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  • Articles  (3,398)
  • Springer  (2,526)
  • Wiley  (712)
  • International Union of Crystallography  (160)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954  (3,398)
  • 1950  (3,398)
  • Biology  (2,330)
  • Geosciences  (1,068)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (78)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
  • Computer Science
Collection
  • Articles  (3,398)
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954  (3,398)
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 3 (1950), S. 119-169 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Helgoland marine research 3 (1950), S. 59-81 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 3
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    Helgoland marine research 3 (1950), S. 1-57 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    Helgoland marine research 3 (1950), S. 171-205 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 5
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 376-377 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Biphenyl wurde mit Hilfe der Methode der «Molecular orbitals» studiert. Die Ergebnisse stimmen mit der praktischen Erfahrung überein; es scheint aber, daß auch sterische Wirkungen mitspielen. Es muß bestritten werden, daß diep-Stellung die elektronisch wirksamere ist.
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  • 6
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 379-380 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine mikrokristalline Platinverbindung der Formel NaPt3O4 wird beschrieben. Alle Platinatome sind gleichwertig und die Koordinationen sind die folgenden: Platin 4 O und 2 Pt; Sauerstoff: 3 Pt und 2 Na; Natrium: 8 O. Die Substanz ist ein ionischer Leiter.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 384-386 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytologic investigation with the phase microscope in connection with toluidinblue stain shows that the granules of the peritoneal mast cells contain heparin. These granules release the heparinin vitro immediately if suspended in distilled water and more slowly when suspended in physiological saline. A granular sceleton remains which apparently consists of protein. The presence of ribose- or desoxyribosenucleoprotein could not be proved. It seems highly probable that the heparin-containing granules of mast cells represent a special form of mitochondria.
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  • 8
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 388-389 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 18 hours after the injection of 0.2 mg colchicine a statistically significant increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in the rat-liver was observed. The desintegration of desoxyribonucleic acid was not significantly increased. Histochemic investigation of the alkaline phosphatase activity yielded corresponding results with a characteristic heightening of activity in the cell nuclei. The relations between the inhibiting effect of colchicine on mitosis and the activation of alkaline phosphatase are discussed.
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  • 9
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 390-392 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Histochemischer Eisennachweis und Schnittveraschung gestatten, bei mit Katechin behandelten männlichen Albinoratten eine erhebliche Vermehrung der Eisenablagerungen in Milz, Lymphknoten und Bindegewebe der Darmzotten festzustellen. Diese Siderose wird mit der im Gefolge der Katechinbehandlung auftretenden Ruhigstellung der Schilddrüse in Zusammenhang gebracht.
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  • 10
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 410-419 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 11
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 419-421 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The biogenesis of the carotenoids inPhycomyces is studied as function of the medium. Theβ-carotene being the essentiel carotenoid of this fungi. A medium is prepared in which glucose and asparagine are replaced by ammonium lactate. In this medium there is a development but no formation of carotene. The presence of sodium acetate gives a normal carotenoid formation. The acetate reacts like a precursor of the carotene ofPhycomyces.
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  • 12
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 425-425 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Herstellung von reinen Suspensionen der Mikromeren des 16-Zellen-Stadiums vonParacentrotus lividus (Seeigel) ausgearbeitet, wobei die vonLindahl konstruierte Gegenstromzentrifuge Verwendung findet.
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  • 13
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 427-427 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1)Eupagurus bernhardus has in its compound eye an apparatus that can distinguish polarized light like an analysator. (2) This extinction does not apply to all the polarized light, but only a certain amount of it, this may be concluded from the fact that in the former experiments the strength of vision in no case became zero. (3) Probably the analysator in the eye ofEupagurus functions as an extinguisher of the disturbing polarized light, for the sunlight reflected from the surface of water is polarized to an ample extent.
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  • 14
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 430-432 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von Versuchen über den Metabolismus der carboxyl- und methylsignierten Isobuttersäure im Stoffwechsel der Ratte wird ein Abbaumechanismus für diese Verbindung vorgeschlagen.
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  • 15
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 433-434 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tyramine and Tyrosine given with food produce in rats a lethal and toxic syndrome which varies in intensity according with the dose given and the age of the rats: toxic and lethal activity is greater in rats just weaned. Substances with antihistaminic activity: RP 32–77 and Antadril, either abolish or inhibit the lethal and toxic activity of Tyramine and Tyrosine, showing a more evident activity when the dose used is greater. The antitoxic activity of the substances with an anti-histaminic activity seems to be connected with their possible capacity for activating the amino-oxydase of the intestine and viscera of the entire organism.
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  • 16
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 461-461 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die katalytische Oxydation homologer trizyklischer Indol-Derivate führt über die Zwischenstufe von Peroxyden zu Umlagerungs- und Kondensationsprodukten, deren Konstitution von der Größe des isozyklischen Ringes abhängt. Bemerkenswerte Unterschiede treten in der Nähe der kritischen Ringgröße (n=8–10) auf.
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  • 17
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 58-59 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die chitinösen Borsten des marinen WurmsAphrodite aculeata ergeben nach Reinigung mit KOH ein Röntgenfaserdiagramm, welches sich von dem anPalinurussehne erhaltenen unterscheidet. Der innerste Äquatorreflex entspricht einem Netzebenenabstand von 22,15 Å gegen 19.25 Å beiPalinurus, der Meridianreflex auf der 3. Schichtlinie hat d=3,26 Å gegen 3,41 Å, und das Intensitätsverhältnis der Meridianreflexe der 2. und 3. Schichtlinie ist gegenüberPalinurus umgekehrt. Für die neue Modifikation wird die Bezeichnungβ-Chitin vorgeschlagen (gegen α-Chitin beiPalinurus). Die Dichte der beiden Modifikationen ist nahezu dieselbe. Vertreter der Hauptgruppen der Arthropoden zeigen sämtlich α-Chitin, ebensoPeripatus.β-Chitin wurde noch bei der inneren Schale vonLoligo gefunden.
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  • 18
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 61-62 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid reacts immediately with diazotized 4-chlor-2-nitroaniline, developing a deep red colour. The reaction is specific and can be used for the quantitative determination of this keto-acid in urine.
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  • 19
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 69-69 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Es wird eine Spritze beschrieben, die mittels einer automatischen Arretiervorrichtung des Kolbens — ohne visuelle Kontrolle des Injizierenden — die Verabreichung genauer Mengen von der Größenordnung eines hundertstel Kubikzentimeters Flüssigkeit ermöglicht.
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  • 20
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 80-80 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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  • 21
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 67-68 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of various perfusing fluids on the cochlear potentials has been proved in 11 experiments on guinea-pigs. Foreign blood or red blood cells in Ringer's solution increased the magnitude of thepost mortem reduced electrical response. The increase started immediately with the beginning of the perfusion. The degree of the increase depended upon the oxygen content of the perfusing fluid. A solution of oxyhæmoglobin caused an inhibition of the postmortal reduction, but did not increase the potentials. Ringer's solution had no influence.
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  • 22
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 89-91 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The yellow and red coloration of wulfenites is caused by small traces of chromium. This is shown by spectrographical and colorimetrical analyses. It is supposed that this element is present as chromate. Syntheses of wulfenite by means of adding chromium as chromate supports this view. In red vanadinites of Arizona chromium is found too. The contents of vanadium are also determined. A wulfenite of Arizona contains neodym and praseodym amounting in sum to about 0.1%. The irradiation of filtered ultraviolet light generally shows no fluorescence in wulfenites at normal temperatures, but in the coldness of liquid air a bright yellow-green fluorescence is visible. If the wulfenites are heated to glowing, they fluorescence at normal temperatures. A connection seems to exist with the content of chromium.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 96-98 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine positive Korrelation zwischen Größe der Mutter und Zahl der Nachkommen wurde in drei Arten der SpinnenfamilieLycosidae gefunden. Da die Größe der Mutter zum Teil erblich bedingt ist, führt diese Korrelation automatisch zu einem Selektionsdruck gegen gesteigerte Körpergröße. Die Korrelation ist wahrscheinlich bei vielen Tier- und Pflanzengruppen vorhanden und ist einer der bedeutendsten Faktoren, die die Körpergrößenzunahme während der Evolution bewirkt haben.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 100-100 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Organen der Weinbergschnecke sind Flavonfarbstoffe chemisch nachgewiesen und histochemisch lokalisiert worden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 107-108 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Summary Proteins of the human serum were divided in two fractions by salting out: one fraction containing chieflyγ-globulin, and another freed of thisγ-globulin, called the “rest-proteins”. The effect of the two fractions on leucocyte migration was investigated. The velocity of migration and the total distance covered by the leucocytes are greatly enhanced by the presence of the “γ-globulins”. “γ-globulins” also have an attracting power on leucocytes, that is to say that proteins contained in theγ-globulin-fraction have a positive chemotactic effect on leucocytes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 109-110 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Summary To examine the hemodynamic functions of heart and peripheral circulation a method is described using Na24. By means of the change with time of radiation intensity in the heart and distal arteries various data concerning the circulation can be determined: (1) Blood flow; (2) Blood flow velocity; (3) Circulation time (vessels of the lungs and peripheral vascular system); (4) Venous congestion in various parts of the body; (5) Rest blood in the heart chambers; (6) Cardiac output.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 112-113 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary A method has been devised for obtaining significant amounts (6.0–1.0 mg, dry weight) of venom from large-sized spiders (Mygalomorphœ). Two platinum thread-like electrodes, with the upper end bent at a right angle, are used to stimulate the spiders' chelicera. The electrodes are conveniently placed in a cylinder made of lucite, 5.0 cm in height, 2.0 cm in inner diameter, which also contains the small receptacle to collect the venom. The spiders' chelicera lie on the upper end of the electrodes, which are connected to a faradic current supply that stimulates the secretion of venom. The same spider can be used again for the same purpose after a fortnight's time.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 114-115 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary A new modification of an originally English apparatus for steam distillation is described. The modification involves the following advantages:— (1) The difficulties in distilling foaming liquids are greatly avoided. (2) The vapour condensed in the foam bulb is quantitatively returned to the distilling liquid. (3) The apparatus can be easily cleaned. (4) The danger of breakage is greatly reduced. The modified apparatus is now used on a routine scale in quantitative determinations of alcohols, fatty acids, ketones, amines, and other volatile compounds present in fermentation liquids.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 137-138 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Résumé On a étudié au moyen d'acides convenables, agissants sélectivement et au moyen de diagrammes de poudre le progrès de la synthèse de barium titanate: BaCO3 + TiO2=BaTiO3 + CO2. On a constaté, qu'à la présence de TiO2 la dissociation de BaCO3 commence déjà audessous de 1000° C, mais BaO ne paraît pas être immédiatement transformé en titanate, mais en intermédiaires composées plus alcalines. A température élevée, les titanates intermédiaires disparaissent et la part de BaTiO3 atteint 100% a 1300° C.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die bisherige geomorphologische Erforschung der Alpen hat u. a. deutlich gemacht, daß die Gebirgsformung das Ergebnis eines diskontinuierlichen, in deutliche Phasen gegliederten Abtragunsprozesses ist. Dieser hat ein ausgesprochenes Stockwerkrelief erzeugt. In den ganzen Alpen ist die Höhenregion durch mehr oder weniger gut erhaltene Restformen einer Altlandschaft ausgezeichnet, deren Reliefspannung im O einer hügeligen Peneplain, im W einer Mittelgebirgslandschaft entspricht. Unter diesen Altformen senken sich die steiler geböschten, longitudinal und transversal gestuften Talkanäle in den Gebirgskörper ein. In den Ostalpen besitzt die Altlandschaft («Raxlandschaft», «Firnfeldniveau») mittelmiozänes Alter. Da in den westlichen Alpen die intensiven tektonischen Bewegungen bis zur Wende vom Miozän zum Pliozän angedauert hatten, sind die hier ebenfalls erhaltenen hohen Altformen erst im Frühpliozän entwickelt worden. Die grundsätzliche Übereinstimmung der großen Formzüge von Ost- und Westalpen, welche sich auch in der Übergangszone der beiden Alpenteile beobachten läßt, scheint auf eine einheitliche Entwicklungsgeschichte hinzuweisen, gegen deren Annahme jedoch die chronologischen Befunde sprechen könnten. Es werden einige Möglichkeiten zur Lösung dieses Widerspruchs diskutiert; unter ihnen verdiente namentlich die Arbeitshypothese eine nähere Überprüfung, welche einsukzessives Ausstreichen oder Ausgehen der ostalpinen Altsysteme und eine allmähliche Aufbiegung der jüngeren Talniveaus gegen W hin annimmt. Die Formverwandtschaft der Raxlandschaft des Ostens mit den ältesten Reliefstockwerken des Westens würde sonach bedeuten, daß alle Alpenteile im großen wohl dem gleichen Entwicklungsprozeß von einem Flach- oder Mittelrelief zu einem Steilrelief unterworfen waren, daß aber diese Entwicklung im O viel früher begonnen hat als im W und sich allmählich in dieser Richtung fortsetzte. Zum Schluß werden einige Methoden besprochen, deren Anwendung uns der Lösung dieses bedeutenden Korrelationsproblems näherbringen könnte. Unter ihnenkommt der präzisen Fixierung des präglazialen Formsystems für die morphogenetische Interpretation der alpinen Landschaft besondere Bedeutung zu.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 139-140 
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    Notes: Summary Ovaries of larvæ homozygous for the genelethaltranslucida (ltr) were transplanted in female larvaefes cn bw/fes cn bw. In the cases that an attachment of the implanted ovaries to the oviducts of the host took place, the sterile females after mating withcn bw/cn bw males gave a normal offspring, which genetically could be recognized as originating from thelethal-translucida ovaries.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 145-146 
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    Notes: Summary (1) Biotin (vitamine H) is synthesized by isolated pearoots cultured aseptically in a synthetical medium. The biotin-content of the dry material from 9 passages over a period of 150 days shows more or less constant values, which proves that the root is highly autonomic in synthesizing biotin. Nevertheless it is possible, that the leafs of the intact plant might influence in some way the metabolism of biotin of the root. (2) Nicotinamide is not an essential factor for undertaining growth of roots, but in its presence biotin-values are remarkably increased. Nicotinamide might be regarded as a complementary factor for the race ofPisum investigated.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 148-149 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Thiouracil hemmt — wie auch andere Derivate des Thioharnstoffs — die Bildung von Melaninen. Diese Wirkung kannin vivo eindrücklich am regenerierenden Schwanzende von Axolotl demonstriert werden: Verabreicht man diesen Tieren nach Kürzung des Schwanzes Thiouracil, so wird die Pigmentierung im nachwachsenden Schwanzende unterdrückt. Die normale Pigmentierung des Schwanzendes setzt kurze Zeit nach Aufhören der Thiouracilfütterung wieder ein.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 152-153 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Inin-vitro- undin-vivo-Versuchen wurde die Wirkung von Stilbamidin auf die Tumorasziteszellen der Maus untersucht. Intrazytoplasmatische körnige Präzipitate konnten durch die Behandlung hervorgerufen werden, die wahrscheinlich aus Stilbamidinribonukleat aufgebaut sind. Das Auftreten der Präzipitate hat keinen unmittelbaren Effekt auf die Virulenz des Tumors.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 160-160 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 186-186 
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    Notes: Summary The constitution of hyaluronic acid has been determined.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 182-182 
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    Notes: Summary By experimental research on single crystals of ice grown in a refrigerator an intensive piezo-electrical effect has been observed. This is about tenfold greater than that of Turmalin cet. par. The polar properties of ice, which is gotten by freezing water, may be often masked by twinning.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 183-184 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Übersicht über die Reaktionen eines Vertreters der Oxyindolenine, nämlich des 11-Oxytetrahydrocarbazolenins (VIII), zeigt die ungewöhnliche Bereitschaft dieses Systems und seiner Abwandlungsprodukte zu neuartigen Umlagerungen vom Wagner-Meerwein-und Benzilsäuretypus. Sogar eine zweifache 1,2-Verschiebung eines fünfgliedrigen Ringes wurde beobachtet, ein Vorgang, der in der organischen Chemie wohl noch kein Analogon haben dürfte. Die skizzierten Reaktionen werden zur Zeit zum Abbau und Aufbau von Naturprodukten der Indolklasse benutzt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 186-187 
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    Notes: Summary Adrenochrome has been prepared from the three stereoisomeric forms of adrenaline. The reduction of adrenochrome yields an optically inactive solution. A mechanism is suggested for the isomerization of adrenochrome into trihydroxy-N-methyl-indole by sodium hydroxyde.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 188-188 
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    Notes: Summary The gout-tophus is a deposit of monosodiumurate-monohydrate.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 192-193 
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    Notes: Summary We found that the higher the affinity of a water-soluble substance to wool atp H 7 is the higher as its bactericidal activity. This correlation has now been demonstrated for various chemically differing substances. The said correlation exists separately within the anion-active group and within the cation-active group of substances. Addition of salt increases the affinity of a substance to wool, and simultaneously the bactericidal activity of the said substance is increased. The determination of the affinity of a substance to wool permits to predict the approximate bactericidal (not the bacteriostatic) activity of this substance. We assume that the existence of the said correlation is due to the cystine content of wool.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 198-199 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 196-197 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer temporären Gallenfistel bei normalen Albinoratten wurde festgestellt, daß unter den angewandten Versuchsbedingungen diep-Aminobenzoesäure, die Salicylsäure und die Gentisinsäure choleretische Eigenschaften besitzen. Diep-Aminosalicylsäure wirkt nicht choleretisch. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der chemischen Struktur der geprüften Substanzen und dem choleretischen Effekt wird diskutiert.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary When the air temperature increases (from 18° C to 45° C) the emptying time of the stomach of the unanæsthetized rat is prolonged. A direct relation between the rise in temperature and the delay of the gastric transit can be noted. Under the influence of anæsthesia with Pentothal the delay in gastric emptying time caused by high temperatures is much less, and there is no direct relation between the rise in temperature and the slight retarding effect. Intestinal absorption of glucose is not noticeably modified in unanæsthezied animals when the air temperature increases. Under the influence of Pentothal anæsthesia, intestinal absorption is slightly increased.
    Notes: Conclusions L'élévation de la température extérieure (de 18° C à 45° C) diminue la vitesse du transit gastrique chez le Rat non anesthésié et le ralentissement de l'évacuation stomacale est d'autant plus important que la température de l'enceinte est plus élevée. Chez le Rat anesthésié au pentothal, la diminution du transit gastrique sous l'influence de l'élévation de température est beaucoup moins marquée que chez le Rat normal et le léger ralentissement de l'évacuation n'est pas proportionnel à l'augmentation de la température extérieure. L'élévation de la température extérieure ne modifie pas sensiblement l'absorption intestinale du glucose chez le Rat non anesthésié. Chez le Rat anesthésié au pentothal, l'augmentation de température accélère un peu l'absorption intestinale.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 210-221 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 201-209 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 222-222 
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    Notes: Summary We consider a particle having a massm. It will be shown how it is possible to gain an oscillatory theory staring from classical metric notions connected with the sameRiccati equation. Then we find the “Darboux chain” of the problem.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 224-225 
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    Notes: Summary (1) General features for obtention of Raman Spectra by excitation with the yellow He line were described. (2) Twelve frequencies of the Raman spectrum of Azobenzene were measured, two of the found frequencies were described before byKanda andImanishi.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 228-229 
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    Notes: Summary In order to gain a model for the standard elution of the fat-dyes: Sudanred, Sudanblack, and Blue BZL, the latter are adsorbed on membranes of fibrous tissue. The following elution of the adsorbed fat-dyes by Albumin (human), as well as the french plasma Substitute “Subtosan”, are followed colorimetrically. The results are compared with the elution of the hydrophile dyes: Evans-Blue, Benzoblue, Trypanblue, and Victoriablue. Such a comparison shows, that the elution of hydrophilic dyes by albumin is appreciably stronger than the elution of lipophilic dyes. The elution of Sudanred by Albumin is between 2 and 4 times stronger than by Subtosan.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 231-232 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren haben sich die Aufgabe gestellt, eine Substanz zu suchen, die an Stelle der embryonalen Extrakte den zur Kultur von hämatopoietischem Gewebe nötigen Nährboden koagulieren kann. Zu diesem Zwecke haben sie die Fähigkeit des Protaminsulfats, menschliches, heparinisiertes Plasma zu koagulieren, untersucht. Hierbei wurde festgestellt, welches die optimalen Konzentrationen und die Grenzmengen des Protaminsulfats sind, die zur Gerinnung des Plasmas führen. Ferner wurde die Gerinnungszeit bei verschiedenen Protaminmengen, der Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Koagulationsgeschwindigkeit sowie die Zeitspanne, in der die Zugabe von Protamin jedoch noch imstande ist, heparinisiertes Plasma zur Gerinnung zu bringen, bestimmt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 232-234 
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    Notes: Summary ATP-ase is demonstrated in the cells of ascites tumor of mice by means of the Gomori cytochemical technique modified byGlick. The concentration, which is highest in the nucleoli, is somewhat less in the nuclei, and still less in the cytoplasm. With the aging of the tumors the concentration begins to decrease first in the cytoplasm, next in the nuclei, and finally in the nucleoli. Multinuclear cells have no ATP-ase in their cytoplasm. A multinuclear giant cell is described which is entirely free of ATP-ase. With two tumors it has been possible to demonstrate the presence of ATP-ase in the Chromosomes. The facts described are compared with results in the literature.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 238-240 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Erwägungen, welche die Autoren zu der Struktur I für Patulin führten, werden kurz beschrieben, und es wird gezeigt, daß das chemische Verhalten des Naturstoffes in jeder Hinsicht durch diese Strukturformel zu erklären ist.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 264-265 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of carbon monoxide upon oxygen consumption and ion absorption in wheat roots has been studied. In the dark, inhibition of respiration by CO (in sufficiently high concentrations) is nearly as great as the maximum inhibition in cyanide. Similarly, the chloride absorption is strongly inhibited. Inhibition of respiration and ion absorption by CO is light-reversible.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 267-269 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Historadiographische und Röntgeninterferenzuntersuchungen ergaben, daß zwischen aktiven und immobilisierten Knochen keine Unterschiede in der Ultrastruktur und im Gehalt an Kalziumsalzen desHaver-schen Systems bestehen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 271-272 
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    Notes: Summary The rapid initial drop of cochlear potentials after ligation of the aorta was investigated in twelve experiments on guinea-pigs. The loss began after 3·2±0·9 sec latency with the most rapid rate of decline and reached in 60 sec an amount of 5·7±0·8 db. The variability of the subsequentpost mortem response was significantly greater (loss after 5 min: 10·9±2·7 db). The correlation coefficient of the values was positive and slightly significant. Hypoxæmic state before ligation of the aorta had no influence on the behaviour of the potentials. This suggests a remarkable lack of oxygen reserves in the organ of Corti.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 6 (1950), S. 357-358 
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    Notes: Summary Tones between 15 and 200 kcycles are audible when applied by bone-conduction. The resulting sensation is to be observed not over the whole surface of the head and neck, but only over many points, of which early 60 have been investigated in cases of normally hearing persons of both sexes and middle age. The sensation is that of a very high tone and does not change according to frequency. The highest limit of hearing may lie near 200 kcycles. The reasons are discussed why hearing in this “ultrasonic” range seems to be a real one, which can be understood by observations ofGalambos andDavis on single nerve fiber-preparations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 199-203 
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    Notes: Summary Numerous investigations have shown that the frequency of lightning strokes also depends on the geological conditions of the ground. In Saxonia most damages caused by lightning did not occur in the higher parts of this country. Damage in areas of primeval rocks was twice as high as in areas of younger formations (Fig. 1 and Table A). It has been observed that some areas were especially frequently struck by lightning (lightning centres). In most cases these are situated above geologic discontinuities (Fig. 2). In Austria lightning statistics were explored. The «danger factor» («Gefährdungszahl») was deducted with the formula $$\ll danger factor \gg = \frac{{damages from lightning \times 1000}}{{area of district in 100 km^2 \times mean number of thunderstorms}}.$$ These figures are registered in a map (Fig. 3). They are small in the Central Alps but in areas of old geologic formations and in some parts of the border of the Alps they reach rather high values.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 214-217 
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    Notes: Summary This paper deals with some results of the observations on the ablation done on the Sarenne Glacier (Grandes Rousses) in the last two seasons. In June and August's 1950 the effects of the «warmth's share» has been greater than during the same months of 1949.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 210-213 
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    Notes: Summary Experiments to determine the thickness of glaciers by high frequency prospecting were carried out on the Austrian glacier Hintereisferner in 1938. After the war electrohydrographical measurements on glacier rivulets were carried out in the Kaprun Valley. The resistance of the glacier water fluctuates according to the time of season. It depends on the respective composition of these waters (Fig. 2). Therefore the geologic and mineralogic properties of the glacier-water may be deducted from the electric resistance. Especially the amount of surface water may be deducted (Fig. 3). An example is shown in Fig. 4.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 218-220 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some regularities in the yearly variation of the air-pressure, as related with the height above the sea level, have been reported byConrad. These regularities are confirmed by the air-pressure data from the meteorological Observatories of the Monte Rosa.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene esteso agli Osservatori del Monte Rosa lo studio di alcune regolarità quantitative segnalate daConrad nell'andamento annuo della pressione atmosferica in funzione dell'altezza sul mare, con risultati probativi.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 224-229 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After some general considerations, there are described some particular phenomena noticed about the glacier of Mandrone (Adamello). They are due to the swift retirement of the front and to the diminution of the thickness of the glacier as following: the strangling of the icetongue, glacier rigenerated, glacier dead, lake at the glacier-mouth, round ice-crevices, valley like U. They are done some suppositions on the future alpine-climatical proceeding.
    Notes: Riassunto Premesse alcune considerazioni generali si descrivono alcuni particolari fenomeni osservati al ghiacciaio del Mandrone e dovuti al rapido arretramento della fronte e assottigliamento del ghiaccio come: strozzatura della lingua ghiacciaio di rimpasto, ghiacciaio morto, lago alla bocca, crepacci circolari, valle ad U. Si fanno alcune considerazioni sul futuro andamento climatico alpino.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 234-237 
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    Notes: Summary The writer wants to emphasize the necessity of reorganizing rationally the system of the meteorologic observatories in the Western Alps, especially of the ones on the highest mountains which are the most important for the study of the variations of glaciers. For that reorganization it is necessary to remember the variety of the climatic regions into which the Western Alps may be divided. The writer proposes the institution of other observatories employing the new important aerial-ropeways of Breauil and of Mount Blanc, and the new big and high-situated hotels and shelters which are opened all year round. The author insists particularly, on the necessity of doing up the observatories of “Col d'Olen” and “Margherita” on Mount Rosa which have not worked any more since ten years.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 55-63 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After having recalled the extension to a spatial potential field ofLegender's formulae solving the first fundamental problem in Geodesy, the author applies such formulae toSomigliana's field, which admits the ellipsoid as one of the equipotential surfaces of the family. Such application represents the most natural extension to a three-dimensional field of the classical ellipsoidal surface formulae, and agrees with the international adoption ofSomigliana's field in dynamic Geodesy.
    Notes: Sommario Dopo aver richiamato l'ampliamento ad un campo potenziale spaziale delle formule diLegendre che risolvono il primo problema fondamentale della Geodesia, l'A. applica tali formule al caso del campo diSomigliana, che ammette l'ellissoide come una delle superfici equipotenziali della famiglia; tale applicazione rappresenta la più naturale estensione ad un campo tridimensionale delle classiche formule ellissoidiche superficiali, e si accorda con l'adozione internazionale del campo diSomigliana per tutte le speculazioni della Geodesia dinamica.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 9-17 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Starting from the general comprehensive conception that exists for us human beings, a deduction of fundamental intuition is produced. The knowledge resulting from it may be designated as short of any hypothesis, as absolute. A continuation of the specialisation is supposed to lead to branches of knowledge existing already, e. g. mathematics or physics.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von dem allgemeinsten, umfassendsten Begriff, den es für uns Menschen geben kann, wird eine Deduktion fundamentaler Erkenntnisse erbracht. Das sich dabei ergebende Wissen ist als Voraussetzungslos, als absolut zu bezeichnen. Eine Fortsetzung der Spezialisierung kann auf bestehende Disziplinen wie z. B. Mathematik oder Physik hinauslaufen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 18-37 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Where the interaction between the magnetic field of the Sun, due to the Solar spots and the phenomena of the corona, and the magnetic field of the Earth is considered; the influence on the motion of rotation of the Earth is examined, and the formulae which give the variation of its angular velocity of rotation and of the angles of nutation and of precession are fixed.
    Notes: Riassunto Si considera l'interazione fra il campo magnetico del Sole, dovuto alle macchie e ai fenomeni della corona solare, e il campo magnetico terrestre. Se ne studia l'influenza sul moto di rotazione della Terra e si stabiliscono le formule che dànno la variazione della sua velocità angolare di rotazione e degli angoli di nutazione e di precessione.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 45-54 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au sujet de la connection géodésique du continent Européen au continent Américain par rapport à l'intérêt géophysique, la triangulation avec des lumières mouvantes a de bonnes chances de succès. Pour aider la réalisation il faut expliquer un sujet jusque là omis. Pour la jonction des deux parts de la figure principale au lieu des lumières d'une exactitude plus grande, la condition deLaplace a été spécialisée à trois points successives de la figure, résultant ainsi la formule pour la «correction de torsion». En outre la technique des observations a été traitée, jointe aux conclusions générales.
    Notes: Summary To connect the continents, especially the European with the American one by geodetic measurements with regard to geophysical interest, the triangulation with movable high lights seems to be of a good prospect. In this method a single matter hitherto has not yet been sufficiently treated. To bring together the two parts of the principle figure on the place of the flares with higher accuracy, theLaplace' condition for three following points of the figure is specialized here, furnishing so a formula for the «bowing correction». Furthermore the technical observation methods are explained and some conclusions are added.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 99-102 
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    Notes: Summary By means of the increased gravity measurements it is possible to compute gravimetrically the undulationsN of the geoid with regard to the used reference ellipsoid as well as the «absolute» deflection of the vertical components ξ g and η g . The quantities ξ g and η g enable us to transfer the astronomically observed coordinates of any points from the geoid to the reference ellipsoid and in this way compute without any triangulations the distances along the reference ellipsoid. And still more. With the aid ofN, ξ g and η g we can obtain a general Geodetic World System and convert the existing many systems to it.—The geoid study is no more any academical pastime, it can solve the most important problems of the practical geodesy.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 107-112 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article contains the numerical computation of the Earth's flattening and the equatorial gravity on the basis of the definition of the reference ellipsoid, given by the author in a former work, and the mean isostatic anomalies computed byL. Tanni. The results, γ e =978.055, α=1/296.3, show that the method of least squares is accurate enough under the present conditions; the flattening computed is bounded by the values derived byA. Véronnet from the terrestrial precession.
    Notes: Résumé Il s'agit de la détermination de l'aplatissement de la Terre et de la pesanteur équatoriale en utilisant la définition de l'ellipsoïde de référence donnée par l'auteur dans une publication antérieure et les anomalies isostatiques moyennes calculées parL. Tanni. Les résultats obtenus, γ e =978.055, α=1/296.3, sont sensiblement égaux à ceux qui proviennent de la méthode habituelle des moindres carrés; l'aplatissement calculé est compris entre les limites déduites parA. Véronnet de la précession terrestre.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 113-119 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Geodesy is at present faced with tremendous tasks of world-wide scope. Main triangulations constituting the basis for a reliable determination of the earth's figure, the establishment of absolute coordinates and consistent large-scale mapping have, in the course of the past 150 years, been completed only to a very limited extent. In order to speed up efforts the customary methods and instruments of observation should be revised on the grounds of recent experiences made in the field of physics. Numerous nations have already made valuable contributions and an appreciable increase of results has been reached by means of the optical micrometer, theodolites with photographic registration, steel towers etc. In order to overcome obstacles due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions, the electric eye has been designed, replacing visual observation by photo-electric indication. The present note is in particular a report on the present stage of experiments made by the Institut für angewandte Geodäsie. These experiments have proved that generally speaking the new device is well suited for the purpose on hand. However, further efforts will be required for creating an apparatus thoroughly reliable also in the field.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die internationale Geodäsie steht noch heute vor gewaltigen Aufgaben. Das Hauptdreiecksnetz, das die Grundlage der sicheren Bestimmung der Erdfigur, der Schaffung absoluter Koordinaten für die gesamte Erdoberfläche und klaffungsfreier grossmasstäblicher Karten dient, ist in den letzten 150 Jahren nur zu einem geringen Bruchteil fertiggestellt. Moderne physikalische Erkenntnisse müssen die klassischen Beobachtungsmethoden und-instrumente reformieren, um die Leistungen zu beschleunigen. Viele Nationen haben hier wertvolle Beiträge geliefert. Optisches Mikrometer, photographisch registrierende. Theodolitc, stählerne Beobachtungstürme usw. haben schon bedeutende Leistungssteigerungen erzielt. Zur Ueberwindung der Hindernisse, die durch ungünstige atmosphärische Verhältnisse erzeugt werden, ist das elektrische Auge konstruiert worden, das die visuelle Beobachtung durch elektrische Anzeigegeräte ersetzt. Es wird über den neuesten Stand der im Institut für angewandte Geodäsie durchgeführten Versuche berichtet, die bereits die grundsätzliche Eignung des Gerätes im erstrebten Sinne beweisen liessen. Fernere Versuche und Vervollkommnungen werden notwendig sein, um das Gerät zu einem nie versagenden, feldmässig einsatzfähigen Gerät zu gestalten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 143-147 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown how is possible to give pratical applications toEötvös' formulas on relations between gravitational and magnetic anomalies, in such a way as to obtain informations on magnetic properties of rocks that cause the anomaly. It follows the opportunity of executing together with torsion balance measures, in as much as possible, also magnetic measurements.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene mostrato come sia possibile dare pratiche applicazioni alle formule diEötvös sulle relazioni fra anomalie gravimetriche e magnetiche, in modo da ricavare le proprietà magnetiche delle rocce che causano l'anomalia. Da ciò l'opportunità di eseguire sempre unitamente a misurazioni con la bilancia di torsione anche misure magnetiche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 132-142 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il campo geomagnetico si può formalmente scomporre in due parti: quella simmetrica di rotazione e la parte da questa residua. E' probabile che tale scomposizione abbia un fondamento reale: la parte simmetrica di rotazione, ossia il cosìdetto «campo del nucleo», dipende verosimilmente dallo stato molecolare della materia nel nucleo terrestre e viene generato con la rotazione della Terra; la parte residua, ovvero il «campo della crosta«, ha la sua sede nella corteccia rocciosa della Terra e risulta generato dai processi che ivi hanno luogo. Alle molte possibilità di spiegazione del campo del nucleo ne viene aggiunta una nuova, dimostrando teoricamente che una massa cosmica ad alta temperatura, rotante attorno a se stessa, quando è fortemente ionizzata, a causa dei moti termo-cinetici degli elettroni liberi, deve originare un campo magnetico, il cui senso corrisponde a quelli che si osservano per la Terra e per il Sole. La discussione dei risultati quantitativi dimostra che è possibile ascrivere a questo effetto il campo magnetico del nucleo. — II campo magnetico della crosta, nella sua parte sostanziale, viene spiegato come azione magnetica di correnti stazionarie spostantesi nelle parti inferiori della medesima crosta, nonchè con quella della magnetizzazione degli strati rocciosi esterni. La distribuzione delle componenti del campo della crosta permette di dedurre due sistemi di correnti nell'interno della crosta medesima: 1) il vortice di correnti americano con verso orario, e 2) il vortice di correnti africo-australiano con senso antiorario. La rappresentazione cartografica dei sistemi di correnti elettriche che ne derivano rivela una stretta relazione con le tettonica in grande della crosta terrestre: i sistemi di correnti coincidono globalmente con le grandi zone geosinclinali, circumpacifica e mediterranea. Ciò consente di dedurre che in queste zone vi è la sede delle cause delle correnti telluriche, ovvero anche che le correnti elettrotelluriche della crosta sono generate dai processi geotettonici che si verificano in queste zone geosinclinali. — La variazione secolare viene spiegata come una proprietà del campo della crosta e ricondotta alle lenti variazioni delle correnti elettriche che accompagnano i grandi processi geotettonici. Effettivamente, secondo quanto conferma il materiale empirico sinora disponibile, la variazione secolare rivela grandi differenze regionali e le regioni ove tali variazioni sono massime coincidono con quelle nelle quali l'azione elettromagnetica delle correnti elettro-telluriche è massima.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird theoretisch nachgewiesen, dass eine um sich selbst rotierende kosmische Masse von hoher Temperatur, welche stark ionisiert ist, infolge der thermisch-Brown'schen Bewegungen der freien Elektronen ein magnetisches Feld besitzt, dessen Richtungssinn den an Erde und Sonne beobachteten allgemeinen Feldern entspricht. Daserdmagnetische Kernfeld wird ursächlich auf diesen Effekt zurückgeführt. Daserdmagnetische Rindenfeld wird in seinem wesentlichsten Teil erklärt als magnetische Wirkung stationärer, innerhalb der Erdkruste fliessender Ströme, in zweiter Linie durch die Gesamtheit des Gesteinsmagnetismus. Das Bild der Verteilung der Kraftkomponenten des erdmagnetischen Rindenfeldes lässt auf zwei ausgeprägte Stromsysteme innerhalb der Erdkruste schliessen: 1. deramerikanische Stromwirbel mit einer Stromrichtung im Uhrzeigersinne, und 2. derafrikanisch-australische Stromwirbel mit einer dem Uhrzeigersinne entgegengesetzten Stromrichtung. Trägt man den Verlauf der sich ergebenden erdelektrischen Stromsysteme kartenmässig ein, so werden Beziehungen zu der grosstektonischen Gliederung der Erdkruste deutlich erkennbar: Die Stromsysteme fallen in ihrem wesentlichen Teil mit den grossen geosynklinalen Zonen der Erde — der zirkumpazifischen und der mediterranen Zone — zusammen. Das lässt darauf schliessen, dass in diesen Zonen der Sitz der Ursachen des Erdstromes ist, d. h. also, dass der innerhalb der Erdkruste fliessende elektrische Strom erzeugt wird durch die in diesen geosynklinalen Zonen im Ablauf begriffenen geotektonischen Vorgänge. — DieSäkularvariation wird auf allmähliche Veränderungen der Erdströme zurückgeführt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 160-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Use is made of a differentiation's formula for surface integrals in showing aV. Bjerknes' meteorological theorem.
    Notes: Riassunto Si fa uso di una formula di derivazione di un integrale di superficie per dimostrare un teorema meteorologico diV. Bjerknes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 175-178 
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    Notes: Summary A review is given of the investigations on variations in the general circulation in middle latitudes made byWillett andPetterssen. According toWillett a «high-index» type of circulation pattern with a strong zonal flow has probably caused the recent climatic improvement in the northern latitudes while the «low-index» type with meridional flow would create a cooling off in the same areas. According toPetterssen an other type of «low-index» pattern with a weak zonal flow and strong meridional exchange of air has been the essential cause of the warming up of the northern latitudes in Europe. This implies that the definition of the «low-index» type is not clear and gives rise to misunderstanding. Making use of our experience on glacier retreat in northern Scandinavia it is concluded that thePetterssen type of circulation more probably than the «high-index» type has caused the warming-up in the North Atlantic area from which the retreat of the glaciers has followed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 198-208 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 1949 and 1950 four earthquakes were felt on the Lower Rhine. Out of these the earthquake of March 3, 1950, was the strongest one. Near Euskirchen the intensity VII of the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg-Scale was atteined. The evaluation of the seismograms resulted the epicentre 50° 47′ N, 6° 50′ E (4 km E of Euskirchen). The microseismic and macroseismic data resulted a depth of the hypocentre of nearly 6 km. Curves of the arrival times ofP- andS-waves are given. Acustic phenomena are discussed and there is pointed out, that the microclimatic conditions may have a decisive signification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1949 und 1950 sind am Niederrhein 4 Erdbeben gespürt worden. Von diesen war das Beben vom 8. März 1950 das stärkste. Im Herdgebiet, in der Nähe der Stadt Euskirchen, wurde die Stärke VII der Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg-Skala erreicht. Die Auswertung der Seismogramme ergab als Epizentrum 50° 47′, 6° 50′ E (4 km östlich von Euskirchen). Die Herdtiefe ergab sich makroseismisch und mikroseismisch zu rund 6 km. Es werden Laufzeitkurven der Vorläuferwellen mitgeteilt. Die Schall-wahrnehmungen werden eingehend diskutiert und darauf hingewiesen, dass den mikroseismischen Verhältnissen dabei möglicherweise eine entscheidende Bedeutung zukommt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 40-45 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A photoelectric device is illustrated which, being fit for computation of double integrals, and for squaring a great number of functions of function, is suitable to determine the correlation coefficient.
    Notes: Riassunto Si illustra un apparecchio fotoelettrico che, essendo atto al calcolo degli integrali doppi e degli integrali di numerose funzioni di funzione, si presta per determinare il coefficiente di correlazione.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 1-12 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Supposing that: A) radioactive heat generation is constant in a superficial layer of thicknessH and no radioactive heat is generated in deeper layers, or B) radioactive heat generation in the depthz is const. e−αz ,Jeffreys has computed thatH and 1/α are nearly 13 km. This figure is rather small.Jeffreys has taken a temperature of commencement that tends to infinity likez and has neglected the diminution of radioactive substances by disintegration. If one takes a temperature of commencement that, with increasingz, approaches a fixed value and considers the half-lives of radioactive elements, one gets the valuesH=23 and 1/α=20 km. New results ofBullard indicate, that radioactive heat generation in rocks is less than was accepted till now. Taking his values one estimates that values of 45 to 50 km forH and 1/α are possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Annahme, dass: A) die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in der obersten Erdschicht von der DickeH konstant ist und in tieferen Schichten keine radioaktive Wärme erzeugt wird, oder B) die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in der Tiefez gleich const. e−αz ist, hatJeffreys berechnet, dassH und 1/α ungefähr 13 km betragen. Diese Zahl ist recht niedrig.Jeffreys hat eine mitz lineare Anfangstemperatur angenommen und die Abnahme der radioaktiven Substanzen vernachlässigt. Nimmt man eine Anfangstemperatur an, die bei wachsendemz einem festen Wert zustrebt, und berücksichtigt man die Halbwertszeiten der radioaktiven Elemente, so kommt man aufH=23 und 1/α=20 km. Neue Ergebnisse vonBullard zeigen an, dass die radioaktive Wärmeerzeugung in den Gesteinen geringer ist, als man bisher annahm. Mit seinen Zahlen schätzt man ab, dass Werte von 45 bis 50 km fürH und 1/α möglich sind.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 204-209 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The articledeals with a preliminary evaluation of observations of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway during a period of ten years. The numerous observations show clearly the variation of the depth of a snow cover in between a small area in high mountains. The stations were located 100 meters and less apart from each other. 800 observation stations have been established extending 46 km along the highway. Observations were made once a week. Mean values obtained from 6 measurements in a 120 m broad profile rectangular to the road give a representative annual average of snow depth for different elevation and different orographic areas. Two types of annual variations can be distinguished according to the exposure of the considered area. The great variation of the mean snow depth at each of the six stations of one profile—there are variations of several meters-and variations of the same order of magnitude for stations of the same profile for different years show that the observations of a single station in high mountains are by no means representative. Therefore the evaluation of mean values over a certain small area must be recommended in order to obtain accurate results. In general a derivation of the amount of precipitation from the snow depth for a single station cannot be justified. The variation of snow depth can also be recognized from the average snow profile along the highway and from the difference of this quantity between the center and the border of the road. The results of frequent measurements of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway can be also used with success for considerations on the economy of glaciers and for an estimation of the water contents of a snow cover in winter which may be of particular interest for hydrology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine vorläufige Bearbeitung zehnjähriger Beobachtungen der Schneehöhen auf der Grossglockner-Hochalpenstrasse berichtet, die durch die Häufung von Beobachtungsstellen vor allem einen Einblick in die Veränderlichkeit der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke auf kleinem Raum im Hochgebirge gewähren. Die Messtellen lagen in Entfernungen von 100m und weniger. Aus je sechs Messungen in 120m breiten Profilen quer zur Strasse berechnete Mittelwerte erlauben, repräsentative durchschnittliche Jahresgänge der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke für verschiedene Höhen und orographische Lagen abzuleiten. Es lassen sich zwei Typen der Jahresgänge unterscheiden, die durch den Grad der Exposition des Messgebietes bestimmt werden. Die grossen Unterschiede der mittleren Schneehöhen an jeder der sechs Messtellen der einzelnen Profile, die mehrere Meter übersteigen können, und die ähnlich grossen Unterschiede in der Verteilung der Schneehöhen auf die einzelnen Messtellen der Profile in den verschiedenen Jahren lassen erkennen, wie wenig repräsentativ für ein weiteres Gebiet im allgemeinen eine einzelne Schneehöhenmesstelle im unebenen Gelände des Hochgebirges ist. Zur Gewinnung repräsentativer Werte der Schneehöhen ist im Hochgebirge die Bildung von Gebietsmittel aus mehreren über einen kleinen Raum verteilten Messtellen zweckmässig. Ein Rückschluss auf die Niederschlagsmengen aus den Schneehöhen einer Messtelle ist im allgemeinen im Hochgebirge nicht gerechtfertigt. Die grosse Veränderlichkeit der Schneehöhe im Hochgebirge wird auch aus durchschnittlichen Schneeprofilen entlang der Hochalpenstrasse und aus den Unterschieden der durchschnittlichen Schneehöhen zwischen Strassenmitte und Strassenrand ersichtlich. Die Ergebnisse der gehäuften Schneehöhenmessungen auf der Grossglocknerstrasse erscheinen für die Beurteilung der Nährgebiete der Gletscher und für die Abschätzung des Wasserwertes der winterlichen Schneedecke des Hochgebirges für die Zwecke der Wasserwirtschaft von grosser Bedeutung.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 221-223 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the precipitation-runoff system they are distinguished the 3 cases according to it goes from the precipitation to the runoff directly or by the snow or by ice. Particular consideration is given to this last case. Then is brought in evidence the inertial property of the ice. Applying these considerations to the present conditions, it is forecast for the next years a nearly normal runoff.
    Notes: Riassunto Nel sistema precipitazione-deflusso si distinguono i 3 casi secondo che si passa dalla prima al secondo direttamente, o mediante la neve, oppure mediante il ghiaccio. Si considera in particolare questo ultimo caso mettendo in evidenza le proprietà inerziali dell'elemento intermedio. Facendo applicazione alle condizioni glacioclimatiche attuali si prevede per i prossimi anni un deflusso d'ablazione normale.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 230-233 
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    Notes: Summary The writer deals with the relations of the variations of the Italian glaciers and the state of the climate in its two elements of the precipitations and temperature in these twenty-five years. From the study of eighty glaciers, it appears that the considerable regress which has characterized the Italian glaciers is caused by a deficiency in winter falls rather than by the increase of summer temperature. Only after 1946 the average summer temperature seems to increase too; that should explain the more frequent phenomenon of the regress, in the years from 1947 to 1950.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 4-5 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 238-245 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author explains how it is necessary to the urbanistic science expecially in a mountainous district the study of the microclimatology for the choice of the places to be appointed for building. Therefore it is necessary to create a system of little meteorologic stations all around towns. The Author explains how for a good planning is necessary to get meteorologic data and how those data must be considered for the 24 hours. The above mentioned stations, even if commited by private people, should be supervised by technicians. The Author explains how we must choice the places for building according to the insolation, putting in evidence the lack of idoneous means and wishes the creation in every country of a laboratory, of experiences of polisclimatology that should be a center of studies and a source of this new discipline.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. fa presente come all'urbanistica sia necessario, specialmente in montagna, lo studio microclimatologico per la scelta dei luoghi da destinarsi all'edificazione, e perciò occorra creare una rete di stazioncine moteorologiche all'intorno degliabitati. L'A. fa presente i peculiari bisogni dell'urbanistica di dati meteorologici, e come i rilevamenti debbano riguardare tutte le 24 ore. Le dette stazioncine, pur affidandole ai privati, dovrebbero essere sorvegliate nella strumentazione da personale tecnico. L'A. fa presente come si proceda alla scelta dei luoghi da destinare all'edificazione sotto l'aspetto dell'insolazione, mettendo in rilievo l'inesistenza di mezzi idonei, ed auspica la creazione in ogni nazione, di un laboratorio di ricerche ed esperienze di polisclimatologia che sia centro di studi e seminario di questa nuova disciplina.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 38-44 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theoretical solvings bySchweydar are resumed, with some variations, considering general formulas for rigidity and internal density, to reach the differential equation of sixth degree with polynomial coefficients, for the tides.Prey's studies on this subject, and of the Author, are mentioned.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene riportata in forma riassuntiva e con alcune varianti lo svolgimento teorico seguito dalloSchweydar, considerando per la rigidità e per la densità interne, funzioni della profondità affatto generali, per giungere alla equazione differenziale del sesto ordine a coefficienti polinomiali per la marea. Vengono inoltre ricordati gli studi diprey e dell'A. su questo argomento.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 64-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Given a random variable X following the normal probability law, with expectation a and standard error p, the author considers another random variable $$\overline X $$ , that takes the entire value r when r−1/2〈X〈r+1/2 and the value r+1/2 when X=r+1/2. He calculates the expectation $$\bar a$$ and the standard error $$\bar \mu $$ of $$\overline X $$ , which are found to be periodical functions of i, the period of both being = 1 (Obiously $$\bar a$$ and $$\bar \mu $$ are also functions of μ). From the comparison of these two random variables the author draws out some consequences concerning the errors of observation, and particularly determines a boundary-zone between the effective and the illusory precision obtainable in a set of observations. At last he gives an experinlental verification of the theoretical results.
    Notes: Riassunto Data una variabile casuale X che segue la legge normale di probabilitl con valor medio a ed error medio y 1'A. considera un'altra variabile casuale $$\overline X $$ che prende il valore intero r quando r−1/2〈X〈r+1/2 e il valore r+1/2 quando X=r+1/2. Calcola il valor medio $$\bar a$$ e l'error medio $$\bar \mu $$ di $$\overline X $$ , che risultano funzioni periodiche di α, entrambe con periodo = 1 (ovviamente $$\bar a$$ e $$\bar \mu $$ sono anche funzioni di μ). Dal paragone delle due variabili casuali l'A. trae alcune conseguenze riguardanti gli errori d'osservazione, e in particolare determina una zona di confine tra la precisione effettiva ottenibile in una serie di osservazioni e quella illusoria. Infine dB una verifica sperimentale dei risultati teorici.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 128-131 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recent experiments on the radioactivity of potassium 40 give as result: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ λ K being the constant of decay byK-electron capture, λ=λβ+λ K the total decay constant. If we make following assumptions: 1st) the atmospheric argon is the decay product of potassium 40 in the earth, which has undergoneK-capture; 2nd) the potassium existing in the earth is practically all contained in the external crust, 10 miles thick; 3rd) the age of the solid crust does not exceed ∼3.109 years: we come to the conclusion that the earth as a whole must have remained in a fluid state for ∼ 109 years at least.
    Notes: Riassunto Da esperienze recenti risultano per le costanti radioattive del potassio 40 i valori seguenti: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ dove λ=λβ+λ K è la costante di disintegrazione totale λ K la costante di catturaK. Se si ammette che: 1°) l'argon atmosferico abbia origine dal potassio 40 contenuto nella terra, che ha subìto la catturaK; 2°) la massa di potassio disponibile nella terra sia praticamente quella contenuta nella crosta, di 16 km di spessore; 3°) la crosta si sia solidificata da non più di ∼ 3.109 a: si conclude che la terra deve essere rimasta allo stato fluido per un tempo dell'ordine di 109 anni almeno.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 120-127 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The oscillation of the sight point picture in telescope and simultaneously the difference of the air temperatures between the hights of 0.5 and 2.5 meters have been observed every two hours through two clear days and nights. Hereby the following results have been obtained. Short after the sunrise the sight point picture is quite immovable. Soon after it beginns to vibrate, at first slightly and slowly (one time in second) and then more violently and quickly (five times in second). The vibration attains its maximum short after the noon, then it decreases and becomes zero not long before the sunset. From now till the sunrise the sight point picture is swaying very slowly (in periods of several minutes). The vibration is proportional to the 1.68-power of the sight length. It correlates the vertical temperature gradient, and the vibration is e. g. for the sight of 75 m:F 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, where ϱ means the temperature increase from 0.5 to 2.5 m (here negative). The swaying is proportional to the 2.05-power of the sight length. It correlates the gradient, and the swaying is e. g. for the sight of 125 m:S 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, where ϱ has the same meaning as above. Between the sight errorZ and the vibrationF a relation:Z=0.11+0.029F mm is to be seen. Thus the accuracy of the sighting is not very sensitive to the vibration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In zwei Beobachtungsserien von 24 Stunden ist jede zweite Stunde die Schwankung des Zielbildes beobachtet und gleichzeitig die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m gemessen worden. Aus diesen Beobachtungen gehen folgende Resultate hervor. Kurz nach Sonnenaufgang ist das Zielbild unbeweglich. Bald beginnt es zu flimmern, zuerst schwach und langsam (einmal in der Sek.) später stärker und schneller (5 mal in der Sek.). Das Flimmern erreicht sein Maximum etwas nach Mittag, vermindert sich dann und wird Null kurz vor Sonnenuntergang. Von hier an beginnt das Zielbild sehr langsam (in Perioden von Minuten) zu schweben. Der Betrag des Flimmerns ist proportional der 1.68-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 75 m beträgtF 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m bezeichnet. Der Betrag des Schwebens ist proportional der 2.05-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 125 m beträgtS 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die obenangegebene Bedeutung hat. Zwischen dem ZielungsfehlerZ und dem FlimmernF besteht die BeziehungZ=0.11++0.029F mm. Das Schweben wirkt sehr stark auf die Zielungsgenauigkeit ein, obgleich beim Vorkommen des Schwebens das Zielbild nach dem Augenmass unbeweglich erscheint.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 155-157 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El método del equilibrio de irradiación utilízase en 2 series de observaciones.
    Notes: Summary The method of the equilibrium of radiation is demonstrated on two observed series of observations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 148-154 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A comparative study of the geomagnetic bays at the Observatories of Cuajimalpa and Teoloyucan (Mexico) and Tortosa, shows: 1) that the grouping of the bays into a certain number of fundamental types, and that the tendency of their frequency maxima to recur in a cyclical order during the day, are general features of geomagnetic bays, at least for all middle geomagnetic latitudes; 2) that the relative importance of the different types and the hour of their maxima varies according to the geomagnetic latitude of the Observatory where the bays are recorded.
    Notes: Résumé En comparant les baies géomagnétiques enregistrées aux Observatoires de Cuajimalpa et Teoloyucan (Mexique) avec celles observées à Tortosa, on examine la validité générale de la classification des baies établie à l'Observatoire de l'Ebre et de la loi de succession des différents types le long du jour. L'on arrive aux conclusions suivantes: 1o La classification des baies géomagnétiques en un certain nombre de types fondamentaux, de même que la tendence à l'apparition de leurs maxima de fréquence dans un ordre cyclique pendant la journée, a un caractère général, tout au moins pour les latitudes géomagnétiques moyennes; 2o L'importance relative des différents types et l'heure d'apparition de leurs maxima varie d'un Observatoire à l'autre, d'après leur latitude géomagnétique.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 158-159 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the conservation equation of potential vorticity in the barotropic atmosphere $$\frac{d}{{dt}}\left( {\frac{{f + \zeta }}{{\Delta p}}} \right) = 0$$ holds good, even in the baroclinic atmosphere, if it is permissible to introduce the isentropic and mass-conservation approximations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 162-169 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während dem 13. und 14. Juni 1949 wurde in Nord-Amerika weitauseinanderliegende abnormaleE-Region Aktivität beobachtet bei oblique einfallenden Ionosphären-Beobachtungsstellen. Die Information wurde von einer kooperierenten Gruppe Radio-Amateuren erhalten. Auf diesem Wege war es möglich eine Schätzung der Breite und Bewegung des sporadischenE′s zu erhalten. DreiE S Wolken wurden festgestellt, jede deren einen Geschwindigkeitskomponenten vom Osten her besass. Die Geschwindigkeiten waren ungefähr SO 90 km/Stunde, NO 140 km/Stunde und SSO 190 km/Stunde (im meteorologischem Sinn, d. h. vom SO, NO, und SSO).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 170-174 
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    Notes: Summary Thirty years ago, when no easy and efficient process of sounding could reveal them the true depth of a glacier,C. Somigliana tried to help the glaciologist with a formula giving them the maximal thickness of any transverse section. Requisites were: breadth, maximal velocity, slope and coefficient of internal friction to be known. Commanding condition: no gliding of the ice on the glacier-bed. Numerous recent soundings of Swiss ice-streams did afford the opportunity of verifying the pertinency of the formula. Therefore the writer selected sixteen of the most reliable soundings and reckoned the values of the coefficient of viscosity μ. The results have been deceptive: if however the mean value of μ differs not much from 1014 CGS usually accepted (afterLagally), the divergencies are very great, extending from less than the half to almost the double (The same is been shown for the recent formulae ofHaefeli andKoechlin). Therefore no secure number can be derived for the required depth. The condition of no gliding is mostly not realized and the μ are therefore lessened. If however the real value of μ for the ice can ever be ascertained it will be possible to reckon the velocity of the up to now unmeasured gliding of the ice on the bed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 192-197 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Observations, made in August 1950, on the distribution and the characteristic features of ice-cones on Lys-glacier, are described.
    Notes: Riassunto Si dà conto delle osservazioni compiute, durante l'agosto 1950 sul plateau del ghiacciaio del Lys, circa la distribuzione e le caratteristiche dei coni di ghiaccio.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 179-191 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A survey is given on various methods of measuring strength and hardness of snow. Besides older well known instruments newer ones are described. A suggestion is made for a rough hardness scale whos application does not require any particular instruments. Measurements taken in a snow profile with different instruments show a good agreement in the general course of hardness and strength. A more elaborate investigation on the subject will be published later.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Uebersicht wird gegeben über verschiedene Methoden der Härte- und Festigkeitsmessung an Schnee. Neben älteren, bekannten Instrumenten werden auch neuere beschrieben. Eine Anregung für eine rohe Härteskala wird gegeben, deren Anwendung keiner besonderer Hilfsmittel bedarf. Vergleichende Messungen an einem Schneeprofil zeigen, dass alle Methoden den groben Verlauf der Verbandsfestigkeit übereinstimmend wiedergeben. Ueber eine genauere Untersuchung wird später berichtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Numerous observations of the dip of the horizon which have been carried out at the Institute for Geophysics and Geodesy of the University of Genoa (55.334 m), are discussed by using the monthly means. Using simultaneous measurements of the temperatures of the air and of the sea water at the coast, the formula ofFreiesleben was applied. Furthermore it was possible to show that the empirical formula set up by the Japanese admiralty is quite in agreement with the observations of Genoa.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es werden anhand von Monatsmitteln die zahlreichen Beobachtungen der Kimmtiefe diskutiert, die am Geophysikalischen und Geodätischen Institut der Universität von Genua (55.334 m) gemacht worden sind. Unter Benützung von gleichzeitigen Messungen der Lufttemperatur und der Temperatur der Meeresoberfläche an der Küste, wurden die Formeln vonFreiesleben angewandt. Es zeigte sich auch, dass die von der japanischen Admiralität aufgestellte empirische Formel gut mit den Beobachtungen von Genua übereinstimmt.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono discussi i risultati, espressi con le medie mensili corrispondenti, delle numerose osservazioni dell'angolo di depressione dell'orizzonte marino eseguite all'Istituto Geofisico e Geodetico dell'Università di Genova (m 55.334), ricorrendo alla formola diFreiesleben e valorizzando le contemporanee misure della temperatura dell'aria e di quella superficiale del mare, eseguite sulla costa. Si dimostra inoltre che la formola empirica dell'Ammiragliato Giapponese fornisce un buon accordo con le osservazioni di Genova.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les conditions géométriques de l'observation de fusées verticales ou horizontales sont examinées par rapport aux applications geodésiques et géophysiques. Les figures démontrent l'existance de quelques districts stationnaires, particulièrement destinés à l'observation par principes différents.
    Notes: Summary The most suitable geometrical conditions of observation of vertically or horizontally moved rockets are inquired, with respect to geodetical and geophysical applications. Some diagrams show, that there exist several regions of stationary state, apt for different principles of observation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article contains the development of the theory of the adoption of the ellipsoid of revolution in the gravimetric method, for the determination of the earth's shape, presented by the author in a former work. The conclusion completly justifies the actual practical methods for the calculation of the ellipsoidic gravity.
    Notes: Résumé On Cherche le développement de la théorie de l'adoption de l'ellipsoöde de révolution dans la méthode gravimétrique pour la détermination de la figure de la Terre, exposée par l'auteur dans un ouvrage antérieur. La conclusion justifie complètement les actuels méthodes pratiques pour le calcul de la pésanteur ellipsoïdique.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 13-15 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measuring the deflections of the plumb-line the attainable precision is determined, in particular to investigations for geophysical prospecting.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird für die Bestimmung der Lotabweichungen der erreichbare Genauigkeitsgrad untersucht, besonders im Hinblick auf Messungen zur Erforschung des Untergrundes.
    Notes: Riassunto Si determinano le precisioni con le quali possono venire osservate le deviazioni della verticale e si richiama l'attenzione su ciò quando si debbono interpretare le misure predette per prospezioni del sottosuolo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 16-18 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 38-46 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The research deals with the hydrographic observations of the East-Europe's plain. The monthly means of the water level have been elaborated after the method of Mr. and Mrs.Labrouste with the aim to determine the phase of the yearly component. The map of the phase distribution and the profiles along the streams shows that this distribution is governed by the physiography, as well as by the seasonal course of the temperatures, what can permit to explain the observed particularities.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude publiée intéresse l'ensemble des échelles hydrométriques de la plaine de l'Est européen. Les moyennes mensuelles des niveaux ont été élaborées par la méthode d'analyse par combinaisons linéaires d'ordonnées, due à M. et MmeLabrouste, afin de définir la phase de la composante annuelle. La carte de la répartition de la phase et les profils de celle-ci le long des cours d'eau, montrent que cette répartition est commandée par le relief, ainsi que par la marche saisonnière des températures, ce qui permet d'expliquer les particularités constatées par les causes naturelles: altitudes, forme et extension du bassin, etc.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 19-37 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper there is a description of a very strange kind of thunderstorm with fog and only one thunder-clap. It is analysed with regard to synoptic aerology and atmospheric electricity. It belonged to a cold-front-thunderstorm, but the characteristic frontal phenomenons occurred hours before. By a combination of the theories ofWilson andSimpson we try to explain the distribution of the charge and the single discharge. The quantity of the charge can grow enormously by ground fog and this fact stands for the intensity of the clap. The form of the discharge can be explained by the theory ofSchonland-Walter. We found gliding phenomenons in the fog and disruptige discharges from cloud to earth, but it is very difficult to say whether there is an uniform direction of the different branches of the single lightning. The different partial discharges of the single lightning are analogous to the discharge of a rapidly and strongly charged condenser, the plates of which are at a small distance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein eigenartiges Gewitter beschrieben und aerologischsynoptisch sowie luftelektrisch analysiert. Es trat nur ein einziger, allerdings sehr heftiger Donner auf. Während des Gewitters herrschte Nebel, es ergab sich, dass es sich um ein «maskiertes Kaltfrontgewitter» handelte, bei dem die Kaltfronterscheinungen aber bereits Stunden vorher aufgetreten waren. Die Erklärung der Ladungsverteilung und in ihrer Folge der einzigen kräftigen Entladung als gesamte wahrnehmbare elektrische Gewittererscheinung wird durch eine Kombination der scheinbar gegensätzlichen Gewittertheorien vonWilson undSimpson versucht. Die Ladungsmenge kann durch den herrschenden Bodennebel ungeheuer anwachsen und erklärt damit die Stärke des Schlages. Die Entladungsform wird nach derSchonland-Walterschen Theorie zu deuten versucht. Es ergeben sich Gleitvorgänge im Nebel und Funkenentladungen von der Wolke zur Erde, wobei eine endgültige Entscheidung über die einheitliche Richtung der Verästelung nicht getroffen werden kann. Die mehrfachen Teilentladungen des einzigen Blitzes werden erklärt als Analogie zu den Funkenentladungen zwischen den Platten eines Kondensators mit geringem Abstand, der plötzlich stark aufgeladen wird.
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