independent friction are used to generate main shock events, while viscoelastic forces and time dependent friction add aftershock features. The study reveals that the size, length, and time and place of event occurrence are strongly influenced by the magnitude and degree of homogeneity in the elastic, viscous, and friction parameters of the fault region. For example, periodically reoccurring similar events are observed in simulations with near-homogeneous parameters along the fault, whereas seismic gaps are a common feature of simulations employing large variations in the fault parameters. The study also reveals correlations between strain energy release and fault length and average displacement and between main shock and aftershock displacements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 10
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  • 32
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    The 1976 Standard Atmosphere and its relationship to earlier standards (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, representing a mid-latitude atmosphere for moderate solar activity, is compared to earlier standards. For heights of 51 km and below, this standard is identical with its immediate predecessor, the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere. When the density-height profile of each of five earlier model atmospheres is compared with that of the 1976 standard, an oscillation of this parameter around the currently accepted average value is observed, which is partly the result of true density changes related to the 11-year cycle of solar activity and partly the result of earlier uncertainties. The development of knowledge is also elucidated by comparing the temperature-height profiles of each of the important standards used during the preceding century. Number densities of each of six atmospheric species computed for the 1976 U.S. standard are compared over the height region of 0 to 1000 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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    A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data MSIS. I - N2 density and temperature (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral nitrogen density from mass spectrometers on five satellites (AE-B, Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AE-C) and neutral temperatures inferred from incoherent scatter measurements at four ground stations are combined to produce a model of thermospheric neutral temperatures and nitrogen densities similar to the Ogo 6 empirical model (Hedin et al., 1974). This global model is designated MSIS (mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter). The global average temperature, the annual temperature variation, lower bound density, and lower bound temperature are discussed. The data set covers the time period from the end of 1965 to mid-1975 and also a wide range of solar activities. Diurnal and semidiurnal variations in lower bound density and temperature are considered, as is magnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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    Lowest-order average effect of turbulence on atmospheric profiles derived from radio occultation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Turbulence in planetary atmospheres and ionospheres causes changes in angles of refraction of radio waves used in occultation experiments. Atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles, and ionospheric electron concentration profiles, derived from radio occultation measurements of Doppler frequency contain errors due to such angular offsets. The lowest-order average errors are derived from a geometrical-optics treatment of the radio-wave phase advance caused by the addition of uniform turbulence to an initially homogeneous medium. It is concluded that the average profile errors are small and that precise Doppler frequency measurements at two or more wavelengths could be used to help determine characteristics of the turbulence, as well as accuracy limits and possible correction terms for the profiles. However, a more detailed study of both frequency and intensity characteristics in radio and optical occultation measurements of turbulent planetary atmospheres and ionospheres is required to realize the full potential of such measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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    Observations of the mid-latitude lower ionosphere in winter (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocket observations of the lower ionosphere in the winter of 1971 at two locations show differences of electron density which are attributed to enhancements of nitric oxide and energetic electron fluxes precipitated into the mesosphere during the poststorm phase of a geomagnetic storm. Electron density distributions were observed above Wallops Island, Virginia, and Keweenaw, Michigan, larger values occurring at Keweenaw. Energetic electron fluxes were greater at Keweenaw (L = 3.9) than at Wallops Island (L = 2.5). While particle ionization was the dominant factor in establishing the electron density during one measurement at Keweenaw, particles were not present two days earlier, even though the electron density distribution was significantly larger than that observed at Wallops Island on both occasions. An accompanying ion composition profile measured at Keweenaw during the earlier flight showed NO(+) to be the dominant ion to 76 km, where the concentration of hydrated ions H3O(+).(H2O)n, exceeded that of NO(+).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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    Large-scale electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of the earth's magnetosphere have indicated that a large-scale electric field E plays a central role in its electrodynamics and in the flow and acceleration of charged particles there; while many observations relevant to E have accumulated, quite a few basic problems involving the origin and structure of this field remain unsolved. The ultimate source of E is presumably the flow of the solar wind past the earth, but the mechanism by which E arises is still unclear, and several independent sources may contribute to it, some of them being of a rather transient nature. This review attempts to sum up the main observed facts and theoretical concepts related to E.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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    Theoretical aspects of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple semiquantitative model is presented which allows analytic solutions of tidal and planetary wave propagation at thermospheric heights. This model is based on perturbation approximation and mode separation. The effects of viscosity and heat conduction are parameterized by Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling. Because of this simplicity, one gains a clear physical insight into basic features of atmospheric wave propagation. In particular, we discuss the meridional structures of pressure and horizontal wind (the solutions of Laplace's equation) and their modification due to dissipative effects at thermospheric heights. Furthermore, we solve the equations governing the height structure of the wave modes and arrive at a very simple asymptotic solution valid in the upper part of the thermosphere. That 'system transfer function' of the thermosphere allows one to estimate immediately the reaction of the thermospheric wave mode parameters such as pressure, temperature, and winds to an external heat source of arbitrary temporal and spatial distribution. Finally, the diffusion effects of the minor constituents due to the global wind circulation are discussed, and some results of numerical calculations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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    Variational electric fields at low latitudes and their relation to spread-F and plasma irregularities (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In situ measurements of variational electric fields at low latitudes, taken by OGO 6 satellite instruments, are analyzed. The observations are compared with other data on F region and spread-F structures. Conformity of the electric field fluctuations with the overall picture of low-latitude irregularities is examined empirically and theoretically, and candidate processes for generation of the observed irregularities are considered. Three distinct types of irregularities are delineated and compared.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Mar. 197
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    The N.A.S.A. earth and ocean dynamics programme (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Practical applications of NASA space systems, science, and technology to the study of oceans and solid earth are discussed. Goals involving earth dynamics include earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation, and global surveying and mapping, while goals involving ocean dynamics include the determination of ocean currents and circulation, and the monitoring of ocean surface conditions. Satellites used to obtain data are described, and projects such as the study of open ocean tides and earth motion determination are reviewed, with consideration given to the techniques (e.g., laser ranging, satellite-to-satellite track) used in these studies. Several physical phenomena, the extent to which they presently can be measured, and possible future requirements for more accurate measurements are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Polar motion and earth tides from laser tracking (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses techniques available for measuring polar motion, earth rotation and earth tides with laser tracking of satellites. In a discussion of future prospects, it is noted that when the Laser Geodynamics Satellite is launched, a network of laser stations is projected to be able to achieve better than 10 cm from each coordinate from less than one day of tracking.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Probing the earth's gravity field by means of satellite-to-satellite tracking (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two satellite-to-satellite tracking (sst) tests are described in detail: (1) the ATS-6/Geos-3 and (2) the ATS-6/Apollo-Soyuz experiment. The main purpose of these two experiments was to track via ATS-6 the Geos-3, as well as the Apollo-Soyuz and to use these tracking data to determine both of the orbits at the same time, each of the orbits alone, and to test the two sst links to study local gravity anomalies. A second purpose was to test communications, command and data transmission from the ground via ATS-6 to these spacecraft and back again to the ground.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Pulsating aurora induced by upper atmospheric barium releases (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports the apparent generation of pulsating aurora by explosive releases of barium vapor near 250 km altitude. This effect occurred only when the explosions were in the path of precipitating electrons associated with the visible aurora. Each explosive charge was a standard 1.5 kg thermite mixture of Ba and CuO with an excess of Ba metal which was vaporized and dispersed by the thermite explosion. Traces of Sr, Na, and Li were added to some of the charges, and monitoring was achieved by ground-based spectrophotometric observations. On March 28, 1976, an increase in emission at 5577 A and at 4278 A was observed in association with the first two bursts, these emissions pulsating with roughly a 10 sec period for approximately 60 to 100 sec after the burst.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 267; May 12
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    Observation of neutral winds during an equatorial electrojet (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The vertical profile of the horizontal wind in a strong equatorial electrojet is distinctly different from profiles observed previously at other times and locations. The zonal wind speed is small and varies slowly with altitude, whereas the meridional component manifests a cross-equatorial oscillation with altitude which may result from a unique interaction of the ionized and neutral motions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Feb. 197
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    Intercomparison of neutral composition measurements from the satellite Esro 4, Aeros A, Aeros B, and Atmosphere Explorer C (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Number-density data obtained at orbital 'crossover' points with the neutral-gas mass spectrometers aboard the Esro 4, Aeros A, AE-C, and Aeros B satellites are intercompared. All the mass spectrometers were designed to measure the ambient number densities of atomic oxygen, molecular nitrogen, helium, and argon. It is found that the agreement for N2 and O is satisfactory within the experimental errors and that the He measurements exhibit unexpectedly large discrepancies far outside the error range. Calibration and instrument sources of error are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Mar. 1
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  • 45
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    Laser-induced fluorescence of CN/X2 Sigma +/ produced by photolysis of C2N2 at 160 nm (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports laser-induced fluorescence measurements of the initial product state distributions of CN(X2 Sigma +) produced during the photolysis of C2N2 at a wavelength of 160 nm. The parent molecules were photodissociated by an argon flash lamp, and saturated solutions of BBD in p-dioxane were used as a laser dye to produce radiation that excited CN radicals in the (upsilon-double-prime, N-prime) vibrational-rotational sublevels of the X state to the B-state sublevels. Spectral-line identification is discussed along with the observed rotational, electronic, and vibrational energy partitionings. The effect of added buffer gas (N2 or He) on the observed product state distributions is examined in order to monitor collisional energy transfer from CN(A2 Pi, upsilon = 0) to CN(X2 Sigma +, upsilon-double-prime = 4). It is found that both buffer gases produce population inversion between the upsilon-double-prime = 4 and upsilon-double-prime = 3 levels of the X state.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics; 66; Mar. 1
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    Physics of magnetospheric substorms (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Magnetosphere substorm physics are updated in the monograph. Major topics include: (1) open magnetosphere and the auroral oval; (2) auroras and auroral particles; (3) plasma distribution in the magnetosphere; (4) magnetosphere responses to interplanetary disturbances; (5) magnetospheric substorms and magnetotail phenomena; (6) magnetospheric currents, plasma injection, plasmasphere disturbances; and (7) magnetospheric substorms and solar-terrestrial relations. Other topics covered include: open field lines and the open magnetosphere, field-aligned currents, auroral particles and atmospheric emissions, plasma mantle, plasma sheet, radiation belts, magnetic flux transfer to the magnetotail, polar cap phenomena, substorm parameters, thinning of the plasma sheet, auroral electrojets, diurnal variations and dawn-dusk asymmetry of particle distributions, and instabilities.
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    On high-latitude convection field inhomogeneities, parallel electric fields and inverted-V precipitation events (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple model of a static electric field with a component parallel to the magnetic field is proposed for calculating the electric field and current distributions at various altitudes when the horizontal distribution of the convection electric field is given at a certain altitude above the auroral ionosphere. The model is shown to be compatible with satellite observations of inverted-V electron precipitation structures and associated irregularities in the convection electric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 25; Jan. 197
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    The storm-time equatorial electrojet (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A Petrel rocket carrying a double cell rubidium magnetometer was launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station during the early main phase of a magnetic storm. No ionospheric currents associated with the storm were observed, and the large field depression at the flight time must therefore be attributed to currents at higher altitudes. The equatorial enhancement of ionospheric magnetic storm currents, predicted on the basis of theory and earlier ground data, was not observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Jan. 197
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    The 5-day wave and ionospheric absorption (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a previous paper, Fraser and Thorpe (1976) indicated that the average partial-coherence spectra for three summers and the average for three winters at a southern mid-latitude site had a dominant peak at a period of about six days. This peak in coherence between absorption and temperature is anomalous, and the present paper explains how some of the unexpected coherence features can be explained by the five-day wave described by Geisler and Dickinson (1976) and whose existence in the upper stratosphere was discussed by Rodgers (1976).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 39; Jan. 197
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    Geopotential resonances on Vanguard orbits (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Since their establishment in 1959 the orbits of Vanguard 3 (1959-7A) and the Vanguard 2 rocket (1959-2B) have been slowly contracting through at least five strong resonances of eleventh order. Tracking with Baker-Nunn cameras and the U.S. Navy space surveillance (radio interferometer) system over a 14-year period has revealed resonant fluctuations on them of up to 0.035 deg in inclination (peak to peak). Six geopotential terms (lumped coefficients) of eleventh order and three of twenty-second order have been measured by using orbit inclinations derived from this tracking record. The terms of eleventh order are significantly smaller than is predicted by Kaula's rule. (The lumped coefficients are sensitive to geopotential effects as high as thirty-seventh degree.) These observed terms are compatible with a recent 27-satellite geopotential solution (GEM 7) whose formal coefficent errors are increased by a factor of 3.3.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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    Improvement in the geopotential derived from satellite and surface data /Gem 7 and 8/ (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A refinement has been obtained in the earth's gravitational field by using satellite and surface data. In addition to a more complete treatment of data previously employed on 27 satellites, the new satellite solution Gem 7 (Goddard Earth Model 7) includes 64,000 laser measurements taken on seven satellites. Gem 7, containing 400 harmonic terms, is complete through degree and order 16. The companion solution Gem 8 combines the same satellite data as Gem 7 with surface gravimetry over 39% of the earth. Gem 8 is complete to degree and order 25. Extensive tests on data independent of the solution show that the undulations of the geoidal surface computed by Gem 7 have an accuracy of about 2.5 m (rms). The overall accuracy of the geoid calculated by Gem 8 is estimated to be about 4 m (rms). The new combination solution is the first to show signs of 'convection rolls' in the upper mantle below the Pacific Ocean.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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    Solar wind plasma injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusp (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two mechanisms have been proposed for solar wind particle injection at the dayside magnetospheric cusps: magnetic merging and cross-field diffusion. These two mechanisms are experimentally distinguishable in that they produce different latitudinal distributions of particles penetrating to the low-altitude cusp. An examination of proton and electron measurements obtained by the AE-C satellite in the low-altitude dayside cusp reveals evidence of both types of injection processes. A majority of the injection events, especially the more intense fluxes, are best explained by a merging injection model in which cusp particles are confined to the poleward side of the last closed field line and have a characteristic energy that decreases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Less frequent and less intense injection events are better explained in terms of a diffusive injection of cusp particles onto closed dayside field lines with a characteristic energy that increases with increasing latitudinal distance from the last closed field line. Although diffusion appears to be quantitatively less important than merging in terms of the instantaneous particle injection rate, cross-field diffusion nevertheless appears to proceed at an unexpectedly fast rate, possibly exceeding the Bohm diffusion limit.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 1
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    Variations in eddy diffusion and associated transport processes (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Variation in the eddy diffusion coefficient constitutes a momentum source. This variation near the turbopause affects both the composition and the wind and temperature fields of the thermosphere. Two types of calculations are carried out, for horizontal winds considered self-consistently in a three-dimensional dynamic model and horizontal winds artificially suppressed to simulate a one-dimensional model. Momentum transfer associated with variations in eddy diffusion coefficients represents the source function in the analysis presented. It is shown that for long-term variations in the thermosphere, the compositional dependence on variations in eddy diffusion coefficients can be entirely different in one and three dimensional models with horizontal winds included. Horizontal winds can greatly reduce the effects of eddy diffusion in general and the ratio between He and O amplitudes in particular.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 4; Jan. 197
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    Optical constants of ammonium sulfate in the infrared (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The infrared spectral reflectance at near normal incidence has been measured for 3.2 M, 2.4 M, and 1.6 M solutions of ammonium sulfate, an aerosol abundant in the stratosphere and also present in the troposphere. Kramers-Kronig analysis was used to determine values of the refractive and absorption indices from the measured spectral reflectance. A synthetic spectrum of crystalline ammonium sulfate was obtained by extrapolation of the absorption index obtained for the solution to the absorber number densities of the NH4 and SO4 ions characteristic of the crystal.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 67
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    Atmospheric density, temperature and wind measurement techniques during the 1980 Energy Budget Campaign (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-30
    Description: Super Loki rocketsonde systems are described. The datasonde telemeters data to a ground station where ambient temperatures are calculated between 20 and 70 km. The sphere is a passive, radar tracked system which allows density to be calculated between 30 and 90 km. When flown simultaneously the systems give redundant data in the altitudes between 30 and 70 km. The datasonde has a balloon parachute that descends more slowly than a conventional parachute and is more stable. Because of launch constraints the datasondes reached very high apogees, leading to very fast descent velocities. Aerodynamic heating reduced thermistor sensitivity. Anomalous parachute behavior influenced wind sensing until a denser layer was reached. The spheres collapsed above 60 km altitude, but their data, combined with dropsonde data give significant results for 21 flights. These show that the stratosphere is colder than Cospar 72 model predictions and the mesosphere is warmer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wuppertal Univ. Sounding Rocket Program Aeronomy Project: Energy Budget Campaign 1980. Expt. Summary; p 382-396
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    Radiative-photochemical response of the mesosphere to dynamical forcing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Combination of the chemical continuity equation for odd oxygen with the second law of thermodynamics yields analytic solutions which describe the coupled behavior of temperature and ozone perturbations in response to an externally specified forcing. The results appear in a form which allows easy physical interpretation of the coupling between radiative and photochemical processes. When the forcing is chosen to mimic a planetary scale wave, the theory shows that photochemical acceleration of radiative damping reduces the amplitude of the temperature perturbation by an amount which increases with the wave period. Although ozone fluctuations are anti-correlated with those in temperature, minima in ozone do not coincide exactly in longitude with temperature maxima. The percentage variation in ozone increases upward and is always larger than that in temperature at the same pressure. This demonstrates that variations in ozone on constant pressure surfaces may serve as a sensitive indicator of wave activity in the mesosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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    Particles above the tropopause - Measurements and models of stratospheric aerosols, meteoric debris, nacreous clouds, and noctilucent clouds (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An outline is presented of the present status of knowledge of stratospheric aerosols, meteoric debris, nacreous clouds, and noctilucent clouds. Considerable progress has been made in studies of these particles during the previous decade and it is appropriate to synthesize the information to provide a background for studies planned for the 1980s. Numerical models of the formation, growth, and evolution are considered and a description is given of the physical processes involved, taking into account aspects of nucleation, coagulation, condensational growth, sedimentation, and questions of dynamical transport. A schematic outline of the physical and chemical processes included in a model of stratospheric aerosols is provided.
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    The CAMEO barium release - E/parallel/ fields over the polar cap (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Four successive thermite barium releases at an altitude of 965 km over polar cap invariant latitudes 84 to 76 deg near magnetic midnight were conducted from the orbiting second stage of the vehicle that launched Nimbus 7; the releases were made as part of the CAMEO (Chemically Active Material Ejected in Orbit) program. This was the first opportunity to observe the behavior of conventional barium release when conducted at orbital velocity in the near-earth magnetic field. The principal unexpected characteristic in the release dynamics was the high, 1.4 to 2.6 km/s, initial Ba(+) expansion velocity relative to an expected velocity of 0.9 km/s. Attention is also given to neutral cloud expansion, initial ion cloud expansion, convective motion, and the characteristics of field-aligned motion. The possibility of measuring parallel electric fields over the polar cap by observing perturbations in the motion of the visible ions is assessed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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    Very low frequency waves stimulated by an electron accelerator in the auroral ionosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sounding rocket, Polar 5, carrying a 10 keV electron accelerator in a mother-daughter configuration and other diagnostic instruments, was launched into a slightly disturbed ionosphere with weak auroral activity on February 1, 1976 from Northern Norway to study VLF wave phenomena. The rocket trajectory crossed two auroral regions: one, between 86 and 111 s flight time, and a secondary region between 230 and 330 s. The daughter, carrying the accelerator, was separated axially from the mother in a forward direction at an altitude of 90 km. The VLF experiment, carried by the mother payload, recorded both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves. The receiving antenna was an electric dipole, 0.3 m tip-to-tip, oriented 90 degrees to the rocket spin axis. The onboard particle detector recorded increased electron fluxes in the two auroral regions. A double peaked structure was observed in the fluxes of 4-5 and 12-27 keV electrons within the northern auroral form. The number density of thermal plasma varied during the flight, with maximum density within the main auroral region. To the north of this aurora a slow, steady decrease in the density was observed, with no enhancement in the region of the second aurora.
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    An analytic formulation for heating source memory in the thermospheric composition (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical calculations from a spectral circulation model are utilized to construct an analytic Green's function formulation describing the meridional, time-dependent thermospheric composition and temperature response during magnetic storms. The purpose is to develop a formulation that embodies source memory while being sufficiently simple to serve as a heuristic guide for empirical modeling. By passing from the discrete Fourier series representation, utilized for the numerical circulation model, to a continuous Fourier integral representation, explicit waves are obtained for the thermospheric response times. The response times are altitude and species dependent and can exceed two days below 200 km. Thus, for certain storm scenarios, pronounced source memory signatures for the composition and temperature are predicted. Response times obtained from the formulation are shown to give a response consistent with previously published neutral composition data from AE-C for the February 1974 storm when an ap dependent heat source is employed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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    Semiempirical modeling of thermospheric magnetic storms (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An improved formulation for empirical modeling of magnetic storm effects in neutral thermospheric composition and temperature is utilized in a study of two disturbed periods. The formulation, which incorporates the prior history of the heat input rather than a single phase delay, is based on a Fourier integral representation of an existing theoretical model. This results in an improved representation of the detailed time variations and a better carry-over of model parameters from one storm to the other and provides a basis for theoretical interpretation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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    Inference of the ring current ion composition by means of charge exchange decay (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The analysis of data from the Explorer 45 (S3-A) electrostatic analyzer in the energy range 5-30 keV has provided some new results on the ring current ion composition. It has been well established that the storm time ring current has a decay time of several days, during which the particle fluxes decrease nearly monotonically. By analyzing the measured ion fluxes during the several day storm recovery period and assuming that beside hydrogen other ions were present and that the decays were exponential in nature, three separate lifetimes for the ions were established. These fitted decay lifetimes are in excellent agreement with the expected charge exchange decay lifetimes for H(+), O(+) and He(+) in the energy and L value range of the data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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    SAS 2 observations of the earth albedo gamma radiation above 35 MeV (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The earth albedo gamma radiation above 35 MeV in the equatorial region is investigated using observations from the second Small Astronomy Satellite. The zenith angle distribution of the gamma radiation has a peak toward the horizon which is about an order of magnitude more intense than the radiation coming from the nadir, and nearly two orders of magnitude more intense than the gamma radiation from most parts of the sky. The gamma radiation originating from the western horizon is a factor of four more intense than the radiation from the eastern horizon and a factor of three more intense than that from the northern and southern directions. This reflects the geomagnetic effects on the incident cosmic rays whose interactions produce the albedo gamma rays. The variation of the upcoming gamma ray intensity with vertical cutoff rigidity is consistent with the empirical relationship found by Gur'yan et al. (1979).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Mar. 1
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  • 64
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    Coherent- and incoherent-scatter radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ionized regions of the atmosphere were studied using high power backscatter radars at VHF and UHF frequencies were studied. The first year of data from the Urbana coherent-scatter radar were analyzed. It is suggested that the VHF scattered power profile from the mesosphere over Urbana depends on the existence of short vertical wave length tidal components to generate turbulence. Short period altitude and amplitude variations are believed to be due to gravity wave interacting with the tidal components.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 47-81
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    Partial reflection (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Differential-absorption electron concentration and drifts wind data were collected on a daily basis along with daily winds data. The daily winds data are compared with the daily electron concentration data on the meridional prevailing wind are compared with the electron concentration. Results are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 24-29
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    Laser radar (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A laser radar system to measure the altitude distribution of atmospheric sodium in the 80 to 100 km altitude region was constructed. The system consists of a high power pulsed dye laser, large aperture receiving telescope, and photon counting and signal processing equipment. The receiving system development, and the construction and development of the dye laser are discussed. Spatial and temporal filtering of the data to enhance the resolution of the sodium lidar profiles is described as well as computer model studies of the sodium density response to gravity wave perturbations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 82-94
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  • 67
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    Meteor radar (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experimental and theoretical studies of the dynamics of the meteor region (75-105 km) were conducted using a meteor radar system. The radar was operated for approximately 700 hours. The data were fully analyzed to yield the north/south and east/west horizontal wind components, and curve fitting routines are used to yield the daily mean winds, and the diurnal and semidiurnal tides.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 30-46
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    Rocket experiments (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Payloads designed to study the ionization and the ionizing sources (energetic particles) during periods of auroral activity are described. These include a probe experiment to measure the variation in electron concentration, to measure electron temperature, and to measure the vehicle potential; a propagation experiment to obtain the electron concentration and the electron collision frequency; and an energetic particle experiment to measure particle energy spectra.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in Aeronomy; p 6-23
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  • 69
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    X-band atmospheric noise temperature statistics at Goldstone, DSS 13, 1979 and 1980, and clear air noise temperature models for Goldstone (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Superhigh frequency (X band) noise temperature data are presented which illustrate the noise temperature increase above quiescent baseline for the years 1979 and 1980. Clear air models are also given which shows the seasonal noise temperature effects of changing surface water vapor densities for a particular atmospheric model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 161-167
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  • 70
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    A frequency and timing subsystem for the ORION mobile unit (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mobile surveying instrument in support of the crustal dynamics program measures the length and direction of the distance between sites on the Earth's surface using VLBI techniques operating at microwave frequencies and extragalactic radio sources. The frequency and timing subsystem uses as a frequency standard the hydrogen maser. An important part of the subsystem is a sophisticated automatic system to monitor frequency stability and accumulated clock error.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 3-10
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  • 71
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    Calculation of atmospheric loss from microwave radiometric noise temperature measurements (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Microwave propagation loss in the atmosphere can be inferred from microwave radiometric noise temperature measurements. The relevant equations are given and a derivation and calculation is made assuming various physical models. Comparison is made with the commonly used lumped element atmospheric model (isothermal and uniform loss) and the model with linear temperature and exponential loss distributions. The results are useful for estimating the integral inversion differences due to the model selection. This indicates that the commonly used lumped element atmospheric model is a very good approximation with judicious choice of the effective physical temperature. For the worst case comparison, the lumped element model agrees with the variable parameter model within 0.2 dB up to a propagation loss of 3 dB.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 73-80
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  • 72
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    Influence of gravity field uncertainties on the results from POGO and Magsat geomagnetic surveys (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Errors in the gravity models used in satellite position calculations are examined as a possible source of the 0 to 100% variance found between POGO and Magsat magnetic data and the extrapolations of aerial magnetic survey data to satellite heights. For POGO data obtained over the New York Bight region using a relatively poor gravity field (a hybrid spherical harmonic model of degree 7 and order 6 with three higher order resonance terms), the magnitude of the error in the satellite height component is found to be sufficient to account for the amplitude of the discrepancy, however the frequency of the quasi-periodic orbital error is too large to explain the localized nature of the differences. For the case of the Magsat satellite, in which a more accurate gravity model was used, it is found that a 30 mgal gravitational anomaly distributed over a 5 x 5 deg area will produce insufficiently large position errors to account for the variations. The agreement between the two sets of satellite data in the New York Bight region suggests either a consistent error in satellite measurements, or problems with the reduction and processing of the aeromagnetic data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Dec. 198
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    Stratospheric measurements of continuous absorption near 2400 per cm (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of continuous absorption near 2400 per cm by N2 and CO2 over long path lengths in the lower stratosphere are presented. The continua were measured in a stratospheric solar spectrum obtained during sunset with a balloon-borne Michelson interferometer in the 2380-2500 per cm region, and transmittances were calculated by ratioing the amplitudes to those of a high-sun spectrum in order to eliminate the wavelength dependence of the measured flux. Comparison of the measured transmittances with those calculated for a multilayered atmospheric model using laboratory absorption measurements results in a fair agreement, and reveals the primary component of the absorption throughout most of the range to be N2, with the CO2 contribution equal to that of N2 only at the CO2 band head. In this region, the shape of the continuum is very sensitive to the sub-Lorentzian line shape assumed in the calculations, and so, if the shape of the N2 continuum at low temperatures can be determined through laboratory measurements, may be used to infer air-broadened far-wing CO2 line shape.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Dec. 15
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  • 74
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    Evidence for 18.6 year Mn signal in temperature and drought conditions in North America since AD 1800 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is found that, since 1800, the mean discrepancy in epoch between maxima in temperature and maxima in the Drought Area Index (DAI) for the western United States with respect to maxima in the lunar modal tide is 0.9 and 0.1 year, respectively. It is suggested, in light of the fact that a cluster of nine stations in western Canada yields the 18.6-year lunar nodal term out of phase with 30 stations in eastern North America, that (1) enhanced drought conditions in the western United States are neither recurrent nor rhythmic on a time scale of 20 years, but rather periodic with a period of 18.6 years, and (2) the Rocky Mountain system is an influence for atmospheric tidal phenomena at epochs of maximum in the lunar nodal tide as well as for maxima in the temperature records of the DAI.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Nov. 20
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    Atmospheric carbon dioxide and chlorofluoromethanes - Combined effects on stratospheric ozone, temperature, and surface temperature (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of combined CO2 and CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 time-dependent scenarios on atmospheric O3 and temperature are described; the steady-state levels of O3 and surface temperature, to which the chlorofluoromethane scenario tends in the presence of twice and four time ambient CO2, are examined; and surface temperature changes, caused by the combined effects, are established. A description of the model and of the experiments is presented. Results indicate that (1) the total ozone time history is significantly different from that due to the chlorofluoromethane alone; (2) a local ozone minimum occurs in the upper stratosphere about 45 years from the present with a subsequent ozone increase, then decline; and (3) steady-state solutions indicate that tropospheric temperature and water vapor increases, associated with increased infrared opacity, cause significant changes in tropospheric ozone levels for 2 x CO2 and 4 x CO2, without the addition of chlorofluoromethanes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; June 198
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  • 76
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    Deconvolution of wide field-of-view radiometer measurements of earth-emitted radiation. I - Theory (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The theory of deconvolution of wide field-of-view (WFOV) radiometer measurements of earth-emitted radiation provides a technique by which the resolution of such measurements can be enhanced to provide radiant exitance at the top of the atmosphere with a finer resolution than the field of view. An analytical solution for the earth-emitted radiant exitance in terms of WFOV radiometer measurements is derived for the nonaxisymmetric (or regional) case, in which the measurements and radiant exitance are considered to be functions of both latitude and longitude. This solution makes it possible to deconvolve a set of WFOV radiometer measurements of earth-emitted radiation and obtain information with a finer resolution than the instantaneous field of view of the instrument. It is shown that there are tradeoffs involved in the selection between WFOV and scanning radiometers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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    Artificial particle and wave stimulation in the Trigger experiment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Trigger experiment, designed to test the response of the auroral ionosphere to an impulsive release of a hot, dense plasma, and consisting of a sounding rocket payload (launched on February 11, 1977) divided into two parts, an instrumented diagnostic section and a cesium-doped high-explosive canister, is described. When the two sections were separated by about 1 km, the cesium high-explosive was ignited and the plasma around the payload was observed to increase briefly by a factor of 4 in density and a factor of 2 in temperature, upon which various particle and field phenomena occurred in rapid succession. A large increase in the field-aligned charged particle flux was observed over the approximate energy range of 10 eV to more than 300 keV, starting about 150 ms after the release and lasting about 1 second. A second particle burst started one second after the release and lasted for tens of seconds. A transient electric field pulse of 200 mV/m appeared just before the particle flux increase began.
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  • 78
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    Deconvolution of wide field-of-view radiometer measurements of earth-emitted radiation. II - Analysis of first year of Nimbus 6 ERB data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The theory of deconvolution considered by Smith and Green (1981) is applied to Nimbus 6 data in order to interpret the data with the maximum obtainable resolution. Attention is given to the data sample, sun-contaminated measurements, the measurement model, the deconvolution, the degree variance, the spherical harmonic coefficients, the geographical distribution of longwave radiation, time histories of zonal coefficients, and the effect of a grid system. Degree variance plots for 12 months of longwave radiation data show that the limit for a spherical harmonic representation of the Nimbus 6 wide field-of-view longwave data is 12th degree. The degree variance plots also reveal that most of the power is in the lower degree terms. Contour maps of the radiation field show the geographical distribution of earth emitted radiant exitance for each month.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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  • 79
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    Water vapor in the stratosphere - Preliminary results of the LIMS experiment aboard Nimbus 7 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 80
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    Simultaneous measurements of NO/x/, NO, and O3 production in a laboratory discharge - Atmospheric implications (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of NO(x) (NO + NO2), NO, and O3 production in a laboratory discharge show that within the uncertainties of the experiment, all of the NO(x) produced was NO, and no detectable enhancement of O3 after the discharge was observed. The laboratory experiments described gave an NO production rate of 5 + or - 2 x 10 to the 16th molecules/joule mole for a 100,000-1,000,000 joules/m spark. Assuming that the global dissipation of lightning energy is about 10 to the -8th joules/sq cm per sec (Dawson, 1980; and Hill et al., 1980), the NO production rate results in a global source of NO due to lightning of about 1.8 Mt(N)/yr, which is considerably lower than earlier estimates. This lower value for NO(x) production by lightning suggests that NO(x) emissions from anthropogenic sources, estimated to be at least 20 MT(N)/yr, may be the dominant source of NO(x) to the global troposphere. Furthermore, since most of the anthropogenic sources of NO(x) are located in the Northern Hemisphere, this new interpretation of the relative source strengths of this species favors a highly skewed asymmetric distribution of NO(x).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Apr. 198
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  • 81
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    Dependence of tropospheric temperature on the parameterization of cumulus convection in the GLAS model of the general circulation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analysis of the simulation of seasonal change by the GLAS model of the general circulation reveals deficiencies in the simulation of tropospheric temperature and of convective cloud cover. These interrelated deficiencies are due to a spurious doubling from January to July in the convective cloud cover of the Northern Hemisphere. The spurious doubling, in turn, is due to the oversensitivity of cumulus convection, in the GLAS model, to the specific humidity of the lower atmosphere. The oversensitivity is enhanced by a feedback mechanism which perpetuates the existence of deep, penetrative convective clouds at certain preferred locations. The cumulus parameterization scheme has been modified to more realistically relate the onset of cumulus convection to the relative humidity of the lower atmosphere. The modified parameterization has improved the simulation of tropospheric temperature, planetary albedo and convective cloud cover as well as their seasonal variations. Comparison of this experiment with its control has shown a high degree of interrelation among these fields in the GLAS model and has demonstrated the sensitivity of the atmospheric heat budget to the design of the cumulus parameterization scheme. Also, the modification to the cumulus scheme has demonstrated a plausible mechanism to explain the correlation between convective cloud cover and relative humidity in the real atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Jan. 198
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    Rapid inversion of limb radiance data using an emissivity growth approximation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The time-consuming nature of limb relaxation-type inversion algorithms is due primarily to the numerous integrations over an absorption band to obtain forward radiance values with which to compare measured values. A new method has been devised for the quick and accurate (0.5% error) calculation of single gas broadband (approximately 100 per cm) limb radiance. The method uses a precalculated data base consisting of homogeneous path emissivity vs mass path data for a wide range of temperature and pressure. A 50-km altitude range, 1-km resolution, constituent inversion employing this method requires under 1 sec of computational time when run on modern computer hardware. The method does not rely upon a priori statistical knowledge.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Mar. 1
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  • 83
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    Stratospheric ozone response to a solar proton event - Hemispheric asymmetries (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Large-scale stratospheric ozone reduction due to precipitating energetic solar protons is examined, based on the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite during the 1972 solar flare. Some chemical equations for the processes are outlined. Distinct asymmetries in the columnar ozone content, the amount of ozone depression, and their temporal variation above 4 mb level (about 38 km) were observed between the two hemispheres. These asymmetries are ascribed to the differences mainly in dynamics and partly in the solar illumination and the vertical temperature structure between the summer and the winter polar atmospheres.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 119; 1, 19; 1980-81
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  • 84
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    Improved airborne measurements of OH in the atmosphere using the technique of laser-induced fluorescence (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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  • 85
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    The accommodation of relative motion at depth on the San Andreas fault system in California (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Plate motion below the seismogenic layer along the San Andreas fault system in California is assumed to form by aseismic slip along a deeper extension of the fault or may result from lateral distribution of deformation below the seismogenic layer. The shallow depth of California earthquakes, the depth of the coseismic slip during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and the presence of widely separated parallel faults indicate that relative motion is distributed below the seismogenic zone, occurring by inelastic flow rather than by aseismic slip on discrete fault planes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 10
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  • 86
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    Radiative properties of the background stratospheric aerosols and implications for perturbed conditions (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of Mie scattering calculations has been performed to define the wavelength-dependent, single scattering properties of aerosols present in the stratosphere during July 1979. Additional radiative transfer computations were conducted to assess the impact of aerosols on the earth's radiation budget. For these purposes, an extensive set of measurements of aerosol characteristics that were obtained in Alaska from aircraft and satellite platforms was used. At that time, the optical depth was too small for aerosols to significantly impact earth's climate. But the optical depth of the stratospheric aerosol layer has been large enough during some volcanically perturbed periods for the aerosols to have caused a noticeable warming of the stratosphere and cooling of the troposphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 87
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    Implications of stratospheric aerosol measurements for models of aerosol formation and evolution (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calculations of the distribution of stratospheric sulfur gases and of stratospheric aerosols are compared with measurements obtained in Alaska during July 1979. Generally, the measurements are reasonably consistent with the model results. COS is the major sulfur-bearing gas in the stratosphere while CS2 plays a lesser role in the formation of sulfate aerosols. Ammonia, which earlier measurements suggested was a major aerosol constituent, is found to be a contaminant, so models without ammonia chemistry may be justified. The model and the measurements suggest that stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols nucleate just above the tropopause, but they are older and have grown to larger sizes at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 88
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    A study of stratospheric aerosol maturity (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A sampling and analysis technique that uses the binomial distribution to characterize stratospheric aerosol populations at the 95% level of confidence is described. Particle samples obtained over Alaska during July 15-19, 1979, are used; the results show the presence of more small particles at lower altitude than at high altitudes. Calculations of the surface area and volume distributions for all aerosol samples collected are given. Evidence from these data suggests either that Aitken nuclei are injected or diffused across the tropopause and rise into the stratosphere, where they mature into larger particles, or nuclei form in the lower stratosphere and become mature aerosols at high altitude. Samples obtained at another site give the same results, supporting the view that the process of injection or nucleation and maturing of aerosols with altitude may be global and need not occur only in locations exhibiting unique meteorologic features.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 89
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    Comparison of stratospheric aerosol measurements over Poker Flat, Alaska, July, 1979 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Stratospheric aerosols were collected at Poker Flat, Alaska, in July, 1979, to determine particle properties, confirm coincident satellite SAGE measurements, and compare similar results obtained with different airborne samplers. Because of the steep slopes in size-distribution curves for larger particles, it is found that properties such as concentrations, aerosol mass, and optical extinction are very sensitive to small errors in radii. It is calculated that the concentration measurements agree with photoelectric particle counter results when a 16% radius change is introduced. An 8% radius change matches our calculated sulfate mass with filter mass measurements. And a 13% radius change results in agreement between the calculated optical extinction and coincident SAGE satellite results. Recognizing that different instruments can produce 10-20% differences in measured sizes, it is believed the results of these comparative measurements of SAGE and in situ instruments are essentially in agreement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 90
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    SAM II aerosol profile measurements, Poker Flat, Alaska; July 16-19, 1979 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: SAM II satellite measurements during the July 1979 Poker Flat mission, yielded an aerosol extinction coefficient of 0.0004/km at 1.0 micron wavelength, in the region of the stratospheric aerosol mixing ratio peak (12-16 km). The stratospheric aerosol optical depth for these data, calculated from the tropopause through 30 km, is approximately 0.001. These results are consistent with the average 1979 summertime values found throughout the Arctic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; Jan. 198
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  • 91
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    Size distributions and mineralogy of ash particles in the stratosphere from eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Samples from the stratosphere obtained by U-2 aircraft after the first three major eruptions of Mount St. Helens contained large globules of liquid acid and ash. Because of their large size, these globules had disappeared from the lower stratosphere by late June 1980, leaving behind only smaller acid droplets. Particle size distributions and mineralogy of the stratospheric ash grains demonstrate inhomogeneity in the eruption clouds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 92
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    Characterization of aerosols from eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of mass concentration and size distribution of aerosols from eruptions of Mount St. Helens as well as morphological and elemental analyses were obtained between 7 April and 7 August 1980. In situ measurements were made in early phreatic and later, minor phreatomagmatic eruption clouds near the vent of the volcano and in plumes injected into the stratosphere from the major eruptions of 18 and 25 May. The phreatic aerosol was characterized by an essentially monomodal size distribution dominated by silicate particles larger than 10 micrometers in diameter. The phreatomagmatic eruption cloud was multimodal; the large size mode consisted of silicate particles and the small size modes were made up of mixtures of sulfuric acid and silicate particles. The stratospheric aerosol from the main eruption exhibited a characteristic narrow single mode with particles less than 1 micrometer in diameter and nearly all of the mass made up of sulfuric acid droplets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 93
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    Measurements of the volcanic plumes of Mount St. Helens in the stratosphere and troposphere - Introduction (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 94
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    Gaseous constituents in the plume from eruptions of Mount St. Helens (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements in the stratosphere of gaseous constituents in the plume of Mount St. Helens were obtained during five flights of the NASA U-2 aircraft between 19 May and 17 June 1980. Mixing ratios from gas chromatographic measurements on samples acquired about 24 hours after the initial eruption show considerable enhancement over nonvolcanic concentrations for sulfur dioxide (more than 1000 times), methyl chloride (about 10 times), and carbon disulfide (more than 3 times). The mixing ratio of carbonyl sulfide was comparable to nonvolcanic mixing ratios although 3 days later it was enhanced two to three times. Ion chromatography measurements on water-soluble constituents are also reported. Very large concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions were measured, implying large mixing ratios for the water-soluble gaseous constituents from which the anions are derived. Measurements of radon-222 present in the plume are also reported.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 95
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    Trajectories of the Mount St. Helens eruption plume (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The plume of the major eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 penetrated 10 to 11 km into the stratosphere, attaining heights of 22 to 23 km. Wind shears rapidly converted the plume from an expanding vertical cone to a thin, slightly inclined lamina. The lamina was extruded zonally in the stratosphere as the lower part moved eastward at jet stream velocities, while the upper part slowly moved westward in the region of nonsteady transition from the westerlies to the summer stratospheric easterlies. Trajectories computed to position the NASA U-2 aircraft for sampling in the plume are described. Plume volume after 8 hours of strong volcanic emission is estimated at 2,000,000 cu km. Only about 1% of this volume is attributed to the volcano; the rest was entrained from the environment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 211; Feb. 20
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  • 96
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    Laser remote sensing of atmospheric temperature by observing resonant absorption of oxygen (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A dual-frequency system is used to demonstrate the measurement of atmospheric temperature, through laser energy absorption monitoring at the center of an O2 resonant absorption line near 770 nm. It is shown that the average temperature of a 1 km path can be determined within 1.0 C, with a noise level of 0.3 C. An iterative algebraic expression for this method was developed, and is shown to be applicable in the troposphere; the effects of pressure and humidity on temperature determination were made clear by the algorithm and found to be small near the earth's surface.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; June 1
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  • 97
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    Jikiken /EXOS-B/ observation of Siple transmissions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Preliminary results of observations by the Japanese magnetospheric satellite Jikiken (EXOS-B) of Siple transmissions and VLF emissions triggered by the Siple signals are reviewed. The experiments discussed were carried out in July, August, and September of 1979 and in December 1979 and January 1980. Only four events concentrated within the period from August 14 to 18 were found in which triggered emissions were associated with Siple transmissions. The electron distributions observed on the equatorial crossing passes, when Siple triggered emissions were detected, suggest that the cyclotron resonance condition is satisfied for Siple signals and electrons of energy around 1 keV or less, provided the interaction region is inside the plasmapause. It is noted that if these emissions were generated outside the plasmapause, electron energies much higher than 10 keV would be necessary for the cyclotron interaction, which were above the range of the measurements. For the high latitude passes of August 14 and 17, the electron fluxes were found to be very small.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 98
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    A magnetospheric signature of some F layer positive storms (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calculations of electron density distributions in the global thermosphere-ionosphere system perturbed by high-latitude thermospheric heating are presented which indicate a link between the heating and magnetospheric plasma disturbances near the equator. The calculations were made using a self-consistent model of the global sunlit thermosphere-ionosphere system describing the evolution of equatorial plasma disturbances. The heat input is found to cause electron density enhancements that propagate along magnetic field lines from the F2 maximum over mid-latitudes to the equator in the magnetosphere and which correspond to the positive phase of an F layer storm. The positive phase is shown to be generated by the induction of equatorward winds that raise the mid-latitude F layer through momentum transfer from neutral atoms to ionospheric ions, which ions pull electrons with them. Model results are used to identify plasma signatures of equatorward winds and an intensified magnetospheric electric field in Explorer 45 and Arial 4 measurements taken during the positive phase of an F layer storm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; May 1
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  • 99
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    Photochemical processes induced by a major warming of the upper atmosphere - Variations in mesospheric trace constituents (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The temperature rise and enhanced winds during an upper atmospheric warming cause substantial changes in the high level ozone profile of the sunlit winter hemisphere. Calculations based on a photochemical model, using temperatures measured at Fort Churchill during a major warming, predict a factor of 2 variation in the ozone number density near 60 km over a time period of approximately 3 weeks. This temporal variability at a fixed location results from the planetary wave structure of the temperature field and reflects a similar longitudinal behavior at a given time. The ozone number density at fixed altitude is a maximum when the temperature is greatest at and below this level. This is due primarily to thermal expansion of the atmosphere which results in a large increase in pressure at constant altitude. However, chemical activity during a warming decreases the mesospheric ozone mixing ratio at fixed pressure. The ozone mixing ratio at constant pressure during the peak of the event studied is near 75% of its unperturbed value. The predicted variability of ozone in longitude and time demonstrates the need for hemispheric scale information on trace gas abundances, temperature, and winds in order to delineate adequately the response of upper atmospheric composition to a major perturbation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Apr. 20
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  • 100
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    Computer simulation of a geomagnetic substorm (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A global two-dimensional simulation of a substormlike process occurring in earth's magnetosphere is presented. The results are consistent with an empirical substorm model - the neutral-line model. Specifically, the introduction of a southward interplanetary magnetic field forms an open magnetosphere. Subsequently, a substorm neutral line forms at about 15 earth radii or closer in the magnetotail, and plasma sheet thinning and plasma acceleration occur. Eventually the substorm neutral line moves tailward toward its presubstorm position.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 46; Apr. 13
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