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  • Other Sources  (1,116)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (861)
  • LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)  (255)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989  (1,116)
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  • Other Sources  (1,116)
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989  (1,116)
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  • 1
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    The synthesis of primitive 'living' forms - Definitions, goals, strategies and evolution synthesizers (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The arbitrariness of the definition of life is discussed in relation to both the archaic biological entities that preceded cells during the Molecular Evolution era, and the hypothetical, primitive, 'living' entities that presumably can be synthesized in the laboratory. Several experimental approaches to the synthesis, detection, and characterization of 'living' entities are discussed. The experimental approaches considered for the synthesis are the constructionist strategy, the whole-environment strategy, and the modular strategy, which is a combination of the first two. The whole-environment strategy is discussed in more detail and the establishment of an Evolution Synthesizer, based on this strategy, is proposed and rationalized. The guidelines for the detection and characterization of populations and processes of 'living' entities include chemical and physical analyses, but are based mainly on the reproductive characterization of these entities. It is expected that the higher the evolutionary level of the 'living' entities, the longer and more difficult it will be to synthesize them, but the easier it will be to detect them.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Origins of Life (ISSN 0302-1688); 16; 2, 19; 129-149
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  • 2
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    Carbon isotopic fractionation in heterotrophic microbial metabolism (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Differences in the natural-abundance carbon stable isotopic compositions between products from aerobic cultures of Escherichia coli K-12 were measured. Respired CO2 was 3.4 percent depleted in C-13 relative to the glucose used as the carbon source, whereas the acetate was 12.3 percent enriched in C-13. The acetate C-13 enrichment was solely in the carboxyl group. Even though the total cellular carbon was only 0.6 percent depleted in C-13, intracellular components exhibited a significant isotopic heterogeneity. The protein and lipid fractions were -1.1 and -2.7 percent, respectively. Aspartic and glutamic acids were -1.6 and +2.7 percent, respectively, yet citrate was isotopically identical to the glucose. Probable sites of carbon isotopic fractionation include the enzyme, phosphotransacetylase, and the Krebs cycle.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Applied and Environmental Microbiology (ISSN 0099-2240); 50; 996-1001
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  • 3
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    Microgravity changes in heart structure and cyclic-AMP metabolism (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of microgravity on cardiac ultrastructure and cyclic AMP metabolism in tissues of rats flown on Spacelab 3 are reported. Light and electron microscope studies of cell structure, measurements of low and high Km phosphodiesterase activity, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity, and regulatory subunit compartmentation show significant deviations in flight animals when compared to ground controls. The results indicate that some changes have occurred in cellular responses associated with catecholamine receptor interactions and intracellular signal processing.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-209
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  • 4
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    Rat maintenance in the Research Animal Holding Facility during the flight of Space Lab 3 (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: To test the husbandry capabilities of the Research Animal Holding Facility (RAHF) during space flight, 24 male rats were flown on Spacelab 3 for 7 days. Twelve large rats (400 g, LF), 5 of which had telemetry devices implanted (IF), and 12 small rats (200 g, SF) were housed in the RAHF. Examination 3 hr after landing (R + 3) revealed the rats to be free of injury, well nourished, and stained with urine. At R + 10 the rats were lethargic and atonic with hyperemia of the extremities and well groomed except for a middorsal area stained with urine and food. Both LF and SF rats showed weight gains comparable to their IG controls; IF rats grew less than controls. Food and water consumption were similar for flight and control groups. Plasma concentrations of total protein, sodium, albumin and creatinine did not differ between flight and control groups. LF and SF rats had elevated plasma glucose, and SF rats had increased blood urea nitrogen, potassium and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. These observations indicate that rats maintained in the RAHF were healthy, well nourished and experienced minimal stress; physiological changes in the rats can thus be attributed to the effects of space flight.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-187
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  • 5
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    Effect of seven days of spaceflight on hindlimb muscle protein, RNA and DNA in adult rats (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Effects of seven days of spaceflight on skeletal muscle (soleus, gastrocnemius, EDL) content of protein, RNA and DNA were determined in adult rats. Whereas total protein contents were reduced in parallel with muscle weights, myofibrillar protein appeared to be more affected. There were no significant changes in absolute DNA contents, but a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in DNA concentration (microgram/milligram) in soleus muscles from flight rats. Absolute RNA contents were significantly (P less than 0.025) decreased in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of flight rats, with RNA concentrations reduced 15-30 percent. These results agree with previous ground-based observations on the suspended rat with unloaded hindlimbs and support continued use of this model.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-221
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  • 6
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    Morphology of human embryonic kidney cells in culture after space flight (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The ability of human embyronic kidney cells to differentiate into small epithelioid, large epithelioid, domed, and fenestrated morphological cell types following space flight is examined. Kidney cells exposed to 1 day at 1 g, then 1 day in orbit, and a 12 minute passage through the electrophoretic separator are compared with control cultures. The data reveal that 70 percent of small epithelioid, 16 percent of large epithelioid, 9 percent of dome-forming, and 5 percent of fenestrated cells formed in the space exposed cells; the distributions correlate well with control data. The formation of domed cells from cells cultured from low electrophoretic mobility fractions and small epithelioid cells from high mobility fractions is unaffected by space flight conditions. It is concluded that storage under microgravity conditions does not influence the morphological differentiation of human embryonic kidney cells in low-passage culture.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-183
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  • 7
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    Space Station life science research facility - The vivarium/laboratory (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Research opportunities possible with the Space Station are discussed. The objective of the research program will be study gravity relationships for animal and plant species. The equipment necessary for space experiments including vivarium facilities are described. The cost of the development of research facilities such as the vivarium/laboratory and a bioresearch centrifuge is examined.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-177
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  • 8
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    Cytochemical localization of calcium in cap cells of primary roots of Zea mays L (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cellular distribution of Ca in caps of primary roots of Zea mays was examined during the onset and early stages of gravicurvature to determine its possible role in root gravitropism. Staining becomes associated with the portion of the cell wall adjacent to the distal end of the cell after five minutes, and persists throughout the onset of gravicurvature. The outermost peripheral cells of roots oriented horizontally and vertically secrete Ca through plasmodesmata-like channels in their cell walls. Data suggest that Ca is not transported laterally through the columella tissue,but rather that the movement of Ca to the lower side of caps of horizontally-oriented roots is at least partially through and/or on the mucilage of the cap, and via an electrochemical gradient. An important role in root gravitropism is indicated for Ca secretion by peripheral cells.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-113
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  • 9
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    Amphibian fertilization and development in microgravity (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experiment investigating the effects of gravity on embryonic development in amphibians is proposed. The planned procedures for the preparation of the frog eggs for launching in the Space Shuttle, for the injection of the eggs with gonadotropin, for the insertion of the eggs into egg chambers, for the storage of one of the chambers in a microgravity area and the second into a centrifuge, and for the fertilization of the eggs are described. The later organogenesis, swimming behavior, cytoplasmic components, cellular formation, neural plate and archenteron expansion, and allometry and expansion of the organ systems will be examined. Normal morphology for embryos and tadpoles developing at microgravity and the formation of the neural plate opposite the sperm entry point meridian are predicted.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-93
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  • 10
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    Use of direct electron pair method (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new method for energy measurement of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei in nuclear emulsion is considered: the use of Coulomb-pair production. The energy-dependent cross section for the production of direct electron pairs in nuclear emulsion is found sufficiently high to permit the energy determination of iron-group nuclei to better than +60 or -40 percent above 1 TeV/nucleon. An experimental calibration and a possible application of the method to Space Shuttle experiments are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 11
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    Studying antiprotons from balloons and Space Station (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental measurements are proposed to determine the existence of cosmic antiprotons and to differentiate between various hypothetical origins for them. The balloon-borne experiment proposed by Balasubrahmanyan et al. (1983) for detecting 50-220-MeV antiprotons and measuring their energy distribution is described; the astrophysical significance of antiproton measurements is considered; the antiproton/proton ratios predicted by various cosmic-ray and exotic models are presented graphically; and the performance required of a Space Station superconducting-magnet detector for the 10-1000-GeV range is discussed. It is concluded that an instrument with 0.3-sq m sr geometry could distinguish (at a 5-sigma level) between hypotheses with spectral-exponent separation of 0.1 in observing time about 1 month, assuming a spectral exponent as steep as E to the -3rd.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 12
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    Effect of simulated weightlessness and chronic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D administration on bone metabolism (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Weightlessness, as experienced during space flight, and simulated weightlessness induce osteopenia. Using the suspended rat model to simulate weightlessness, a reduction in total tibia Ca and bone formation rate at the tibiofibular junction as well as an inhibition of Ca-45 and H-3-proline uptake by bone within 5-7 days of skeletal unloading was observed. Between days 7 and 15 of unloading, uptake of Ca-45 and H-3-proline, and bone formation rate return to normal, although total bone Ca remains abnormally low. To examine the relationship between these characteristic changes in bone metabolism induced by skeletal unloading and vitamin D metabolism, the serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D), 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) at various times after skeletal unloading were measured. The effect of chronic infusion of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the bone changes associated with unloading was also determined.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-127
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  • 13
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    The use of suspension models and comparison with true weightlessness (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A resume is presented of various papers concerning the effect of weightlessness on particular physiological and biochemical phenomena in animal model systems. Findings from weightlessness experiments on earth using suspension models are compared with results of experiments in orbit. The biological phenomena considered include muscle atrophy, changes in the endocrine system, reduction in bone formation, and changes in the cardiovascular system.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-237 to
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  • 14
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    Osteocalcin as an indicator of bone metabolism during spaceflight (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of microgravity on osteocalcin (OC) is investigated in rats flown on Spacelab 3. Serum, Ca, Pi, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and OC contents, and the breaking strength of the humerus of control and Spacelab rats are calculated; the procedures utilized for these analyses are described. It is detected that the OC is reduced, and the serum and alkaline phosphatase are unaffected by microgravity.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-227
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  • 15
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    Transient dehydration of lungs in tail-suspended rats (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The fluid balance in the lungs of rats exposed to head-down tilt is examined. Six Munich-Wister rats were suspended for 7 days and 10 Sprague-Dawley rats for 14 days using the technique of Morey (1979). The water contents of the lungs of the suspended and a control group are calculated and compared. The data reveal that the two-days suspended rats had dehydrated lungs; however, the lungs of the 14-day suspended and control group rats were similar. It is noted that the dehydration in the 2-day suspended rats is caused by general dehydration not the head-tilt position.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-155
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  • 16
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    A marsupial model for the investigation of gravitational effects on early development (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The application of the marsupial mouse to the study of gravitational effects on early development is discussed. The benefits provided to microgravity experiments by the unique development of the species are described. The uterogestation and exterogestation, and the formation of the vestibular and musculoskeletal systems in the marsupial mouse are examined.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-85
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  • 17
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    Spaceflight and calcium metabolism (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Calcium metabolism data from spaceflight have been obtained primarily from Skylab astronauts, from Soviet Salyut-6 cosmonauts, and from growing rats flown either on the Soviet Cosmos series or Spacelab 3. In this report, the results from Skylab astronauts will be compared to data from bed rested subjects, and the results from Cosmos rats will be compared to data from a ground-based rat model, to help explain (1) how spaceflight or gravitational unloading alters calcium metabolism in adult humans and growing rats, (2) the relevance of the observations of bone dynamics in growing rats to the changes in adult man, and (3) the sequence of events leading to changes in calcium metabolism during spaceflight. A hypothetical scheme of the mechanisms causing altered bone mass during spaceflight will be proposed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-9 to S
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  • 18
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    Metabolic support for a lunar base (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A review of the metabolic support systems used and the metabolic support requirements provided on past and current spaceflight programs is presented. This review will provide familiarization with unique constraints of space flight and technology as it relates to inflight metabolic support of astronauts. This information, along with a general review of the NASA effort to develop a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) will define the general scenario of metabolic support for a lunar base. A phased program of metabolic support for a lunar base will be elucidated. Included will be discussion of the CELSS water reclamation and food recycling technology as it now exists and how it could be expected to be progressively incorporated into the lunar base. This transition would be from a relatively open system in the initial development period, when mechanical phase change water reclamation and minimal plant growth are incorporated, to the final period when practically total closure of the life support system will be proved through physicochemical and biological processes. Finally, a review of the estimated metabolic intake requirements for the occupants of a lunar base will be presented.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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  • 19
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    Foliage plants for indoor removal of the primary combustion gases carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Foliage plants were evaluated for their ability to sorb carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, the two primary gases produced during the combustion of fossil fuels and tobacco. The spider plant (Chlorophytum elatum var. vittatum) could sorb 2.86 micrograms CO/sq cm leaf surface in a 6 h photoperiod. The golden pothos (Scindapsus aureus) sorbed 0.98 micrograms CO/sq cm leaf surface in the same time period. In a system with the spider plant, greater than or equal to 99 percent of an initial concentration of 47 ppm NO2 could be removed in 6 h from a void volume of approximately 0.35 cu m. One spider plant potted in a 3.8 liter container can sorb 3300 micrograms CO and effect the removal of 8500 micrograms NO2/hour, recognizing the fact that a significant fraction of NO2 at high concentrations will be lost by surface sorption, dissolving in moisture, etc.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Mississippi Academy of Sciences, Journal (ISSN 0076-9436); 30; 1-8
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  • 20
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    Adiabatic deceleration of secondary antiprotons in the envelopes of supernova exploding in dense clouds (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: On the basis of well established cosmic ray propagation models, the expected flux of antiprotons in cosmic rays within the few-hundred MeV region is small by comparison with the observed flux. Observational data are presently approached through the examination of the possibility of antiproton production by supernova (SN) envelopes during the expansion phase and while undergoing the consequent adiabatic deceleration. In the case of the SN explosions in dense clouds treated, the SN remnant is decelerated within a few thousand years, generating may antiprotons whose spectrum can be calculated by taking all energy loss processes into account and examining the remnant's spectral evolution. Attention is also given to the possibility of obtaining the antiproton spectrum with enhanced flux at low energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 110; 2, Ma
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  • 21
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    Spontaneous running activity in male rats - Effect of age (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Variations in the intensity and the patterns of spontaneous running activity in wheel cages were studied in male rats aged 7 weeks to one year. Daily running records were obtained for periods of 12 mo, and 24-hour recordings were made for selected runners in order to study variations in running activity during the day. The data indicate that for rats running over two miles/day, the maximum running intensity can be divided into two groups: a group of high achievers running 8 miles/day; and a group of moderate achievers running 4.8 miles/day. For both groups spontaneous activity reached a maximum after 4-5 weeks. An hourly pattern of running activity during the day was identified in rats of increasing age who averaged 9.0, 4.5, 2.6, and 1.2 miles/day, respectively. Progressive losses were observed in both the speed and the duration of spontaneous running as the rats increased in age, with the intensity of exercise falling below 2 miles/day after 7-8 months of age.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology (ISSN 0161-7567); 58; 1553-155
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  • 22
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    Bone and muscle atrophy with suspension of the rat (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In order to identify a suitable model for the study of muscle atrophy due to suspension in space, a modified version of the Morey tail suspension model was used to measure the atrophic responses of rat bone and muscle to 14-30 days of unloading of the hindlimbs. The progress of atrophy was measured by increases in methylene diphosphonate (MDP) uptake. It is found that bone uptake of methylene diphosphonate followed a phasic pattern similar to changes in the bone formation rate of immobilized dogs and cats. Increased MDP uptake after a period of 60 days indicated an accelerated bone metabolism. Maximum muscle atrophy in the suspended rats was distinctly different from immobilization atrophy. On the basis of the experimental results, it is concluded that the tail suspension model is an adequate simulation of bone atrophy due to suspension.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology (ISSN 0161-7567); 58; 1669-167
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  • 23
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    Anomalous cosmic ray interaction events for investigations in the SSC and Space Station era - 'Long lived she-devil phenomena' (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observational data on anomalous cosmic-ray interaction events are compiled, classified, and briefly characterized. The events are divided into three groups: those confirmed by later observation or experiment, those shown to be the result of observational or analytical error, and those still unexplained. Among the phenomena in the latter group are magnetic-monopole candidates, fractionally charged particles, massive stable particles, anomalons, proton-decay and neutron-oscillation candidates, muon bundles, narrow showers, anomalous photons, fanlike phenomena, quark-gluon-plasma candidates, and anomalous long-range delta rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 24
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    Nuclear composition (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of direct measurements of the energy distribution and elemental composition of cosmic rays are reviewed. Consideration is given to early calorimeter, Cerenkov-counter, and superconducting-magnet data; HEAO-3 results; balloon-borne measurements beyond 30 GeV/nucleon, and the balloon-borne emulsion-chamber data obtained in the JACEE experiments (Burnett et al., 1982 and 1983). The potential of Space Station observations to extend the data to energies as high as 10 PeV is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 25
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    Bone loss during simulated weightlessness - Is it glucocorticoid mediated? (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Elevating the hindquarters of a rat by the tail unweights the hind limbs but maintains normal weight-bearing by the forelimbs. This maneuver leads to a decrease in bone mass and calcium content in the unweighted bones (e.g., tibia and L1 vertebra), but not in the normally weighted bones (e.g., humerus and mandible). Potentially, the stress of the maneuver, mediated by increased glucocorticoid production and secretion, could explain the decreased bone formation, rather than the skeletal unweighting per se. To test this possibility, the effects of adrenalectomy on the response of bone to the unweighting of the hind limbs of normal rats were evaluated.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-123
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  • 26
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    Reduction of the spermatogonial population in rat testes flown on Space Lab-3 (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Quantization of the testicular spermatogonial population reduction in six rats is performed 12 hours after their return from seven days aboard Space Lab-3. The observed 7.1 percent organ weight loss, and 7.5 percent stage six spermatogonial cell population reduction in comparison with control rats correlate very well. Accurate dosimetry was not conducted on board, but radiation can not be considered the primary cause of the observed change. The decrease in protein kinase in the heart of these rats indicates that stress from adapting to weightlessness, the final jet flight, or other sources, is an important factor.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-211
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  • 27
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    Hematologic parameters of astrorats flown on SL-3 (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Hematologic studies were performed on a group of large and small rats which were sacrificed after flying in life sciences shuttle engineering flight SL-3. The results are presented on flight (F) and control (C) 200 gm rats. The small flight animals demonstrated a significant increase in hematocrits, red blood cell counts, hemoglobins and peripheral blood percentages of neutrophils as well as a decrease in percentage of lymphocytes. Erythropoietin (Ep) determinations were similar for the two groups as were the bone marrow an spleen differential counts. In vitro cultures for erythroid colonies of bone marrow showed that in response to different doses of Ep, in all cases where differnces were statistically significant, the F rats had increased colony counts. The changes in red cell parameters could be caused by a decrease in plasma volume. However, no isotopic studies were possible on this flight and this lack points up the need for such studies to determine the red cell mass and plasma volume.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-195
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  • 28
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    Changes in muscle protein composition induced by disuse atrophy - Analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis (1985)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using 320 g rats, a two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of muscle proteins in the soleus and EDL muscles from hindlimbs maintained load-free for 10 days is performed. Statistical analysis of the two-dimensional patterns of control and suspended groups reveals more protein alteration in the soleus muscle, with 25 protein differences, than the EDL muscle, with 9 protein differences, as a result of atrophy. Most of the soleus differences reside in minor components. It is suggested that the EDL may also show alteration in its two-dimensional protein map, even though no significant atrophy occurred in muscle wet weight. It is cautioned that strict interpretation of data must take into account possible endocrine perturbations.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-159
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  • 29
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    Growth and development of mice and rats conceived and reared at different G-intensities during chronic centrifugation (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Prenatal and postnatal growth of rats conceived and reared at different G-intensities from 1.0G (earth gravity) to a maximum of 2.03G were compared. Prenatal growth was not generally impaired but the lung/body mass ratio of 22-day old fetuses at 2.03G was decreased significantly compared to 1.06 controls. Survival of neonatal rats was substantially reduced at 1.71G and 2.03G. Postnatal growth was decreased at the higher G-intensities and showed smaller or no effects at the lower G-intensities. Comparisons of organ/body mass ratios of hyper-G and 1.0G rats at 9 wks of age showed relatively few differences at the lower G-intensities. Postnatal growth of mice at 2.03G was suppressed during the neonatal period but recovered later so that after 9 wks the body mass of females reached and of males approached controls. Results of this preliminary study clearly show the influence of body mass in scaling the effects of hyper-G on the growth and development of and between different animal species.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-83
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  • 30
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    What are mycoplasmas - The relationship of tempo and mode in bacterial evolution (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In phenotype the mycoplasmas are very different from ordinary bacteria. However, genotypically (i.e., phylogenetically) they are not. On the basis of ribosomal RNA homologies the mycoplasmas belong with the clostridia, and indeed have specific clostridial relatives. Mycoplasmas are, however, unlike almost all other bacteria in the evolutionary characteristics of their ribosomal RNAs. These RNAs contain relatively few of the highly conserved oligonucleotide sequences characteristic of normal eubacterial ribosomal RNAs. This is interpreted to be a reflection of an elevated mutation rate in mycoplasma lines of descent. A general consequence of this would be that the variation associated with a mycoplasma population is augmented both in number and kind, which in turn would lead to an unusual evolutionary course, one unique in all respects. Mycoplasmas, then, are actually tachytelic bacteria. The unusual evolutionary characteristics of their ribosomal RNAs are the imprints of their rapid evolution.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Molecular Evolution (ISSN 0022-2844); 21; 4, 19; 305-316
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  • 31
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    The galactic gamma-ray distribution - Implications for galactic structure and the radial cosmic-ray gradient (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The radial distribution of gamma ray emissivity in the Galaxy was derived from flux longitude profiles, using both the final SAS-2 results and the recently corrected COS-B results and analyzing the northern and southern galactic regions separately. The recent CO surveys of the Southern Hemisphere were used in conjunction with the Northern Hemisphere data, to derive the radial distribution of cosmic rays on both sides of the galactic plane. In addition to the 5 kpc ring, there is evidence from the radial asymmetry for spiral features which are consistent with those derived from the distribution of bright H II regions. Positive evidence was also found for a strong increase in the cosmic ray flux in the inner Galaxy, particularly in the 5 kpc region in both halves of the plane.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 291; 471-478
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  • 32
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    Hypothalamic, rectal, and muscle temperatures in exercising dogs - Effect of cooling (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experimental investigation of the mechanisms of performance prolongation during exercise is presented. Measurements were obtained of the rectal, muscle, and hypothalamic temperature of dogs during treadmill exercise at an ambient temperature of 22 + or - 1 C, with and without cooling by use of ice packs. In comparison with exercise without cooling, exercise with cooling was found to: (1) increase exercise duration from 90 + or - 14 to 145 + or - 15 min; (2) attenuate increases in hypothalamic, rectal and muscle temperature; (3) decrease respiratory and heart rates; and (4) lower blood lactic acid content. It is shown that although significant differences were found between the brain, core, and muscle temperatures during exercise with and without cooling, an inverse relation was observed between muscle temperature and the total duration of exercise. It is suggested that sustained muscle hyperthermia may have contributed to the limitation of working ability in exercise with and without cooling.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology (ISSN 0161-7567); 58; 1444-144
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  • 33
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    Observations of 35- 10 1600-keV protons and low-frequency waves upstream of interplanetary shocks (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of measurements of energetic protons in the range from 35 to 1600 keV and low-frequency waves (periods of approximately 6 s) on ISEE 3 associated with the passage of the large oblique shock of April 5, 1979, which exhibits an extended foreshock. An attempt is made to identify the energy of the particles which are responsible for the waves. Intensity profiles of both waves and particles as a function of upstream distance are compared, taking into account the relation between the energy of the particles and the period of the waves. The considered approach makes it possible to identify protons with energies of a few hundred keV as being responsible for the waves in the extended foreshock. It is believed that the high energy density of the high-energy solar flare protons preceding the shock could be responsible for 'seed' waves which provide the scattering centers necessary for the acceleration of the lower-energy protons via a first-order Fermi mechanism.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 3973-398
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  • 34
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    Hyper-G stress-induced hyperglycemia in rats mediated by glucoregulatory hormones (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with possible relations of the hyperglycemic response of rats exposed to hyper-G stress to (1) alterations in blood levels of the glucoregulatory hormones and gluconeogenic substrates, and (2) changes in insulin response on muscle glucose uptake. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were used in the study. The results of the experiments indicate that the initial rapid rise in blood glucose of rats exposed to hyper-G stress is mediated by increases in circulating catecholamines and glucagon, both potent stimulators of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Lactate, derived from epinephrine stimulation of muscle glycogenolysis, appears to be a major precursor for the initial rise in blood glucose. The inhibition of the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by muscle tissues may be a factor in the observed sustained hyperglycemia.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 56; 37-42
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  • 35
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    The 1000 GeV gamma ray emission from radio pulsars (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Radio pulsars have concentrated on long observations of the Crab pulsar and showed that it emits short intense bursts and a persistent weak periodic flux at gamma-ray energies 1000 GeV. It was shown that the light curve of the persistent emission was dominated by a single peak, coincident with the position of the radio and low energy gamma-ray main pulse. The results of a more detailed analysis of the structure of this main pulse are reported following an appraisal of the timing system. It is shown that at energies 1000 GeV the duration of the main pulse is not greater than 0.4 ms, which is less than that seen at all frequencies other than radio. Flux limits for the emission of 1000 GeV gamma-rays by seven other radio pulsars are reported
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 155-158; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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  • 36
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    Comparison of simulation results with sea-level experimental data on 10(14) - 10(16) air shower cores (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Simulation predictions for the Leeds 35 sq m horizontal discharge chamber array for proton primaries with a approx. E sup 2.7 spectrum extrapolated from balloon data to 10 to the 16th power eV give power law rho (r)-spectra with constant slope approx. -2 consistent with the experimental data up to the point at which they steepen but overshooting them at higher densities, and at high shower sizes predicted cores which are significantly steeper than those observed. Further comparisons with results for heavy nuclei primaries (up to A = 56) point to the inadequacy of changes in primary composition to account for the observed density spectra and core flattening, and the shower size spectrum together, and point, therefore, to the failure of the scaling interaction model at approx. 10 to the 15th power eV primary energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf., Vol. 7; p 93
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  • 37
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    Microbial colonization and growth on metal sulfides and other mineral surfaces (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To determine whether a bacterial film forms on sulfur minerals in situ, various sulfur containing and other minerals were incubated in Penitencia Creek. The rate of cell growth and attachment within the surface microenvironment of mineral surfaces was also determined. To determine whether surfaces enriched with soluble sulfur substrates (cysteine, glutathione, thioglycolate, sulfite, and thiosulfate) increased the rate of growth or attachment of natural communities, membrane enrichments were incubated. These rates were determined as described by Caldwell et al. (1981, 1983). The growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens, a heterotrophic sulfur oxidizer, was studied in batch cell suspensions and in continuous culture. In batch culture the cells were oxygen limited (growth rate 0.33 per hour under oxygen limitations and 0.52 per hour when vigorously aerated). Growth within the film was glucose limited. Several behavioral phenomena were observed for cells growing within the hydrodynamic boundary layer. Despite a flow of 10 cm per second in the environment, the bacteria were able to move freely in both directions within the hydrodynamic boundary layer.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 218-233
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  • 38
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    Glutathione in cyanobacteria (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effects of light and O2 on glutathione production were determined. Results of light and dark studies under normal and reduced oxygen tensions were compared to determine the effect of reduction in oxygen tension on glutathione levels. The growth rate of Anacystis nidulans and concurrent production of glutathione is presented. The generation of time of Anacystis nidulans was approximately 12 hours. Results of light and dark incubation of Aphanothece halophytica dominated planktonic microbial community from Pond 4 and Anacystis nidulans under high and low oxygen tension is also presented. It appears that light grown Anacystis nidulans cells have equal amounts of glutathione while dark grown cells produce more glutathione in the presence of increased O2.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 194-199
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  • 39
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    Microbial communities and microprofiles of sulfide and oxygen of alum rock sulfur springs (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The microbial community of Alum Rock sulfur spring Site 3 was studied along one branch of the main stream and between the two branches, 150 cm distant from the source. The community at the source was dominated by green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria of the genus Chlorobium. At 15 cm to 35 cm from the source dominance in the community shifted to the genus Flexibacter at the surface of the mat and purple bacteria of the genus Chromatium underneath. At 50 cm to 80 cm colorless sulfur oxidizing bacteria of the genus Thiothrix began to appear. At 100 cm to 150 cm, the surface of the mat was still dominated by Flexibacter, but underneath dominance shifted to purple sulfur bacteria as above, as well as cyanobacteria of the genus Oscillatoria and Pseudonabaena. The measurements of temperature along the stream showed no significant gradient. Community variations appear to be controlled more by sulfide than temperature. Ten ml of the overlying water were taken and fixed immediately to determine the sulfide concentration by the methylene blue method. A sulfide concentration of 106 micro-m was calculated for the overlying water.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 200-217
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  • 40
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    Interactions among sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The responses of different phototrophic bacteria in a competitive experimental system are studied, one in which primary factors such as H2S or light limited photometabolism. Two different types of bacteria shared one limited source of sulfide under specific conditions of light. The selection of a purple and a green sulfur bacteria and the cyanobacterium was based on their physiological similarity and also on the fact that they occur together in microbial mats. They all share anoxygenic photosynthesis, and are thus probably part of an evolutionary continuum of phototrophic organisms that runs from, strictly anaerobic physiology to the ability of some cyanobacteria to shift between anoxygenic bacterial style photosynthesis and the oxygenic kind typical of eukaryotes.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 117-127
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  • 41
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    Buoyant densities of phototrophic sulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The buoyant densities of bacterial cells are greatly influenced by the accumulation of intracellular reserve material. The buoyant density of phototrophic bacteria that are planktonic is of particular interest, since these organisms must remain in the photic zone of the water column for optimal growth. Separation of cells by their buoyant density may also be of use in separating and identifying organisms from a natural population. The bacteria used were obtained from pure cultures, enrichments, or samples taken directly from the environment.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 114-116
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  • 42
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    Cyanobacterial mats: Microanalysis of community metabolism (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The microbial communities in two sites were studied using several approaches: (1) light microscopy; (2) the measurement of microprofiles of oxygen and sulfide at the surface of the microbial mat; (3) the study of diurnal variation of oxygen and sulfides; (4) in situ measurement of photosynthesis and sulfate reduction and study of the coupling of these two processes; (5) measurement of glutathione in the upper layers of the microbial mat as a possible oxygen quencher; (6) measurement of reduced iron as a possible intermediate electron donor along the established redoxcline in the mats; (7) measurement of dissolved phosphate as an indicator of processes of break down of organic matter in these systems; and (8) measurement of carbon dioxide in the interstitial water and its delta C-13 in an attempt to understand the flow of CO2 through the systems. Microbial processes of primary production and initial degradation at the most active zone of the microbial mat were analyzed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 158-182
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  • 43
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    Anaerobic reduction of elemental sulfur by Chromatium vinosum and Beggiatoa alba (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effect of sulfur globules on the buoyant density of Chromatium vinosum and Beggiatoa alba was examined. The potential use of sulfur as a terminal electron acceptor in the anaerobic metabolism of Beggiatoa alba is also examined. The effect of the reduction of intracellular sulfur was investigated during dark metabolism on the buoyant density of C. vinosum. It is hypothesized from the results that the sulfur reduction to sulfide is part of an anaerobic energy operating system. Carbon stored as PHB can be oxidized with the concomitant reduction of sulfur to sulfide.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 108-113
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  • 44
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    Enrichments for phototrophic bacteria and characterization by morphology and pigment analysis (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The purpose of this investigation was to examine several sulfide containing environments for the presence of phototrophic bacteria and to obtain enriched cultures of some of the bacteria present. The field sites were Alum Rock State Park, the Palo Alto salt marsh, the bay area salt ponds, and Big Soda Lake (near Fallon, Nevada). Bacteria from these sites were characterized by microscopic examination, measurement of in vitro absorption spectra, and analysis of carotenoid pigments. Field observations at one of the bay area salt ponds, in which the salt concentration was saturating (about 30 percent NaCl) and the sediments along the shore of the pond covered with a gypsum crust, revealed a layer of purple photosynthetic bacteria under a green layer in the gypsum crust. Samples of this gypsum crust were taken to the laboratory to measure light transmission through the crust and to try to identify the purple photosynthetic bacteria present in this extremely saline environment.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 90-107
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  • 45
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    Sulfur cycling and metabolism of phototrophic and filamentous sulfur bacteria (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Phototrophic sulfur bacteria taken from different habitate (Alum Rock State Park, Palo Alto salt marsh, and Big Soda Lake) were grown on selective media, characterized by morphological and pigment analysis, and compared with bacteria maintained in pure culture. A study was made of the anaerobic reduction of intracellular sulfur globules by a phototrophic sulfur bacterium (Chromatium vinosum) and a filamentous aerobic sulfur bacterium (Beggiatoa alba). Buoyant densities of different bacteria were measured in Percoll gradients. This method was also used to separate different chlorobia in mixed cultures and to assess the relative homogeneity of cultures taken directly or enriched from natural samples (including the purple bacterial layer found at a depth of 20 meters at Big Soda Lake.) Interactions between sulfide oxidizing bacteria were studied.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 87-89
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  • 46
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    The role of sulfur in osmoregulation and salinity tolerance in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Organosulfur compounds are involved in osmoregulation and salinity tolerance in some cyanobacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes. Glycinebetaine, the osmolyte of the halotolerant cyanobacterium, Aphanothece halophytica, requires the sulfonium compound. S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) for its synthesis. Glutamate is the nitrogen source, SAM is the methyl carbon and serine the carbon backbone source of this unique osmolyte. Inhibitor studies suggest that photorespiration interacts with sulfur metabolism to control betaine synthesis in cyanobacteria. The limiting factor for SAM synthesis is formate from photorespiration. SAM is, in turn, the methyl donor for betaine synthesis from serine. The nitrogen component of serine is from glutamate. Betaine synthesis is hypothesized to be regulated via potassium. The biosynthesis of dimethyl-B-propiothetin (DMPT, which is the same as beta-dimethyl sulfonioprpionate) and diacylsulfoquinovosylglycerol were elucidated as having their roles in osmoregulation and salinity tolerance. The relation between these sulfolipids and the sulfur cycle was discussed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 83-86
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  • 47
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    Phototrophic bacteria and their role in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An essential step that cannot be bypassed in the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur today is dissimilatory sulfate reduction by anaerobic bacteria. The enormous amounts of sulfides produced by these are oxidized again either anaerobically by phototrophic bacteria or aerobically by thiobacilli and large chemotrophic bacteria (Beggiatoa, Thiovulum, etc.). Phototrophic bacteria use sulfide, sulfur, thiosulfate, and sulfite as electron donors for photosynthesis. The most obvious intermediate in their oxidative sulfur metabolism is a long chain polysulfide that appears as so called sulfur globules either inside (Chromatiaceae) or outside (Ectothiorhodospiraceae, Chlorobiaceae, and some of the Rhodospirillaceae) the cells. The assimilation of sulfur compounds in phototrophic bacteria is in principle identical with that of nonphototrophic bacteria. However, the Chlorobiaceae and some of the Chromatiaceae and Rhodospirillaceae, unable to reduce sulfate, rely upon reduced sulfur for biosynthetic purposes.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 79-82
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  • 48
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    Structure and physiology of Beggiatoa and Thiothrix (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Reggiatoa and Thiothrix are genera of filamentous, colorless, sulfide oxidizing bacteria. These organisms are microaerophilic, oxidizing sulfide to sulfur in the presence of oxygen. The sulfur accumulates in intracellular sulfur globules - the outstanding morphological feature of these bacteria. Some strains are able to further oxidize the sulfur to sulfate aerobically or reduce the sulfur to sulfide anaerobically. This metabolic versatility makes these bacteria important links in aquatic sulfur cycles.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 77-78
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  • 49
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    Sulfate-reducing bacteria: Microbiology and physiology (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The sulfate reducing bacteria, the first nonphotosynthetic anaerobic bacteria demonstrated to contain c type cytochromes, perform electron transfer coupled to phosphorylation. A new bioenergetic scheme for the formation of a proton gradient for growth of Desulfovibrio on organic substrates and sulfate involving vectors electron transfer and consistent with the cellular localization of enzymes and electron transfer components was proposed. Hydrogen is produced in the cytoplasm from organic substrates and, as a permease molecule diffuses rapidly across the cytoplasmic membrane, it is oxidized to protons and electrons by the periplasmic hydrogenase. The electrons only are transferred across the cytoplasmic membrane to the cytoplasm where they are used to reduce sulfate to sulfide. The protons are used for transport or to drive a reversible ATPOSE. The net effect is the transfer of protons across the cytoplasmic membrane with the intervention of a proton pump. This type of H2 cycling is relevant to the bioenergetics of other types of anaerobic microorganisms.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 70-71
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  • 50
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    Chemolithotrophy and physiology of bacterial nutrient limitation (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of the physiology of chemolithotrophic bacteria, particularly the thiobacilli, was presented. In these bacteria unique physiological traits are expressed during nutrient limited growth. Different physiological types of chemolithotrophs, pathways of sulfur oxidation, and electron transport in the thiobacilli, problems encountered by chemolithotrophs in the generation of reducing power, and some explanations of the phenomenon of obligate chemolithotrophy were considered. Mixotrophy in the thiobacilli has been studied extensively both under nutrient excess and limitation. In nature, bacteria usually grow under nutrient limitation. Yet the bulk of our knowledge of microbial metabolic function is derived from bacteria grown in laboratory batch cultures containing a great abundance of nutrients. Microbial behavior in these two types of environments can be very different, indicating the need for basing an understanding of microbial ecology on studies that rely on cultivation of microorganisms under nutrient limitation. Nutrient limited bacteria differ in several ways from those growing in large quantities of nutrients. They have different surface structures and make a much fuller use of their metabolic potential, especially by the synthesis of unique pathways of catabolic enzymes.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 68
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  • 51
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    From microbial communities to cells (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The eukraotic cell, the unit of structure of protoctists, plants, fungi, and animals, is not at all homologous to prokaryotic cells. Instead the eukaryotic cell is homologous to communities of microorganisms such as those of the sulfuretum. This research is based on the hypothesis that at least four different interacting community members entered the original associations that, when stabilized, led to the emergence of eukaryotic cells. These are: (1) host nucleocytoplasm (thermoplasma like archaebacteria); (2) mitochrondria (paracoccus or bdellovibryo like respiring bacteria; and (3) plastids (cyanobacteria) and undulipodia. Tubulin like protein was found in the free living spirochete Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis and in several other spirochetes. The amino acid sequence was to see if the spirochete protein is homologous to the tubulin of undulipodial and mitotic spindle microtubules.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 64-65
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  • 52
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    Detection of gamma-ray lines from the direction of the Crab Nebula (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The Crab Nebula and its associated pulsar NP0531+21 were observed during a balloon flight of the Durham MK1 high resolution spectrometer on June 6, 1981. The data indicate two significant line features of energies of 404.7 and 1049.8 keV with intensities of (7.2 + or - 2.1) x 0.001 and (12.0 + or - 0.5) x 0.01/5. After subtracting instrumental resolution, the widths of these lines were determined to be (3.5 + or - 1.4) keV and (6.3 + or - 1.6) keV at 404.7 and 1049.8 keV respectively. A third line at 78.8 keV was detected as a transient event with a peak intensity of (1.1 + or - 0.3) x 0.01 photons sq cm/s and a width 1.5 keV. It is shown that all three line features are consistent with a point source located at the Crab.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 145-148; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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  • 53
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    Ecophysiology of phototrophic sulfur bacteria in lakes: Vertical distribution of planktonic populations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The study of purple and green sulfur bacterial populations in nature is of interest for the following reasons: (1) high quantities of biomass, with low species diversity can be collected; (2) study of planktonic life permits one to understand the mechanisms, structural as well as physiological, used to maintain their vertical position without sinking; and (3) they are capable of sulfur oxidations and reductions that act as important intermediates in the global sulfur cycle. Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria, moreover, may be responsible for certain geological deposits. Planktonic phototrophic sulfur bacteria were analyzed in relation to their vertical distribution in the water column. Factors, including competition for light, that determine their sedimentation rates and the numerical changes in species and populations were assessed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 45-49
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    Sulfur transformations at the hydrogen sulfide/oxygen interface in stratified waters and in cyanobacterial mats (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Stratified water bodies allow the development of several microbial plates along the water column. The microbial plates develop in relation to nutrient availability, light penetration, and the distribution of oxygen and sulfide. Sulfide is initially produced in the sediment by sulfate-reducing bacteria. It diffuses along the water column creating a zone of hydrogen sulfide/oxygen interface. In the chemocline of Solar Lake oxygen and sulfide coexist in a 0 to 10 cm layer that moves up and down during a diurnal cycle. The microbial plate at the chemocline is exposed to oxygen and hydrogen sulfide, alternating on a diurnal basis. The cyanobacteria occupying the interface switch from anoxygenic photosynthesis in the morning to oxygenic photosynthesis during the rest of the day which results in a temporal build up of elemental sulfur during the day and disappears at night due to both oxidation to thiosulfate and sulfate by thiobacilli, and reduction to hydrogen sulfide by Desulfuromonas sp. and anaerobically respiring cyanobacteria. Sulfate reduction was enhanced in the light at the surface of the cyanobacterial mats. Microsulfate reduction measurements showed enhanced activity of sulfate reduction even under high oxygen concentrations of 300 to 800 micrometer. Apparent aerobic SO sub 4 reduction activity is explained by the co-occurrence of H sub 2. The physiology of this apparent sulfate reduction activity is studied.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 16-18
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    Aerobic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: Environmental selection and diversification (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria oxidize reduced inorganic compounds to sulfuric acid. Lithotrophic sulfur oxidizer use the energy obtained from oxidation for microbial growth. Heterotrophic sulfur oxidizers obtain energy from the oxidation of organic compounds. In sulfur-oxidizing mixotrophs energy are derived either from the oxidation of inorganic or organic compounds. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are usually located within the sulfide/oxygen interfaces of springs, sediments, soil microenvironments, and the hypolimnion. Colonization of the interface is necessary since sulfide auto-oxidizes and because both oxygen and sulfide are needed for growth. The environmental stresses associated with the colonization of these interfaces resulted in the evolution of morphologically diverse and unique aerobic sulfur oxidizers.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 9-10
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    Arcsecond Positions for Milliarcsecond VLBI Nuclei of Extragalactic Radio Sources. Part 3: 74 Sources (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: VLBI measurements at 2290 MHz and 8420 MHz on baselines of 10,000 km between Deep Space Network stations have been used to determine the positions of the milliarcsecond nuclei in 74 extragalactic radio sources. Estimated accuracies range from 0.1 sec. to 4, 3 sec. in both right ascension and declination with typical accuracies of approx. 0.3 sec. The observed sources are part of an all-sky VLBI catalog of milliarcsecond radio sources. Arcsecond positions have now been determined for 819 sources. These positions are presently being used to identify optical counterparts in the Southern Hemisphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 1-7
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    X-ray Activity in Pre-main Sequence Stars (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: X-ray findings and their interpretation with respect to winds and surface activity of pre-main sequence stars are summarized. Some recent optical and radio observations supporting the X-ray evidence for giant flares on PMS stars are discussed. The unusual properties of PMS/T Tauri stars were for many years primarily attributed to their strong winds. Numerous lines of evidence are outlined herein indicating that PMS stars also have enhanced surface activity, including extremely strong individual flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Origin of Nonradiative Heating(Momentum in Hot Stars; p 75-80
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    Bipolar Flows and X-ray Emission from Young Stellar Object (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Production of both the large scale CO bipolar flows and the small scale optical bipolar jets from the star-forming regions is given interpretation in terms of a magnetic mechanism related to accretion model. It is shown by an axisymmetric 2.5-dimensional simulation that the large scale cold bipolar flow may be produced in the relaxation of the magnetic twist which is created by the rotational winding-up of the magnetic field in the contracting disk. In contrast, the small scale warm bipolar jets may be driven by the recoiling shocks which are produced in the crash at the stellar surface of the infalling material released from the inner edge of the disk through magnetic reconnections.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Origin of Nonradiative Heating(Momentum in Hot Stars; p 169-176
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    Anatomy of the Vestibulo-automatic Outflow to the Gut (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Motion sickness can be induced by vestibular effects on the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. However, the pathways linking the vestibular and autonomic pathways are unknown. As a first step in this analysis, the locations of preganglionic sympathetic neurons (PSN) and dorsal root afferent ganglionic neurons (DRG) which supply sympathetic innervation to major portions of the gastrointestinal tract in rabbits were identified. The objective of a second series of experiments is to determine which of the brainstem nuclei project to the autonomic regions of the spinal cord that control gastrointestinal motility. To achieve this goal, a trans-synaptic retrograde tracer (3H-tetanus toxoid) is applied to the greater splanchnic nerve. This method allows the labeling of neurons within the brainstem that project only to the preganglionic synpathetic neurons. One structure that has been strongly implicated in mediating vestibulo-autonomic control is the cerebellum (i.e., nodulus and uvula). The outflow of these lobules to the autonomic regions of the brainstem is mediated by the fastigial nucleus. To determine the precise projections of the fastigial nucleus to the brainstem nuclei involved in emesis, anterograde tracer (3H-leucine) was injected into the fastigial nucleus in a third series of experiments.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 112-113
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    Isolation of Hybridomas for Golgi-associated Proteins and a Plant Calmodulin (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The demonstration of a role for calcium in the mechanism of the gravitropic response indicates a role for calmodulin. Localization studies indicate that plant cell walls have a high content of calmodulin which suggests a regulatory role for CaM in both gravitropic curvature and auxin-induced growth. Auxin regulation of cell wall loosening and elongation is the basis for most models of this phenomenon. Auxin treatment of pea stem tissue rapidly increases the ctivity of Golgi-localized B-1,4-glucan synthase (GS), an enzyme involved in biosynthesis of wall xyloglucan which apparently constitutes the substrate for the wall loosening process. In order to determine whether auxin stimulates GS activity either by modulation of existing enzyme or induces de novo formation of Golgi glucan synthase, a study was undertaken to isolate and quantitate glucan synthase. This enzyme appears to be an integral protein of the Golgi membrane and has resisted isolation with retention of activity. The production of monoclonal antibody for glucan synthase was undertaken due to the inability to isolate GS by standard detergent/liposome techniques.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 109
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    Participation of Ethylene in Two Modes of Gravistimulation of Shoots (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: In order to elucidate the role of ehtylene in gravitropism, detailed time courses for ethylene production in horizontal and upright plants were measured. Tomato and pea were chosen as examples of plants which exhibit different patterns of gravitropic curvature. Tomato seedlings were placed in gas-tight lucite boxes from which air was sampled and analyzed for ethylene. During the first 2 min interval after one set of plants was turned horizontal ethylene production was double the baseline. Similarly, plants rotated 3 rpm about a vertical axis transiently doubled ethylene production when the axis was shifted 90 deg. In order to clarify the role of this 2-min burst, the effect of exogenous ethylene was studied. In peas, epicotyls were excised, equilibrated until wound ethylene had subsided to a low stable level, and ethylene production was measured in vertical and horizontal segments. As for tomatoes, excised pea epicotyls increased their rate of ethylene production during the first 2 min of gravistimulation. Also, very low concentrations of exogenous ethylene slightly enhance curvature. On the other hand, higher levels of ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) inhibit overall curvature.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 106
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    The Effects of Simulated Weightlessness on Susceptibility to Viral and Bacterial Infections Using a Murine Model (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Certain immunological responses may be compromised as a result of changes in environmental conditions, such as the physiological adaptation to and from the weightlessness which occurs during space flight and recovery. A murine antiorthostatic model was developed to simulate weightlessness. Using this model, the proposed study will determine if differences in susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections exist among mice suspended in an antiorthostatic orientation to simulate weightlessness, mice suspended in an orthostatic orientation to provide a stressful situation without the condition of weightlessness simulation, and non-suspended control mice. Inbred mouse strains which are resistant to the diabetogenic effects of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D) and the lethal effects of Salmonella typhimurium will be evaluated. Glucose tolerance tests will be performed on all EMC-D-infected and non-infected control groups. The incidence of EMC-D-induced diabetes and the percentage survival of S. typhimurium-infected animals will be determined in each group. An additional study will determine the effects of simulated weightlessness on murine responses to exogenous interferon.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 105
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    Circadian Rhythm Control: Neurophysiological Investigations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was implicated as a primary component in central nervous system mechanisms governing circadian rhythms. Disruption of the normal synchronization of temperature, activity, and other rhythms is detrimental to health. Sleep wake disorders, decreases in vigilance and performance, and certain affective disorders may result from or be exacerbated by such desynchronization. To study the basic neurophysiological mechanisms involved in entrainment of circadian systems by the environment, Parylene-coated, etched microwire electrode bundles were used to record extracellular action potentials from the small somata of the SCN and neighboring hypothalamic nuclei in unanesthetized, behaving animals. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and chronically prepared with EEG ane EMG electrodes in addition to a moveable microdrive assembly. The majority of cells had firing rates 10 Hz and distinct populations of cells which had either the highest firing rate or lowest firing rate during sleep were seen.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 104
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    Evidence that Resorption of Bone by Rat Peritoneal Macrophages Occurs in an Acidic Environment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Skeletal loss in space, like any form of osteoporosis, reflects a relative imbalance of the activities of cells resorbing (degrading) or forming bone. Consequently, prevention of weightlessness induced bone loss may theoretically be accomplished by (1) stimulating bone formation or (2) inhibiting bone resorption. This approach, however, requires fundamental understanding of the mechanisms by which cells form or degrade bone, information not yet at hand. An issue central to bone resorption is the pH at which resorption takes place. The pH dependent spectral shift of a fluorescent dye (fluorescein isothiocyanate) conjugated to bone matrix was used to determine the pH at the resorptive cell bone matrix interface. Devitalized rat bone was used as the substrate, and rat peritoneal macrophages were used as the bone resorbing cells. The results suggest that bone resorption is the result of generation of an acidic microenvironment at the cell matrix junction.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 103
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    Gravitational Effects on Reproduction, Growth, and Development of Mammals (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: The broad objective of this research program is to determine the role which gravity plays in the growth and development of mammalian animals. Current studies are focused on the effects of graded hypergravitatinal field intensities on mice, rats and other small sized laboratory animals using the chronic centrifugation technique. They include studies on reproduction and prenatal and postnatel growth and development. Among the important questions addressed are: (1) what stage or stages in animal development are affected by hypergravity and what are the effects? (2) is there a minimum or critical body size for hypergravity to produce a significant effect on growth and development? (3) are there field intensity thresholds for the preceding questions? From analysis of the body masses at birth of rats conceived and allowed to undergo gestation under 2.1G and under normal gravity (1G), it was found that there was no significant difference between the two groups. Futhermore, their growth rates postnatally were the same until they reached a body mass of approximately 50 grams when the 2.1G group showed a significantly slower rate. Results from these studies support the conclusion that prenatal as well as the early postnatal stages of growth and development of the rat are refractory to hyper-G.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 100
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    Cell Death, Neuronal Plasticity and Functional Loading in the Development of the Central Nervous System (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Research on the precise timing and regulation of neuron production and maturation in the vestibular and visual systems of Wistar rats and several inbred strains of mice (C57B16 and Pallid mutant) concentrated upon establishing a timing baseline for mitotic development of the neurons of the vestibular nuclei and the peripheral vestibular sensory structures (maculae, cristae). This involved studies of the timing and site of neuronal cell birth and preliminary studies of neuronal cell death in both central and peripheral elements of the mammalian vestibular system. Studies on neuronal generation and maturation in the retina were recently added to provide a mechanism for more properly defining the in utero' developmental age of the individual fetal subject and to closely monitor potential transplacental effects of environmentally stressed maternal systems. Information is given on current efforts concentrating upon the (1) perinatal period of development (E18 thru P14) and (2) the role of cell death in response to variation in the functional loading of the vestibular and proprioreceptive systems in developing mammalian organisms.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 98-99
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    Mutant Peas as Probes in the Understanding of Growth and Gravitropism (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: One mutant of Pism sativum CREEP grows normally up to the first internode stage, and then begins to grow plagiotropically. The upper internodes bend slowly downward according to a programmed sequence which follows circumnutation of the previous internode and opening of the previous leaves, but preceeds expansion of the previous leaves. The bending is partially inhibited by excission of the opposing stipules. The second mutant, AGEOTROPUM is gravitropically incompetant when grown etiolated, in the dark. When etiolated plants are illuminated with white light, the stems become gravitropically competant, but the roots do not. If the plants are grown in the light in particulate medium, some secondary roots, growing randomly, emerge into the air, and turn and grow downward toward moist soil. When etiolated AGEOTROPUM plants are illuminated, the shoots then become able to respond to gravity in a normal, negatively orthogravitropic manner. The response is to red light and is reversed by far red light. The mutation may involve one or more of the following: (1) release of sequestered calcium for redistribution; (2) radial transport of released calcium; or (3) net calcium flux in the upward direction.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 82-83
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    Structural Development and Gravity (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Major research projects designed to elucidate the mechanisms by which gravity loading and/or fluid distribution alter bone formation and/or resorption in rat bone are reported. Projects completed include: (1) analysis of bone parameters in rats from 6 weeks to 68 weeks of age; (2) restricted access area in which rats on the model were not allowed to touch any side of the cage; and (3) the effect of dietary calcium levels on bone formation and resorption rates in controls and head-down rats.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 45-46
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    Polyamines as Possible Modulators of Gravity-induced Calcium Transport in Plants (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Data from various laboratories indicate a probable relationship between calcium movement and some aspects of graviperception and tropistic bending responses. The movement of calcium in response to gravistimulation appears to be rapid, polar and opposite in direction to polar auxin transport. What might be the cause of such rapid Ca(2+) movement? Data from studies on polyamine (PA) metabolism may furnish a clue. A transient increase in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and titers of various PAs occurs within 60 seconds after hormonal stimulation of animal cells, followed by Ca(2+) transport out of the cells. Through the use of specific inhibitors, it was shown that the enhanced PA synthesis from ODC was essential not only for Ca(2+) transport, but also for Ca(2+) transport-dependent endocytosis and the movement of hexoses and amino acids across the plasmalemma. In plants, rapid changes in arginine decarboxylase (ADC) activity occur in response to various plant stresses. Physical stresses associated with gravisensor displacement and reorientation of a plant in the gravitational field could similarly activate ADC and that resultant increases in PA levels might initiate transient perturbations in Ca(2+) homeostasis.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Washington NASA Space Biol. Program:; p 15
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    Relationships among the harmonic coefficients of scan plane anisotropies (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Frequently, a detector on a spinning spacecraft measures the flux of charged particles whose velocities lie in a plane containing the magnetic field. This flux may be Fourier analyzed as a function of the spacecraft roll angle. Relationships among the Fourier coefficients are derived using the adiabatic solution of the Vlasov equation. These relationships depend only on the fact that the lowest order (in gyroradius) of the distribution function is a function of the magnetic moment and that the first-order term is a function of the lowest order. These relationships may be used to separate the proton from the electron counts registered in Saturn's inner magnetosphere by the University of California's Cerenkov counter on Pioneer 11.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 12
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    Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase in Halobacterium saccharovorum (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Membranes from Halobacterium saccharovorum contained a cryptic ATPase which required Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) and was activated by Triton X-100. The optimal pH for ATP hydrolysis was 9-10. ATP or GTP were hydrolyzed at the same rate while ITP, CTP, and UTP were hydrolyzed at about half that rate. The products of ATP hydrolysis were ADP and phosphate. The ATPase required high concentrations (3.5 M) of NaCl for maximum activity. ADP was a competitive inhibitor of the activity, with an apparent Ki of 50 micro-M. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited ATP hydrolysis. The inhibition was marginal at the optimum pH of the enzyme. When the ATPase was preincubated with DCCD at varying pH values, but assayed at the optimal pH for activity, DCCD inhibition was observed to increase with increasing acidity of the preincubation medium. DCCD inhibition was also dependent on time of preincubation, and protein and DCCD concentrations. When preincubated at pH 6.0 for 4 h at a protein:DCCD ratio of 40 (w/w), ATPase activity was inhibited 90 percent.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (ISSN 0003-9861); 241; 590-595
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    The microbial community at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California Mexico - From miles to microns (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The changes in the composition of the stratified microbial community in the sediments at Laguna Figeroa following floods are studied. The laguna which is located on the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula 200 km south of the Mexican-U.S. border is comprised of an evaporite flat and a salt marsh. Data collected from 1979-1983 using Landsat imagery, Skylab photographs, and light and transmission electron microscopy are presented. The flood conditions, which included 1-3 m of meteoric water covering the area and a remanent of 5-10 cm of siliciclastic and clay sediment, are described. The composition of the community prior to the flooding consisted of Microcoleus, Phormidium sp., a coccoid cynanobacteria, Phloroflexus, Ectothiorhodospira, Chloroflexus, Thiocapsa sp., and Chromatium. Following the floods Thiocapsa, Chromatium, Oscillatora sp., Spirulina sp., and Microcoleus are observed in the sediments.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Origins of Life (ISSN 0302-1688); 15; 4, 19
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    Increased gluconeogenesis in rats exposed to hyper-G stress (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of gluconeogenesis on the levels of plasma glucose and liver glycogen was studied in rats exposed to hyper-G stress. Incorporation of lactate, alanine, or glycerol, labeled with C-14, into plasma glucose and liver glycogen was measured in rats centrifuged at 3.1 G for 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0-hr periods, and was compared to noncentrifuged controls injected with appropriate glycogen precursors. It was found that exposure to G-stress leads to increased incorporation from all three substrates into both plasma glucose and liver glycogen. These early incorporation increases were blocked upon pre-G administration of 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, a gluconeogenesis inhibitor, or propanolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, as well as by adrenodemedullation. Results indicate that the rapid rise in plasma glucose, as well as in liver glycogen in rats exposed to hyper-G stress is due to an increased rate of gluconeogenesis, and that epinephrine, released in response to hyper-G-induced activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system, plays a dominant role during the early stages of hyper-G stress.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Life Sciences (ISSN 0024-3205); 37; 3, 19
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    Determining a carbohydrate profile for Hansenula polymorpha (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The determination of the levels of carbohydrates in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha required the development of new analytical procedures. Existing fractionation and analytical methods were adapted to deal with the problems involved with the lysis of whole cells. Using these new procedures, the complete carbohydrate profiles of H. polymorpha and selected mutant strains were determined and shown to correlate favourably with previously published results.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Enzyme and Microbial Technology (ISSN 0141-0229); 7; 339-345
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    The effect of high energy (HZE) particle radiation (Ar-40) on aging parameters of mouse hippocampus and retina (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Eight month old C57BL6 mice were exposed (head only) to 0.5 rad or 50 rads of Argon particles at the Lawrence Berkeley Radiation Facility, CA. Neuromotor performance was assessed monthly for six months beginning twelve weeks post-irradiation using a 'string test'. The decline in motor performance was dose-related and none of the animals was able to complete the task after four months of testing. Morphological changes were monitored six and twelve months post-irradiation by light and electron microscopy. The synaptic density in the CA-1 area of the hippocampus decreased six and twelve months after irradiation. The decrease after twelve months was less than after six months. The width of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of the retina increased with increasing dose. The number of blood vessels between the ONL and the ganglion layer decreased twelve months after irradiation and this area did not show significant accumulation of age pigment.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Scanning Electron Microscopy; 3; 1177-118
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    Increased gluconeogenesis in rats exposed to hyper-G stress (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of glucogenesis on the plasma glucose and liver glycogen of rats exposed to hyper-G stress is investigated. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats are injected with C-14 lactate, alanine, of glycerol, and six of the rats are exposed to 3.1 G for 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 hr. The plasma glucose and liver glycogen of the centrifuged and noncentrifuged rats are analyzed. A significant increase in the C-14 incorporation of the substrate into the plasma glucose and liver glycogen is observed in the centrifuged rats. The injection of 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, a gluconeogenesis inhibitor, results in a blocked increase in plasma glucose and liver glycogen. The role of epinephrine on the hyperglycemic and liver glycogen responses of centrifuged rats is studied. It is concluded that the initial increase in plasma glucose and liver glycogen in rats exposed to hyper-G stress is the result of an increased rate of gluconeogenesis.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Life Sciences (ISSN 0024-3205); 37; 3, 19
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    The role of reabsorption in the spectral distribution of phytoplankton fluorescence emission (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A theoretical model has been developed to describe an experimentally observed spectral shift in the fluorescence emission from phytoplankton as a result of the internal reabsorption of that emission. This model accounts for both the absorption of the primary excitation and the modification of the fluorescence through the reabsorption of the emitted light by the chloroplast and by the surrounding medium. Comparisons are made between the results of the theoretical model and data derived from experiments using a number of different phytoplankton species, each adapted to varying light conditions. The details of the model are discussed, and the consequences of its interpretation on the spectral distribution of the fluorescence emission from phytoplankton are examined.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Deep-Sea Research (ISSN 0198-0149); 32; 983-1003
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    Hypergravity induced prolactin surge in female rats (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Acute initial exposure to hypergravity (HG) was previously found to induce prolonged diestrous in rats, which was followed by return to normal estrous cycling upon more prolonged exposure to continuous HG. Bromergocryptine was found to prevent this prolonged diestrous. In this study it is found that in female rats 20 h of 3.14 G exposure (D-1 1200 h until D-2 0800 h) can induce prolactin surge at D-2 1600 h. Shorter exposure time (8 h), or exposure during a different part of the estrous cycle (19 h: from D-1 0700 h until D-2 0200 h) could not elicit this prolactin surge. Similar exposure of male rats of HG did not alter significantly their prolactin levels. It is possible that the hypothalamus of male and female rats responds differently to stimulation by HG.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 56; 415-418
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  • 79
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    The frequency of weak gamma-ray bursts (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A search for weak gamma-ray bursts was conducted using a sensitive balloon-borne detector. One burst was detected in 64 hr of observation. The upper limit to the burst rate is 2300 bursts/yr above 6 x 10 to the -7th ergs/sq cm for simple spatial distribution models. Comparison with satellite results indicates that the slope of the log N-log S curve can be no steeper than -1 between 10 to the -4th and 10 to the -6th ergs/sq cm. A detailed procedure for calculating detector sensitivity to bursts is provided.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 291; 479-485
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  • 80
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    Cosmic ray propagation in the local superbubble (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is suggested that a ring of HI gas lying in the galactic plane is part of a supershell which formed some 3 x 10 to the 7th power years ago. The consequences of a closed magnetic supershell for cosmic ray propagation are examined and it is concluded that there is no evidence which precludes the production and trapping of cosmic rays in such a region. A consequence of superbubble confinement is that the mean age of cosmic rays would be independent of energy. This can be tested by high energy observations of the isotopic composition of Be.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 143; 2, Fe; 249-255
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  • 81
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    Gamma-ray bursters (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Current theoretical models developed to explain the observational data (from spaceborne detectors) on gamma-ray bursters are summarized and illustrated with drawings, diagrams, graphs, and photographic images. Although the data are fragmentary and often flawed by instrument defects, models involving neutron stars with strong magnetic fields are generally favored, and it is assumed that most observed bursters lie within the Galaxy. The neutron-star origin of the bursts is suggested by their intensity and rapid variability (implying a very compact high-energy source) and the presence in some burster spectra of a line at 420 keV which is explained by the combination of electron-positron annihilation and gravitational reddening. Consideration is also given to optical flashes observed to occur about once per year in the direction of gamma bursters, and the need for further searches for lower-energy emissions from bursters is stressed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733); 252; 52-58
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  • 82
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    Shock acceleration of diffuse ions at the earth's bow shock Acceleration efficiency and A/Z enhancement (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations of particle spectra, intensity, and enhancement of alpha particles over protons at diffuse ion events at the quasi-parallel earth bow shock are compared to a Monte Carlo simulation of diffusive shock acceleration. The simulation includes the back reaction of accelerated particles on the shock structure, particle escape at an upstream free escape boundary, and a low energy per nucleon threshold for thermal leakage of downstream, shock-heated particles into the upstream region. The simulation assumes that the same scattering operator that gives rise to shock acceleration can also describe a viscous shock governed by hydrodynamic turbulence. This implies that accelerated ions can be drawn directly from the thermal solar wind with no separate superthermal seed population. Good agreement between the simulation and observations made during nearly radial magnetic field configurations lends support to thermal leakage of downstream, shock-heated ions as the mode of injection for diffusion ion events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 29-38
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  • 83
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    Implications of source abundances of ultraheavy cosmic rays (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The ratio of cosmic-ray source abundance to solar-system abundance for individual elements is examined. In particular correlations of these ratios with first-ionization potential (FIP) and also with the expected mass-to-charge ratio (A/Q) of the elements in a million-degree plasma are examined. The FIP correlation were previously examined and shown that the correlation is affected by the choice of C2 or C1 chondritic meteorites as the solar-system standard for comparison. An A/Q correlation was suggested by Eichler and Hainebach as a consequence of their model of shock acceleration in the hot interstellar medium, and has been examined by Israel. These correlations are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Contrib. to the 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf.; 4 p
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  • 84
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    Exercise hyperthermia as a factor limiting physical performance - Temperature effect on muscle metabolism (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of trunk cooling on the muscle contents of ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate (CrP), and creatine, as well as of glycogen, some glycolytic intermediates, pyruvate, and lactate were assessed in 11 fasted dogs exercised at 20 C on treadmill to exhaustion. Without cooling, dogs were able to run 57 min, and their rectal (Tre) and muscle (Tm) temperatures increased to 41.8 and 43.0 C, respectively. Cooling with ice packs prolonged the ability to run by 45 percent, and resulted in lower Tre (by 1.1 C) and Tm (by 1.2 C). Depletion of muscle content of total high-energy phosphates (ATP + CrP) and glycogen, and increases in contents of AMP, pyruvate, and lactate were lower in cooled dogs than in non-cooled dogs. The muscle content of lactiate correlated positively with TM. These results indicate that hypothermia accelerates glycolysis, and shifts the equilibrium between high- and low-energy phosphates in favor of the latter. The adverse effect of hypothermia on muscle metabolism may be relevant to the limitation of endurance.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology (ISSN 0161-7567); 59; 766-773
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  • 85
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    Future ultraviolet observations from space (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Astronomical facilities to observe from space in the ultraviolet are reviewed. For the immediate future, IUE and the extreme ultraviolet spectrometers of Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are available for furthering knowledge of cataclysmic variables. The Hubble Space telescope is scheduled for launch in 1986 and will be available to guest observers. The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, which is expected to provide the capability to observe in the far and extreme ultraviolet, is planned for launch in the 1990s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Results on Cataclysmic Variables; p 193-194
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  • 86
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    Effects of deceleration on the humoral antibody response in rats (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Effects of hypergravity, simulated by chronic centrifugation, followed by a return to normal G (deceleration) on the immune system of rats were investigated. Two groups of male rats (28 days at 2.1 G, and 3.1 G) were compared to the control group (1.0 G). The animals were immunized by i.p. injections of sheep red blood cells on days 29, 42, and 57, and bled on days 36, 47, and 62. While the centrifuged rats ate and gainedsignificantly less than the control rats, the antibody titers and the organ/body mass ratios for the adrenal glands, kidneys, lungs, heart, and thymus were unaffected by gravity exposures, as were the values of the hematocrit and the white blood cell counts. It is concluded that deceleration does not adversely affect these particular aspects of the immune system.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 56; 690-694
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  • 87
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    Cosmological constraints on the lifetime of massive particles (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Particles with masses more than a few MeV, decaying into photons or electrons, can cause destruction by photofission of cosmologically produced light elements. A previous calculation of this effect is corrected and extended, and used to derive maximum lifetimes for massive neutrinos; these range from a few thousand seconds upward, depending on the particle mass. Some approximate expressions are given that enable lifetime limits to be obtained for other particles, with different masses and abundances, such as gravitinos. These limits are generally stronger than previously determined constraints, such as distortion of the microwave background by energetic photons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 294; 1-8
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  • 88
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    Methane emissions to the atmosphere through aquatic plants (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The movement of methane (CH4) from anaerobic sediments through the leaves, stems, and flowers of aquatic plants and into the atmosphere was found to provide a significant pathway for the emission of CH4 from the aquatic substrates of flooded wetlands. Methane concentrations well above the surrounding ambient air levels were found in the mesophyll of 16 varies of aquatic plants and are attributed to transpiration, diffusion, and pressure-induced flow of gaseous CH4 from the roots when they are embedded in CH4-saturated anaerobic sediments. Methane emissions from the emergent parts of aquatic plants were measured using floating chamber techniques and by enclosing the plants in polyethylene bags of known volume. Concentration changes were monitored in the trapped air using syringes and gas chromatographic techniques. Vertical profiles of dissolved CH4 in sediment pore water surrounding the aquatic plants' rhizomes were obtained using an interstitial sampling technique. Methane emissions from the aquatic plants studied varied from 14.8 mg CH4/d to levels too low to be detectable. Rooted and unrooted freshwater aquatic plants were studied as well as saltwater and brackish water plants. Included in the experiment is detailed set of measurements on CH4 emissions from the common cattail (Typha latifolia). This paper illustrates that aquatic plants play an important gas exchange role in the C cycle between wetlands and the atmosphere.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Environmental Quality (ISSN 0047-2425); 14; 40-46
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  • 89
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    High energy X-ray observations of COS-B gamma-ray sources from OSO-8 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the three years between satellite launch in June 1975 and turn-off in October 1978, the high energy X-ray spectrometer on board OSO-8 observed nearly all of the COS-B gamma-ray source positions given in the 2CG catalog (Swanenburg et al., 1981). An X-ray source was detected at energies above 20 keV at the 6-sigma level of significance in the gamma-ray error box containing 2CG342 - 02 and at the 3-sigma level of significance in the error boxes containing 2CG065 + 00, 2CG195 + 04, and 2CG311 - 01. No definite association between the X-ray and gamma-ray sources can be made from these data alone. Upper limits are given for the 2CG sources from which no X-ray flux was detected above 20 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 143; 1, Fe
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  • 90
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    Electron plasma waves upstream of the earth's bow shock (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Electrostatic waves are observed around the plasma frequency fpe in the electron foreshock, together with electrons backstreaming from the bow shock. Using data from the sounder aboard ISEE 1, it is shown that this noise, previously understood as narrow band Langmuir waves more or less widened by Doppler shift or nonlinear effects, is in fact composed of two distinct parts: one is a narrow band noise, emitted just above fpe, and observed at the upstream boundary of the electron foreshock. This component has been interpreted as Langmuir waves emitted by a beam-plasma instability. It is suggested that it is of sufficiently large amplitude and monochromatic enough to trap resonant electrons. The other is a broad band noise, more impulsive than the narrow band noise, observed well above and/or well below fpe, deeper in the electron foreshock. The broad band noise has an average spectrum with a typical bi-exponential shape; its peak frequency is not exactly equal to fpe and depends on the Deybe length. This peak frequency also depends on the velocity for which the electron distribution has maximum skew. An experimental determination of the dispersion relation of the broad band noise shows that this noise, as well as the narrow band noise, may be due to the instability of a hot beam in a plasma.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 73-94
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  • 91
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    Results on ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions from balloon-borne emulsion chambers (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of balloon-borne emulsion-chamber measurements on high-energy cosmic-ray nuclei (Burnett et al., 1983) are summarized in tables and graphs and briefly characterized. Special consideration is given to seven nucleus-nucleus interaction events at energy in excess of 1 TeV/A with multiplicity greater than 400, and to Fe interactions (53 with CHO, 10 with emulsion, and 14 with Pb) at 20-60 GeV/A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 92
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    Distribution and abundance of organic thiols (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The role of glutathione (GSH) in protecting against the toxicity of oxygen and oxygen by products is well established for all eukaryotes studied except Entamoeba histolytica which lacks mitochrondria, chloroplasts, and microtubules. The GSH is not universal among prokaryotes. Entamoeba histolytica does not produce GSH or key enzymes of GSH metabolism. A general method of thiol analysis based upon fluorescent labeling with monobromobimane and HPLC separation of the resulting thiol derivatives was developed to determine the occurrence of GSH and other low molecular weight thiols in bacteria. Glutathione is the major thiol in cyanobacteria and in most bacteria closely related to the purple photosynthetic bacteria, but GSH was not found in archaebacteria, green bacteria, or GRAM positive bacteria. It suggested that glutathione metabolism was incorporated into eukaryotes at the time that mitochondria and chloroplasts were acquired by endosymbiosis. In Gram positive aerobes, coenzyme A occurs at millimolar levels and CoA disulfide reductases are identified. The CoA, rather than glutathione, may function in the oxygen detoxification processes of these organisms.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 26
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    Origin of life (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The pathways of organic chemical synthesis, the chemical evolution on the early Earth leading to life was constrained by the development of the planet by accretion and core formation. The accretion and differentiation into the core-mantle-crust-atmosphere system strongly influenced the temperature and composition of the atmosphere, surface, and interior; but large gaps persist in our understanding of these processes. The time-span over which Earth acquired its volatiles, the composition of these volatiles, and the conditions under which outgassing of volatiles occurred to form the atmosphere, are unknown. Uncertainties in existing models for Earth accretion and early planetary development allows a wide range of possible prebiotic atmospheric compositions at the time and temperature when liquid water appeared and thermally-labile organic compounds could survive. These compositions range from strongly reducing atmospheres to mildly reducing ones.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 11-13
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    Gamma ray line production from cosmic ray spallation reactions (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The gamma ray line intensities due to cosmic ray spallation reactions in clouds, the galactic disk and accreting binary pulsars are calculated. With the most favorable plausible assumptions, only a few lines may be detectable to the level of 0.0000001 per sq. cm per sec. The intensities are compared with those generated in nuclear excitation reactions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 369-372; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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    Pulsed emission of TeV gamma rays from Vela pulsar (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The Ooty atmospheric Cerenkov array, consisting of 10 parabolic mirrors of 0.9 m diameter and 8 of 1.5 m diameter, was used for observations on the Vela pulsar to see if it emits gamma rays in the TeV energy range. During the winter of 1984-85, the array was split into two parts: (1) consisting wholly of the smaller mirrors, and (2) wholly of the bigger mirrors. The two arrays were operated at two different sites to distinguish a marginally significant genuine pulsar signal from spurious signals produced trivially by chance fluctuations in the background rates. All the mirrors were pointed at the celestial object to track it for durations of the order of 1 to 6 hours during clear moonless nights. The event time data is analyzed to detect a possible pulsed emission of TeV gamma rays using the contemporaneous pulsar elements on the basis of their radio observations on the Vela pulsar. Results from the analyses of observations made during the winters of 1982-83 and 1984-85 on steady pulsed emission and on possible transient emission is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 159-160; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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  • 96
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    Microbiology of solar salt ponds (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Solar salt ponds are shallow ponds of brines that range in salinity from that of normal seawater (3.4 percent) through NaCl saturation. Some salterns evaporate brines to the potash stage of concentration (bitterns). All the brines (except the bitterns, which are devoid of life) harbor high concentrations of microorganisms. The high concentrations of microorganisms and their adaptation to life in the salt pond are discussed.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 55-56
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    Insights into the phylogenetic positions of photosynthetic bacteria obtained from 5S rRNA and 16S rRNA sequence data (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Comparisons of complete 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequences established that the secondary structure of these molecules is highly conserved. Earlier work with 5S rRNA secondary structure revealed that when structural conservation exists the alignment of sequences is straightforward. The constancy of structure implies minimal functional change. Under these conditions a uniform evolutionary rate can be expected so that conditions are favorable for phylogenetic tree construction.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 30-39
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  • 98
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    Cytochromes and iron sulfur proteins in sulfur metabolism of phototrophic bacteria (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Dissimilatory sulfur metabolism in phototrophic sulfur bacteria provides the bacteria with electrons for photosynthetic electron transport chain and, with energy. Assimilatory sulfate reduction is necessary for the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing cell components. Sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur are the sulfur compounds most commonly used by phototrophic bacteria as electron donors for anoxygenic photosynthesis. Cytochromes or other electron transfer proteins, like high-potential-iron-sulfur protein (HIPIP) function as electron acceptors or donors for most enzymatic steps during the oxidation pathways of sulfide or thiosulfate. Yet, heme- or siroheme-containing proteins themselves undergo enzymatic activities in sulfur metabolism. Sirohemes comprise a porphyrin-like prosthetic group of sulfate reductase. eenzymatic reactions involve electron transfer. Electron donors or acceptors are necessary for each reaction. Cytochromes and iron sulfur problems, are able to transfer electrons.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 27-29
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  • 99
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    Protocyanobacteria: Oxygenic and Anoxygenic photosynthesis in mat-forming bacteria (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The oldest record of life is preserved in prePhanerozoic stromatolites dated 3500 million years old and is most likely of filamentous mat-forming cyanobacteria. The sedimentary records of cyanobacterial mats in stromatolites are the most abundant record of life throughout the prePhanerozoic. Stromatolites persisted into the Phanerozoic Eon, yet they become much less pronounced relative to earlier ones. The abundance and persistence of cyanobacterial mats throughout most of geological time point to the evolutionary success of these kinds of microbial communities and their possible role in the evolution of the earth and atmosphere.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington The Global Sulfur Cycle; p 14-15
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  • 100
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    Workshop on Cosmic Ray and High Energy Gamma Ray Experiments for the Space Station Era, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, October 17-20, 1984, Proceedings (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The potential of the Space Station as a platform for cosmic-ray and high-energy gamma-ray astronomy is discussed in reviews, reports, and specific proposals. Topics examined include antiparticles and electrons, science facilities and new technology, high-energy nuclear interactions, nuclear composition and energy spectra, Space Shuttle experiments, Space Station facilities and detectors, high-energy gamma rays, and gamma-ray facilities and techniques. Consideration is given to universal-baryon-symmetry testing on the scale of galactic clusters, particle studies in a high-inclination orbit, balloon-borne emulsion-chamber results on ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions, ionization states of low-energy cosmic rays, a large gamma-ray telescope for point-source studies above 1 GeV, and the possible existence of stable quark matter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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