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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organisational response to a volcanic eruption (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on the findings of a survey of organisational responses to the 1995 eruptions at Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand. The survey identified co-ordination, communication, training and management issues that had implications for the quality and effectiveness of an integrated organisational response to hazard impacts. This paper explores the implications of organisational structure and social (professional) identity for developing and sustaining integrated emergency management capability. It also discusses the implications of decision-making processes and group dynamics for response effectiveness. These issues are used to illustrate the nature and origin of the problems observed in the survey and to define strategies for their resolution and for promoting effective inter-organisational relationships and integrated emergency management capability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810206226
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The human factor in industrial disaster (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 92-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: So much attention is devoted to the cost of industrial disasters in financial terms and to the technologies that fail at times, that it is possible to lose sight of the fact that disasters involve people, individually and in societal groups. Although awareness and concern about the human factor in industrial disaster has grown considerably over the last 15-20 years, many continue to see human error in a very narrow perspective. People, however, play a key role in causing disasters, must cope with them when they occur, and bear the consequences in their aftermath. Consideration of the human factor in industrial disaster has focused primarily on input in causing disasters. Two additional phases of human involvement in industrial disaster, their coping and their reaction to the outcome, must be included. At every stage of its occurrence, industrial disaster is truly about people and their behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810216315
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The framework protecting ports and ships from fire and pollution (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 188-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Presents the status of public policy on protecting ports and ships and describes Greek law and practice regarding combating ship fires. Also "best practices" are identified with regard to preventing and suppressing fires on ships. Authors believe that a neglected topic is the protection of the port sea environment, a problem which made ESPO (European Sea Ports Organisation) create a code of practice for protecting the port environment and DG VII to implement it but are these sufficient for the protection of ports and ships?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810223272
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The framework protecting ports and ships from fire and pollution (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This article presents the status of public policy on title's matters and makes recommendation thereto. Describes Greek law and practice combating ship fires. Also "best practices" are identified with regard to preventing and suppressing fires on ships. Ship fires are thought to be by the authors an important topic. The authors also believe that an equally important, but neglected topic, is the protection of the port sea environment. This problem made the ESPO (European Sea Ports Organisation) produce a code of practice for protecting port environments and DG VII to support that. But are these sufficient for the protection of ports and ships?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810230102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental hazards associated with hill land development in Penang Island, Malaysia: some recommendations on effective management (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 305-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Increasingly, land is a scarce resource which is much sought after in Penang Island, Malaysia. This is because Penang is largely made up of steep topography and much of the lowland areas are already developed. Penang is one of the many rapidly industrialising states in Malaysia with a largely urban populace. In recent decades, efforts at industrialisation and the development of other economic sectors have been intensified, leading to greater urbanisation and greater pressures on land. Although land reclamation has eased the pressures somewhat, it is not enough to satisfy the high demand for land on the island. As such, developers have turned to the remaining hill land on the island. Many hills and their environs are already being developed and many hill projects are in the pipe line. This has led to many environmental problems such as deforestation, decimation of water catchments, destruction of endangered fauna and flora, soil erosion, landslides, water pollution, sedimentation and downstream flooding. Some of these problems have been exacerbated and turned into disasters due to the extremely fragile and sensitive nature of hill ecosystems. Despite such problems, the State Government has decided to lift the freeze on development of hill land since January 1998, and this has effectively opened up all hill land for development on the island. Therefore, hill land needs to be protected and conserved by other means and this study recommends the adoption of a policy of "No development in all ecologically and environmentally sensitive areas", the setting up of a Hill Land Technical Committee (HLTC) to manage all developments pertaining to hill land and to gazette all hill land in the State, and the use of state-of-the-art remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to monitor and control development activities on hill land in Penang.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810230148
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responding to landslide hazards in rapidly developing Malaysia: a case of economics versus environmental protection (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 14-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Malaysia is an ex-colonial, newly-industrialising country, with a sustained high economic growth rate averaging eight per cent GDP per annum over the past ten years. Within such a rapidly booming economy, the pace of social, economic and political change is fast, as is the pace of technological change. Other things being equal, these are the changes in which environmental hazards can be magnified. As a result of rapid economic development, physical systems are disturbed and changed. For example, the modification of the hydrological cycle due to deforestation, urbanisation, development of hill slopes and other human land use have given rise to increased risks of landslides. In recent years, the collapse of a block of luxury condominiums in Kuala Lumpur, the Genting Highland and Pos Dipang landslide tragedies as well as other landslide disasters have caused substantial loss of life and damage to property and infrastructure. Combined with intensive development of hill slopes and hill land for housing, recreation, tourism, agriculture, highway and dam construction, and other human induced land use changes, the exposure and vulnerability of human populations to landslide hazards have also increased. Other reasons, largely structural, such as persistent poverty, low residential and occupational mobility, and landlessness, manifested in illegal squatting and farming on hill slopes and foothills have also contributed to increased vulnerability of large communities to landslide hazards in many parts of the country. As Malaysia pushes ahead to meet its target of becoming a fully industrialised country by the year 2020, further environmental degradation is expected to occur. Notwithstanding other aspects of environmental degradation, the occurrence of landslide hazards is expected to become a common feature of Malaysian life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810206244
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of magnitude and implications for urban hazard planning in Greece (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 176-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the phenomenon of tsunamis within the European Seas and explains how tsunami research has developed during the last 40 years as a response to a large tsunami which occurred in the Aegean Sea region of Greece in 1956. The paper states that specific tsunami hazard maps have been established for particular coastal areas of Greece and that these maps and any associated disaster management plans have been developed as a tool to mitigate the effects of future tsunamis in the region. The author provides the results of new investigations of the effects of a past tsunami in Greece and shows that the magnitude of this event has been overestimated. The results imply that revisions of the urban hazard maps and associated disaster preparedness plans should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810223218
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Policing in the wake of Hurricane Andrew: comparing citizens' and police priorities (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 413-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Taking advantage of the breakdown of formal social control directly following Hurricane Andrew in Miami, Florida, this paper conducts a naturally occurring breaching experiment to examine the deeper structure of values about policing and police practices. Both citizens of the damaged neighborhoods and the attending police were interviewed to determine the degree of concensus/dissensus concerning ideal and actual priorities of policing during the crisis period. The findings reveal a remarkable degree of consensus among citizens and the police. The implications for a consensus versus a conflict view of policing are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810795674
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responding to "unconventional" millennial predictions (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In the past, predictions of impending natural disasters have captured public attention for a variety of reasons. When such predictions gain momentum, they can have serious consequences for those to whom the public turns for advice, information, and comfort. Over the next few years, it is anticipated that predictions anchoring on the arrival of the millennium will appear and gain notoriety. Research has shown, however, some commonalties among predictions and predictors, as well as how to effectively transmit risk information to the public. The purpose of this paper is to provide those responding to unconventional predictions of imminent disaster a framework within which to guide their actions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810230076
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Training railway operating staff to understand and manage passenger and crowd behaviour (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 401-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: For anyone involved in moving large numbers of people, indeed in any aspect of crowd management, the biggest threats are ignorance of crowd behavioural dynamics and complacency. When the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) in Hong Kong was faced with excessive passenger growth, serious safety problems and concerns arose. As part of a study into "Passenger and Crowd Behaviour Safety", the author recommended that staff be put through a comprehensive programme of passenger management and behaviour training. As a result of this he was asked to design and deliver such a programme, consisting of two-day modules for all those directly concerned and one-day modules for all other managers throughout the organisation. These have now been followed up with update training, and a redesigned course has been implemented for the new Airport Express railway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810795656
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the new information technologies in emergency mitigation, planning, response and recovery (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 28-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Multimedia, CD-ROM, DVD, Internet, Web Sites and e-mail are all part of a constantly changing, emerging array of the new information technologies which are being utilized in public education and are increasingly being applied to emergency planning and training activities to enhance emergency preparedness. Illustrations are presented which demonstrate the utility of multimedia, CD-ROM, and Internet applications to this process. These technologies will be applied to demonstrate how emergency planners may more effectively accomplish their mission to educate the larger community on a variety of issues such as the need to adopt proposed mitigation strategies, to respond to disaster warnings and evacuation suggestions. These technologies will also be applied to demonstrate how response and recovery information can be readily disseminated to an impacted area. Applications will also be provided which demonstrate the utility of these technologies in enhancing training activities for emergency personnel as well as extending the opportunity for such training beyond the time and place of the original trainer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810206262
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hazards in Africa: trends, implications and regional distribution (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Examines disasters in Africa between 1964 and 1991. Looks at types, trends, distribution and compares natural and man-made disasters. Data from the office of the US Foreign Disaster Assistance are used. The major natural hazards are drought, floods, cyclones, earthquakes and volcanoes. Major man-made hazards are civil strife, displaced persons, food shortages and epidemics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810216324
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of uncompensated cost of marine accidents in a model of welfare economics (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Attempts to determine the main economic principles that should underline the policies towards safety of ships, cargoes and persons. They applied a model from welfare economics through which they established an "acceptable" or "optimum" level of marine accidents at a point where marginal cost of preventing marine accidents equals the marginal costs of fewer marine accidents. Using mainly graphical analysis they tested whether the Oil Pollution Act is a policy measure in the right direction or not. Similar insights were made for the International Safety Code of IMO which tries to establish quality in shipping through reducing marine accidents (and preventing pollution). This application, to the best of the authors' knowledge, was performed for the first time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810223254
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dealing with mass death after a community catastrophe: handling bodies after the 1917 Halifax explosion (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 288-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The literature available on how communities deal with mass death, in particular body handling procedures, is sparse. Describes the actions of the various people involved in the immediate aftermath of the Halifax (Nova Scotia) 1917 explosion. Also, but in less detail, examples the Rapid City flood, the Gander air crash, the Zeebrugge ferry disaster, the Tangsham earthquake, the Texas City explosion and the Kobe earthquake. Highlights the problems of handling bodies after a mass fatality incident: respect accorded to the dead individual; whether skilled individuals are there to take on the tasks, the tagging and identification procedures required and the setting up of temporary morgue facilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810230139
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do all crises have to become disasters? Risk and risk mitigation (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 396-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Risk and uncertainty are part of the everyday operating environment for all organisations. Occasionally the risks may be sufficient to generate a crisis which, if left unattended, can become a disaster. The key person in an organisation who is often charged with the responsibility of recovering the supporting services that will enable the business to start functioning again is the facility manager, in charge of all property management functions. What should facility managers be aware of in terms of the characteristics of risk and crises and organisational culture that will affect their ability to plan for disaster recovery? Describes some features and characteristics of crises that could become disasters and discusses the features of organisations (such as tight-coupling and interdependency) that can affect their exposure to risk - crisis-prone or crisis-prepared - and suggests some crisis-mitigating strategies that could be adopted by property managers. Concludes that organisations can become crisis-prepared, if they adopt a range of strategies, such as providing good feedback on previous incidents, setting up a formal safety organisation, inculcating safety culture norms and beliefs about the importance of safety, devolving decision making but retaining monitoring by experienced staff, training and educating to create an environment of constant awareness and hence reliability. The end product should be that those unpredictable everyday minor crises do not escalate to become disasters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810795647
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress and emergency work experience: a non-linear relationship (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 38-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Emergency workers vary in their levels of experience, both in terms of years of service and involvement with traumatic incidents, and both types can influence vulnerability to stress. Opposing arguments can be made that experience has a sensitising or desensitising effect. Experienced emergency workers are shown to be more at risk in some studies and less so in others. It is proposed that the relationship between experience and stress is not necessarily linear, as is frequently assumed in such studies. This paper presents a test of linear and quadratic trends on stress and related variables across three groups of experienced firefighters. The results support the proposition that the relationship between stress and experience is quadratic, with stress highest in the middle experience group, and lowest in the low and high experience groups. This result is not explained by differences in actual traumatic exposures or coping practices. Other possible reasons are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810206271
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitigating flood losses in the active floodplains of Bangladesh (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 113-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The inhabitants of the active floodplain of Bangladesh's main rivers receive little government support to help them cope with floods and have developed their own strategies. Major flood projection works are not possible in these areas where floods and erosion annually affect many vulnerable people. Surveys of the impact of severe floods found that total losses and the dislocation to their lives is substantial. These loss data were used to assess the financial viability of small scale floodproofing measures, such as house raising and flood shelters, which are the preferences of these people. Such measures give better rates of return than embankment projects in mainland areas, provided that the location is not affected by erosion for four to eight years. A combination of resources, technical assistance and local hazard assessment is needed, and a government commitment to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants of the active floodplains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810216333
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    The dark side of growth and industrial disasters since the Second World War (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Examines the disastrous industrial accidents globally since the Second World War. Change and innovation development have accelerated dramatically through this century. The war itself influenced various developments. Argues that environmental problems are problems of development. Bhopal, Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez, Kuwait's oil wells and Siberian pipelines are all used as examples. Industrial activity and social change have increased vulnerability to man-made hazards. Hazardous industries tend to be sited nearer the poorest and most vulnerable people, making the effects of any disaster even greater. Discusses the changing attitudes to man-made disasters - from fatalistic resignation to a desire to gain greater control. Assessment, legislation and mitigation have meant improvements and are indicators of willingness and ability to handle the threats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810223281
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  • 19
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    Awareness and preparedness for emergencies at local level - UNEP's APELL programme (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 7 (1998), S. 406-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The ten-step APELL process, as set out in the APELL Handbook, is described, together with the roles of the APELL partners and ways of starting APELL. An account of UNEP's APELL programme is given. The progress of APELL throughout the world is discussed and a view is offered about how the programme can be further implemented and made more effective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569810795665
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The burgeoning of benchmarking in British local government: The value of "learning by looking" in the public services (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 260-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This article provides an overview of the current state of play of benchmarking in local government in the UK. It traces a trajectory of development for local authorities that diverges from that of the corporate private sector, in terms of the importance of external political drivers. A number of key constraints are identified that are together blocking the further development of benchmarking in the sector. These include a lack of awareness of potential scope; problems in securing needed skills; satisficing and low aspiration levels reducing the potential gain from benchmarking; and a marked lack of formal evaluation. Notwithstanding recent growth, a legitimate degree of scepticism remains in many local authorities as to the public value to be derived from benchmarking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810245099
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  • 21
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    An empirical analysis of critical factors of TQM: A proposed tool for self-assessment and benchmarking purposes (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 291-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses an empirical analysis of total qulaity management (TQM) critical factors using an adaptation of a questionnaire used previously in the USA. Since the context of this analysis was the Malaysian approach to TQM implementation, the measuring scale was designed so that it can not only capture the degree of perception and understanding of each critical factor, but also measure the order of criticality of each factor. A total of 22 critical factors in all were found to predominate and these were classified in three separate tiers, thus giving them a structure. The findings were very compatible with those highlighted in the literature and also covered by similar studies. An index of comparative criticality was developed, leading to the proposal of a self-assessment tool which can be used for a variety of purposes such as self-assessment for developing an improvement plan and also for benchmarking the degree of implementation of each critical factor against the index produced as a standard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810245152
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  • 22
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    Benchmarking at Shorts (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Notes that Shorts initiated a total quality programme in 1987 in response to a crisis following privatisation of the company. Points out that the company has found strategic benchmarking particularly useful in efforts to increase competitiveness. Looks at the Focus 2000 benchmarking initiative which represents Shorts' vision of the future. Considers in depth the way the company carries out its benchmarking activities and outlines key benefits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810206777
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Benchmarking innovation best practice (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 45-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Notes the heightening pressure towards innovation and the current patchy understanding of ideal practices in this area. Considers factors affecting innovation and reports on a study aimed at identifying best practice including firms from a range of sectors. Points to some key characteristics of best practice such as corporate philosophy, clarity of goals and cross-functional interaction. Identifies the need to excel both in terms of hard and soft innovation, the former relating to structures and the latter relating to the management of such structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810206803
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  • 24
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    Benchgrafting: a model for successful implementation of the conclusions of benchmarking studies (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 158-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Many benchmarking exercises identify process improvements but frequently this does not lead to significant transfer of learning or knowledge. This paper introduces the concept of "benchgrafting" as a model to assist managers in the successful implementation of the conclusions from benchmarking projects. Looks at the concept of benchgrafting and considers it in the light of institutional theory which underlines the importance of social and cultural environment. Reports on a desk study carried out as a pilot exercise benchmarking between two organisations in the transport field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810226180
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  • 25
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    Integrated benchmarking: a holistic examination of select techniques for benchmarking analysis (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 225-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Notes the fact that benchmarking has become a widely used management tool. Also points out that benchmarking is an evolving concept, giving a brief historical overview of the development of benchmarking and noting the view that it is changing from an art to a science. Gives a detailed breakdown of the various types of benchmarking and looks at the process of benchmarking and various approaches, arguing the need for an integrated approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810234802
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    Benchmarking manufacturing performance in Australia and New Zealand (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 271-282 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on the levels of performance and improvement rates in a number of manufacturing performance indicators being achieved by typical manufacturers around the world and then discusses how well Australian and New Zealand companies are doing in the light of the competition. That competition being a sample of companies which is perhaps more typical than some of the exemplars who are so widely quoted in the popular management literature. The findings are based on the results from the 1996 Global Manufacturing Futures Survey. The results are presented in two ways - by country or region and by industry. Australian and New Zealand manufacturers still have room for improvement in a number of areas, particularly quality, inventory and delivery performance. For the industry comparisons, what is striking is the range between best and worst.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810245134
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    Competitive priorities, process innovations and time-based competition in the manufacturing sectors of industrialising economies: The case of Turkey (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 304-316 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The topic of competitive priorities has attracted many of those interested in manufacturing strategy and stimulated a number of surveys in manufacturing industry. Much of this empirical work concentrates on large companies in industrialised economies while asserting the general applicability of findings. In contrast the survey reported here was conducted in a newly industrialising country, Turkey, focusing on small to medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. Key personnel in 41 companies were questioned about the priorities of cost, quality, flexibility and, in particular, time. Process innovations, since these enable improvements in competitive priorities, were also examined. General similarities were evident between the Turkish, other European, and US situations. However, certain elements of quality and time were not ranked as highly in Turkey and the adoption levels of process innovations were lower. In contrast to US data, connections between competitiveness and time-related performance measures were not apparent. Conclusions were drawn that Turkish manufacturing industry was generally at an earlier, quality-dependent, stage in developing competitiveness and that time-based competition was not yet evident.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810244478
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    Benchmarking at TNT Express (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 138-149 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Focuses on TNT Express (UK), part of the worldwide transportation group. Notes that TNT was joint winner of the inaugural 1994 UK Quality Award. Considers the role of quality at TNT and how it is achieved. Features the role of elements such as benchmarking surveys and performance league tables. Concludes that the momentum for continuous improvement within the company is ongoing and stems from enthusiasm and teamwork.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810212365
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    Methodological strategies for benchmarking accounting processes (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 165-183 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In this article it is contended that methodological issues implicit in benchmarking studies have to be clearly appreciated by management in assessing the reliability of performance gaps and the identification of sound practices that can be successfully adopted by other firms. There is no doubt that organisational design aspects of the benchmarking process are crucial to the success of the project. However, there are at least four methodological issues, extremely critical to the success of benchmarking projects, that have not yet been adequately analysed. These four methodological issues are: how to define the performance measures; how to achieve comparability of performances; how to identify best practices; how to evaluate the transferability of best practices. Strategies are developed to address these benchmarking issues. Then, these strategies are summarised in the components of a benchmarking model linking performances and best practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810226199
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    The development of a best practice business process improvement methodology (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 27-44 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper examines the effectiveness of various business process improvement and benchmarking methodologies described in the literature and reported by survey respondents. As a result of this "benchmarking study" a new and potentially improved business process improvement methodology is developed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810206795
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    Benchmarking and credit risk management in financial services (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 126-137 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Notes the continued popularity of benchmarking despite the falling interest in other major management "revolutions". Further points out that benchmarking is more prevalent in the manufacturing than in the service sector. Suggests that this may be due to an attitudinal difference between the two sectors. Considers the various types of benchmarking and discusses whether some are more suitable to given industry sectors than others. Notes the problems of information sensitivity and the creation of a consortium approach to overcome this. Looks at the credit risk management benchmarking consortium and the role of benchmarking in credit risk management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004492
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    Benchmarking process formalization and a case study (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 101-125 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Aims to formalize the benchmarking process by proposing methods and tools for the steps of the process. Focuses on the first two phases of the benchmarking process: measurement and self analysis (phase 1), and determination of subject and partners of a benchmarking study (phase 2). For this purpose, related to the first phase, a method of diagnosis is employed. In the second phase, three different data analysis methods (lexical analysis, principal components analysis and common factor analysis) are utilized. These two phases serve the purpose of an internal benchmarking (comparison between different domains of activities in the enterprise) and of an external benchmarking study (comparison between different enterprises). Three enterprises are selected for the benchmarking application. Related data are collected and analyzed, and results are reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810212356
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    Benchmarking in water supply services: the lessons learnt (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 59-70 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper reports the main findings arising from carrying out three benchmarking projects in the areas of customer services, operations and laboratory services in the North West Water part of the Regulated Utility Division of United Utilities PLC. The study has pinpointed a number of success factors including the fact that each of the benchmarking projects related to key business processes and this ensured that they had a strategic focus. Considerable time was spent in mapping and understanding internal processes before external partners were contacted. A great degree of professionalism was devoted to the manner in which potential benchmarking partners were approached and key performance indicators for the projects were identified. The paper also examines the difficulties and pitfalls which have been encountered, including, inadequate project definition, the scope of the benchmarking project being too large, unrealistic assumptions of senior managers, failure to communicate the benchmarking plan, the lack of an effective contingency plan and the benchmarking team failing to draw on resources outside of the team.
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    Best practices in the food and drinks industry (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 184-199 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In June 1996, Leatherhead Food Research Association launched the "Food and Drinks Industry Benchmarking and Self-Assessment Initiative" with the support of the Department of Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. As part of this initiative, nine food companies that excel in terms of the European Business Excellence Model were selected for visits. This paper reports on the best practices used by these companies in terms of the results they have achieved (in people satisfaction, customer satisfaction, impact on society and business results) and the way in which they have achieved them (through effective leadership, people management, policy and strategy, process management and resource management). For the food industry to move forward, it needs to take on board the best practices shown in this report. In particular, more food companies should consider using self-assessment as a method for identifying improvement opportunities and assessing their progress towards business excellence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810226207
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    Benchmarking supply chain operations (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 5 (1998), S. 283-290 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Over the last decade or so a number of significant research studies have focused on the characteristics of an excellent supply chain. These studies have shifted the emphasis from operational to strategic considerations. The practice of supply chain management has also broadened to include both operational and strategic concerns. A framework was developed to evaluate both the operational and strategic effectiveness of the supply chain which was tested with ten consumer goods and automobile manufacturers. It was found that consumer goods companies had significant room to improve their logistics operations. But none had a logistics strategy to guide the change. Automotive companies, on the other hand, had more sophisticated logistics operations and had plans to improve further over the next two years. The framework described in this paper provides a useful benchmark set for focusing change projects to improve both operational and strategic capabilities of the corporate supply chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779810245143
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    Some aspects of measuring maintenance performance in the process industry (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 6-11 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Performance indicators of operational maintenance can help maintenance staff improve its operations, so that the direct and indirect costs of failure processes can be reduced. Many papers have been written on performance indicators for operational maintenance. However, no consensus on which indicators to use in a particular industry has been reached so far. The authors take an industrial engineering approach to this problem by describing the information system needed to be able to make any inferences on operational maintenance performance in the process industry. The indicators suggested focus on finding the most costly equipment from a maintenance perspective, the cost of the current maintenance concept and the major components of maintenance costs. It is emphasized that standards and procedures need to be developed and that adherence to them has to be ensured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810201520
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    Empirical study of attitudes to teamworking in manufacturing system maintenance (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 12-24 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper describes a study of attitudes to team working in an engine plant of a major UK motor manufacturer. The aim of the study was to identify causes of resistance to teamworking and suggest possible solutions. A survey was designed to obtain input from the workers and, in addition, workers were interviewed. The results indicated that workers valued the chance to interact more and get to know each other better. However, they felt strongly that there was not enough communication between the company management and the teams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810369048
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    Predictive maintenance techniques and their relevance to construction plant (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The construction industry relies increasingly on profits generated from high utilisation of mechanisation. Interruption of this mechanical supply not only incurs the "tangible" costs of labour, replacement parts and consumables, but also the less tangible costs of delays to contract, possible loss of client goodwill and ultimately, loss of profit. Cumulative costs associated with plant breakdown are therefore significant. Predictive maintenance (PM) techniques have evolved to keep a check on mechanical health, by generating information on machine condition. Such data allow just in time maintenance to be conducted. However, recent developments have witnessed an increased interest in determining "root cause" of failure as opposed to monitoring the time to breakdown once the wear process has begun. This paper reviews condition based monitoring (CBM) technologies and introduces the evolving concept of root cause analysis. Both these could have particular relevance to construction plant and equipment. In summary, the paper presents initial findings of ongoing research, which is the development of a model for predicting construction plant and equipment breakdown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810369057
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    World-class maintenance using a computerised maintenance management system (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 66-75 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper describes industrial research in which the implementation of a computerised maintenace management system (CMMS) was used as an effective tool that supports decision making with the objective of acheiving world-class manufacturing status. Breakdown trends and performance levels were analysed in a continuous improvement environment. Critical performance measures were then identified and these became the driving force for specific benchmarking metrics and improvement techniques which enabled approaches to eliminate breakdown losses to be formulated. Data collected were analysed using a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology and the MCDM technique was implemented into the software in order to add value to the data. This gave increased support to decision making and enabled appropriate maintenance strategies to be implemented.
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    A decision optimization model for condition-based maintenance (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 115-121 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Notes earlier work which commented on the formation of a research group to develop condition-based maintenance (CBM) decision models and associated software. This paper provides an update on the research direction that has been taken since 1995. In particular, the structure of software for CBM decision making is highlighted, along with possible future research directions.
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    Reliability analysis based on binary decision diagrams (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 150-161 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: A binary decision diagram (BDD) is a representation of Boolean functions that uses the notion of two-way branching. It has long been used in the synthesis, simulation and testing of Boolean circuits, and has recently been adopted to solve fault tree models for both quantitative and qualitative reliability analyses. In this paper, the concept of binary decision diagram is first introduced. Then, a new method is proposed to analyze the reliability of fault tolerant systems using binary decision diagrams. Traditionally, such analyses are tackled by using fault trees based on cutsets. For complex models, an algorithm based on binary decision diagrams can shorten solution time dramatically. Experimental results are also presented to demonstrate the practicality and benefits of applying the proposed method in reliability analysis.
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    Development of a predictive maintenance system for a centrifugal pump (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 198-211 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: An approach is presented for the development of a predictive maintenance system for rotor-dynamic pumps, which focuses on the diagnosis of abnormal events related to fluid-dynamic operating conditions. This methodology is based on an experimental characterization of the dynamic response of the pump under different loads and operation anomalies. The procedure has been put into practice on a medium-sized centrifugal pump. The results obtained show that a simple spectral analysis of the pressure signals captured at either the inlet or the outlet of the pump can provide sufficient decision criteria to constitute the basis for a diagnostic system. This was not true however when analyzing signals of acceleration at the pump casing.
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    Fluctuation thermodynamic model of diagnostics for preventive maintenance (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 184-197 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Presents results obtained from research of a model of change in condition of systems with a view to raising effectiveness of a technological trial (testing) and to improving preventive maintenance. On the basis of this model, it follows that maximum dispersion of the condition parameter can be used as an early diagnostic parameter. A possible screenplay of change of the stochastic process dispersion which describes the fluctuation parameter has been analyzed. Discusses an example of testing an organizing real manufacturing system according to the statistical characteristics of the condition parameter. Provides a general procedure of preventive maintenance of the system according to the condition, based on synthesis of global and local diagnostics according to a fluctuation thermodynamic model.
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    The cost of unreliability: a case study (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 212-218 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The running cost of over 300 PCs has been studied at Rolls-Royce and Associates. The company helpdesk system was employed to provide detail of the frequency and nature of the PC component failure and the time taken for the repairs. The cost of unreliability was then calculated as the cost of replacing each faulty component plus the cost of unavailability while waiting for the repair. It was found that for most PC components there is a higher probability of failure, leading to a higher cost of unreliability, in the early part of life. The conclusion is drawn that bulk purchase of PCs will lead to higher running costs in the initial period and for many organisations a rolling replacement policy would spread costs more evenly. The helpdesk was found to be an excellent source of information for improving the quality of maintenance procedures.
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    Minimal repair policies for an economic manufacturing process (1998)
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    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 248-262 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper deals with economic manufacturing quantity (EMQ) models with stochastic machine breakdown and repairs. Under two minimal repair policies to maintain a production machine, the expected cost functions per unit time in the steady state, incurred in the manufacturing operation, are formulated and the optimal policies which minimize them are calculated. As a special case, we consider the case where the machine breakdown time follows the homogeneous Poisson process and calculate the optimal EMQ policies numerically. Also, an approximation method is used to represent the expected cost.
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    Operational software availability measurement with two kinds of restoration actions (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 273-283 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a plausible software availability model for operational use. In particular, we consider two kinds of restoration scenarios; one involves the debugging activity and the other does not involve the debugging activity. The time-dependent behavior of the software system during the operation phase is described by a Markov process. Several stochastic quantities for software availability measurement are derived from this model. Finally, numerical examples are shown to illustrate software availability analyses.
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    Evaluation measures of archive copies for file recovery mechanism (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 291-298 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper derives three evaluation measures of file recovery with n archive copies: when a failure is detected uniformly during (0, T),the mean recovery overhead, the overhead rate and the availability are obtained. Optimal archive copies intervals T* which minimize or maximize those measures are analytically discussed. When faults occur at random, they are given by unique solutions of the same type equations. Finally, a numerical example is shown.
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    Improved reliability estimates for samples containing suspensions (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 107-114 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: A method is presented for obtaining better estimates of reliability levels used in Weibull analysis and related techniques. The method, which is applicable when there are suspended items, overcomes an inherent pessimism which occurs in existing plotting-based methods, and provides reliability estimates which are continuously sensitive to any changes in the ages of suspended items. Together, these features provide a more realistic estimate of the reliability function than the existing methods provide, particularly in samples with a small number of failures.
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    An SMDP approach to optimal repair/replacement decisions for systems experiencing imperfect repairs (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 131-149 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Considers a system (machine) that is subject to failure (breakdown). Two characterizations are presented. In the first characterization, the state of the system is described by the real age of the machine and the number of failures incurred to date. In the second characterization, the state of the system is described by the real age of the machine and the virtual age of the machine. In either characterization, upon failure, the unit may undergo a repair which can partially reset the failure intensity of the unit. The degree of reset assumed by the repair is a function of the characterization utilized. The other alternative, at a failure, is to conduct a major overhaul that serves to refresh the failure intensity of the unit. General cost structures, depending upon (real age, number of failures) in characterization one or (real age, virtual age) in characterization two are permitted. The decision, on failure to repair or renew is formulated as a discrete semi-Markov Decision process. Optimal decisions are of the threshold type. The threshold rules depend upon the characterization.
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    Optimization of maintenance organization and manpower in process industries (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 168-183 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The objective of maintenance manpower planning is to have the right number of workers with the right capabilities in the right maintenance areas. In this research, a model was developed for optimizing manpower allocation by maintenance area, craft-type, training level, and in-house versus sub-contracted employees, as well as selecting between a centralized versus decentralized organizational structure.
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    Renewal in changing environment (1998)
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    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 219-226 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Usually the renewal stochastic processes are used for description of repairable systems performance in the fixed environment. The main characteristic that arises in applications is the mean number of failures or repairs and this is very significant for the spares assessment. In this paper the situation is generalized for the case of changing environment (deterministic or random). The renewal equations for various types of repair, ranging from perfect to minimal via general, are analyzed from the maintenance point of view. Several simple examples are considered.
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    Reliability analysis of microprocessor systems with watchdog processors (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 263-272 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: A large number of microprocessors (µPs) have been widely used in many practical fields and the demand for improvement of their reliabilities have recently increased. Watchdog processors (WDPs) are small and simple coprocessors that can detect errors by monitoring the behavior of µPs. This paper formulates three reliability models of µP systems with WDPs: model 1 considers the system where a main processor (MPu) has n WDPs with self checking. Next, model 2 considers the system with upper limit number of resets. Further, model 3 discusses the system with limit processing time. The expected costs of each model are derived and the optimal policies which minimize them are discussed analytically. Finally, the numerical examples are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810233985
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    An optimal software release problem under cost rate criterion: artificial neural network approach (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 236-247 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The determination of the release schedule for a new software product is the most important issue for designing and controlling a software development process. In fact, the optimal software release problem based on some software reliability growth models has been studied by many authors. In this paper, we propose a new method to estimate the optimal software release time under an alternative cost criterion. More precisely, two kinds of artificial neural networks are used to estimate the fault-detection time observed in both testing and operation phases. As a cost criterion, we adopt the expected cost rate (the expected total software cost per unit testing time). Then, it is shown that the optimization problem to obtain the optimal release time can be reduced to a graphical one to minimize the tangent slope from a point to an (estimated) empirical curve in two-dimensional space. Through numerical examples using actual fault-detection time data, it is illustrated that the method proposed is a very useful device to estimate the optimal software release time precisely.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810233967
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    A new modified discrete preventive maintenance policy and its application to hard disk management (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 284-290 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This study proposes a new modified discrete preventive maintenance policy where failures of a system can be detected only by inspections and be fixed by minimal repairs. The maximum number of minimal repairs allowed to the system is, however, a prespecified integer, N. Under the proposed policy, inspections are conducted at times T, 2T, ...(T〉0) to detect and fix failures by minimal repairs, and the whole system is preventively replaced by a new one when the cumulative number of failures detected becomes equal to an integer, k or more. The expected cost per unit time is formulated under the proposed maintenance policy. The existence of an optimal integer k=k* which minimizes the expected cost is then shown. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the theoretical underpinnings of the proposed formulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810234001
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    An optimal maintenance policy for a server with decreasing arrival rate and non-cancelable customer (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 299-311 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper considers a maintenance problem for a queueing system. The arrival rate decreases as the server state becomes worse. The system can be recovered by maintenance, though the system is closed until the end of maintenance. A semi-Markov decision process is formulated to find the optimal policy that maximizes the total expected discounted income from customers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810234029
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    Mesh generation over curved surfaces with explicit control on discretization error (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 357-373 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A scheme is presented for the automatic generation of triangular meshes over general analytical curved surfaces with explicit control on the discretization error over the interior of the domain. The element size on the curved surface is estimated based on the given allowable discretization error and the surface curvature. The mesh generation starts with the subdivision of the curved boundary of the domain into straight line segments in compliance with the given discretization error constraint. Elements are generated directly over the surface in such a way that the discretization error is kept within the required geometrical tolerance. Those elements violating the given constraint are noted and post-processed by either element subdivision or node repositioning. Various schemes as to how improvement should be made are proposed, which reduce the discretization error by different strategies depending on the position of the point where the maximum discretization error occurs.
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    Recent developments in the incremental flow formulation for the numerical simulation of metal forming processes (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 345-356 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the use of the incremental flow formulation for the numerical analysis of forming processes. This formulation is based on the approximation of the flow type of constitutive equations by means of an algorithmic equation based on geometry changes over a timestep. The resulting equilibrium equations are functions of nodal positions. Hence geometrical constraints such as contact and incompressibility can be enforced in an exact manner. Two types of incremental equations leading to first and second order time approximations are presented. The more accurate case is based on the incremental logarithmic stretches. Several examples will be used to demonstrate the validity of the method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810208507
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    A boundary element method for axisymmetric potential problems with non-axisymmetric boundary conditions using fast Fourier transform (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 428-449 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a methodology, based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), that improves prior established techniques to solve axisymmetric potential problems with non-axisymmetric boundary conditions using the boundary element method (BEM). The proposed methodology is highly effective, especially in cases where a large number of harmonics is required. Furthermore, it is optimised at several levels, reaching the maximum possible efficiency. Special concern is given on its implementation on quadratic elements that are of current practice. The method is applicable to any type of boundary elements as well as to a wider class of static and dynamic axisymmetric boundary value problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810219802
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    Finite element methods and material processing technology, an addendum (1994-1996) (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 616-690 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper gives a review of the finite element techniques (FE) applied in the area of material processing. The latest trends in metal forming, non-metal forming, powder metallurgy and composite material processing are briefly discussed. The range of applications of finite elements on these subjects is extremely wide and cannot be presented in a single paper; therefore the aim of the paper is to give FE researchers/users only an encyclopaedic view of the different possibilities that exist today in the various fields mentioned above. An appendix included at the end of the paper presents a bibliography on finite element applications in material processing for 1994-1996, where 1,370 references are listed. This bibliography is an updating of the paper written by Brannberg and Mackerle which has been published in Engineering Computations, Vol. 11 No. 5, 1994, pp. 413-55.
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    Numerical evaluation of probabilistic fracture parameters using WSTRESS (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 49-73 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes a probabilistic methodology for fracture assessments of flawed structures constructed of ferritic steels using the research code WSTRESS. The probabilistic formulation for cleavage fracture implements a multiaxial form of the weakest link model which couples the macroscopic fracture behavior with a micromechanics model based on the statistics of microcracks. The Weibull stress, sw, emerges as a suitable near-tip parameter to provide a connection between the microregime of failure and remote loading (J). WSTRESS builds on an iterative procedure to incorporate a 3-D finite element description of the crack-tip stress field and measured values of fracture toughness to calibrate the Weibull modulus, m, and the scale parameter, su. Specific features of the code include statistical inference of Weibull parameters based on uncensored and censored models (with maximum likelihood method), construction of confidence intervals, several definitions for the near-tip fracture process zone and other general facilities such as spatial integration of the stress field (to incorporate the random orientation of microcracks) and stochastic simulation of fracture data using the Monte Carlo method. The code also includes a convenient free-form command language and a seamless interface with finite element results files stored in Patran binary or ASCII format.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810200686
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    On a mixed approach to the finite element solution of large strain elastoplastic problems (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 150-161 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A mixed approach to large strain elastoplastic problems is presented in a somewhat different way to that usually used within the context of the additive split of the rate of deformation tensor into an elastic and plastic part. A non-linear extended mixed variational equation, in which the Jacobian of the deformation gradient and the pressure part of the stress tensor appear as additional independent variables, is introduced. This equation is then linearized in the accordance with the Newton-Raphson method to obtain the system of linear equations which represent the basis of the mixed finite element procedure. For the case of a bilinear isoparametric interpolation of the displacement field, and for piece-wise constant pressure and Jacobian, simplified expressions, differing from similar expressions corresponding to mixed finite element implementations, are obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed mixed approach is demonstrated by means of two examples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810200749
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    Analysis of free vibrations of helicoidal beams (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 89-102 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: As structural members, circular helicoidal bars are frequently used in the construction industry for a variety of practical and/or aesthetical reasons. While these bars (curvilinear beams) might represent the most practical alternative for carrying loads in a specified structural configuration, the three dimensional structural response has been found to be superior compared to that of other forms of structural members under a general state of loading. Presents the results of a study that has been designed to investigate the free vibration characteristics of this type of bar. The study reported is limited to the analysis of free vibrations utilizing the method of dynamic transport matrix (DTM), and the finite elements method (FEM). A comparative study of the results provided by the DTM is presented to assess the vibration characteristics of circular helicoidal bars and circular bars. The results indicate: the inherent structural superiority of the three dimensional behaviour of circular helicoidal bars; and the computational efficiency of the DTM as compared to the FEM.
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    Coupling of BEM and FEM by a multiplicative Schwarz method and its parallel implementation (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 173-189 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The boundary element method (BEM) and the finite element method (FEM) may be computationally expensive if complex problems are to be solved; thus there is the need of implementing them on fast computer architectures, especially parallel computers. Because these methods are complementary to each other, the coupling of FEM and BEM is widely used. In this paper, the coupling of displacement-based FEM and collocation BEM and its implementation on a distributed memory system (Parsytec MultiCluster2) is described. The parallelization is performed by data partitioning which leads to a very high efficiency. As model problems, we assume linear elasticity for the boundary element method and elastoplasticity for the finite element method. The efficiency of our implementation is shown by various test examples. By numerical examples we show that a multiplicative Schwarz method for coupling BEM with FEM is very well suited for parallel implementation.
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    Application of MATHEMATICA to the optimal design of composite shells for improved buckling strength (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 260-267 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The optimal design of a laminated cylindrical shell is obtained with the objectives defined as the maximisation of the axial and torsional buckling loads. The ply angle is taken as the design variable. The symbolic computational software package MATHEMATICA is used in the implementation and solution of the problem. This approach simplifies the computational procedure as well as the implementation of the analysis/optimisation routine. Results are given illustrating the dependence of the optimal fiber angle on the cylinder length and radius. It is shown that a general purpose computer algebra system like MATHEMATICA is well suited to solve small boundary value problems such as structural design optimisation involving composite materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810369248
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    Optimising engineering problems using genetic algorithms (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 268-280 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the optimisation of engineering problems using genetic algorithms. The process is discussed and the various stages of the genetic algorithm described. In conjunction with a finite element analysis program the process is then applied to a realistic problem of extraction of a pollutant from an aquifer. The genetic algorithm suggests sensible solutions for optimum extraction well positions and pumping rates to minimise the overall cost, based upon the results of a series of finite element analyses. The discontinuous nature of the problem is handled easily. The conclusions drawn are that a genetic algorithm optimiser, in conjunction with a finite element analysis program, generates solutions to engineering problems that are sensible and efficient.
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    Design sensitivity analysis method for multidisciplinary shape optimisation problems with linear and non-linear responses (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 391-417 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A method to solve shape and size optimisation problems with linear and non-linear responses has been studied taking advantage of statistical methodologies. A nested optimisation procedure has been fixed. The global optimisation problem is decomposed in several subproblems where each non-linear response is locally approximated with a first degree polynomial function identified by the definition and execution of an experimental plan. The approximating functions so obtained are used to evaluate the design sensitivity coefficients required by the optimisation procedure. The numerical results obtained during the optimisation process to verify exactly the value of the non-linear responses are used to verify and to improve the approximating function accuracy. The non-linear design sensitivity analysis method so defined has been used to solve a multidisciplinary shape optimisation problem involving a real 3D automotive structure.
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    Generation of ground structures for 2D and 3D design domains (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 462-500 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Introducing the concept of a design domain to truss topology optimization, this paper presents an algorithm generating geometrically admissible ground structures on possibly concave (or even disconnected) 3D design domains. That is a set of connections between nodal points actually respecting the geometry of the design domain. Since ground structures may be applied in other contexts the presentation does not assume any specifics of truss topology optimization. However, in the example section an application of ground structures in a truss topology optimization problem may be found.
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    Some low-order quadrilateral elements based on novel integration rules (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 700-720 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This work explores the properties of four-noded quadrilateral elements for which integration is carried out using low-order integration rules, based on one-point integration over subelements making up the quadrilaterals. The purpose is to identify those rules which lead to elements having the desirable properties of high coarse-mesh accuracy, and stability in the incompressible limit. A two-point rule is investigated in detail, as is its counterpart for problems of incompressible media, in which the volumetric term is integrated using a one-point rule. Numerical results indicate that the new elements perform well in general when compared with existing enhanced strain or equivalent elements, and appear to be particularly efficient in cases in which meshes are severely distorted.
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    Improvement of vibration problems using Helmholtz equation to recover nodal gradients (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 288-311 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a method for the more accurate solution of C0 acoustic vibration problems in finite element (FE) analysis by postprocessing. For each frequency, the method uses the computed eigenvector and the Helmholtz equation to calculate gradients of dependent variables at element centers. Gradients at element centers are then used as sampling points in a patch recovery technique to obtain gradients at nodes. The nodal primary field and its gradients are used to interpolate the dependent variables over each element. This interpolation yields the potential and kinetic energies of each element, and hence a Rayleigh quotient that provides an accurate eigenvalue. One-, two- and three-dimensional vibration problems are used as numerical examples.
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    A 24 d.o.f. four-node flat shell finite element for general unsymmetric orthotropic layered composites (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 518-543 
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    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The constitutive relationship of a four-node flat shell finite element with six degrees of freedom per node and a modified five-point quadrature, previously presented by the authors, is extended to include symmetric and unsymmetric orthotropy. Through manipulation of the kinematic assumptions, provision is made for out-of-plane warp. A wide range of membrane and thin to moderately thick plate and shell examples are used to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the resulting element.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810219794
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    A metal-forming approach to automatic generation of graded initial quadrilateral finite element meshes (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 577-587 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an algorithm for automatic generation of graded initial quadrilateral meshes targeted for the finite element analysis of metal-forming processes. Meshing the domain geometry deals with a universe of shapes, and the procedure therefore takes into account the initial geometry of the billet. A grid-based approach is utilised for generating an initial coarse mesh with well-shaped (internal) elements, and in cases where non-rectangular shapes are to be discretized, linking with the boundary is performed on the basis of constrained Delaunay triangulation. By analysing the contact situation between dies and mesh, an attempt is made to identify regions where plastic deformation is likely to be concentrated during the early stages of processing, and accordingly refinement of the mesh is performed locally by elemental subdivision. Simulation examples for closed-die forging, forward rod and backward can extrusion substantiate the feasibility of this approach in terms of lowering the overall calculation error and limiting the interference between mesh and die.
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    A new element bisection algorithm for unstructured adaptive tetrahedral mesh generation (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 588-615 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A new h-refinement adaptive tetrahedral mesh generation algorithm is presented. Three-dimensional domains, to be analysed by the finite element method, are initially modelled by a coarse background mesh of tetrahedral elements. This mesh forms the input for finite element analysis and error estimation by the Zienkiewicz-Zhu simple error estimator. Adaptive mesh refinement proceeds by selecting an element for remeshing whose longest edge is shared by elements that also require refinement. This group of elements is refined by inserting a new node at the mid-point of the shared edge thereby bisecting all elements within the group. Adaptive parameters are calculated for the new node and elements. Refinement then proceeds until no further group of elements can be found for refinement or no elements within the current mesh require further refinement. The shape quality of the current mesh is then enhanced by the iterative application of nodal relaxation plus three topological transformations. The entire refinement process is repeated iteratively until the required degree of mesh refinement is reached. Ten-noded linear strain tetrahedral finite element meshes have been used for the finite element and error estimation analyses. Four examples of adaptive tetrahedral mesh generation for linear elastic stress/displacement analysis are presented which show that this algorithm is robust and efficient in terms of reduction of the domain error with a minimum number of degrees of freedom being generated, number of iterations, and therefore finite element analyses, required and computational time for refinement when compared to the advancing front method and Delaunay triangulation.
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    Thermo-electro-mechanical coupling problems solved by FE-formulation (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 804-828 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Coupled problems are of great interest in the area of technical applications. In the current paper we present the theory of thermo-electro-mechanical coupling and provide a discretization by using the method of finite elements. The thermo-electro-mechanical effect presents a physical interaction between the fundamental quantities of the sub-domains elastomechanics, electrostatics and heat balance. Throughout thermodynamic analysis we derive the constitutive equations which describe the above behaviour and relate the main quantities which describe the three fields. From the principal equations of elastomechanics, electrostatics and heat balance separately, we derive the weak formulation of the load equilibrium, the electrostatic equilibrium and the heat balance individually. Furthermore a FE-formulation leads the weak formulations of the coupled problem to a system of three coupling differential equations. This system is non-linear with respect to the temperature and we solve it using an incremental solution. The numerical result is to be shown on a one-dimensional test example.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004538
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    Implicit scheme for contact analysis in non-steady state forming (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 908-924 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The finite element analysis of deformation of viscoplastic material involves contact between the tool and the workpiece. Here unilateral contact condition with the possibility of nodes originally in contact, losing contact subsequently, is analysed in non-steady state forming processes. Friction has been taken into consideration through a potential function. Node to node contact is analysed and contact forces at the node are used to decide if the node is to be released. Two different algorithms are presented for treating the nodal contact condition. The one step explicit method with projections on the surface of contact was already implemented in the FORGE2® software. An implicit scheme is proposed and compared with the existing scheme. The advantages of this scheme are numerically shown by solving some examples. It is observed that the volume losses are reduced. This makes it possible to use larger time steps or increase the computational accuracy.
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    Model of steady rolling contact between layered rolls with thin media in the nip (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 956-976 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A finite element model of large deformation, plane strain rolling contact between rubber-coated rolls with thin media in the nip is developed. The rubber layers on each roll are modeled as incompressible, hyperelastic materials using a Neo-Hookean model. Steady rolling contact is analyzed using a standard Lagrangian finite element code with a modified friction algorithm which converts the code from a Lagrangian framework to an Eulerian framework. The case of a rigid roll against a layered roll is presented. It is shown how this analysis can be easily extended to the case of two layered rolls with thin media in the nip if the thin media has a much higher elastic modulus than the layers. Simple static indentation models are shown to provide useful information regarding the steady rolling case. Numerical results illustrate the effect of indentation, nominal speed ratio and paper velocity on the velocity and traction distributions in the nip.
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    Evolutionary structural optimisation (ESO) using a bidirectional algorithm (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 1031-1048 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Describes development work to combine the basic ESO with the additive evolutionary structural optimisation (AESO) to produce bidirectional ESO whereby material can be added and can be removed. It will be shown that this provides the same results as the traditional ESO. This has two benefits, it validates the whole ESO concept and there is a significant time saving since the structure grows from a small initial one rather than contracting from a sometimes huge initial one where 90 per cent of the material gets removed over many hundreds of finite element analysis (FEA) evolutionary cycles. Presents a brief background to the current state of Structural Optimisation research. This is followed by a discussion of the strategies for the bidirectional ESO (BESO) algorithm and two examples are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810244129
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    Dual boundary element analysis for cracked bars under torsion (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 732-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A dual integral formulation for a cracked bar under torsion is derived, and a dual boundary element method is implemented. It is shown that as the thickness of the crack becomes thinner, the ill-posedness for the linear algebraic matrix becomes more serious if the conventional BEM is used. Numerical experiments for solution instability due to ill-posedness are shown. To deal with this difficulty, the hypersingular equation of the dual boundary integral formulation is employed to obtain an independent constraint equation for the boundary unknowns. For the sake of computational efficiency, the area integral for the torsion rigidity is transformed into two boundary integrals by using Green's second identity and divergence theorem. Finally, the torsion rigidities for cracks with different lengths and orientations are solved by using the dual BEM, and the results compare well with the analytical solutions and FEM results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810231871
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    Error calculation in the constitutive relation for Mindlin plate finite element analyses (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 837-863 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: An extension of the concept of error on constitutive relation is proposed to the case of Mindlin plate finite element computations. The error of the performed analysis is estimated from the incompatibility in relation with the constitutive equation of admissible fields calculated from the finite element results. In a first stage, loads and moments densities leading to the equilibrium of each element are computed on the element edges as the sums of densities derived from the finite element solution and of densities with a resultant equal to zero on each element edge. Then strictly statically admissible stress resultants are calculated within each element. Both of the two stages allow an optimization for the statically admissible field in order to get a more accurate error. The calculations are local which is very interesting especially in case of complex structure analyses with a large number of degrees of freedom for which adaptivity is an important feature. A set of examples shows the efficiency of the proposed estimator and the good adaptation of the error on constitutive law method to Mindlin plate analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810236885
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    A simple local a posteriori bending indicator for axisymmetric membrane and bending shell elements (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 977-988 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Several mechanical models can be employed for the analysis of thin walled structures. A bending indicator is developed for a nonlinear adaptive process and applied to thin walled axisymmetric shell problems incorporating membrane and bending elements. If the structural response of the model including bending is available the error made by the reduced membrane model is easy to evaluate. Thus an indication for the bending has to be found from the structural response of the reduced membrane model. This is done by an approximation of the rotations of the membrane part of the structure and by an evaluation of the bending energy leading to the bending indicator with these approximated rotations. Finally a criterion for the change of the models is proposed based on the bending indicator and some examples are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810236948
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  • 80
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    A boundary element method for three-dimensional elastoplastic problems (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 1011-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: An efficient boundary element method (BEM) formulation for three-dimensional elastoplasticity is presented in this paper. The BEM formulation for nonlinear problems requires discretization of the surface as well as part of the volume. In this paper nine-noded quadrilateral elements are used for modelling the surface and 27-noded brick elements for the volume. Particular attention is paid to the accurate evaluation of the Cauchy principal value volume integrals appearing in the interior stress calculations. An explicit initial strain formulation is used to satisfy the non-linearity. The accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by solving a number of benchmark problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810244110
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    Metal forming simulation: Numerical efficiency in rolling processes - part II (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Engineering computations 15 (1998), S. 1073-1093 
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    ISSN: 0264-4401
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The numerical simulation of metal forming processes approximated by means of finite element techniques, require large computational effort, which contradicts the need of interactivity for industrial applications. This work analyses the computational efficiency of algorithms combining elastoplasticity with finite deformation and contact mechanics, and in particular, the optimum solution of the linear systems to be solved through the incremental-iterative schemes associated with non linear implicit analysis. A method based on domain decomposition techniques especially adapted to contact problems is presented, as well as the improved performance obtained in the application to hot rolling simulation, as a consequence of bandwidth reduction and the differentiated treatment of subdomains along the non linear analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02644409810244147
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  • 82
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    The of maintenance (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 38-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The effective management of risk is the characteristic feature of a successful organization. The risk may be relating to safety, the environment, or one affecting profitability. This paper discusses failures and the mechanism by which they escalate into serious incidents. A generalized model is used to illustrate the method by which such escalation may be prevented. A hypothesis is then postulated to relate the frequency of serious events, minor failures and the availability of protective barriers. The methods that can be used to optimize the barrier avilability are then explored. A practical way to compute the test intervals in order to obtain the required barrier availability is suggested. The role of maintenance planning to achieve this objective is discussed briefly. The paper attempts to provide a unified approach to manage maintenance and thus reduce risks to an acceptable level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810369066
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  • 83
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    Dynamic analysis of coherent fault trees (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 122-130 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: An important characteristic of many engineering systems which cannot be modeled by fault trees to perform system reliability analysis is that they behave dynamically. In this paper, the method of applying Petri Nets (Pns) as a modeling tool to represent the coherent fault trees is discussed. When the repair facility is added into the nets, the dynamic behavior of the repairable system can be studied through the nets by using equivalent Markov chains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810370307
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  • 84
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    An inspection and repair strategy in automated assembly systems (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 95-106 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: In most automated assembly systems, each product is inspected after every assembly operation and, if it is found to be defective, it will be repaired or scrapped immediately. This ensures the quality of the outputs of the systems, but it also causes a short stop of the assembly line. This paper shows that the number of short stops can be reduced by installing inspection stations and repair stations strategically. Then, an optimizing problem of placing these stations under a given assembly sequence is formulated and an algorithm is given to this problem. Further, the problem of not only placing these stations but also determining the assembly sequence is formulated and an algorithm to solve the problem is developed. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the efficiencies of the algorithms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810213590
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  • 85
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    Optimal replacement for a one-unit system subject to delivery and test (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 51-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Notes that the so-called age replacement model was first proposed to determine the optimum age limit at which the system is replaced after installation. It was then extended by further assuming that the one-unit system is supported by a buffer which stores only one spare for replacement, and that whenever each replacement starts, one new unit is ordered and then arrives at the buffer in a random delivery time. Others have studied the same model but with the restriction that each new unit will be ordered in a deterministic lead time later, after each replacement starts. This article extends the age replacement model by taking into consideration the possibility that the unit, on arrival, may not be acceptable after test. The expression of the long-run average cost per unit time is then derived. How to find the optimum age limit which minimizes such an expression is studied and two numerical examples are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004484
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    A strategic approach to managing maintenance performance (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 4 (1998), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Performance of the maintenance function is typically measured for operational control purposes. Since maintenance also has a strategic dimension, its performance measurement system should be linked to the espoused strategy of the function in order to get the maximum impact. This paper presents a structured approach to managing maintenance performance developed from this premise. The measurement system features a balanced scorecard (BSC) composed of key performance indicators (KPIs). The BSC is used to inform employees of the strategy pursued by the maintenance function, and to track the effectiveness of action plans in meeting the strategic objectives. The various steps involved in the process are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519810213581
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  • 87
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    Self-intersections of offsets of quadratic surfaces: Part II, implicit surfaces (1998)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 14-22 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: NC machining ; Offset surfaces ; Self-intersections ; Trimmed offset
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper investigates self-intersections of offsets of implicit quadratic surfaces. The quadratic surfaces are the simplest curved objects, referred to as quadrics, and are widely used in mechanical design. In an earlier paper, we have investigated the self-intersections of offsets of explicit quadratic surfaces, such as elliptic paraboloid, hyperbolic paraboloid and parabolic cylinder, since not only are they used in mechanical design, but also any regular surface can be locally approximated by such explicit quadratic surfaces. In this paper, we investigate the rest of the quadrics whose offsets may degenerate, i.e. the implicit quadratic-surfaces (ellipsoid, hyperboloid, elliptic cone, elliptic cylinder and hyperbolic cylinder). We found that self-intersection curves of offsets of all the implicit quadratic surfaces are planar implicit conics and their corresponding curve on the progenitor surface can be expressed as the intersection curve between an ellipsoid, whose semi-axes are proportional to the offset distance, and the implicit quadratic surfaces themselves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198971
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    Analysis and verification of the boundary surfaces of solid objects (1998)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 36-47 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Discretised surfaces ; Intersections ; Mesh generation ; Solid objects ; Topology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Triangulation of complex three-dimensional objects is a time-consuming process, and the boundary surfaces of the object have to be checked very carefully to ensure no crror is made. With the increased use of computer graphics in the generation of complicated object shapes, such as aircraft, space vessels, machine parts, physical models, etc., visual inspection alone is not good enough to affirm the validity of the object, and a thorough verification of the output from a CAD system is necessary to ensure that the object is well defined and complies with the input requirements of the mesh generator. This paper describes such a data verification procedure for general curved surfaces and objects defined by the boundary surface modelling technique. The quality of individual elements, the overall topological structures, and geometrical correctness in terms of intersections, close touches and sharp angles will all be studied and verified. Several engineering objects are analysed to illustrate the practical applications of the procedure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198973
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    Distributed finite element computations using object-oriented techniques (1998)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 59-72 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Distributed computing ; Finite element analysis ; Object-oriented analysis/design ; Parallel processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An object-oriented parallel finite element framework has been developed to facilitate rapid prototyping of a wide variety of parallel finite element computations. Parallel computing and object-oriented technologies are integrated to achieve efficiency in both computation and software development. The paper presents various reusable and extensible components that constitute the parallel finite element architecture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198975
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    Seed specification for displaying a streamline in an irregular volume (1998)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Critical point ; Data interpolation ; Finite element method ; Irregular volume ; Scientific visualisation ; Spatial point location ; Volume visualisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two techniques are presented for specifying seed points, which are the starting points for streamlines, in an irregular volume. One is an interactive seed specification technique, in which efficient data probing is achieved by traversing the adjacency graph of the volume. The other is an automatic seed specification technique. A seed point is placed near a critical point, where the velocity vector is zero. Efficient algorithms are given for finding and classifying the critical point by using a tetrahedral cell. A successful application of these techniques to a problem in a clean room is also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198976
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  • 91
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    High-level operations dedicated to the integration of mechanical analysis within a design process (1998)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 14 (1998), S. 81-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Mechanical analysis ; Design process ; Geometric modelling ; Multi-representations ; Integration ; Object-oriented approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Here we present the high-level operators of the Mechanical Analysis Module, which is a software architecture dedicated to a better integration of the structural analysis phase within an integrated Computer-Aided Design environment. This generic module is independent of the mechanical analysis method used, and takes place in a distributed software architecture of an integrated design environment. The paper shows that the mechanical operators defined are split among geometric and mechanical treatments in order to enforce this distributed architecture. Thus, the interface between the geometric treatments and the mechanical analysis environment shows the adequacy of the boolean operators when used with mechanical analysis treatments. However, this is demonstrated for a restricted domain of the mechanical analysis, and open ended questions still exist as to when the geometry of the models is diversified. Also, requirements for new geometric treatments and extensions of the current geometric representation are listed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198977
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    Quantification of polydimethylsiloxane concentration in turbid samples using raman spectroscopy and the method of partial least squares (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 32-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Biomedical diagnostics ; Breast implant leakage ; Optical spectroscopy ; Partial least squares ; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ; Raman spectroscopy ; Silicone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a preliminary application of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with the chemometric method of partial least squares to predict silicone concentrations in homogenous turbid samples. The chemometric technique is applied to Raman spectra to develop an empirical, linear model relating sample spectra to polydimethylsiloxane (silicone) concentration. This is done using a training set of samples having optical properties and known concentrations representative of those unknown samples to be predicted. Partial least squares, performed via cross-validation, was able to predict silicone concentrations in good agreement with true values. The detection limit obtained for this preliminary investigation is similar to that reported in the magnetic resonance spectroscopy literature. The data acquisition time for this Raman-based method is 200 s which compares favourably with the 17 h acquisition required for magnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain a similar sensitivity. The combination of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics shows promise as a tool for quantification of silicone concentrations from turbid samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592958
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    Measurement of radiometric surface temperature and integrated backscattered light intensity during feedback-controlled laser-assisted cartilage reshaping (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 66-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Laser-induced reshaping ; Nd:YAG laser ; Plastic surgery ; Reconstructive surgery ; Stress relaxation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cartilage undergoes characteristic mechanical stress relaxation following laser irradiation below the ablation threshold. Porcine auricular cartilage (1–2 mm thickness) was irradiated with a Nd:YAG laser (λ=1.32 μm) at two power levels (W/cm2). Surface temperature (S c (t) (°C)) (monitored using a single element HgCdTe infrared detector, 10-14 μm spectral range), and integrated back scattered light intensityI(t) were measured during laser irradiation. A HeNe laser beam (λ=632.8 nm) was incident on the back surface of the cartilage specimen and fractional integrated backscattered light intensity was measured using an integrating sphere anda silicon photodiode. Laser irradiation (5.83 W/cm2, 50 Hz pulse repetition rate (PRR)) continued until surface temperature reached approximately 70°C, during which cartilage mechanical stress relaxation was observed. Integrated back scattered light intensity reached a plateau at about 70°C). At higher laser power (39.45 W/cm2, 50 Hz PRR), a feedback-controlled cryogen spray was used to maintain surface temperature below 50°C. A similar plateau response was noted in integrated backscattered light intensity. This signal may be used to optimise the process of stress relaxation in laser cartilage reshaping. Several clinical applications involving reconstructive surgery are proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592961
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    Optical spectroscopy for the early diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancy (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 3-13 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Biopsy ; Fluorescence ; Optical ; Raman ; Spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The early diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancy will allow eradication of the disease prior to invasive cancer. At present, fluorescence spectroscopy offers the most realistic prospect of an early clinical system and is currently under evaluation. Optical coherence tomography can differentiate the layers of the oesophageal wall and has greater reolution than ultrasound. Although complicated, Raman spectroscopy offers the greatest information with possible development of a molecular endoscope.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592955
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    Design and Characterisation of a Tissue Phantom System for Optical Diagnostics (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 160-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Absorption; Fluorescence; Integrating sphere; Optical tissue phantom; Scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: We present an optical phantom system especially suited to investigating the generation and transport of laser-induced fluorescence in biological tissues. The phantom system consists of micrometre-sized particles of aluminium oxide, iron and coloured resin dispersed in a solid, transparent host (polyorganosiloxane), from which mechanically stable samples can be made. Mie theory is applied to predict the radiation transport parameters from the optical properties of the isolated components. The predictions are in good agreement with the results of integrating sphere measurements. The radiation transport parameters of the samples are reproducible and temporally stable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050070
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    Photosensitisation of red blood cell haemolysis by photodynamic agents (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 42-54 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Erythrocyte membranes ; Hemolysis ; Photosensitising agent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photosensitised haemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) by sodium hypericin, haematoporphyrin, protoporphyrin, Photofrin® and benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A were investigated for broad spectrum near-ultraviolet (UVA)-visible light and monochromatic 630 nm irradiations. The delayed photohaemolysis rate (1/t 50) increased with the approximate square of the incident light dose, wheret 50 is the dark incubation time required for 50% haemolysis. The power dependence of 1/t 50 on the sensitiser concentration varied with the specific sensitiser and the irradiation conditions. Energy calculations for protoporphyrin show that the quantum efficiency of delayed photohaemolysis at 630 run is independent of the sensitiser concentration at constantt 50 and increases witht 50 The protective effects of water-soluble singlet oxygen quenchers are indicative of a Type II photosensitisation pathway for these agents. Pretreatment of RBC with hydrogen peroxide suppressed photosensitisation by protoporphyrin accompanied by lipid peroxidation and oxidation of haemoglobin. The photohaemolysis curves are analysed with a target theory model which postulates that haemolysis requires thermal activation of photochemical damage. The model calculations indicate that photosensitised haemolysis requires two photochemical hits and a highly cooperative thermal process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592959
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    132-hydroxy-bacteriopheophorbidea-methylester pharmacokinetics in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 78-81 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Lewis lung carcinoma ; Pharmacokinetics ; Spectroscopy ; 132-hydroxy bacteriopheophorbidea-methylester (132-OH-BPME)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The photosensitiser 132-hydroxy bacteriopheophorbide a-methylester (132-OH-BPME) is characterised by a high absorption coefficient at the far red wavelength 750 nm and a good singlet oxygen quantum yield. The pharmacokinetics of 132-OH-BPME was studied on the Lewis lung carcinoma in mice after i.v. administration of 5 mg/kg body weight at different incubation intervals. The accumulation dye was chemically extracted from selected tissues and the concentrations were measured by absorption spectroscopy. The parenchymatous organs, liver, spleen and kidney, showed maximum 132-OH-BPME concentrations after 2 h incubation (liver, spleen) and 4 h postinjection (kidney). A high uptake was detected in the lung with the maximum concentration at 2 h. The malignant tissue accumulated high 132-OH-BPME concentrations at 2–12 h postinjection with peaking at 8 h. The 132-OH-BPME concentrations in muscle tissue, representing the normal tumour surroundings, and in the skin were very low. The results of our study suggest that photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 132-OH-BPME could be effective at an incubation time of about 8 h postsensitiser injection, when the tumour 132-OH-BPME concentration has reached its maximum and the muscle and skin concentrations are at a minimum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592963
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    Temperature Feedback and Collagen Cross-Linking in Argon Laser Vascular Welding (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 98-105 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Collagen; Infrared thermometry; Radiometry; Temperature; Tissue fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A preliminary single-animal study of in vivo argon laser vascular welding was conducted using a canine model. The effects of temperature feedback control and saline drip cooling on patency and collagen cross-linking were investigated. The surface temperature at the centre of the laser spot was monitored using a two-colour infrared thermometer. The surface temperature was limited by either a saline drip or feedback control of the laser. Acute patency was evaluated and collagen cross-link assays were performed. Though both protocols yielded successful tissue fusion, welds maintained at a surface temperature of 50°C using feedback control had an elevated cross-link count compared to controls, whereas tissues irradiated without feedback control experienced a cross-link decrease. Simulations using the LATIS (LAser-TISsue) computer code suggest that drip-cooled procedures achieve significantly higher temperatures beneath the tissue surface than temperature feedback-controlled procedures. Differences between the volumetric heating associated with drip-cooled and feedback-controlled protocols may account for the different effects on collagen cross-links. Covalent mechanisms may play a role in argon laser vascular fusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050061
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    Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of Gastrointestinal Tumours: A New Light Delivery System (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Colorectum; Intraluminal probe; Non-laser light source; Oesophagus; Paterson lamp; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The Paterson lamp is a convenient, low cost, portable, alternative light source to lasers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). A multiwavelength capability enables the clinician to vary the photosensitiser used. The Paterson lamp has been applied in the field of dermatology using a liquid light guide with distal optics for surface application. We now describe distal optics suitable for use with this light guide for intraluminal applications in the oesophagus and colorectum. The geometry of the site (oesophagus and colorectum) requires distal optics such as a cylindrical diffuser or a side-fire diffuser. We have designed new probes that diffuse light radially from the guide axis (cylindrical diffusion). The tips have a frosted glass surface that scatters and effectively couples light radially into the tissue. An acrylic spacer is placed over the diffuser to position the tissue at a constant diameter from the probe. This is held in position by a silicone sheath placed over the distal one metre. For use in the oesophagus, a channel, to facilitate intubation over a guide wire, is included. The diameter of the entire probe is 8.4 mm and the power output can be adjusted from 0–500 mW. Pilot PDT of tubulovillous adenomas of the rectum and Barrett's oesophagus using this light delivery system is currently underway and has shown good early response in the treated area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050067
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-Time Monitoring of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption Induced by Ultraviolet Laser Irradiation (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 172-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Argon laser; Blood–brain barrier; Brain; Evans blue; Guinea-pig; Vasodilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Ultraviolet laser light of sufficient power can induce focal œdema in the brain. The formation of ultraviolet-induced vasogenic \kdema was monitored by observing real-time changes in the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. The brain surface of guinea-pigs injected with Evans blue was exposed to light from a continuous wave argon laser at 351 nm, delivered via an optical fibre. The integrity of the blood–brain barrier was evaluated by measuring surface reflectance using a separate probing light. The brain was then sectioned and examined using light and electron microscopy. Extravasation of Evans blue following vasodilatation was observed when the irradiation intensity was greater than 0.64 W/cm2. The extent of glial and vascular damage could be correlated with the laser power. Irradiated vascular endothelium exhibited lipping at the tight junction, vacuolation and mitichondrial swelling. These results suggest that disruption of the blood–brain barrier induced by ultraviolet light is preceded by vasodilatation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050071
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