ALBERT

Description: There comes a time in the history of nearly every genus when it becomes almost immoral to add new species without first having surveyed the genus as a whole. Dendrophthora has reached this state. From the time of its first recognition as a separate entity to the present, new species have been described, often on very tenuous grounds, and usually without an indication of infrageneric relationships, until today we are faced with a staggering mass of specific epithets in complete chaos. The genus has not been comprehensively studied for more than half a century, and no balanced attempt has as yet been made to establish natural divisions within. Having become interested in the morphology of this and the related genus Phoradendron (KUIJT, 1959), I was naturally led on to some taxonomic considerations. My stay in Europe in 1958-1959 enabled me to visit the major European herbaria, and the notes and sketches accumulated there soon pointed the way to the present work.

Description: In the years 1954-1957 The Foundation for Biocenological Research (Stichting tot Onderzoek van Levensgemeenschappen, S.O.L.) carried out an extensive study on the vegetation of about 125 former river beds in the Netherlands. They were situated along the great rivers and their branches, viz. Meuse, Oude Maas (“Old Meuse”), Heusdense Maas (“Heusden Meuse”), Rhine, Lek, Merwede, Waal and IJsel. The work was made possible by a grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Pure Research (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Z.W.O.). Dr. M. F. Mözer Bruijns proposed and supervised the investigation, and Dr. V. Westhoff took part in the interpretation of the results. The field work was carried out by A. J. Quené-Boterenbrood (1954-55), W. A. E. van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink (1955-56), J. van Donselaar (1955— 57), Ir. L. G. Kop (1956-57), P. J. Schroevers (1954-55) and E. E. van der Voo (1954-57). Our study had several aims. The collected material had to contribute to our knowledge of a number of plant species and communities, especially of those playing a part in the hydrosere found in various kinds of water. With respect to the communities it should comprise their floristic composition as well as a definition of their habitat. Moreover, the former river beds should be classified according to their plant communities as well as to their abiotical properties. This classification should be useful as a basis for the choice of future naturereserves (see Gorter and Westhoff, 1952; Van Donselaar, 1956; Westhoff and Leentvaar, 1957).

Description: Op 8 okt 1960 vond de heer J.C. Tanis, custos van het Biologisch Station “Schellingerland” op Terschelling, in de nabijheid van dit Station een bloeiend exemplaar van Erica cinerea L. Na opzending van een bloeiende tak via ondergetekenden naar het Rijksherbarium werd deze determinatie bevestigd. Deze opmerkelijke waarneming geeft aanleiding tot commentaar, temeer, daar men op het eerste gezicht geneigd is, hier enig verhand te zien met de ontdekking van twee andere, mediterraan-atlantische, Erica-soorten in dezelfde omgeving, te weten E. scoparia L. door Th.J. Reichgelt in 1952 (zie van Ooststroora en Reichgelt 1956) en E. ciliaris L. door P. Runge in 1955 (zie Runge 1956, van Ooststroom en Reichgelt 1956).

Description: The following is an author’s summary of the (as yet unpublished) thesis by Dr. J.A.R. Anderson of Kuching, Sarawak (see III. Personal news). Both the author and botanical science are to be congratulated with the completion of this important work, which we hope before long to see in print. The thesis embodies the results of botanical and ecological work on the coastal and deltaic peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei undertaken intermittently over a period of ten years. Profiles of peat swamps have been prepared from the results of the level surveys and peat borings. A characteristic raised bog structure has been found in all swamps. A bog plain is usually present, and is most extensive on more inland swamps. The peat soils are markedly acidic and oligotrophia. Preliminary results from measurements of the stilted water table indicate that variations are more pronounced in the centre of swamps than near the margins. A comprehensive collection of botanical specimens of all flowering plants, ferns and fern allies has been made; 242 tree species have been recorded, and it is considered that knowledge on the representation of the arboreal flora is virtually complete.

Description: The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands. Scientific Result of the Danish Rennell Expedition, 1951, and the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition, 1959. Vol. 5 (Botany and Geology), ed. by Torben Wolff. Danish Science Press, Copenhagen, 1960, 7-152 pp., many figs and photogr. This volume was issued in 5 instalments. The first (1957) contains a paper by N. Foged: Diatoms from Rennell Island. The second (1958) contains papers by E.B. Bartram: Musci, by T. Wolff: Vascular Plants from Rennell and Bellona Islands (a list of 31 spp. identified by F.R. Fosberg, and a few names of seeds), and by J.C. Grover: The Geology of Rennell and Bellona. The third instalment (1960) contains papers by T. Levring: A List of Marine Algae from Rennell Island, and by Lise Hansen: Some Macromycetes from Rennell and Alcester Islands. For the botanist may also be of interest T. Wolff’s general introduction in vol. 1 of the series (1955) 9-31. Proceedings of the Symposium on Humid Tropics Tjiawi (Indonesia) December 1958. Publication of Unesco Science Cooperation Office for Southeast Asia. Printed at New Delhi, no date; received March 1961; xv + 312 pp., map of Brunei, vegetation maps, photogr. Biographical notes of authors; discussions. Sponsored by the Council for Sciences in Indonesia and Unesco; Chairman Prof. Kusnoto Setyodiwiryo.

Description: Alston, A.H.G. J.A. Crabbe, A.H.G. Alston (1902-1958). A bibliography of his writings, with a short introduction and a list of new taxa and nomenclatural changes published by him. J. Soc. Biol. Nat. Hist. 3 (1960) 383-404.

Description: Description de Psilocybe callosa (Fr. per Fr.) Quél., espèce oubliée et mal connue, et de deux espèces nouvelles.

Description: Mycoleptodonoides Nikol. is compared with other genera, Hydnum aitchisonii Berk, is redescribed, and for it the new combination Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (Berk.) Maas G. is proposed.

Description: In Madroño (1936) Herre has lamented the disappearance of lichen species through the disastrous interference of man. Unavoidably, the advance of civilised modern life is linked with destruction of the vegetation. This applies all the more as the endangered area is more densely populated and it certainly applies most alarmingly to the lichen flora of the Netherlands. Here, every way-side tree felled is an irreparable loss to the epiphytic lichen communities, every acre of heath burnt or turned into arable land is a blow to our stock of terrestrial lichen species, whereas the use of dry fertilisers and the spraying of orchards are very effective in killing any lichen in the neighbourhood that otherwise might have survived. A comparison of the material preserved in the older collections with what can be found nowadays, clearly shows what has gone lost. It is sad to think that an ever increasing number of species are on their way to total extermination. However, from a thorough investigation of the epiphytic communities of cryptogams latterly started by Mr J. J. Barkman, it becomes apparent that at least to some extent the losses may be compensated by the discovery of species hitherto overlooked or not recognised. It is on such and other finds that I intend to report from time to time.

Description: Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, also known under the synonym S. australis (R. Br.) Lindl., is a terrestrial orchid widely spread in Asia, which is rather well known in Western Europe, because it has repeatedly been found growing spontaneously in pots in orchidhouses. In Blumea 6(2): 361 (1950) the plant described as Ophrys lancea Thunb. ex Sw. was considered to be identical with the first and it was thought that the recombination Spiranthes lancea (Thunb. ex Sw.) B. B. S. was necessary. The reasons given for this transfer were: (1) the short diagnosis of Ophrys lancea given by Winberg in Florula Javanica, p. 8 (1825); (2) the original diagnosis of O. lancea in Swartz’s well-known dissertation on the classification of orchids in Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 21: 223 (1800); (3) the presence of the apparent holotype in the Thunberg herbarium (Uppsala).

Description: Mr F. H. Hildebrand, who is going gradually through the tree species from New Guinea, pointed my attention to this species, the type of which is in the Rijksherbarium at Leyden (in fruiting state). It was collected by Zippelius who rightly recognized its alliance; he added a MS description and gave it the MS name Epicharis lasiocarpa. Miquel subsequently described it in the genus Dysoxylum, but the curved fern-like leaftip and other characters leave no doubt about its belonging to Chisocheton. There are at Leyden two further collections of it from New Guinea, both made by Teysmann, HB 6058 and 6060.

Description: Of this series of preparations to the definite publication of the Burseraceae in “Flora Malesiana”, the present part is giving an additional note on VI. Garuga and dealing with the genera VII. Triomma, VIII. Dacryodes and IX. Santiria (and a new combination in Protium). The present paper gives only additions to and alterations of Lam’s monograph (H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., Sér. 3, 12, 1932, 281— 561); descriptions, synonyms, litterature, specimens cited, ecological and other notes are only mentioned insofar as they are not given by Lam.

Description: G. abbreviata J.J.S. in Fedde, Rep. 35, 1934, 292; Sleum., Reinwardtia 4, 1957, 172. SUMATRA. Tapanuli, Tele, S. of Sidikalang, Alston 14878. Westcoast, G. Singgalang, 1900 m, Meijer 5919.

Description: The publication of the supplement 1 of the well known and essential reference work of “A Bibliography of Eastern Asiatic Botany” is very welcome. It is a continuation of the original work, which closed with 1936, and extends through 1958. It covers the botanical literature on eastern Asia, as indicated by the title, which comprises China, Japan, Korea, Ryukyu, Mongolia and Soviet eastern Asia, as well as the major published papers appertaining to adjacent areas. It has been prepared on essentially the same pattern as the original volume while the subject index has been treated perhaps in a more thorough manner. The volume contains over 11,000 extensively and carefully annotated entries occupying 414 pages. The work is in English but the titles, papers and author names in oriental characters are fully cited, which is an improvement as compared with the original volume. It includes now the original Chinese, Japanese and Korean titles and author names as published in oriental characters as well as translations or transliterations of them. In addition, the supplement fortunately covers the extensive Russian literature, nearly 1600 entries, on Soviet eastern Asia. All Russian titles are transliterated into Roman letters and are also translated. All these improvements make this bibliography more complete than the original volume and extend its usefulness.

Description: Within the genus Vaccinium L. this revision of its Malaysian species — which comprises more than half of the total number of species of the genus — is the last in a series of modern treatments made for North America by W. H. Camp, for the Pacific area by C. Skottsberg, and for tropical America and tropical Asia by the present author. The work formerly done in Malaysian Vaccinium has been limited to islands, as that by J. J. Smith and Schlechter for a part of New Guinea, by Copeland f. for the Philippines, and by Amshoff for Java, with the shortcomings necessarily connected with such too local work. The sections proposed for the Malaysian species in my general system in 1941 have been found still useful and are kept here except a nomenclatural change in one section and the expansion in species due to the large amount of indetermined material collected in Celebes and especially in New Guinea.

Description: A study has been made of the Indo-Malaysian species of Cnestis. The mutual length ratio of sepals and petals, — brevi- and aequipetaly —, is the main differentiating character for the species; there are no transitions. The areas of distribution overlap in the Malay Peninsula (fig. 1); brevipetalous types are known from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes, aequipetalous types from Burma, Siam, Indo-China and the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Fruits are of two different shapes: beaked in aequipetalae of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, and Indo-China, pear-shaped in remaining aequipetalae and in brevipetalae. Leaves tend to be longer and jugae more numerous in brevipetalae than in aequipetalae. Other characters do not have so clear a separating value, such as texture and indumentum of leaflets, indumentum of inflorescence, texture and indumentum of petals, length of stamens, type and length of pistils, length ratio of stamens and pistils. However, even on the strength of these characters there is some reason to distinguish both groups mentioned above. As to the indumentum of petals there is a remarkable cline in a decreasing sense from the Philippines to continental Asia, the Andamans and the Malay Peninsula and back to the east through the brevipetalae of Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes. Brevi- and aequipetalae have been considered to represent two species, viz Cnestis platantha Griff. and Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merrill. The latter one has been divided into two subspecies, viz subsp. palala with beaked fruits and subsp. diffusa (Blanco) Andreas with pear-shaped fruits. For their area of distribution see fig. 1. In many respects some plants of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, Indo-China (and the Malay Peninsula) are different from the remaining aequipetalae, but not in a uniform way as to the various characters. Although there are some arguments for a further taxonomic subdivision, we did not think it advisable to introduce such a division at present. Our classification differs from the division as given by Schellenberg (1938). This was caused by the material on one hand, being more heterogeneous than Schellenberg described it, and, on the other hand, by the fact that some of the diagnostic characters used by him, in our opinion were not fit for use as such. Therefore a revision of Schellenberg’s system of the genus Cnestis seems desirable.

Description: While engaged on working out the beautiful pycnogonid material dredged by Dr Th. Mortensen in shallow waters near the Virgin Islands, I thought it useful to compare this dredged material with material collected between the tide marks, or just below the low tide line. So I was very glad to meet Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, who has made extensive collections of littoral marine animals during his various trips to the West Indies, and who kindly entrusted me with about 50 lots of pycnogonids which had already been sorted from his material. A definitive paper will be published as soon as his entire marine material has been searched for the presence of sea spiders.

Description: 1. Im Vorderen Filzmoos am Warscheneck, an einer Stelle ca. 100 m nördlich vom Linzerhaus auf einer Höhe von ca. 1400 m wurde eine Probenserie gesammelt. Die Mächtigkeit der durchbohrten Ablagerungen war 590 cm und die folgenden Schichten wurden gefunden: 0—225 cm Sphagnumtorf 225—285 cm Hypnazeentorf 285—460 cm Kalkgyttja 460—590 cm grauer Ton. Die Filzmoose am Warscheneck wurden von Garns (1947, p. 252) als Karstfilze klassifiziert. Letztere sind eine besondere Art von erodierten Latschenhochmooren, welche auf grösseren Höhen in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen und im Ketten-Jura vorkommen.

Description: The alcyonarian fauna of the West Indies is prolific and conspicuous and has been known for many years, with the natural result that a great many more species have been described than actually exist. The deep-water fauna, which received little attention prior to the work of VERRILL, was thoroughly reviewed by DEICHMANN in 1936. The shallow-water and reef fauna was the subject of a series of extensive papers by KUKENTHAL and his collaborators, KUNZE, MOSER, RIESS, BIELSCHOWSKY, and TOEPLITZ, but this ambitious study appears to have been based upon inadequate collections and its usefulness is seriously limited by the number of synonyms and misidentifications that it contains. No comprehensive survey of the fauna exists, and there is no satisfactory guide for the identification of specimens. This paper, which was prepared at the request of Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Secretary of the Stichting ‘Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen’ (Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles), forms such a guide and at the same time reviews the fauna to the extent permitted by the collections in hand and the literature. With Dr. HUMMELINCK’S collection of West Indian octocorals serving as a nucleus, the pertinent material in the collections of the U.S. National Museum was critically revised and correlated with the literature in order to gain an accurate picture of the known fauna. As a result of this study, it was possible to recognize 75 species of alcyonarians belonging to the orders Telestacea, Alcyonacea, Gorgonacea, and Pennatulacea inhabiting the reefs and shallow waters of the warm western Atlantic. An additional 21 species from deeper water are also included for comparative purposes or because they inhabit the transitional zone just below the region of active reef growth. Seventeen species and a few growth forms are described as new to science. Each species is diagnosed and illustrated with drawings of the details of spiculation and, in the case of new or especially common species, photographs of the colonial form. Taxonomic keys with couplets illustrated for clarity are provided to facilitate the identification of specimens. The species described in this paper are arranged as indicated in the Table of Contents (p. 3—7). A total of 96 species are described from the region including the Bermudas, the southeastern coast of the United States, the Bahamas and Antilles, and the east coast of South America south to the reefs of Brazil. Of these, 52 species occur in the reef habitat proper or closely associated with it, and another 23 species occur in depths of 25 fathoms or less. The orders Telestacea, Alcyonacea, and Pennatulacea are togehter represented by only 13 species within the bathymetric limits set forth, the remaining 83 belonging to the order Gorgonacea. The littoral and reef-dwelling representatives of the last-named order belong for the most part to the two families Plexauridae and Gorgoniidae, which include 35 and 34 species respectively. When the shallow-water alcyonarian fauna is added to the deep-water fauna as reported by DEICHMANN, a total of 196 species is revealed for the area. This is a fauna of only modest proportions when compared with that of the East Indies, where some 445 species (exclusive of Pennatulacea) were obtained by the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, but nevertheless, the gorgonians are the dominant sessile animals on many of the reefs of Florida, the Bahamas, and the Antilles. This dense population consists chiefly of about a dozen species, all the others being rare or of local occurrence, so it appears that the reef fauna is rich in individuals but poor in species. The distribution of alcyonarians is influenced by a variety of factors, among them salinity, temperature, illumination, depth of water, and character of the bottom. It is not possible to single out any one factor as the most important, since they all interact closely, but there is no doubt that temperature is one of the most influential. Although temperature requirements and tolerations have not been determined experimentally for alcyonarians, they can reasonably be assumed to parallel more or less closely those of the principal reef-formers. It has been observed that formation of reefs does not take place in waters that drop below 68°F. for any appreciable period during the winter. Since active growth of reefs occurs at Bermuda, the northernmost limit of the West Indian fauna, its annual minimum temperature of 66°F, may be taken as the limit for reef formation in the West Indian area. Tropical alcyonarians occur up to this minimum isotherm of both coasts of Florida. Most alcyonarians are stenohaline and require salinities within the range found in the open sea. However, the occurrence of a few species, such as Leptogorgia setacea of the southeastern coast of the United States, in the brackish inshore waters of bays and river mouths indicates that a limited degree of euryhalinity does occur in the Octocorallia. A rough and solid bottom is apparently as necessary for the attachment of gorgonian planulae as it is for those of madrepores, and the importance of this requirement is clearly demonstrated on the west coast of Florida, where reef communities gain a foothold only on the scattered solid outcrops on an otherwise broad, sandy shelf. A few species of Gorgonacea are known to live unattached, the colonies apparently doing so in some cases because no suitable objects were available for attachment, in others because they were broken loose from their original solid support but continued to live in a prone position. Certain deep-water gorgonacean groups (families Chrysogorgiidae and Isididae) that inhabit areas with a scarcity of solid material are able to adapt the form of their holdfast to the conditions present at the time of metamorphosis, producing either a calcareous basal disk for attachment to shells and stones, or a branched, rootlike process for anchoring the colony firmly in a muddy bottom. The pennatulaceans, which are adapted for life on soft bottoms, require either sand or mud and therefore are not found closely associated with reef communities. The octocorals of the reefs are restricted bathymetrically to the upper 25 fathoms of water, perhaps because of their symbiotic zooxanthellae, which require sunlight for the process of photosynthesis, but the physiological relationships of zooxanthellae and their coelenterate hosts are in general less clearly understood in the octocorals than in the madrepores, so the cause of the bathymetricphotic correlation cannot be stated in general terms. Obviously, the vertical distribution of those octocorals that are dependent upon their zooxanthellae for nutrition is governed by the physiological requirements of the algae. In those octocorals that are nutritionally independent of their zooxanthellae (as appears to be generally the case among scleractinian corals) other ecological factors must limit bathymetric distribution. In the West Indies, almost all of the shallow-water octocorals, which represent 38% of the total known fauna, belong to the two families Plexauridae and Gorgoniidae. Very few members of these families extend downward below 25 fathoms, and very few members of the deep-water families venture into water shallower than this. In the East Indies, where a rich tropical alcyonarian fauna exists, 59% of the species taken by the ‘Siboga’-Expedition lived in depths shallower than 50 meters, but this fauna is inordinately rich in groups poorly represented in the West Indies, where 85% of the species are gorgonaceans. In both regions, somewhat more than 40% of the gorgonaceans occur in depths less than 50 meters. The alcyonarians are an important component of the reef community, perhaps more so in the West Indies than elsewhere in the tropics because of the great profusion of a few conspicuous forms in the reef habitat. They provide shelter and sustenance for a wide array of casual associates, epizoa, commensals, and parasites, ranging from other coelenterates to fishes. Moreover, when they die they liberate great quantities of calcareous spicules which are then available for incorporation into the general mass of the reef. The alcyonarian fauna of the warm parts of the western Atlantic shows a high degree of endemism and only indistinct subdivision into smaller faunal regions. It is possible to distinguish a Carolinian fauna occupying the southeastern coast of the United States, with part of its species occurring only along the Atlantic coast and part of them with isolated populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico. At least three species follow the continental coast more or less continuously from the Carolinas to Brazil. This is basically a continental fauna and its species do not range out into the West Indian islands. The fauna of the West Indies is essentially an insular fauna and it suffers depletion wherever it invades continental coasts. The largest number of reef dwelling species seems to occur in the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles, the Greater Antilles, and the Florida Keys. At the present time, more species are known from the last-named locality than from the islands of the Greater Antilles, but it has certainly been more thoroughly explored. Intensive collecting will probably reveal an even larger number of species in the northeastern part of the Antilles. Antillean species extend along both coasts of Florida northward to about the 66°F. minimum surface isotherm, but their number is sharply diminished. A small group of the hardiest species reaches Bermuda, which is the northernmost outpost of the West Indian fauna. Records indicate that the Antillean fauna becomes attenuated also toward the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles, and the Leeward Group along the coast of South America has a fauna comparable in many respects with that of Bermuda. However, the fauna of Bermuda is restricted by the low temperature of the water during midwinter (66°F), a limiting factor that does not exist at the low latitude of the Leeward Islands. The fauna must instead be restricted by other ecological factors, perhaps imposed by the proximity of the continental coast. The alcyonarian fauna of the reefs of Brazil, although composed largely of West Indian genera — Plexaurella, Muriceopsis, Lophogorgia — shares few species, perhaps no more than three or four, with the Antillean region to the north, and is probably the most distinct of the subregions of the western Atlantic. Within the broad limits of the warm western Atlantic fauna 1 region, extending from Bermuda south to Brazil, we can distinguish an insular Antillean fauna centered in the northeastern part of the Antilles; a continental Carolinian fauna along the southeastern Atlantic seabord, some of its species with disjunct populations in the Gulf of Mexico and some following virtually the entire coastline from the Carolinas to Brazil; and a Brazilian fauna extending northward along the South American coast as far as Trinidad. The presence in the West Indies of Alcyonarian genera known also in the tropical Indo-West Pacific can be explained only on the basis of former faunal continuity. The presence of a small amphi-American element clearly points to the existence of a continuous East Pacific-West Atlantic (or trans-American) fauna during the past, and the high level of endemism in the West Indian region suggests a subsequent rapid development of a new fauna from remnants of the old, left behind after closure of the Central American seaways. The distribution of modern alcyonarians corroborates the former existence of a great equatorial sea, the Tethys, that permitted circumtropical distribution of marine animals, which geology tells us existed during much of Earth’s history between the Cambrian and the Tertiary.

Description: In the Ordovician sandstones of the Cantabrian Mountains a replacement of the micas by carbonate minerals could be observed. The absence of metamorphic minerals suggests a diagenetic replacement. This is supported by the finding of the same type of replacement in some undisturbed Pliocene sediments of an intramontane basin in the French Pyrenees. It seems that replacement can occur at any stage during diagenesis.

Description: In three former river beds of the river Waal near Zaltbommel a study was made of the factors which determine the differentiation in the vegetation. The water in each of the three beds is eutrophic. One of the beds is situated inside the main dike of the present river, the two other ones outside the latter, i.e. in the area which is exposed to the yearly returning floods. In only one of the two former river beds outside the dike a current is noticeable during these periods. At that time clay is deposited, and the bottom of these two beds accordingly consists of clay. In the former bed that is protected against these floods by the dike, only in the central part of the bottom the clay is still exposed, whereas nearer to the bank it is covered by a layer of peat. The vegetation in so far as it might be regarded as a natural one, was studied in detail, and appeared to consist in the main of a community belonging to the Potamion (in the deeper part), pioneer facies of the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum (Phragmition), later stages in the development of this association (a.o. “floating mat” -communities), one belonging to the Magnocaricion (in the shallower water), and, in the case of the former bed inside the dike, a carr-wood. The vegetation varied, however, in the different beds and eventually also in different parts of the same bed. The way in which the vegetation in the three former river beds differs, appeared to depend i.a. on the degree in which the various species are able to resist the current, and this mainly depends on their way of rooting. Only species like Phragmites and Scirpus lacustris can maintain themselves in places that are exposed to a strong current, because they are firmly anchored in the soil. Weakly anchored species like the two Typha’s are found only in places where there is no current, and the development of floating mats is possible only in stagnant water. Apart from the presence or absence of a current, important factors are the depth of the water and the consistence of the soil in which the plants are rooting. The correlation between the depth of the water and the nature of the vegetation appears in the succession of the Potamion by way of the pioneer facies of the Scirpeto- Phragmitetum to the later stages in the development of this association. In less deep water the consistence of the soil comes to the fore. In the former beds outside the dike the vegetations belonging to the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum grow on a muddy soil showing little or no cohesion, but the Caricetum gracilis-vesicariae (Magnocaricion) is confined to soils showing a higher degree of rigidity. Of great importance is the faculty to multiply vegetatively by means of rhizomes, which is found everywhere where a definite species determines the character of the vegetation, i.e. where a definite facies is present. This applies to the vegetations found on the floating mats too, which possess a frame work consisting of rhizomes. At first the latter belong exclusively to Typha angustifolia, but in subsequent stages of their development rhizomes of other species too take part in the development of this frame work. In the course of their development these floating mats may reach a considerable thickness. This growth in thickness is accompanied by a change in the type of vegetation. In the bed behind the dike the floating mats are particularly well-developed, but at places where in this bed no floating mats are present, the plant remains sink to the bottom, where they give rise to the formation of a layer of peat. On the latter a vegetation of Carex riparia, representing the Magnocaricion, and a Salix cinerea-stand develops. The plant remains found in the bottom (peat as well as clay) were studied by the aid of the microscope, and in this way it proved possible to reconstruct the succession in the beds, except in those places where during the period of flood a current is present, because in that case the plant remains are swept away. It was proved that a vegetation belonging to the Potamion appeared first and was always succeeded by pioneer facies of the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum, eventually followed by later stages in the development of this association. The Caricetum gracilis-vesicariae, on the other hand, was no stage in this succession, but developed in the shallow water of the marginal zone on a bare soil. The floating mats in their initial stage appeared to develop as an extension of a Typha angustifolia-vegetation rooting in the bottom, overgrowing subsequently the pioneer facies of Equisetum fluviatile and/or a Potamion-vegetation. Other species settled on the floating mat as soon as it attained a certain thickness because of sedimentation of clay and/or plant remains. Below the floating mats in the bed behind the dike a layer of peat was found which proved to consist of remains of Stratiotes aloides, a species which at present is met here but rarely. Peat of the same composition was also present below the open spaces between the floating mats, i.e. on the spots where the vegetation of Carex riparia and that of Salix cinerea is found.

Description: In Juni 1960 vond ik in gezelschap van mijn collega’s M. Baaijens en K. Boelens op de noordelijke Makkumer Waard een Carex-soort, die ik niet herkende. Bij determinatie bleek het te zijn de in Nederland niet eerder aangetroffen Carex divisa Huds., welke determinatie bevestigd werd door de heer Th.J. Reichgelt. Alvorens nader op deze nieuwe vondst in te gaan, eerst iets over het terrein waar de plant werd aangetroffen. Langs de zuidelijke en westelijke kust van Friesland zijn na het tot stand komen van de Afsluitdijk en de daarmee gepaard gaande verlaging van de waterstand een aantal zandige platen nagenoeg permanent droog komen te liggen. Alleen hij storm raken de platen door opwaaiing soms overstroomd.

Description: Mr Supadmo, Bogor Herbarium, hopes to make a field trip to the Pakanbaru area in Central Sumatra in 1961.

Description: Flora of Java. In May 1961 the English translation of this great work was completed, except for the Bambusaceae which Mr Ch. Monod de Froideville is engaged in writing up. Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr has finished the nomenclatural polishing. It is hoped that this voluminous work can be published in 1962. The main body was written by Dr. C.A. Backer, who for many families had the assistance of specialists. Forest Botany in North Borneo. Dr. W. Meijer of Sandakan has prepared a mimeographed report under this title, April 1961, 33 pp. He describes summarily the present state of our knowledge, gives particulars about botanical work in North Borneo up till the present, a survey of dipterocarp genera, a tentative list of climbers (a much neglected group!), of palms, gymnosperms, a sketch of forest types, and notes on several related subjects.

Description: En Zélande, province des Pays-Bas, l’on trouve différentes stations où croissent des algues marines. Ce sont: 1. Les digues, 2. Les canaux d’eau de mer, 3. Les parcs à huîtres, 4. Les slikkes et les schorres. La Zélande comprend une bande continentale et deux séries d’îles. Comparé aux autres provinces des Pays-Bas, le climat est assez tempéré. La température moyenne à Flessingue (Vlissingen) est de 3°C en janvier, le mois le plus froid, et de 18°C durant les mois les plus chauds, juillet et août. La température moyenne de l’eau de mer en surface est de 1— 3°C en janvier et de 19°C en juillet et août.

Description: Premna brongersmai, nov. spec. — Frutex? Ramuli teretes conspicue subdistanter lenticellati 0.3—0.5 cm crassi, internodia in specimine 7—11 cm longa. Folia coriacea subrigida, decussatim opposita glaberrima petiolata, ovata vel oblongo-ovata vel subovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, basi plus minusve late rotundata, marginibus integra, apice abrupte vel subabrupte peracute acuminata, latiora 8.5—11 X 4.7—5.7 cm, angustiora (in eodem specimine, ut apparet) 12—14.5 X 4—4.5 cm ; nervi haud prominentes, costa media subtus prominente excepta; nervi secundarii graciles utrimque 5—7, curvati, margines versus diminuti haud confluentes, tertiarii pertenues subdistanter transversi, reticulatione minutissima areolata; petioli e basi incrassata 1— 1.7 cm longi tenues. Inflorescentiae paniculatae terminales, partiales inferiores ex axillis foliorum parvorum, superiores ex axillis bractearum subulatarum 0.3—0.1 cm longarum ortae, totae 12—17 cm longae, 17—29 cm latae, partiales medianae longiores, e pedunculo gracili 10—14 cm longae, pseudodichotomice late divaricatae, ramificationes ultimae dichasiales minute pubescentes. Flores parvi tetrameri subsessiles, alabastris pyriformibus, glabris; calyx glaber cupularis subbilabiatus, c. 0.25 cm altus, labio inferiore acute integro vel leviter acuto-bidentato, superiore 2 lobis majoribus acutis suffulto, calyx intus praecipue dimidio superiore multis glandulis in sicco opacis munitus; corolla in regione staminum insertionis tantum intus pilosa, cetera glabra, 0.4—0.45 cm alta, tubo subcylindrico 0.3—0.35 cm longo, limbo aestivatione cochleata subbilabiato, labio inferiore trilobo (lobo medio in alabastro ceteros tegente, 0.15 cm longo, rotundato, lateralibus 0.1 cm longis, subtruncatis), superiore integro 0.1 cm longo subtruncato, in alabastro omnino tecto; regio pilosa sub labio superiore paulo infirmior; stamina alternipetala in regione pilosa aequa altitudine inserta, subdidynamia, filamentis sub labio superiore paulo brevioribus in alabastro sigmoideo-sinuatis 0.2 cm longis, sub labio inferiore 0.25 cm longis, omnibus vittatis apice abrupte contractis filiformibus; antherae 0.05 X 0.1 cm, subreniformes, thecae poris ovatis dehiscentes; ovarium globosum glabrum 0.15 cm altum 4-loculatum, loculis uniovulatis; ovula longa apotropa medio affixa; stylus filiformis 0.25 cm longus, stigma bilobum, lobis acutis piano mediano patentibus. Fructus ignoti. Shrub? Branchlets (all?) apparently long and drooping, 0.3—0.5 cm in diam.. Leaves decussate, entirely glabrous, ovate to ovate-oblong, base more or less broadly rounded, apex more or less abruptly and very acutely acuminate, margins entire, 8.5—14.5 X 4—5.7 cm, nerves not prominent except midrib below, secondary ones 5—7, curved, reticulation minutely areolate between the almost inconspicuous transverse tertiary ones; petioles 1—1.7 cm long, incrassate at base. Inflorescences widely paniculate, terminal, 12—17 cm long, 17—29 cm broad, the lower partial panicles in the axils of ever smaller leaves, the upper ones in those of subulate bracts; ultimate ramifications dichasial, minutely pubescent. Flowers subsessile, 4-merous, glabrous but for a hair ring inside at the insertion of the filaments. Calyx cupular, more or less bilabiate, 0.25 cm high, lower lip entire or shallowly acutely bidentate, upper one with two larger acute teeth, inside with dispersed dark glands: corolla tube suibcylindrical 0.3—0.35 cm long, aestivation cochleate, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, midlobe rounded and 0.15 cm long, lateral ones subtruncate and 0.1 cm long; upper lip entire, 0.1 cm long, subtruncate. Stamens 4, subdidynamous, those below upper lip with slightly shorter filaments; filaments ribbon-shaped, 0.2 and 0.25 cm long respectively, subabruptly narrowed below the anther and ending into a very thin apex; anthers kidney-shaped, 0.05 X 0.1 cm, with two ovate pores; ovary globose, glabrous, 0.15 cm high, 4-celled, cells uniovulate, ovules long, apotropous, attached in the middle of the cell; style filiform, 0.25 cm long, stigma with two acute lobes spreading medianly. Fruits unknown.

Description: Herba valde caespitosa. Folia linearia, interdum falcata, 0.8—4 X 0.2—0.5 cm, vel basi interdum subabrupte usque ad 1 cm dilatata, glabra, axillis pilis longis albis munita. Pedunculi 0.5—4 cm longi, 5—8-costulati. Bracteae involucrantes oblongae vel ovato-oblongae, pallide luteae, glabrae; bracteae florales conchatae, late ovatae, panduratae vel oblongo-obovatae, nigrescentes sed interdum basi pallide lutei, extus parte apicali albo-pilosae. Receptaculum longe pilosum. Flos ♂: sepala 3, interdum 2, connata, basi excepta nigrescentia, parte apicale albo-pilosa; petala 3, connata, glandulosa, extus apice et intus omnino albo- vel luteo-pilosa. Flos ♀: sepala 3, libera, naviculata, nigra, extus parte apicali albo- vel luteo-pilosa; petala 3, inaequalia, extus glabra, intus omnino albo-pilosa, glandulosa; ovarium 3-loculare. Typus: van Steenis 9691 in L. Herbs forming dense semi-globose pin-cushions or cushion-rings of great extent, up to 5 cm high. Leaves linear, sometimes falcate, 0.8—4 by 0.2—0.5 cm, at base sometimes subabruptly broadened to 1 cm, acute, 6—10-nerved, fenestrate, glabrous except for long white hairs in the axils. Peduncles (0.5—)1—2.5(—4) cm long, 5—8-ribbed, glabrous, sheath 0.8—2(—2.5) cm long, at base with long white hairs. Heads obovoid to semi-globose, 2—5 by 2—7 mm, involucral bracts oblong or ovate-oblong, 3.5—4.5 by 1—2 mm, obtuse, 1-nerved, glabrous, pale yellowish, florad bracts conchate, broadly ovate to oblong-obovate, 2.5—3.5 by 1—1.5 mm, cuspidate, sometimes scarious along apical part of margin, blackish at least for ¾, with white hairs on outside in apical part, otherwise glabrous; receptacle with long white hairs. ♂ Flowers: sepals 3, very rarely 2, tubuliformously connate but the two lateral ones connate at base only, boat-shaped, 2.5—3 by about 1 mm, obtuse, with white hairs on outside of apical part, blackish for at least ¾; petals 3, tubuliformously united, very unequal in length, the free lobes oblong, the median one about 1 mm long, the lateral ones about 0.5 mm long, with white hairs along margin and on inside, with an ovoid, black gland on inside; stamens 6, anthers black. ♀ Flowers: sepals 3, free, boat-shaped, 2.5—3.5 by about 1 mm, cuspidate, black, with white hairs on outside of apical part; petals 3, unequal, oblanceolate, the median one longer than the lateral ones, 2.5—3.5 by about 0.5 mm, obtuse, with white or yellowish hairs on inside, with an ovoid, black gland on inside; ovary deeply 3-lobed, about 1 by 1 mm; style about 1.5 mm long, the three filiform branches moreover about 1.5 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous.

Description: Casearia amplectens Sleum. sp. nov. — Arbuscula 1.5 m alta; ramulornm apicibus dense breviter flavido-pilosis, partibus vetustioribus cito glabratis corticeque cinerascenti obtectis. Folia elliptico-oblonga vel oblonga, apicem versus breviter (1—2 cm) subcaudato-acuminata, apice ipso paullo falcato obtusa, basi late cuneata fere rotundata, inferiora usque ad 2 mm longe petiolata, superiora subsessilia, membranacea, arcte pellucido-punctata et -lineata, petiolo, costa nervisque subtus brevissime pilosulis exceptis glabra, in sicco brunnescentia, utrinque opaca, regulariter crenato-serrata (dentibus obtusiusculis glandula terminatis 1 mm altis et c. 3—6 mm distantibus), 9—15 cm longa, 4—4.5 cm lata, costa utrinque elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 6—8 curvato-ascendentibus praeter marginem excurrentibus supra subimpressis, subtus elevatis, venis supra obscuris, subtus parum conspicuis. Stipulae reniformes fere amplectentes, membranaceae, 4—6 mm altae, 6—8 mm latae, persistentes. Flores pro axilla. 1—2 fere sessiles, in statu nondum plane evoluto tantum visi; bracteae paucae membranaceae glabrae 1—2 mm longae. Calyx tubulosus, carnosulus, c. 3 mm longus, extus fulvo-sericeus, intus glaber, lobis oblongis c. 1 mm longis. Stamina 10, alte ad faucem inserta; filamenta glabra, medio dilatata, alternatim 0.6 et 0.3 mm longa. Staminodia rudimentaria parum pilosa. Ovarium columnare, glabrum, c. 3 mm longum, 1 mm crassum. Fructus carnosus, ruber, 1.5—2 cm longus, 1 cm diam., trivalvis, basi calycis lobis accrescentibus 4 mm longis et 1.5 mm latis fultus, 2 mm longe pedunculatus. NEW GUINEA. W. New Guinea, 4 km SW of Bernhard Camp, Idenburg Riv., rain-forest undergrowth, 850 m: L. J. Brass 13470 (A; L, typus), fl. fr. March 1939.

Description: En Espagne septentrionale, dans la province de León, à une dizaine de kilomètres au NO de la ville de Cistierna, s’étend un bassin houiller entre le Rio Porma et le Rio Esla, perpendiculaire à ces fleuves et avec la ville de Sabero au centre. La situation précise peut être retrouvée sur les feuilles 130 et 131 du service topographique d’Espagne. Ce bassin houiller de Sabero, dont la longueur est de 13 km et la largeur n’excède pas 2 km, suit une direction franchement E\u2500O au pied du versant méridional de la chaîne des montagnes Cantabriques. Les assises, qui ont un aspect si régulier au bord septentrional du bassin, se comportent d’une manière plus compliquée au bord méridional. Il est rare qu’un horizon spécifique traverse la largeur du bassin sans s’amincir ou sans changer de composition sédimentaire. La plupart des couches de charbon en exploîtation au côté N n’ont pas été retrouvées au côté S. On suppose que l’origine de la cuvette houillère est due à une faille de direction E\u2500O longeant le bord septentrional du bassin. Cette faille hypothétique sépare deux compartiments, dont le compartiment septentrional a fourni, en surgissant, la plupart du matériel détritique. Le compartiment méridional a été basculé, son bord S s’affaisant et son bord N s’élevant. Ces deux phénomènes expliquent le caractère asymétrique du dépôt, aussi bien au point de vue sédimentaire que tectonique. Le plan axial du synclinal dans la série houillère se trouve plus proche de la bordure méridionale du bassin et des plis secondaires se sont formés, là, où la série était le plus mince: c’est à dire, à la même bordure méridionale. Le dépôt est d’un âge stéphanien.

Description: The metamorphic rock sequence, ranging from micaschists to migmatites, and the intrusive rocks, granites and various dykes, of a coastal region of Galicia are described. A map and a general section give their distribution.

Description: The X-ray powder method for determining minerals has been applied to the important rock-forming mineral group of the pyroxenes in this thesis. The purpose of the investigation was to seek the relationship between the variations of the intensities and positions of the reflections in the powder diagram and the variations in optical properties and chemical composition. For that purpose a number of pyroxenes from different localities were investigated optically, chemically and röntgenographically. The orthopyroxenes. — The optical examination of the orthopyroxenes indicates, that the variation of the optical properties is related to the chemical composition (see Table 1). A difference between plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes lies in the size of the optic axial angle 2 V; this appears to be smaller with volcanic orthopyroxenes between En80 and En15 than with plutonic orthopyroxenes (see fig. 5). Further a lamellar structure can be observed in the plutonic orthopyroxenes (see figs. 2 and 3) while the volcanics do not have these lamellae but often show zoning (see fig. 1). It is seen from chemical investigation of the orthopyroxenes that both the plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes show about the same variation in Al- and Ca-atomic proportions (see Table 3). It is quite possible that a part of the Ca content of the plutonic orthopyroxenes is present in exsolved diopside lamellae according to the hypothesis of Hess and Philips (1938). The orthopyroxenes can be distinguished from the clinopyroxenes by X-ray powder diagrams on the ground of their characteristic reflection pattern. These powder diagrams are made by means of a camera with a diameter of 9 centimeters and FeK\u03b11 radiation (\u03bb = 1.93597 Å). All powder diagrams of the orthopyroxenes are classed as one group (Group A, see fig. 6). The variation in the relative distance between the reflections 10 31 and 0 6 0 appears to be connected with the chemical composition. These distances are measured very accurately in millimeters by means of a Cambridge Universal Measuring Machine and plotted against the chemical composition in fig. 8. Through the influence of Al and Ca, the Mg content cannot be determined unequivocally from this diagram. Therefore also X-ray powder photographs are made of a mixture of 70 % orthopyroxene and 30 % quartz (see fig. 9). The relative distance between quartz reflection 2 1 3 1 and pyroxene reflection 0 6 0 in millimeters and the distance between quartz reflection (2 0 2 3) (3 0 3 1) and pyroxene reflection 11 3 1 in millimeters depend on the chemical composition which can be seen in figs. 10 and 11, respectively. In fig. 10 two curves are shown, one for orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.010 and one for those with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.050 in BVI position. In fig. 11 two curves can be seen which are related to orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.020 and those with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.060. One may determine the chemical composition of an orthopyroxene from these three diagrams (figs. 8, 10 and 11). For that purpose one should measure three relative distances. In each diagram one can find two values for the Mg content. From these, a total of six values, three will lie close to each other; the average of these three values indicates the Mg content. With this Mg content one can determine the Al and Ca contents in the diagrams. This röntgenographic method meets with difficulties when there do not occur certain proportions of Al and Ca in the orthopyroxene. Then there may be present two groups of three Mg's which lie close together (see Table 9). In such cases of doubt one must use the optical method to determine the Mg content. By substitution of Fe for Mg, Nz changes strongly, the unit cell dimensions do not, however, and neither do the relative distances. The Al and Ca contents then may be determined by the röntgenographic method. By substitution of Al and Ca for Mg, the unit cell dimensions change strongly and with them the relative distances between the reflections, which are very sensitive. The variation in the relative distance between the reflections mentioned has been explained by means of a crystal model of enstatite (see figs. 12 and 13). This variation results from the substitution of Fe, Al and Ca for Mg and of Al for Si. The substitution of Fe for Mg increases the unit cell dimensions only slightly so that the shape of the unit cell also changes little. The substitution of Ca for Mg has a great influence on the a- and the c dimension, which both become much greater. The substitution of Al for Mg and of Al for Si strongly decreases the b dimension. These changes in the unit cell occur because all substituting ions have a different ionic radius from Mg and moreover because in the structure of enstatite two kinds of Mg ions occur with altogether different positions and which are linked with the tetrahedra in very different ways. Since the relative distance in millimeters between certain reflections depends on the camera and radiation used, in Tables 7a, 7b and 7c these distances are stated for a few types of camera and radiation. In addition the differences between the lattice spacings of these reflections are given in Ångström units. The clinopyroxenes. — In this thesis the optical investigation on clinopyroxenes consists of a description of the specimens, both macroscopieally and microscopically and a determination of 2 V and Z \u039b c. For a few clinopyroxenes the values of Nz and Nx have also been determined. The described clinopyroxenes are subdivided in a number of groups; this classification is based upon the chemical composition (see p. 224). It turned out that the optical properties of the röntgenographically investigated clinopyroxenes do not differ much from the data mentioned in the literature about this group of minerals (see fig. 20 and Table 10). The chemical investigation is restricted to the analysis of a few clinopyroxenes; the results are stated in Table 11. On the basis of difference in position and intensity of certain reflections in the X-ray powder diagrams a classification in four groups has been established for the clinopyroxenes. Group B 1 (figs. 21 and 23) The group includes, hedenbergite, diopside, augite and diallage. Group B 2 (figs. 21 and 23) Pigeonite belongs to this group. Group B 3 (figs. 21 and 22) This group includes, aegirite and jadeite. Group B 4 (figs. 21 and 22) Spodumene belongs to this group. No sharp limits can be drawn between these groups and transitions may exist between some of these groups, as between groups B 1 and B 2 and also between groups B 1 and B 3. Through lack of clinoenstatite and ferrosilite samples we could not check whether any more groups may be distinguished. Of each of these groups the principal features are discussed on p. 245. Each group has its own characteristic reflection pattern; the similarity between these patterns, however, is great enough to conclude that all the investigated clinopyroxenes have a similar structure. The grouping of the X-ray powder diagrams agrees in the main with the classification of the pyroxenes according to the chemical composition. The chemical composition of the different clinopyroxenes of the groups B 1 and B 2 may be determined by a combined optical and röntgenographic investigation. This combination is necessary because the substitution of Fe for Mg has practically no influence on the dimensions of the unit cell, but it does have on the refractive indices. On the other hand the substitution of Ca for Mg strongly influences the shape of the unit cell. For the different clinopyroxenes of groups B1 and B 2 the variation of the relative distance in millimeters between the reflections 2 2 0 and 2 2 1, the reflections 2 2 1 and 3 1 0 and the reflections 1 3 1 and 2 2 1 is plotted against the chemical composition in figs. 25 and 26. From these diagrams one may determine the chemical composition by measuring the relative distances mentioned, on the X-ray powder diagrams. In figs. 27, 28 and 29 the relation between the chemical composition and the difference between the lattice spacings of the reflections in question in Å can be seen. Further Tables 16a, 16b and 16c indicate the distances between these reflections for a few types of camera and radiation. The X-ray powder diagrams of the alkali pyroxenes can be distinguished from those of the other pyroxenes, while they also show great mutual differences. It may be noted, however, that transitions between these pyroxenes always are possible. The powder diagram of spodumene has its own character, so that this pyroxene can be distinguished very simply from the other pyroxenes by the röntgenographic method. The X-ray investigation on clinopyroxenes is not yet completed, because much can still be done, for instance in the jadeite-diopside-aegirite field.

Description: The Spanish region of Galicia is situated in the extreme north-western part of the country due North of Portugal and West of Asturias. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and by the Bay of Biscay to the North (see fig. 1). The area under investigation concerns the western provinces of La Coruña and Pontevedra mainly. Apart from early reconnaissance work by Schulz (1858), Barrois (1892), Sampelayo (1922), Lotze (1945), Carlé (1945), Navarro and del Valle (1959) the area is at present being investigated and mapped on a scale of 1:50.000 by López de Azcona, Parga Pondal and their associates for the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. So far nine sheets and explanatory memoirs have been published between 1948 and 1956. Parga Pondal has also published a geological sketch map on a scale of 1:400.000 and an explanatory note of the province of La Coruña in 1956, and since 1931 he has contributed substantially to the knowledge of Galician geology in a series of papers concerning petrological, mineralogical, tectonic and sedimentological aspects of it. Between 1955 and 1959 de Sitter and Zwart conducted geological research by the Department of Structural and Applied Geology of the University of Leyden in the area between Lage and Malpica. Summaries of their results appeared in 1955 and 1957, while one of their associates, Insinger, published a short account of his work in the vicinity of Mugía in 1961.

Description: In a channel, which will be cut off soon, an investigation has been started in rihich the influence of the changing ecological factors will be studied. A ar’s cycle of Diatoms, investigated in the period March 1959 to March 1960 elded some interesting results. In early June Eucampia zoodiacus E. showed a Maximum, whereas Guinardia flaccida (Castr.) Perag. showed its maximum in July, mhen Eucampia zoodiacus E. was in its turn rare. Porosira glacialis (Grun.) Jörgensen, which comes from more Northern areas showed a maximum in early April. Coscinodiscus gigas praetexta (Janisch) Hustedt appeared regularly from late August, (temp. 20,4° C), until February 1960 (temp. 3,3° C). Hustedt mentions this species as occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. Some additions are made to the existing descriptions of the two last mentioned pecies.

Description: In verband met het hieraan voorafgaande artikel van de heer Van der Ploeg lijkt het mij niet ondienstigs aan te geven, hoe Carex divisa zich van de in ons land voorkomende verwante soorten onderscheidt. Verwarring is alleen mogelijk met een der soorten uit de sectie Arenariae, want buiten deze sectie is C. divisa de enige soort met meer dan een aartje aan de top van de stengel uit het ondergeslacht Vignea, die een ver kruipende wortelstok bezit. Van alle Nederlandse soorten van genoemde sectie verschilt C. divisa – die tot de sectie Divisae behoort – doordat alle aartjes aan de voet vrouwelijk en aan de top mannelijk zijn. Bij de Nederlandse Arenariae zijn of alle aartjes aan de voet mannelijk en aan de top vrouwelijk (C. brizoides, C. praecox, C. ligerica en meestal C. reichenbachii) òf is een deel der aartjes geheel mannelijk of geheel vrouwelijk (C. arenaria, C. disticha en soms C. reichenbachii).

Description: Het Correspondentieblad, dat gedurende enige jaren zijn diensten aan de Nederlandse floristiek en het Nederlandse vegetatie-onderzoek heeft bewezen, wordt met deze aflevering afgesloten. Het zal, zoals wij U reeds eerder mededeelden, in gedrukte vorm worden voortgezet onder de titel „Gorteria”. Als laatste nummer van de serie ontvangt U hierbij een volledige inhoudsopgave van het blad, die naar wij hopen van nut zal kunnen zijn bij het naslaan van de erin voorkomende artikelen en korte mededelingen.

Description: Hut determineren van de in Nederland nog al eens met graan aangevoerde vertegenwoordigers van het Boraginaceae-geslacht Amsinckia Lehm. levert met de in onze flora’s voorkomende tabellen nog al moeilijkheden op. Bij de bewerking van dit geslacht voor de Flora Neerlandica stelden wij een determinatietabel op, die, naar het ons voorkomt, wat meer zekerheid geeft. Voor een juiste bepaling der soorten is het beslist nodig om of levende bloemen te onderzoeken òf gedroogde bloemen op te weken, daar anders het aantal nerven van de bloemkroon en de plaats van inplanting der meeldraden niet te zien zijn.

Description: The frontispiece may not be particularly exciting to the general public, but this new, modest building embodies the extremely welcome news in representing the new Herbarium of the Forest Service in Sarawak at Kuching. This means certainly a milestone in modern botanical progress in this State. Its establishment is due to the energy and tenacity of the forest officers who have during the last ten years done, and are doing, basic research work on the forest composition of Sarawak and Brunei, and to which the name of Mr Browne, Mr Smythies, Mr Anderson and Dr. Brunig will always remain attached. Duplicates of the old but very important collections of Haviland and Hose, Moulton, etc. had for years been housed in the Sarawak Museum, but were badly stored and remained a cinderella because the activities of the Museum were mainly ethnographical, zoological, and archaeological. And although there was recently a temporary honorary curator of plants through the efforts of Mr Seal, the situation became unbearable. But fortunately the darkest hour is before the dawn and it is a great pleasure to all of us that there is now a reasonable place where work on forest exploration and taxonomy of Bornean plants can be performed at Kuching. We offer our sincere congratulations with this achievement to all concerned. May the work and the Herbarium blossom forth in abundant fruitful future development is our ardent wish.

Description: In order to distribute from the British Museum the remainder of C.E. Carr’s Papua, 1935-36, orchid duplicates it has been necessary first to work out a detailed itinerary of his expedition so as to complete the label data accompanying each specimen. This has been done by reference to the counterfoils of his field label books and to one volume of his diary now at the British Museum. This volume, possibly the only one now remaining after Carr’s untimely death before the end of his expedition, contains entries up to Jan. 19, 1936. Resulting from this investigation the details as given under COLLECTING LOCALITIES, sub-heading S.E. NEW GUINEA in Flora Malesiana I, 1 (1950) 100 should now be replaced by the following. Central Division: From Jan.-Aug. 1935 he worked the lowland country around and to the N.W. of Port Moresby, then to the N.E., collecting mainly at Kanosia (sea-level, Jan., Febr., and April), Veiya (sea-level, March), Rouna (1300 ft, April-July) and Koitaki (1500 ft, April-July); began journey towards the Owen Stanley Range (Aug. 16) travelling via Hailogo (3000 ft, Aug. 31-Sept. 4), thence to the S. slopes of the Range camping at Boridi (4700 ft), the chief village of the Seregina tribe; stayed there (Sept.- Dec.) collecting between 3000-5000 ft. Northern Division: Left Boridi (Dec. 3) for a camp at 6000 ft near Alola on the N. side of the Range, collecting there and at the Lala river (5500 ft) from Dec. 1935 to early Jan. 1936; moved to a subsidiary camp nearer the Gap (8000 ft) to work altitudes up to 10,000 ft (Jan. 12-30); continued down to Isuarava collecting there between 3500-4500 ft and again by the Lala river (5000 ft) and that part of the Yodda river just below Isuarava at 3500 ft (Jan. 31-March 15); at Kokoda (1200 ft, March 17-May 23). Last dated specimen was collected at Fara river (May 24, 1936). Although he had originally intended to do so, Carr never reached Mt Victoria (133367 ft). He considered that the difficulties of carrying and provisioning the expedition up to such a high altitude, together, with the cost, were too great to warrant the journey which he reckoned, when at his camp at the Gap, to be at least four days’ march away. It was also his intention to proceed through from Kokoda to Buna on the N. coast in order to have achieved a coast to coast crossing of New Guinea. As the only diary now available does not cover this period of his expedition it is not possible to say whether the few numbers from Saputa (200 ft), Inapa (500 ft) and Buna (sea-level) (April 5-8, 1936) were actually collected en route by Carr himself, or by his native collectors who frequently brought back specimens when sent out in search of food supplies.

Description: Mr J.A.R. Anderson of Kuching, Sarawak, has been awarded the degree of Ph.D. by the University of Edinburgh, in absentia, on July 6, 1961. The title of his thesis is: The ecology and forest types of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei in relation to their silviculture. It is a privilege to insert a summary of it in this Bulletin under VII. For a reference to a preliminary paper, see Bibliography. Mr I.H. Burkill was congratulated on attaining his 90th birthday, May 18, 1960, and, as we learnt from Dr. Holtturn, he in the meantime celebrated his 91th in excellent health. In honour of his birthday the Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, vol. 17, part 3, was dedicated to him and filled with some special articles by Dr. H. Santapau, Mr C.X. Furtado, and Prof. Dr. R.E. Holttum dealt with his activities in India and Malaysia.

Description: Cyatheaceae. Prof. Dr. R.E. Holttum, Kew, is still working on this very large and difficult family for the Flora Malesiana; its treatment will form the 2nd instalment of the Pteridophyte series. Lindsayoid group. Dr. K.U. Kramer, Utrecht, started on revising this group for the Flora Malesiana. He had to interrupt this work because of joining an expedition to Surinam.

Description: Gazetteer to the Philippine Road map, compiled by M. Jacobs. Reprints of precursory papers, as far as available. Dates of Publication. Reprints from Flora Malesiana Bulletin No 14, p. 641 and Wo 15, p. 730. Supplements to the list by W.T. Stearn and M.J.van Steenis-Kruseman.

Description: H.H. Allan, Flora of New Zealand. Vol. 1, 1961, liv + 1085 pp., 40 text figs., 4 end paper maps. Owen, Wellington. The author died in 1957; this volume, which contains the pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and dicots, was seen through the press by Lucy B. Moore. The book weighs no more than 560 grams, so thin the paper is. This will require very careful handling from the reader, but few books are worth it as much as this one. The improvement compared with Cheeseman’s Manual of the New Zealand Flora (1906) is enormous, and shows that the matter has been worked over completely. The introductory matter contains a record of literature on New Zealand Tracheophyta from year to year from 1769 onwards; an explanation of the New Zealand botanical region; a list of plant name authors with brief annotations; a synopsis of orders. Attached at the end are Latin diagnoses of new taxa, a glossary, a list of Maori plant names, and addenda.

Description: Since the beginning of the printing of the author’s revision of ’The Genus Rhododendron in Malaysia’ in July 1959 (published in Reinwardtia 5, 2 (March 1960) 45-231), recently collected herbarium material especially from Borneo and New Guinea has amounted to such an extent, that a supplement becomes necessary. The numbers refer to those given in the author’s above cited work.

Description: During the study of the Xyridaceae of the Malaysian area it was desirable to study those of Australia and Continental Asia as well. The Malaysian species now have, in the meantime, been published (Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, 4, 1953, 366—376). To the new taxa described in Blumea 7, 1953, 307—308 the Latin diagnoses of the following new species and a new section may here be added: 1. Xyris linifolia van Royen, nov. spec. — Fig. 1. Herba mediocris, ad 40 cm alta. Folia subulata, ad 25 cm longa, c. 1 cm diam., subfalcata, acuta, sparse papillata; vaginae 6—8 cm longae, basi 3—6 mm latae; ligula brevis acuta c. 1 mm longa. Scapus 20—40 cm, c. 1 mm diam., teretiusculus, 2- vel pluricostatus, minute papillatus. Capitula ovoidea ad globosa, pauciflora, ad 7 X 6 mm, bracteae basales suborbiculares, 4.5—5.5 X 3.5—4 mm, obtusae, enerves, in parte superiori minute papillatae, papillis arcum triangularem formantibus, medianae obovatae, 6—6.5 X 4.5—5 mm, nervosae, nervis nervo mediano et uno nervo completo in costae utroque latere orto ad bracteae apicem laxe reticulato compositis, in parte mediana superiori minute papillatae, papillis aream suborbicularem formantibus. Flores masculini ignoti, florum femineorum sepala lateralia angusta, 5.5—6.5 X c. 1.5 mm, acutiuscula, emarginata, ecristata, alata, alis sat latis, sepalum medianum cucullatum, 4.5—5 X c. 2 mm, binerve. Petala nondum evoluta limbo orbiculari 4 mm longo et lato munita, margine serrata, unguiculo c. 2 mm. Stamina c. 3 mm, antherae c. 2 mm, apice profunde emarginatae, basi apiceque obtusae thecis emarginatis. Staminodia 2.5—3 mm, penicillata bifida? Ovarium incomplete cognitum, stylus 4.5—5 mm (vel longior?), trifidus, ramificationibus c. 2.5 mm, apice capitatis. Capsula ignota. Typus: Smiles s. n. in K. Distr.: Siam — in open grassland near base of Mt Kau. This species differs from all Malaysian species except X. borneensis in the terete leaves and the three complete nerves of the bracts. Though the leaves of X. borneensis are also terete, the bracts are provided with numerous complete nerves. Moreover, the lateral sepals in X. borneensis are ciliate, those of X. linifolia smooth and entire. In its anthers the present species resembles X. ridleyi, X. pauciflora, X. borneensis, X. capensis, X. complanata etc., the anthers being deeply incised at the top and the thecae emarginate. 2. Xyris nigromucronata van Royen, nov. spec. — Fig. 2. Herba annua parva, ad 6 cm alta. Folia linearia, 1—2.5 cm X c. 1 mm, mucronata, apice nigra et pilis robustis paucis hispida, anguste bi-alata, alis tenuiter et sparse papillatis, in parte basali elliptica in sectione transversa, apice incrassata et triangularia in sectione transversa, vaginae 3— 6 cm longae, apice pilis multis albis munitae, margine membranacea, marginibus pedunculi basin includentibus, pedunculo ligula biloba pilis destituta praedito. Scapus ad 6 cm longus, subangularis, valde obscure alatus, alis 1 vel 2, proxime infra capitulum elatus ubi 3- vel 4-alatus. Capitula oblongo-ellipsoidea, c. 7 X 5 mm, bracteae omnes cristatae, basales ovatae, c. 6.5 X 3 mm, sat brunneo-nigrae, mucronatae, mucrone ad 2.5 mm longa, cristata, nigra, crista pallide flava in parte apicali tantum tenuiter et sparse papillata, medianae subcirculares ad panduriformes, 4—5 X 2—5 mm, margine sat brunneo-nigrae, uninerves, nervo completo laevi, in parte basali membranaceae. Sepala lateralia naviculata, fere ad apicem connata, c. 5 X 1 mm, membranacea ecristata. Petala 6, alba, 6—7 mm longa, unguiculata, ungui 4—5 mm, arcte cohaerentia et quasi tubulosa, limbo elliptico-oblongo, obtuso, c. 2 X 0.8 mm. Stamina 6, c. 1.2 mm, antheris ovoideis, c. 0.6 mm, truncatis, emarginatis thecae basi obtusae; filamenta subulata, c. 0.6 mm. Staminodia desunt. Ovarium subovoideum ad ellipsoideum, c. 2 X 1 mm, trilobum, in parte basali 3-, in parte superiori 1-loculare, stigmatibus 3 terminatum. Capsula ovario similis, sed ad 3 X 1.5 mm metiens; semina sparse papillatae. Typus: Pritzel 635 a in L. Distr.: Australia — in scrub between Moore and Murchinson river. This specimen was found mixed with Stylidium bulbiferum Benth. var. septentrionale Mild braed in Pritzel 635. Therefore it is separated from that species under 635 a. This highly characteristic species differs from all other species of Xyris by the fimbriate top of the sheath, the united lateral sepals (also found in the Brasilian X. obtusiuscula Nilsson), the 6 united petals, the 6 stamens (also once found by the author in X. bancana Miquel), the more or less campylotropous ovules, the entire style, and the papillate curved seeds. Moreover, the flowers seem to be white but owing to the dried material it can not be stated for certain whether this is the proper colour. These details warrant the establishment of a separate section in Xyris, Australoxyris with the following Latin diagnosis: Xyris Linnaeus, sect. Australoxyris van Royen, nov. sect. Folia apice in sectione transversa triangularia, vaginae exteriores apice ciliatae, flores capitati; sepala lateralia maxime connata; petala 6, connata; stamina 6; stylus simplex; ovarium in parte basali 3-loculare, in parte superiori 1-loculare; ovula plus minusve campylotropa; semina papillata. Typus: Xyris nigromucronata van Royen.

Description: In this second paper the red beds outcropping in the northern part of the Duero basin have been treated regarding their mineral and pebble composition, chemical parameters, and surface textures of quartz sand grains, taking as basis the results reported in the first paper. These deposits originate from soils in the source area, and have been rapidly supplied into the basin by braiding rivers. Heavy mineral associations and pebble composition prove the source area to be lying north and west of the area of deposition. Ferric iron oxides, clay mineral associations, and hydrogen ion concentrations point to a red soil formation in the source area which had not yet attained the laterite stage, but which had already suffered alkaline leaching. The presence of frosted and pitted quartz sand grains and the occurrence of marls are due to the high carbonate content of the waters in the area of deposition, which is caused by dissolution of limestones in the source area. The general conclusions from the analyses are: (1) that the red beds are “primary detrital” in the sense of Krynine; (2) that the climate in the mountain area during the red soil formation is presumed to have been a tropical savannah climate, that is, warm and fairly humid, at least seasonally; (3) that the climate was drier in the basin, which favoured the preservation of the red beds. Furthermore, from the presence of blue tourmaline grains within a limited zone, an ancient course of a river in the basin at that particular time could be reconstructed, which gives another indication for a south-easterly drainage direction.

Description: The present paper deals with the results of my investigations on the Tenebrionidae of the Leeward Group and the xerophilous regions of Venezuela and Colombia. I am much indebted to Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck for giving me the opportunity to study the material he collected during his trips to this area. Some other specimens used were collected by the present writer himself. Material for comparison has been obtained through the courtesy of several people, particularly the Director of the British Museum (N.H.), Mr H. Kulzer (Frey collection, Munich), and Prof. E. Tortonese (Museum of Zoology, Turin University), to all of whom I am deeply obliged. In particular I also wish to thank Prof. E. Gridelli, Director of the Natural History Museum, Trieste, to whom I am greatly indebted for his constant help and advice in my work, and to Prof. R. Malaroda, of the Institute of Geology, Padua University, for the useful criticism about my geological considerations. Not the last, I would express my gratitude to Dr E. MacC.Callan of the I.C.T.A. (Trinidad, B.W.I.) for the communication of material of that Institute. — The photographs were made by Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, with the expert assistance of Mr H. van Kooten, at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University, Utrecht. The material has been deposited with the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam and the State Museum at Leyde. The material indicated as “Marcuzzi leg.” is included in author’s private collection, excepting some specimens which have been given to the Biological Department of the Caracas University, Venezuela.

Description: The account of a twelve day excursion is preceded by a short general description of the Central Pyrenees, their stratigraphy and structure and the regional metamorphism. The day by day description of the excursion follows the route which twice crosses the Paleozoic of the Pyrenees.

Description: A male skull of Tapirus terrestris (L.) originating from Dutch Guiana (Leiden Museum, reg. no. 11632), received from the Rotterdam Zoological Garden through the kind intermediary of Mr. F. J. APPELMAN on July 15, 1952, is remarkable for the abnormal development of its right P1. The full permanent dentition is in place except for the posterior premolars and last molars, which are in alveolo. The teeth are but little worn and, apart from the right P1, they do not show anv unusual characters. The left P1 has the shape normally found in the Brazilian tapir; the crown is triangular with rounded angles, and bears a continuous outer crest (ectoloph) extending from the front angle (parastyle) to the posterior outer cusp (metacone). The position of the central outer cusp (paracone), merged in the crest, is indicated only by a weak vertical ridge on the labial face of the ectoloph, flattening toward the crown base, the paracone style. The posterior inner cusp (hypocone) is a low but distinct, anteroposteriorly elongated elevation of the cingulum. The protocone is just visible as a tiny cusp on the lingual cingulum, internal to the paracone. The labial cingulum is shown as a slight swelling all along the base of the ectoloph. There is a broad posterior root, imperfectly subdivided into a larger labial and a smaller lingual portion, and there is a single anterior root; the roots are but slightly divergent. The anteroposterior diameter of the crown is 17.1 mm, the posterior width, 13.2 mm.

Description: This study deals with the vegetation of about 125 former beds of the larger rivers in the Netherlands. It includes all communities of higher plants except the carrs, which are dealt with in a separate paper by Kop (1961). The investigation of the communities aimed at a knowledge of their floristic composition as well as at a definition of their habitat. The description and the classification of the units was carried out according to the concepts and methods of the Braun-Blanquet school (Braun-Blanquet, 1932, 1951; Becking, 1957). Moreover, among the former river beds types were recognized, characterized by a special set of communities and by correlated abiotical properties. A number of vegetation-units are described here for the first time, viz. The Polygoneto-Nymphoidetum (alliance Potamion) with the subass. typicum and the subass. potametosum pectinati. According to descriptions of vegetations found in the literature the subass. typicum is also present in former river beds of the Rhine in Germany about up to Bingen (LAUTERBRON, 1917); more to the south it is replaced by the Trapo-Nymphoidetum (OBERDORFER, 1957). The Sparganieto-Glycerietum fluitantis polygonetosum (alliance Glycerieto-Sparganion). The main difference with the habitat of the other subassociations (see MAAS, 1959), where the water is moving either permanently (brooks) or at least now and then (ditches), is that the vegetation is influenced by the current only during the shortlasting annual floods. The Cicuteto-Caricetum pseudocyperus (alliance Phragmition) is to be divided into two subassociations, viz. the subass. typicum and the subass. comaretosum. The main difference between the habitats of the two subassociations appears to be that the first is eutrophic and the second more mesotrophic. The Scirpetum triquetri et maritimi typhetosum (alliance Phragmition). In contrast with the other subassociations (see ZONNEVELD, 1960), this one occurs only in oligoto mesohalinic, stagnant water. The Caricetum elatae (alliance Magnocaricion) is revised. Carex hudsonii is the only characteristic species found throughout the area in which the association occurs. The community everywhere participates in the hydrosere on sand or peat. The following subdivision was made: Subass. typicum; the community is eutraphentous; according to the literature it is found in Switzerland (KOCH, 1926), S. Germany (OBERDORFER, 1957) and Belgium (LEBRUN c.s., 1949; VANDEN BERGHEN, 1952 a). Subass. comaretosum: more mesotraphentous than the subass. typicum; found in N. Germany (TÜXEN, 1937; PASSARGE, 1955 b) and the Netherlands. Of the Valerianeto-Filipenduletum (alliance Filipendulo-Petasition) two new subassocaitions are established, viz.: Subass. juncetosum; it is the replacing-community of a mesotraphentous variant of the Alnetum glutinosae. Subass. senecietosum; represented in the river forelands outside the tidal area; it replaces there an eutraphentous Salicion-community, and may be natural if the development of trees is prevented by ice-drift. Eight types of former river beds were distinguished. Two of these could be subdivided into some subtypes. Their classification according to their communities and their abiotical properties is summarized in table 26. Descriptions of habitats which more or less resemble one of these types of former river beds, are known from other parts of the Netherlands and from the adjoining parts of Germany and Belgium. However, as far as we know, of the types described by us, viz. those represented in the river forelands along the upper courses of the rivers, seem to differ from all habitats that have been described so far.

Description: Few cytological data are available of the Loganiaceae. Its subfamily Buddleioideae, often considered a separate family, is a well-defined group, as far as could be concluded from the chromosome number. On the other hand, nothing can be said with certainty of the other subfamily, the Loganioideae, because the available data are still insufficient. Hitherto, the chromosome numbers of the following seven species of Loganioideae, studied by MOHRBUTTER (1936) and Moore (1947), are known: Gelsemium sempervirens 2n = 16 (MOORE, 1947) Strychnos laurina 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Strychnos nux-vomica 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Strychnos sansibariensis 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Spigelia marilandica 2n = 48 (MOORE, 1947) Fagraea fragrans 2n = 12 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Fagraea liloralis 2n = 12 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) These data seem to indicate that the basic chromosome number of the Loganioideae is X = 6.

Description: Während eines Studienaufenthaltes an der Station Internationale de Géobotanique Méditerranéenne et Alpine in Montpellier, Direktor Professor J. Braun-Blanquet, wurden vom Verfasser in Süd-frankreich, (Languedoc), in den Weinbergen der Umgebung Montpelliers sowie im Departement Pyrenees Orientales 72 pflanzensoziologische Aufnahmen gemacht. Nach J. Braun-Blanquet gehört die Vegetation der Weinberge des Languedoc zu der Assoziation Diplotaxidetum erucoidis (Br.- Bl. 1931). J. Braun-Blanquet hat hauptsächlich in den Jahren 1929-1938 in den Weinbergen des Languedoc 36, noch nicht publizierte, Aufnahmen gemacht; später, 1949—1952, kamen noch einige weitere hinzu. Es handelt sich dabei fast ausschliesslich um Herbst-Aufnahmen. In der ersten Periode: 2 Aufnahmen vom September 13 Aufnahmen vom Oktober 7 Aufnahmen vom November 5 Aufnahmen vom Dezember 2 Aufnahmen vom Januar 2 Aufnahmen vom April 1 Aufnahme vom Mai In der zweiten Periode: 1 Aufnahme vom Mai 2 Aufnahmen vom Oktober 1 Aufnahme vom November

Description: Pages 220-279 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1956) are occupied by a list of conserved and rejected names of genera of Spermatophyta. The origins and history of conservation have been discussed by Stafleu (Taxon 5: 85-95). As a result of his study it became evident that the list is no longer in harmony with current concepts of nomenclature and the rules for maintaining them. The desirability of a general revision of the list is obvious; such a revision was begun by Stafleu several years ago. It proved, however, an impossible task for one person to achieve in the intervals between ordinary duties. Consequently application was made by The International Association for Plant Taxonomy to the National Science Foundation (Washington) for a grant in furtherance of this project. The grant was awarded early in 1958, enabling the present authors to work together for some seven weeks in Holland and England, principally in the Institute of Systematic Botany of the University of Utrecht and the Botany Department of the British Museum (Natural History). During this period we completed the verification (begun by Stafleu alone) of almost every citation in the list, and the evaluation of every conservation and rejection in the light of the current rules of nomenclature. The final manuscript was prepared later, in Utrecht and New York; an additional conference of the authors was made possible by Stafleu’s visit to the United States in December, 1958. A proposal has been presented to the Ninth International Botanical Congress, to be held at Montreal in 1959, to replace the current list of conserved and rejected names of genera of Spermatophyta by a new list based on that which follows (see Synopsis of Proposals, Regnum Vegetabile 14: 79. 1959).

Description: The generic name Mapouria Aubl. should be applied to those Psychotrieae in which the following set of characters is found: deciduous stipules, heterostylous flowers, seeds without a longitudinal intrusion on the commissural side and an endosperm in which the spermoderm penetrates in the form of a network which may be confined to the commissural side but which, as a rule, extends over the whole surface. This means that it should be used also for those species which up to now have been included in Grumilea Gaertn. It need not be given up in favour of Psychotria. The name Psychotria may provisionally be retained in the conventional sense, with the proviso, however, that species with deciduous stipules or without a single or double longitudinal intrusion at the commissural side of the seed should be excluded. The endosperm may be ruminate, but the intrusions of the spermoderm should be confined to the bottom of the grooves on the convex side. The choice of a type species for this genus is better postponed until a decision has been reached on the question whether this group of species may be regarded as a natural one.

Description: Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. Naar aanleiding van een publicatie in Corr.bl. no. 17 kan ik berichten, dat ik Chenopodium bonus-henricus jaren geleden óók aan de Noordelijke Lekdijk bij Culemborg heb gevonden. Tot mijn spijt kan ik niet meer precies zeggen, wanneer dat geweest is. Het is vermoedelijk kort na 1945, doch wellicht ook kort voor 1940 of in de eerste oorlogsjaren geweest. Ik vermoed, dat de vindplaats welke genoemd wordt, dezelfde is als destijds de mijne. Elders in het fluviatiele gebied, dat ik tussen Zaltbommel – Culemborg en Tiel zeer vaak bezocht, heb ik de plant nimmer aangetroffen.

Description: Agnihothrudu, V.: A new genus of the helicosporous Basidiomycetes (from North-East India) (Fungi) (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 44, 1961, 51-54, 1 fig.). Ahmad, S.: Further contributions to the Fungi of West Pakistan 1 (Biologia 6, 1960, 117-136, 17 fig.).

Description: Aiton, W., Hortus Kewensis. Add (to Fl. Mal. I, 4, 1954, clxvi): cf. J. Bot. 61 (1923) 290.

Description: Evidence gathered by expeditions of the University of California’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography during the International Geophysical Year suggests that the East Pacific Rise is one of the largest physical structures on earth. It runs in a sickle-shaped curve from near New Zealand 8,000 miles to the coast of Mexico. There its crest disappears from the maps, unless, as some now think, it underlies the western part of the North American continent. If so, then a previously described shoal area off the coast of Canada, reaching almost to Alaska, can be considered the northernmost end of the crest of the Rise. This would bring the total length to about 10,000 miles. Although the crest lifts itself two miles above the floor of the Pacific it still lies one and a half miles below the ocean surface, except where volcanic islands, such as Easter, thrust upward atop the bulge of the Rise.

Description: Greenhouses appear frequently too low for large palms which outgrow them. This seals their fate and they are removed and destroyed. This seems a pity, as they are sometimes rarities which have served for scientific purpose or description. The idea has come to me that it might be possible to rejuvenate them by marcotting, because so many palms are capable to throw roots from the lower parts of the stem, some being even distinctly stilted, as pandans. It has not come to my knowledge whether it has ever been tried if this method could be successful.

Description: Verrucaria maas-geesterani Servít sp. n. (fig. 1). Thallus epilithinus, maculas 1—4 cm latas formans, atrofuscescens, H2O ater, sat tenuis, continuus vel h. i. imperfecte rimulosus, superficie verruculis atris 0.03 mm latis ± tecta et levissime asperata, protothallo indistincto. Stratum corticale usque ad cca 20 μ altum, p.p. pallidum usque ad fuscum, p.p. nigrum, cellulis in partibus pallidioribus ut in strato basali, in partibus atris ad 4 μ in diam. Stratum algarum 40—80 μ altum, prosoplectenchymaticum, cellulis 4—6 μ altis, 3—4 μ latis, algis 6—12 μ altis, 4—6 μ latis, in seriebus sat distinctis verticalibus, incoloratum, maculis obscuris interruptum. Stratum basale fusco-atrum vel carbonaceum, usque ad 60 μ altum, supra cum maculis obscuris strati algarum concrescens.

Description: Exbucklandia R. W. Brown ( Bucklandia R. Br. non Pr. ex Sternb., Symingtonia Steen.) In an article on “Alterations in some fossil and living floras” (J. Wash. Ac. Sc. 36: 348. Oct. 1946) R. W. Brown proposed the new generic name Exbucklandia for the Hamamelidaceous genus Bucklandia R. Br., non Pr. ex Sternb., while describing a new fossil species from the United States. He also transferred B. populnea to the new genus. Unfortunately I had overlooked this publication when proposing Symingtonia to replace Bucklandia R. Br. (Acta Bot. Neerl. 1: 443—444. 1952). Exbucklandia will have to be accepted for it in future. The Indo-Chinese species B. tonkinensis Lecomte should be referred to as Exbucklandia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Steen. comb. nov. I have to thank Dr E. H. Walker for pointing my attention to R. W. Brown’s paper.

Description: This charming and handy book printed on excellent paper, with its numerous clear pictures of well-known Malayan plants, reminds one in many ways of Merrill’s “Plant Life of the Pacific World” (MacMillan 1946, New York), which has perhaps served Prof. Holttum as an example. Its size being only slightly smaller than Merrill’s book and the area covered being very considerably smaller, its descriptions of plants are naturally more detailed; the more so as only a choice has been made, in which the special interests of the author — ferns, orchids, gingers — are evident though not predominant. The plants described are not regionally arranged. The 17 chapters are rather headed by names of life-forms, striking organs, and special habitats. As is pointed out in the Preface, the book is “intended primarily for the Malayan resident who wishes to begin a study of Malayan plants”. In this purpose the book will doubtless prove to be a success: the reader is gradually taught quite a bit of botany of various fields, morphology, anatomy, ecology, hybridisation, etc. These are demonstrated at plants which are within easy reach of the ordinary layman for which it is destined. Short opening and concluding chapters deal with general features of tropical plants and with the Malayan forest. Since the author is a well-known expert and the Malayan flora as here described is a very good example of any flora between, say, Calcutta and Fiji, it may well be useful to residents of many other countries as well.

Description: The Netherlands Antilles may be divided into: (1) The Curaçao Group (or Netherlands Leeward Islands): Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire. (2) The St. Martin Group (or Netherlands Windward Islands): (Netherlands) St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius. The latter islands are very small, forming together only 8.1 per cent of the total area of the Netherlands Antilles, and 2.2 per cent of its population. The Curaçao Group often has a desert-like aspect with a “tropical dry-forest” vegetation. Therefore on these islands the mosquito pest is nothing like so bad as it usually is in the tropics. There are few permanent breeding places, except man-made receptacles in and around the houses to store rainwater or well-water in as the Government waterworks do not always produce sufficient and adequate water. The St. Martin Group has a higher rainfall and a more abundant vegetation. In the preceding pages the morphological characteristics which are of taxonomic value have been described. Keys to the mosquitoes, their classification, their geographical distribution and their biology observed in the Netherlands Antilles have been given. Mosquitoes may be spread by automobiles, ships and airplanes on the islands. Fortunately, all airplanes from foreign airports and St. Maarten are sprayed on Curaçao and Aruba. Except this measure little was done before 1951 to control mosquitoes, except in the areas occupied by the oil companies. An anti-Aëdes aegypti campaign was initiated on Curaçao in October 1951 and on Aruba in March 1952 (residual DDT house spraying and larviciding). Because of the paucity of mosquito records of the Netherlands Antilles a rather thorough survey was made on Curaçao from 1941- 1947, while the other islands were visited only for a short time. At the moment 20 species are known from the Netherlands Antilles. Anopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis was found on Curaçao and rarely on Aruba, and An.albimanus once on St. Maarten, but never an indigenous case of malaria has been reported from the Netherlands Antilles. The larvae of An. pseudopunctipennis were found in earth-lined breeding places, but also frequently in manmade receptacles. Nearly all these breeding places contained clear, fresh or slightly brackish water with green algae; the majority were sunlit. Though the females of An.pseudopunctipennis attacked man, they were more attracted to animals. Culex quinquefasciatus was a common domestic pest mosquito on all of the islands. Though it often bred in earth-lined breeding places, it was found more frequently in man-made receptacles. The water was fresh or slightly brackish and usually polluted. Wuchereriasis bancrofti prevailed at a low rate on the Curaçao Group (4.2%, of which at least 2.7% was indigenous) and at a higher rate on the St. Martin Group (10.3% of which at least 5.1% was autochthonous). Elephantiasis was very rare. Aëdes aegypti was the most common domestic pest mosquito on both groups of islands. It was usually caught in clear, fresh water in man-made receptacles in or around human dwellings. The females bit in the daytime and at night. Several epidemics of yellow fever occurred in the previous century; the last one was on Curaçao in 1901. The last sporadic case occurred on Curaçao in 1914. Dengue was very common in newcomers from non-endemic areas. Haemagogus anastasionis was collected on Curaçao and rarely on Aruba. The larvae were mainly found in tree holes after occasional rains. All the breeding places contained dark brown rainwater with a layer of humus. The bite of the female is painful. Fortunately it has not been incriminated as a vector of jungle yellow fever. Besides, there are no wild monkeys on the Netherlands Antilles. Wyeomyia celaenocephala was found in various species of bromeliads on the Christoffelberg on Curaçao. The females will bite fiercely in the jungle. Uranotaenia lowii was collected from a pond on Bonaire. Aëdes taeniorhynchus was mainly caught in stagnant, sunlit beach pools with clear, dark brown, brackish water on Curaçao, and once in a well on Saba. The females are severe biters. Aëdes busckii was found in a tree hole on St. Eustatius. Psorophora cyanescens was reported from Aruba only once. Psorophora confinnis bred in rock holes and other earth-lined breeding places, and rarely in man-made receptacles on the Curaçao Group. The majority of the breeding places were temporary and sunlit, and contained clear or turbid rainwater. The females are fierce biters. They entered houses. Psorophora pygmaea was collected from a ditch on St. Maarten. Deinocerites cancer was mainly found in crab holes on both groups of islands. The water of the breeding places was turbid and brackish. Adults lived in the crab holes. Females did not bite the author. Culex erraticus was caught in clear fresh water near the airport on Curaçao. Culex americanus was found in various bromeliads on the St. Martin Group. Culex bahamensis was collected from fresh or brackish water on the St. Martin Group. Culex habilitator adults and larvae were found in crab holes on St. Maarten. Culex maracayensis was caught in earth-lined breeding places and sometimes in concrete tanks and troughs on Curaçao. The water was usually clear, shaded and fresh or slightly brackish. Culex nigripalpus was collected near the airport on Curaçao from a temporary ground pool with rainwater. Megarhinus guadeloupensis was found once in a bromeliad on Saba.

Description: Since 1952 the Geological Department of the Leiden University has carried out the geological mapping of the southern slopes of the Cantabrian Mountains in the provinces of Palencia and León in northern Spain, slowly progressing from east to west. Our interest has been centred almost exclusively on the Palaeozoic rocks. Untill recently very little was known or published about this part of the Cantabrian Mountains. Quiring, 1939, had given some provisional maps, the 1 : 400.000 Spanish maps gave only the broadest of outlines and the survey by Comte dating from before the war was not published until 1959, when our mapping had already covered the same territory. The stratigraphic sequence of the Paleozoic extends from the earliest Cambrian, resting on some Pre-Cambrian (de Sitter, 1961b), up to the highest Carboniferous. The Lower Palaeozoic, Cambrian to Silurian, crops out only in the western portion of the map and has a rather uniform development, described adequately by Comte, 1959, and further details of the Cambrian by Lotze and Sdzuy, 1961. Devonian outcrops occur scattered over the whole map area, and are of particular interest to stratigraphers because of their rich fauna (Comte, 1959, Kullman, 1960). The Devonian is less uniform than the older formations and shows variations indicating its development in well defined separate areas. Comte (1959) gave an excellent description of the rocks of the Bernesga-Esla zone. The development of the Carboniferous sequence is very variable due to several distinct folding periods of varying intensity (de Sitter, 1961a) and its stratigraphical development is still doubtful in many areas.

Description: The border region between Coahuila and Zacatecas is part of the mountainous country south of Parras in northeastern Mexico. It includes a thickness of about 2,600 meters of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks that were deposited along the northern border of the Mexican geosyncline along the southern margin of the Coahuila Peninsula massif. During early Tertiary time these sediments were compressed into folds parallel to the borders of the massif. The majority of the anticlines in the area mapped is overturned to the north. After the compressive stage a tensional stage developed and a system of tensional faults was formed. Block faulting found place on a large scale. A suggestion by de Sitter that some longitudinal faults may be comparable to schistosity planes in microfolds is tested in the horizontal outcrop pattern of this area, and no indications are found which could contradict this hypothesis. It is suggested that this horizontal outcrop pattern should also vary with the relative competency of the rock formation. The stratigraphic column is divided into formations. The Jurassic includes the Zuloaga limestone of Oxfordian age and the equivalent La Caja and La Casita formations of Kimmeridgian-Portlandian age. The Cretaceous from the base upward includes the Taraises formation of Lower Neocomian age, the Cupido limestone of upper Neocomian-lower Aptian age, the La Peña formation of upper Aptian-lower Albian age, the Aurora limestone of middle Albian age, the Indidura formation of upper Cenomanian-Turonian age, the Caracol formation of Coniacian age, and the Parras shale of Santonian age. The La Caja formation contains a variable amount of phosphorites, the genesis of which is discussed. The conclusion is reached that there are indications that this deposit had a biochemical mode of origin rather than a purely chemical one as advocated by Kazakov.

Description: Red sediments of Tertiary age crop out alongside the southern border of the Cantabrian Mountains in the northern part of the Duero basin. They consist mainly of conglomerates with quartzite pebbles, sandstones, and sandy, loamy, and marly deposits, all with a deep red colour. Detailed analyses were made on grain size composition, on pebble roundness, and on sand grain roundness and sphericity. The results are presented in triangle-diagrams for nomenclature, cumulative curves of size frequency distributions, graphs showing changes of sediment properties with transport distance, and in a facies map. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the source area of the sediments was a mountain chain with outcropping Paleozoic and Mesozoic deposits and their weathering products; (2) the transport of the debris occurred by rivers, which flowed in a south-easterly direction; (3) the deposition took place in the mountain foreland, the coarse sediments being deposited nearer to the mountain area than the finer ones; (4) the transport length was fairly short; (5) the conglomerates exposed in the source area provided rounded pebbles to the gravelly sediments deposited in the basins (6) the rivers left the mountain area at the same sites as the present ones. Finally the description of two type locality sections gives an impression of the red bed lithology.

Description: In March 1958 Dr. J. H. WESTERMANN and Mr. H. KIEL collected some fossil Echinids on the islands of St. Kitts and St. Eustatius. The fossils of St. Kitts were found in a yellow limestone (sample nr. 42), situated on the west flank of Brimstone Hill, belonging to a series of peculiar-looking upturned sedimentary beds, occurring around a volcanic plug (MARTIN-KAYE, 1959). According to C. T. TRECHMANN (1932) the fauna of these beds is put down as Pliocene, possibly late Pliocene.

Description: In vorliegender Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, ein nach dem heutigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse vollständiges Verzeichnis der im indomalayischen Raum beheimateten Holzbohrmuscheln oder Terediniden zu geben. Die Grundlage der Untersuchungen bilden die Terediniden-Sammlungen von GONGGRIJP und BIANCHI im Amsterdamer Museum, die des Kgl. Tropeninstituts in Amsterdam sowie die früheren Bearbeitungen des Verfassers von Material aus dem gleichen Gebiet. Außer einer systematischen Aufzählung der dort vorkommenden Gattungen und Arten wird im besonderen die oft recht verwickelte Synonymie berücksichtigt und nach Möglichkeit richtiggestellt. Des weiteren finden wir bei jeder der 31 Arten genaue Angaben der geographischen Verbreitung und in einem ökologischen Abschnitt einen Überblick über die durch indomalayische Terediniden zerstörten Holzarten sowie allgemeine Hinweise bezüglich der Salzgehaltsverhältnisse an den betreffenden Fundorten.