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  • Articles  (30)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (30)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (30)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1999
  • 1992  (30)
  • 1953
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (30)
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  • Articles  (30)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (30)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some properties of hardened cement paste and reinforcing bars upon cooling from elevated temperatures (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The post-cooling properties of reinforced concrete constituents are of great relevance in the assessment of a structure for re-use after fire. The expansive rehydration of dissociated calcium hydroxide on post-cooling exposure to air can cause a total loss in strength if cement paste specimens are heated to and maintained at 400°C or above. The use of cement replacement agents can mitigate this effect. The strength and ductility of hot-rolled mild steel and cold twisted steel on gradual cooling or quenching from various temperatures can be correlated with microstructural phenomena. There is a significant increase in strength and loss of ductility when both types of steel are quenched from temperatures above 723°C. Some practical implications of these properties are described, using examples of fire-damaged structures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160105
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen index: Correlations to other fire tests (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation has been carried out of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. A review of the literature shows that, although there is abundant information on the test, it is not clear that its results correlate well with those of any other test, or indeed with those of real fires. Theoretical considerations indicate that the test could be improved by using it with bottom ignition rather than with the standard top ignition. A number of materials were tested in the cone calorimeter and in the LOI, and various correlations were attempted. In general, correlations between some of the cone calorimeter properties measured and the inverse of the LOI made sense. These correlations were not, however, sufficiently sensitive, even when investigating small effects on a single base polymer system, to justify using the LOI as a proxy for the cone in any way. The LOI is likely to continue to be used extensively. This work suggests that quality control and, possibly, mechanistic or other flame-retardant additive studies, are its only applications where the results can be justified.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160402
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ignition and flame propagation of electric cables in a laboratory-scale gallery fire test (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The authors have conducted a laboratory-scale gallery fire test on eight different samples of electric cable in a horizontal airflow. The number of speciments and the distances between them on the trestle were varied for each test. As a result, it was found that both ignitability and flame-propagation properties depended on the distance between the specimens as well as on their number. Such flammability properties obtained for each cable sample were also found to be considerably consistent with the critical oxygen index. In addition, it is proposed that the flammability should be classified largely into five categories in this laboratory-scale gallery fire test for fire-retardance evaluation of solid combustible materials such as electric cables.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160404
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire performance of fire-retardant wood fiberboard ceiling tile (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Wood fiberboard-based, cellulose ceiling tiles have been used for many years. While various fire-retardant technologies have been developed to reduce the surface flammability of these products to acceptable levels, questions of their suitability for use due to their intrinsic fuel value and the impact of attachment methods used on fire performance have been raised from time to time. This paper reviews the history of these products from a fire-performance perspective and presents materials property data on surface flamespread, thermal conductivity and ignition phenomena. In addition, large-scale room fire test results are presented including compartment tests conducted on a variety of assemblies (including those installed with mastic construction adhesives) according to ASTM E 603 - Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160405
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental facility for determination of steady flame spread rate of materials employing the Quasi-stationary flame front technique (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 169-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experimental facility based on the Quasi-stationary Flame Front Technique for determination of steady flame spread rate of materials at discrete levels of external radiant heat flux was developed. The method employs an external radiant heat source in front of which an element of a specimen of the material is positioned at a location corresponding to the desired level of external radiant heat flux. A specimen movement assembly, which can be operated manually, was designed for moving the specimen towards the stationary external radiant heat source such that the flame front could be maintained quasi-stationary. The experimental technique employed is simple in operation yet is capable of yielding reliable flame fornt displacement-time data. In the paper the design considerations of the experimental facility, details of its components, calibration and typical experimental results obtained are presented.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160403
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    News (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 207-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160407
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Burning rate of solid wood measured in a heat release rate calorimeter (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 197-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Burning rate is a key factor in modeling fire growth and fire endurance of wood structures. This study investigated the burning rate of selected wood materials as determined by heat release, mass, loss and charring rates. Thick samples of redwood, southern pine, red oak and basswood were tested in a heat release rate calorimeter. Results on ignitability and average heat release, mass loss and charring rates are reported for a heat flux range between 15 and 55 kw m-2. In this range, burning rate increased linearly with heat flux. Burning rate was very species dependent. Heat release rate was related to mass loss by effective heat of combustion, which also increased with heat flux. Charring rate was related to mass loss rate and original wood density. Important char property data such as yield, density and contraction are reported. A simplified calculation method is proposed for calculating mass loss rate and charring rate based on heat release rate.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160406
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160101
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Full-scale/Bench-Scale correlations of wall and ceiling linings (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A complete testing and classification system requires both small- and large-scale test methods. In this article such a system in outlined employing the Cone Calorimeter and the Room/corner Test for testing on a small and a large scale, respectively. Translation models are also described allowing the Room/corner test to be predicted by Cone Calorimeter results only. A proposal for a classification system for wall and ceiling linings is also given together with actual and predicted test results.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160103
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wall fire close to an horizontal surface: Numerical modelling and experimental validation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In order to contribute to a better understanding of natural fire configurations, three different experimental arrangements were considered. They simulated, at laboratory scale, three simple room fire situations.1-3 First, we tested a gas-fueled porous burner simulating a wall fire. Then an insulated floor was placed close to it. Finally the wall and the floor burnt simultaneously. Velocity and turbulence measurements were performed using a two-component laser-doppler velocimetry (LDV) system operating in the forward-scatter mode. Mean gas temperatures were obtained with a 200 μm butt-welded chromel-alumel thermocouple, located 2 mm downstream of the velocity measurement control volume. Simultaneous measurements of two velocity components proved to be very useful, especially in the characterization of the flame structure and of the entertainment process. A simple field model describing strongly buoyant diffusion flames is proposed in search of computational economy and a basic understanding of the phenomena involved. Our aim is to analyse the suitability of such a simple model for the description of the mean properties of the flow. This work showed the interaction between the burning wall, the floor and the pool fire, and especially the role played by the large-scale structures characteristic of entertainment and mixing processes in free fires.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160102
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardants on the ignition behaviour of cotton fabric (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of some well-known flame retardants on the ignition behaviour of cotton fabric. Two types of flame retardants acting in different phases (e.g. condensed phase and gas phase) were used. At low add-on of the retardant acting in the condensed phase the ignition behaviour of the cotton is different from that treated with retardant acting in the gas phase. The condensed-phase retardant caused cotton to burn more rapidly than untreated fabrics. This was attributed to the fact that small add-on of the retardant makes the fuel for the flame available at a lower temperature. However, in the presence of sufficient amounts of retardant, the decomposition of cellulose becomes more directed towards the dehydration mechanism and thus the concentration of the flammable gases is insufficient to reach the flammability limits required. When gas-phase flame retardants were used, a linear dependency of ignition time on the concentration of additive was found. This is explained in terms of the dilution effect of this retardant on the fuel produced from the decomposing fabric.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160104
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    News (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 105-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Absract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160208
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Communication: High-performance liquid chromatography to identify melamine in order to differentiate between combustion modified and traditional polyurethane foam (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 101-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the identification and quantification of melamine in polyurethane foam. A trial of this method has been undertaken and the results show a correlation between the presence of combustion-modifying chemicals in the polyurethane foam and its compliance with the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988. This method provides a rapid means of screening materials and supplements the British Standard flame test.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160207
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Temperature distribution in a nailed gypsum-stud joint exposed to fire (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Performance of wood-stud walls depends on the integrity of nailed connections between the sheathing and the framing members. The performance of nailed connections has been studied at room temperature, but the effects of intense thermal loads, such as those from fire, are still poorly understood. This study examines the temperature distribution within nailed joints exposed to fire; this information is essential in modeling strength and stiffness of connections in wall systems. The finite-element method was used to determine the effects of wood density, nail size, and type of gypsum board on temperature distribution within a set of connections. Temperature distributions were verified in nailed joints exposed in fire tests conducted in accordance with ASTM E119-88. The principal path of heat flow through the connection was along the nail, rather than directly through the interface between gypsum board and wood. Wood species, type of gypsum board, and nail length did not change temperature distribution significantly.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160206
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160301
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical measurement of smoke (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The optical density of smoke liberated by burning seven samples of materials and six commercial plastic products was studied using different light sources in a modified NBS smoke chamber. Materials included plywood, PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate), PF (phenolformaldehyde), PE (polythene), PC (polycarbonate), PP (polypropene) and POM (acetal). The plastic products were a polyvinylchloride pipe, an unplasticized polyvinylchloride pipe, a telephone casing, an insulator, an electrical fitting and floor tiles. Light sources used were a helium-neon laser, a mercury lamp, a sodium lamp and a tungsten filament lamp. The errors in optical measurement of smoke due to a forward-scattering effect and the frequency of light beam were investigated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160305
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  • 17
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    Smoke results from a set of over 100 carpets in the NBS smoke chamber: Statistical analysis and investigation of affecting factors (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A large set of carpets was tested vertically in the NBS smoke chamber (ASTM E662), in two ways: along the length and along the width of their grain pattern. The set comprised 104 carpets. The results were analyzed in order to investigate the potential effect of carpet grain direction on the results obtained. It was shown that there is no statistically significant difference between the orientation of the carpet (width or length). Moreover, the degree of agreement was the same whatever the result of the test. Several other variables were found to have an effect. The most important of these is the sample weight, but others are carpet construction, yarn type and backing material. It was found that the testing mode (flaming or non-flaming) did not appear to affect the results of this set of samples in a statistically significant way.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160304
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  • 18
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    Survey of fire testing of electrical cables (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 107-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The National Electrical Code (NEC) is the document which regulates electrical cables in the United States. It addresses two fire properties only for which it requires testing: flame spread and smoke obscuration. Thus, a hierarchy of tests exists which cables need to pass to be allowed in occupancies regulated by the NEC. On a flame spread basis they are, in increasing severity: UL VW-1, UL 1581, UL 1666 and UL 910. For smoke obscuration only one test is mentioned in the NEC: UL 910. The /LS category (limited smoke) introduced in NEC '90, as a voluntary label, will probably be addressed in NEC '93 under the new standard UL 1685, a modification of UL 1581. Rate of heat release is measured for cables only for R&D purposes. However, it is by now well established that rate of heat release is the one most important fire property to assess fire hazard. Cable flame spread tests (except for VW-1) have all been modified, in non-standard ways, to measure rate of heat release, which gives much more useful results than char-length determinations. Moreover, small-scale RHR test instruments (cone calorimeter, OSU calorimeter) have also been used extensively to test cables. The results of such tests have been correlated with those of UL 1581 (and of similar cable tray tests) in several cases, with excellent outcome. Work is underway to develop algorithms to predict largescale cable test results from small-scale compound tests. This area of research is very promising, and, once completed, would decrease product development costs considerably and allow faster introduction of advanced materials into the market. However, such work can only be completed by using rate of heat release techniques in both large- and small-scale tests.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160302
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  • 19
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    Improved fire safety of composites for naval applications (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study is based on the use of integral, hybrid thermal barrier to protect the core of the composite structure. Thermal barrier treatments evaluated in this study include ceramic fabric, ceramic coating, intumescent coating, hybrid of ceramic and intumescent coating, silicone foam, and phenolic skin. The composite systems evaluated in combination with thermal barrier treatments included glass/vinyl ester, graphite/epoxy, graphite/bismaleimide, and graphite/phenolic. All configurations were tested for flammability characteristics. These included smoke density and combustion gas generation (ASTM E-662), residual flexural strength (ASTM D-790), heat release rate, and ignitability (ASTM E-1354). ASTM E-662 test method covers the determination of specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials. ASTM D-790 test method covers the determination of flexural properties of composite materials in the form of rectangular bars. ASTM E-1354 (cone calorimeter) covers the measurement of the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor, and is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development. Without any fire barrier treatments, all composite systems evaluated in this study failed to meet ignitability and peak heat release requirements of MIL-STD-2031 (SH) at radiant heat fluxes of 75 and 100 kW m-2, respectively. Intumescent coating and a hybrid system consisting of intumescent coating over ceramic coating were the most effective fire barrier treatments for composite systems evaluated in this study. Using either of these treatments, all composite systems met the ignitability requirements of 90 and 60 at 75 and 100 kW m-2, respectively. Except for glass/vinyl ester, all systems also met the peak and average heat release requirements of MIL-STD-2031 (SH) at radiant heat fluxes of 25, 75, and 100 kW m-2, respectively.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160303
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  • 20
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    A cone calorimeter for controlled-atmosphere studies (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Many fires occur in ambient atmospheric conditions. To investigate certain types of fires, however, it is necessary to consider combustion where the oxidizer is not 21% oxygen/79% nitrogen. The Cone Calorimeter (ASTM E 1354, ISO DIS 5660) has recently become the tool of choice for studying the fire properties of products and materials. Its standard use involves burning specimens with room air being drawn in for combustion. To facilitate studying fires involving different atmospheres, a special version of the Cone Calorimeter was designed. This unit allows controlled combustion atmospheres to be created by the use of bottled or piped gases. To make such operation feasible, a large number of design details of the standard calorimeter had to be modified. This paper describes the background for these changes and provides an explanation of how the controlled-atmospheres unit is operated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160106
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  • 21
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160201
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  • 22
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    Note: Effect of some zinc chelates on the flammability and thermal behaviour of polypropylene (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Some zinc chelates were prepared according to conventional methods, and were mixed with polypropylene in the presence and absence of a halogenated compound (Cereclor 70). The effect of these chelates on the flammability and thermal behaviour of polypropylene was studied by measuring the limiting oxygen index values and by the use of thermal analysis. This results showed that these chelates are ineffective in reducing the flammability of polypropylene but their effectiveness is enhanced to varying extents by the addition of Cereclor.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160107
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PC-Based product-selection systems to enhance fire safety in construction (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Growing use of PCs in offices has been accompanied by increasing dependence on these systems to accomplish construction/specification and CAD-based design tasks. The combination of product performance and characteristic data with PC-based data storage and retrieval techniques is a newly developed example of this. Storage techniques utilized range from floppy disks on single systems through those loaded to hard disks or ROM systems, such as compact disks containing hundreds of megabytes of information. The combination of artificial intelligence techniques to aid the specifier are particularly useful where complex code-mandated fire performance requirements exist. Using through penetration fire-stopping technology as an example illustrates how such technology can assist architects, designers and specifiers. Computer workstations - both PCs and Macs - are increasingly finding their way into the design and specification work implicit in constructing buildings. Because of the growing complexity of requirements for fire performance of these structures, use of computer-based systems to aid in choosing the right components to maintain fire safety levels makes good sense. Coupling artificial intelligence approaches - i.e. quasi-expert systems - to selection of such products with viewing of drawings can reduce design professionals' work loads and provide increased advantages for designers, specifiers, enforcement officials and product manufacturers and marketers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160202
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface radiant-energy balance for structural thermal analysis (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development of computer programs to model the effects of fire on structures has led to an increase in the variety of problems to which they are applied. Programs which provide the thermal analysis for such problems must determine the energy exchange between the structure and the fire environment, and this paper addresses the radiation aspect of this exchange. The radiant energy exchange of a surface exposed to any fire environment is considered in relation to equations used in such programs. With the aid of a simple model an alternative generalized expression is derived, which takes a simple form. Two equations, typical of those used in such programs, are compared with this generalized form and their shortcomings discussed. It is proposed that the expression derived in this work should be the preferred choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160203
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent developments in understanding the toxicity of PTFE thermal decomposition products (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 67-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fluropolymers, especially polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), have good fire-resistance properties, but their application is limited by concerns over the toxicity of their thermal decomposition products. In experiments using a tube furnace system similar to the DIN 53 436 method, the 30-minute (+ 14 days observation) LC50 in mass loss terms was found to be 2.9 mgI-1 (Standard Error 0.40) under non-flaming conditions, approximately ten times as toxic as wood and most other materials. Toxicity was due to upper respiratory tract and airway irritation, and was consistent with the known effects of carbonyl fluoride and hydrogen fluoride. When decomposed in the NBS cup furnace test under-non-flaming conditions, PTFE evolved extreme-toxicity products with an LC50 of approximately 0.05 mgI-1 (mass loss), approximately 1000 times as toxic as wood and most other materials. Toxicity was due to deep lung irritation and oedema. Investigations of the range of conditions under which the extreme toxicity of PTFE products occurs in both small-scale (200-litre) and intermediate-scale (6 m3) experiments have shown that the highest toxicity occurs when PTFE is decomposed under non-flaming conditions over a temperature range of 400-650°C, and when the primary decomposition products are subjected to continuous secondary heating. At higher or lower temperatures, when the sample is flaming, when decomposition products from wood are also present in the chamber, when secondary heating is curtailed, or when the molecule contains hydrogen as well as fluorine, the toxicity of the products is greatly reduced, tending towards the region of ten times the potency of most other materials. Extreme toxicity is associated with a particulate, but the particulate atmosphere is not always extremely toxic, the potency decreasing as the fumes age.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160204
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis and interpretation of the plumbing materials file of the NYS combustion toxicity data bank (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 77-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: New York State's Building and Fire Prevention Code includes a requirement that combustible materials used in electrical, plumbing and finishing systems be tested by the University of Pittsburgh protocol and that particular data from that testing be reported on standard forms to the Office of Fire Prevention and Control. The plumbing file in this data bank contains data on 41 products, excluding minor usages. In this paper, these data plus the data on Douglas fir are reported and analyzed. LC50 was found to have significant correlations with indices of thermal instability, of rate of mass loss, and of corrosive irritants. The most parsimonious model developed with stepwise regression correlated LC50 with three factors: %wt loss per degree of temperature rise, temperature at the beginning of rapid weight loss-temperature at which 1% of the sample weight was lost, and temperature at the end of rapid weight loss-temperature at which 1% of the sample weight was lost. LC50 was weakly correlated with maximum CO concentration and in the ‘wrong’ direction (high CO concentrations were associated with low toxicity). Log LC50 was significantly correlated with Log COmax, but also in the ‘wrong’ direction. LC50 was correlated with minimum oxygen concentration with a small R-squared and also in the ‘wrong’ direction. The question of the relevance of these test results to smoke exposures in real fires is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160205
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Communication: On the correlation of flash points (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 153-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160307
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An appraisal of standard methods for determination of flame spread behaviour of materials (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Salient features of the standard apparatuses and the methodology adopted by various countries for determination of flame spread behaviour of materials are analysed and discussed with a view to obtain a perspective of the performance of these apparatuses. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible reasons for anamolies in the results obtained using these apparatuses. A need is established for development of a new technique for direct determination of flame spread rate of materials under steady-state conditions which has the potential of overcoming the inherent limitations of the existing apparatuses.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160306
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160401
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Note: Fire-retardant treatment of roofing thatch (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 16 (1992), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The double salt calcium phosphate-calcium sulphate monohydrate, hereafter referred to as fertilizer, was used to impregnate some grass commonly used for roofing houses. It was found that this treatment significantly changed the thermal characteristics of the material. Reasons are adduced to explain these observations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810160308
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