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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170101
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detecting margin leakage of dental composite restorations (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The degree of microleakage between a restoration and the cavity wall is difficult to quantify objectively. A silver-staining method is used and compared to the radioisotope method with results that indicate a superior definition and more accurate evaluation of microleakage. In addition to the accuracy, two advantages are presented: (1) scoring of the leakage can be refined and divided into more precise numbers, and (2) teeth can be observed directly in a microscope without resorting to the indirect interpretation of film or photograph.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170104
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture of porous polyethylene-bone composite (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous high-density polyethylene specimens were implanted in the femurs of mongrel canines. At the end of the residency period (3 or 6 months), the animals were sacrificed and the implants were retrieved. The work-of-fracture of the implant specimens was then determined using the technique of Tattersall and Tappin. The work required to fracture a specimen in three-point bending by controlled crack propagation through a triangular cross section was obtained directly from the load-deflection curve. The area of the resulting fracture surface was measured by macro-photographic techniques, and the work-of-fracture was calculated as work per unit area. The implants were subsequently sectioned and examined microradiographically to determine the extent of bone ingrowth. Bone specimens adjacent to the implants and porous high-density polyethylene controls (no ingrowth) were also tested to determine their work-of-fracture. The results showed that bone adjacent to the implant specimens had a higher work-of-fracture than normal medial, canine femoral bone and was not appreciably different from the composite. The work-of-fracture of porous high-density polyethylene was not significantly increased by an increase in bone infiltration, and this anomalous behavior was attributed to a degradation of the polyethylene during implant residence. Control studies supported this hypothesis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of a biocompatible albumin-coated ion exchange resin for bilirubin removal from the blood of jaundiced newbornsThis paper won a student award at the annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials at Troy, NY, May 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 91-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Removal of bilirubin by hemoperfusion with ion exchange resin particles is suggested to replace exchange transfusion of blood of jaundiced infants in some cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The hemoperfusion system developed here consists of a packed bed of a macroreticular resin which is made biocompatible by a coating of a monomolecular layer of albumin. The choice of the appropriate ionic form of the resin and the proper albumin coating and crosslinking procedure assures a high bilirubin adsorption capacity and excellent blood compatibility of the resin. The albumin coated resin removes in vitro 80-90% of the bilirubin initially present in the plasma. The results encourage in vivo clinical studies.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface modification and evaluation of some commonly used catheter materials. I. Surface propertiesSubmitted by P. T. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. Degree in Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 129-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Double catheter systems consisting of a stiff outer catheter and a flexible, buoyant, flow-directed, inner catheter which is often balloon-tipped have been employed with increasing frequency recently in both therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Their use, however, has been restricted because of the excessive friction generated between the two catheters. In an attempt to decrease friction between polymers commonly used as catheter materials, oxidation of polyethylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, poly(vinyl chloride), silicone rubber, and polystyrene surfaces was induced by exposing the polymers to radio frequency glow discharge (RFGD) in a helium environment. All polymers were surface characterized utilizing x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements before and after oxidation. This article describes the materials and methods used to fabricate and characterize the polymer surfaces and the results of the characterization. The results indicate that increases in oxygen concentration at the surface of the polymers and decreases in air-water contact angles occur with increased RFGD exposure time. Plateau values were usually obtained after 5-30 s exposure time, yet no apparent changes in surface topography were noted by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilic surfaces produced were stable for up to three months storage time in air.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural evidences of the microfilled composites (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The new composite concept of microfilled composites has certain advantages, such as polishability, permanent smoothness, and high abrasion resistance. In the mouth, however, these new materials are not perfect and they often fail in stress-bearing restorations. In the present study, the weak links and imperfections of these materials are determined by means of direct and indirect SEM techniques. The chemical adhesion between polymer blocks and polymer matrix is questionable; fractures occur most often at the filler-matrix interface. In vivo, there is still a certain preferential wear of the resin matrix. In Estic Microfill, rear weak zones with starlike condensations are observed, which could be related to a certain incompatibility of its composing resins and/or to incomplete and inhomogeneous polymerization. In a fractured Isopast restoration, the polymer blocks are clearly revealed, scattered in a three-dimensional polymerized matrix network.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170204
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of surface texture on the soft tissue response to polymer implants (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 205-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ion beam etching has provided a system which can produce a controllable surface morphology in the micron range without altering surface chemistry or surface energy. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) develops a surface texture having conical projections with average dimensions: height = 12 μm, base width = 4 μm, tip radius = 0.1 μm. Smooth and textured PTFE disks (1 cm diam. × 250 μm thick) were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsum of Sprague-Dawley rats for time periods of 1 and 3 days and 1,2,3,4, and 8 weeks. Smooth control samples consisted of untreated surfaces and surfaces that were exposed to an ion beam environment producing a smooth surface. All smooth surfaces behaved identically by both histochemical and histological methods. Consequently, the ion beam environment had no effect on the soft tissue response. Textured surfaces, however, demonstrated increased cell adhesion and increased succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase staining in the interfacial cells. Interfacial cells consisted of foreign body giant cells and macrophages. These macrophages possessed increases in the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio, number and interdigitation of filopodia, and vacuolization as demonstrated by TEM. The textured surfaces also influence the kinetics of fibrous capsule formation. At 8 weeks, capsules associated with textured interfaces were reduced in thickness by 30% when compared to smooth surfaces. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the surface texture of an implant is a critical variable in determining the soft tissue response to a material.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170202
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of a heparin-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel coating (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 359-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Some physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of a heparin-PVA hydrogel potentially useful as a thromboresistant coating for the preparation of small-diameter vascular prostheses and blood-sampling catheters have been determined. The molecular weight between crosslinks in the acetal crosslinked gel was approximately 8000, permitting proteins the size of albumin to enter the interior of the gel. The release rate of heparin from a gel containing 7 mg/g gel was 10-2 μg/g min which was significantly lower than the reported minimum required for thromboresistance of ionically heparinized materials. Nevertheless, in vitro biological activity was observed in both thrombin time and plasma recalcification time assays, which could not be attributed to the release of heparin into the incubated plasma. Correlation of final heparin contents with the amount of terminal amino acid residues in three samples of heparin suggests that the heparin is bound to the PVA in the gel through the amino acid terminus; this provides a plausible explanation for the retention of biological activity by the immobilized heparin.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170212
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dilemma of patient exposure to ubiquitous foreign particles (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 389-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170215
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo and in vitro aging of orthopedic aluminas (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 395-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The flexural strength, microstructure and relative Ca and Si concentration at the surface of two commercial orthopedic aluminas were studied before and after aging up to 52 weeks in simulated body fluids or in subcutaneous implantation in rodents. There was no significant reduction in flexural strength after aging, but there was evidence of Ca and Si dissolution from the external grain boundary surfaces, particularly for specimens aged in demineralized water. No change occurred in the Ca and Si concentrations within the specimen's bulk during either in vivo or in vitro aging.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170302
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical features of pseudomembrane at the bone-cement interface of loosened total hip prostheses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 669-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biochemical features of pseudomembrane formed at the bone-cement interface of 13 failed total hip replacements were studied and histological examination of the pseudomembrane was conducted. The results of biochemical analyses revealed on average hydroxyproline, 86 μg/mg; water content, 57%; hexosamine, 12 μg/mg; glucosamine/galactosamine, 1.4%; and calcium, 2.1%. Approximately 78% of collagen was extracted with pepsin, whereas only 8 and 0.3% collagen were extracted with acetic acid and neutral salt, respectively. On further differential salting out of the extracted collagen, about 77% was type I collagen, 19% type III, and 2.6% type V. Unlike pseudoarthrosis of fracture, no type II collagen was identified. Overall biochemical features in the light of the histological appearance suggested that pseudomembrane resembles granulation tissue. Bone healing mechanisms at the bone-cement interface appear to differ from that of fracture healing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170411
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gel route preparation of low fusing dental porcelain frit (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 691-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Dental porcelain frits have been prepared by the gel route, a procedure involving solubilization of alkalies, boron, rare earth, and other compounds in an alumina-silica sol. Using this procedure, porcelain frits suitable for metal-ceramic application have been prepared that fire to maturity at temperatures lower than current commercial porcelains. Solubilities, translucencies, thermal expansion coefficients, dilatometric softening temperatures, and flexure strengths are within the ranges of current commercial porcelains. The high degree of dispersion of pigments and phosphors made possible by gel route technology and the technology's ability to disperse crystalline phases to strengthen porcelain offers many processing advantages. Gel route technology also offers a great degree of freedom in modifying porcelain properties.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170413
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of fibroblasts and polymer surfaces: relationship between surface free energy and fibroblast spreading (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cell spreading and cell division rates of a transformed line of mouse lung fibroblasts were studied on various polymer surfaces in the presence of serum proteins. The bare polymer surfaces, as well as the protein-coated surfaces, were characterized by their polar (γsp) and dispersion (γsd) surface free energies. Cell spreading appeared to be dependent on the polar surface free energy. Cell spreading is low when the γsp of the bare surface is lower than 5 erg cm-2; marked spreading occurs when γsp is higher than 15 erg cm-2. A similar relationship was found between cell spreading and polarity of the protein-coated surfaces, although less pronounced than for the bare surfaces. Cell spreading appeared independent of the dispersion surface free energy. Cell division rate was the same on all surfaces tested.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170508
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cement strain measurement surrounding loose and well-fixed femoral component stems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 819-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strain measurement within the cement surrounding stemmed total hip femoral components was accomplished using PMMA encapsulated and embedded strain gauges. Cement strain measurement associated with a well-bonded stem-cement interface and an unbonded stem-cement interface (i.e., loose prosthesis) was performed. The presence of a stem-cement bond was found to reduce proximal cement strain magnitudes while having little effect on distal cement strain magnitudes. The assurance of a stem-cement bond on only the proximal third of the interface was found to have an effect similar to that of a complete stem-cement bond. The results of this experimental investigation confirm the theoretical prediction that the stem-cement bond is important in maintaining the integrity of the cement mantle surrounding a stemmed femoral component.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170509
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Macroporous hydrogel membranes for a hybrid artificial pancreas. I. Synthesis and chamber fabrication (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 855-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We report development of special macroporous semipermeable membranes and diffusion chambers made of polymerized 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA), synthesized specifically to enclose living insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells for the treatment of diabetes. This material was selected to minimize the fibrotic encapsulation which has limited hybrid artificial pancreas efforts with other membranes, including Millipore and Nuclepore filters. The pore density and pore size distribution were dependent on the ratio of water to HEMA monomer and also on the crosslinker (EGDMA) concentration. A macroporous membrane resulted only when the ratio of water/HEMA monomer was greater than 50%. 125I-insulin permeability was studied in vitro. A technique is also described to fuse the membranes to form diffusion chambers used for implantation into diabetic rats.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170512
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Clinical applications of biomaterials, A. J. C. Lee, T. Albrektsson, and P. I. Branemark, Advances in biomaterials, Vol. 4, Wiley, Chichester, 1982, 335 pp. with index (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 899-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170516
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  • 17
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 903-903 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170518
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  • 18
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    Corrosion product formation sequence on Cu-rich amalgams in various solutionsPortions of this work were presented at the 60th General Session of IADR, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1982. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 913-920 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A single particle and four blended Cu-rich amalgam systems were immersed in 37 °C solutions for 1-20 months in order to determine the characterization and sequence of corrosion product formation. X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDS were used to characterize the products. The same sequence of formation occurred in all systems in Ringer's and 0.1% Ringer's solutions. The times at which each product formed varied with the brand of the amalgam and the concentration of the solution. The initial products were ZnSn(OH)6 in Zn-containing systems and SnO2 in most other systems. Cu2O formed next, followed by CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2. Immersion in 1% Na2S yielded only HgS on all brands. A combination of 1% Na2S and Ringer's solution yielded CaSn(OH)6 after 2 months and Cu2O at later periods. Artificial saliva resulted in a retardation of corrosion product formation and only limited amounts of a Sn-rich product could be found after 20 months. Interactions of the various components appear to alter the nature and rate of corrosion product formation on these systems and additional systematic investigations are necessary to understand the influence of these interactions on corrosion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170603
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Acrylate and methacrylate esters: Relationship of hemolytic activity and in vivo toxicity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 945-957 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Quantitative hemolysis assays of acrylate and methacrylate esters provided estimates of the intrinsic hemolytic activity (Hi the slope of the concentration-response curve) and the concentrations effecting 5% (H5) and 50% (H50) hemolysis. The dependence of hemolytic activity and LD50 (mice) on physical properties (lipophilicity, molar refraction, and molecular volume) of the esters was determined by multiple regression analysis. The observed correlations were: Hi, R2 = 0.94; H5, R2 = 0.95; H50, R2 = 0.94; and LD50, R2 (all compounds) = 0.80, R2 (all compounds less the methyl esters) = 0.94. The difference of the methyl esters was associated with the smaller steric volume of the methyl ester substituent and the presence (methacrylates) or absence (acrylates) of the branched methyl group. Associative steric contributions of the branched methyl group and the ester substituents were probably responsible for greater variability in the methyacrylate series. The results were consistent with the conclusion that the mechanism of the action of the esters is membrane mediated and relatively nonspecific and that in vivo biotransformation was not a significant factor. Also, long-term toxic liability of the esters may be more closely related to intrinsic toxicity than acute toxicity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170606
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  • 20
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    Grafted synthetic sorbents for enhanced removal of toxic chemical agents from plasma (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 993-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of porous polymeric sorbents and activated carbon were used to remove di-isopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) from human plasma and normal saline. The sorptive capacities of the commercially available sorbents Amberlite XAD-4, XAD-2, XN1010, and XE348, and Calgon 400 were determined. Butyl- and palmityl-grafted XAD-4 were prepared with graft efficiencies of 32 and 6%, respectively, and tested for sorptive capacities. DIMP removal efficiencies were compared to dialysis with a 1.8 m2 Cordis-Dow hollow fiber artificial kidney (HFAK). Butyl-grafted XAD-4 and active carbon outperformed the other sorbents in removing DIMP from both saline and plasma. An order of magnitude reduction in removal ability was noted for all the adsorbents when the mobile media was plasma. Pronounced plasma precipitation was elicited by activated carbon, an effect not observed with any of the polymeric resins tested. The removal efficiencies on a 18.0 g basis of XAD-4, butyl-grafted XAD-4, and active carbon were comparable to that of the HFAK used in this study. These sorbents, however, possess a macroscopic surface area of approximately 0.1 m2, an order of magnitude lower than that of the HFAK. This reduction in contact area is believed to reduce substantially the possibility of undesirable molecular and cellular effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170609
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  • 21
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    Strain-rate dependence of the compressive properties of normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cementPresented in part at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biomaterials (in conjunction with the 13th International Biomaterials Symposium), held at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, and on May 28-31, 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1041-1047 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced (1 wt. %) bone cement samples were tested in compression at various strain rates. Both the compressive strength and proportional limit increased in general with increasing strain rate. Similar strain-rate sensitivity was also shown by the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement. The mechanical properties, namely the modulus of elasticity, the proportional limit, and the compressive strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement showed highly significant positive correlations with the strain rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170613
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  • 22
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    A model of dissolution-controlled solute release from porous drug delivery polymeric systems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1079-1087 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180101
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    A note from the Editor (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. v 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180102
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  • 25
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    The mechanical strength of maxillary complete dentures (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 413-425 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A complete study of the static and dynamic strength of complete maxillary dentures was undertaken. First, the denture base material was investigated in its various forms from the point of view of tension, creep, relaxation, fatigue, and the effect of a corrosive environment. Complete dentures were tested under static compression, and the distribution of stresses along the midline of the upper dentures was determined by means of strain rosettes and by reciprocating compression, the determination of their fatigue strength. The results were found to conform with experience as far as lifetime of complete dentures is concerned.
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    Mechanical properties of bone cement: A review (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 435-462 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Many authors have examined the mechanical properties of bone cement and the various factors that affect its mechanical behavior. This article presents a comprehensive survey on the reported mechanical properties of bone cement. Variables that influence the mechanical properties, such as handling characteristics, strain rate, loading modes, additives, porosity, blood inclusion, in vivo environment, temperature, etc. have also been reviewed. The importance of specifying these variables in reporting test results on the mechanical properties of bone cement is pointed out. Previous attempts to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement are also summarized. Future research areas important for fully characterizing the physical properties of PMMA are also suggested.
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  • 27
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    Water sorption and mechanical properties of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate and methylmethacrylate copolymers (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 137-146 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Randomly cross-linked copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) and methyl-methacrylate (MMA) have been prepared and studied in the dry and swollen state. Tensile and indentation tests indicate that by changing the composition of copolymers, it is possible to obtain materials with a wide range of mechanical properties and corresponding glass transition temperatures. Water diffusion coefficients in sorption and desorption experiments have been calculated and compared.
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    Healing pattern of small caliber Dacron grafts in the baboon: An animal model for the study of vascular prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 281-292 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although dogs have been used widely to study the healing of large caliber synthetic grafts, hypercoagulability probably makes the dog a poor model for studies of small caliber vascular prostheses. The baboon's coagulation system is similar to man's, but large caliber baboon grafts were reported to endothelialize rapidly. In this study the healing pattern of 4mm internal diameter Dacron carotid interpositon grafts in baboons was determined using specimens harvested at time points between 2 weeks and 18 months post-implantation and examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. The luminal surface of baboon grafts in the acute healing phase (〈1 month) was comparable to that reported in the literature for dogs. Baboon grafts did not completely endothelialize until 10-12 weeks post-implantation. For work with small caliber vascular protheses, the dog appears to have no advantage over the baboon as an animal model on the basis of graft healing.
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  • 29
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180401
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  • 30
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    Some aspects of macrophage behavior at the implant interface (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 395-401 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macrophage plays a pivotal role in both wound healing and cellular response to implants, including percutaneous devices. Within twenty-four hours macrophages were found in close contact with the implant surface. Eventually fibroplasts and connective tissue proliferate, and finally the implant will be encapsulated. The presence of macrophages is essential for the activation of collagen synthesis by fibroplasts. Implant shape and surface can profoundly affect macrophage behavior. At rough implant surfaces macrophages with giant cells are present for many months with the possibility of chronic granulomatous reactions. Superior tissue compatibility should be associated with smooth, well contoured implants with no acute angles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180407
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  • 31
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    Casting properties of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 427-434 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A Ni-45 wt % Ti (Ni-50 at % Ti) alloy was cast into molds of magnesia and silica investments by use of a dental argon-arc pressure casting machine with a copper crucible. The castings exhibited shape memory properties. The shape recovery process was sharper in the specimens cast in magnesia investment molds than in those cast in silica (phosphate-bonded) investment molds. The latter casting had a hard region of the periphery, suggesting that shape recovery process may be affected by reaction of molten metal with silica. Furthermore, the alloy possessed the adequate mechanical properties for consideration as crown-and-bridge prostheses.
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    Release of corrosion products by F-75 cobalt base alloy in the rat. I: Acute serum elevationsPresented in part at Society for Biomaterials, 9th Annual Meeting, Birmingham, AL, April 28, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 513-522 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The release of corrosion products by implants has become a matter of concern. Using a microsphere model, the release of chromium, cobalt, and nickel, secondary to implantation of various surface area exposures of F-75, a cast cobalt-chromium alloy, was studied over a 30 day period in the rat. Dose related elevations were observed in the serum concentration of chromium and cobalt but not of nickel, with the maxima being achieved at 3 days after metal implantation followed by declines in concentration. The chromium elevation, approximately twelvefold for a surface area to body weight (SA/BW) ratio of 300 x is similar to that previously reported in patients receiving total hip replacement arthoplasties. However, the cobalt elevation, twentyfold for a SA/BW ratio of 300 x, has not been previously observed. These serum concentration changes are as yet unexplained, but are probably not due to fibrous capsule maturation or alloy repassivation.
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    In situ immunoradiometric assay of fibrinogen adsorbed to artificial surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 547-559 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in situ immunoradiometric assay was devised to quantitate human fibrinogen deposited on hemodialysis membrane, Cuprophane, from in vitro exposure to fibrinogen solution and from ex vivo extracorporally clinical use. The method requires a monospecific 125I-labeled antifibrinogen-IgG purified by DEAE chromatography and immunoadsorption. The labeled antifibrinogen IgG was shown to react specifically with fibrinogen adsorbed and immobilized (by glutaraldehyde) on Cuprophane. Other plasma proteins such as human albumin, IgG, or α-thrombin, adsorbed singly or coadsorbed with fibrinogen on the surface did not seem to affect the fibrinogen-antifibrinogen reaction. The presence of blood cells such as platelets and granulocytes with fibrinogen on Cuprophane reduced only slightly the uptake of 125I-antifibrinogen-IgG. The examination of fibrinogen-fibrin deposition on clinically used Cuprophane by this technique and by autoradiography of the same material following 125I-antifibrinogen-IgG conjugation indicated that the deposition of fibrinogen was heavy and heterogeneous. We concluded that this in situ method may be useful to monitor fibrinogen-fibrin deposition and adsorption of other plasma proteins that occur under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions.
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    The healing of hamster skin ulcers treated with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl blue) (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 601-607 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of a commercially available n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl blueTri-Hawk International, 1570 Barré, Montréal, H4L 4M6 Quebec.) as a local treatment for cutaneous ulcers. Two ulcers, approximately 0.5 cm2 each, were made on the backs of 30 hamsters. The right side was covered with a thin film of tissue adhesive, while the left side was left untreated as a control. Animals were sacrificed at various times post-operatively, the tissue excised, processed, and examined with the light microscope. Results showed that cyanoacrylate decreased the inflammatory exudate early in the experiment, and epithelial migration occurred slightly earlier in experimental tissue. Scab formation was absent in experimental sites until the layer of adhesive was lost. After 2 days, healing was comparable in both experimental and control, and the sites were indistinguishable histologically at day 5.
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  • 35
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180601
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  • 36
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    Cytocompatibility of albuminated polyester fabrics (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 895-909 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An alternative to the usual technique of preclotting porous textile vascular prostheses prior to surgical implantation is to render them impermeable to blood by impregnation with a cross-linked albumin filler matrix. This material subsequently becomes the foundation for cellular development. The compatibility of such impregnated fabrics with newly formed endothelial cells has been evaluated by an in vitro organotypic culture method. This technique enables the characterization and numeration of cells that develop on blood contact surfaces and enables determination of their rate of development. Woven, knitted, and velour fabrics were evaluated folllowing coating with albumin and either storage in Tyrode solution or 40% ethanol or desiccation by critical point drying. Preclotted cardiovascular repair fabrics prepared according to conventional surgical protocol served as controls. The identification of the newly formed cells was confirmed histologically. The most extensive and rapid cellular development was observed on the woven fabric and is believed may have resulted from the smoother surface topography of this substrate. Good cellular development was noted particularly on fabrics which had been stored in Tyrode solution. Ethanol had a deleterious effect on the apparent compatibility.
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    Adsorption and reactivity of human prothrombin to artificial surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 695-705 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Human prothrombin in Tyrode's solution, in mock plasma (albumin, fibrinogen, and IgG mixture), and in citrated plasma adsorbs to Cuprophane, polyvinylchloride, and polyacrylonitrile surfaces. The adsorption of prothrombin is maximal in Tyrode's solution and minimal in plasma. The surface concentrations of prothrombin are highest on polyacrylonitrile, second on polyvinylchloride, and lowest on Cuprophane at all prothrombin concentrations tested in the bulk solution. Qualitative tests show that prothrombin adsorbed to polyvinylchloride can be activated by Taipan snake venom to generate thrombin that clots fibrinogen. However, more quantitative tests indicate that only part of the adsorbed prothrombin on all three materials can be activated to form thrombin exhibiting amidolytic activity. The partial reactivity of adsorbed prothrombin is further confirmed by release of 125I-peptide from surface bound 125I-prothrombin after treatment with Australian Taipan snake venom. Prothrombin bound to Cuprophane seems to promote granulocyte adhesion, but has no effect on platelet adhesion.
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    Toxic reactions evoked by glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium and cardiac valve tissue bioprosthesis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 727-736 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bovine pericardial tissue and tissue-derived bioprosthesis fixed in glutaraldehyde and stored in either glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde can induce cytotoxic reactions even after prolonged washing due to the slow leaching of the chemicals used for crosslinking and sterilizing. Sequential rinsing for up to 60 min was still not sufficient to eliminate cytotoxic effects. On the other hand, satisfactory results were obtained when cardiac valves made from glutaraldehyde fixed pericardium were stored in a solution containing 0.02% of propyl-hydroxy-benzoate and 0.18% methyl-hydroxy-benzoate. The valves stored in this solution and rinsed three times for 1 min in normal saline showed few signs of residual cytotoxicity. Rinsing in a solution containing glycine was partially effective in neutralizing the cytotoxic effect, and this or similar approaches offer good possibilities. The use of Chang cells grown in culture provides an excellent quantitative assay for the assessment of residual cytotoxicity and for evaluating the host response to different methods of fixation, storage, and rinsing of tissue derived bioprosthesis.
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    The influence of dentine on the in vitro cytotoxicity testing of dental restorative materials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 771-779 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Few in vitro systems for testing dental restorative materials have taken into account the protection afforded by the residual dentine in vivo. In turn opinions differ as to whether an increase in residual dentine thickness increases this protection. In this study an increase in the depth of dentine powder beneath zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) reduced its toxicity, while this was not the case with the glass ionomer cement. Compaction of the powder had no effect, suggesting that protection was due to binding of the toxicant to the dentine rather than it acting as a physical barrier. Protein was shown to be very important in moderating the cytotoxicity of ZOE. These results suggest that in vivo the irritancy of some materials may be related to the depth of residual dentine but not others. The effect of exposure period and volume of these materials on their cytotoxicity was also investigated. Increasing the volume of ZOE while retaining the same surface area increased the toxicity of ZOE, while with the glass ionomer it had no effect.
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    Molecular weight characterization of virgin and explanted polyester arterial prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 881-894 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macromolecular properties of 17 virgin commercial arterial prostheses and a series of explanted prostheses, both manufactured from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yarns, have been studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Only small differences were found between the average molecular weights and the degree of crystallinity of the unused reference grafts. A broadening of the DSC curves was observed for the prostheses containing texturized yarns compared with those made solely from flat, untexturized yarns. This broadening may be due to greater heterogeneity of the crystal sizes caused by the texturizing process and to the use of two or more different yarns with dissimilar thermal histories in the same prosthesis. Average molecular weights of the explant series were significantly lower than those of the corresponding reference grafts but almost time independent. The polydispersity index and the degree of crystallinity of the explants remained constant as a function of time. These results are discussed in regard to others available in the literature.
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    In vivo biocompatibility studies. V. In vivo leukocyte interactions with biomerR. E. Marchant received the Student's Award for this manuscript from the Society for Biomaterials, 1984, Washington, DC. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1169-1190 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A cage implant system was utilized to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize in vivo leukocyte interactions with cast Biomer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with cytochemical staining procedures were used to investigate the cellular events at the leukocyte/Biomer interface as well as in the inflammatory exudate over a 21-day implantation period. SEM was used to characterize leukocyte morphology on the Biomer surface and the cytochemical stains were used to differentially count leukocytes and to demonstrate intracellular alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that the population density of leukocytes on the Biomer surface diminished with implantation time. The population density of multinucleated foreign body giant cells remained constant with time, while the numbers of nuclei per giant cell increased. The differential analysis revealed that macrophages preferentially adhered to the Biomer surface compared to other leukocytes in the exudate. The phagocytic capability of all adherent leukocytes, including giant cells, decreased with time and this corresponded to changes in leukocyte morphology observed with SEM.
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    Materials, clinical and morphological evaluation of custom-made bioreactive-glass-coated canine hip prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1017-1030 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bioreactive-glass-coated hip prostheses were implanted in dogs for periods of time ranging from 3 to 17 months. The prostheses were tailor-made for each animal through the use of standard radiographs. However, such a procedure does not necessarily yield a close apposition between the glass layer and bone. As a result, the initial stability of the component can be lost before bone bonding is established. Secondary to this phenomenon, the micromotion can lead to a continuous disruption of the top film on the glass despite the evidence of various reaction layers on the glass surface.
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    Determination of extractable methylene dianiline in thermoplastic polyurethanes by HPLC (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 961-968 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyurethanes are finding increasing utilization in biomedical applications. Recently, the reported finding of methylene dianiline (4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, MDA) in the aqueous extracts of autoclaved 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanatebased polyurethanes promoted our investigation of the origin and extent of extractable methylene dianiline in polyurethanes. A high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure using precolumn derivatization is utilized to selectively monitor the appearance of this diamine in the aqueous extracts of polyurethanes subjected to water immersion, heat aging, and various sterilization techniques. No MDA was found in the aqueous extracts of the treated polyurethane except for the case of prolonged steam autoclaving. The appearance of 3-5 ppb MDA in the extract under these conditions is attributed to hydrolysis of the polymer. The stability of the polyurethanes under most conditions renders these materials useful in biomedical applications.
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    The binding of metal salts and corrosion products to cells and proteins in vitroThis paper was presented in part at the seventh annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1981. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1005-1015 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The binding of metal ions from salts and from corrosion products of 316 LVM stainless steel and MP-35 to blood cells and serum proteins was studied in vitro. In the first series of experiments, metal salts were added to whole blood and then the blood separated into red cells, white cells, and serum. Nickel from nickel chloride or corrosion products of stainless steel bound in very small quantities to blood cells. Cobalt from cobalt chloride bound to both red cells and white cells. Chromium from chromic chloride (Cr3+) bound to cells in very small quantities whereas chromium from potassium dichromate (Cr6+) and corrosion products showed very high to binding to red cells and some binding to white cells. In a second series of experiments the blood was separated into its components and then the metal salts were added and the binding pattern was identical. In a third series of experiments serum which had interacted with the metal salts or corrosion products was separated into its components by isolectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Almost all of the metal, whatever the source, was detected in the albumin region of the gels indicating strong binding to albumin. These studies on the cell and protein binding of the metals help to explain the dissemination of corrosion products from the site of the implant and subsequent systemic responses by some individuals.
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    Polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. II. Evaluation of albuminated polyester grafts stored in ethanol (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1059-1072 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In an attempt to find an alternative procedure to the preclotting of porous textile vascular prostheses, the feasibility of an albumin coating and ethanol preservation technique has been evaluated by implanting albuminated polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. Nine different grafts representing woven, knitted, and velour constructions were implanted for periods ranging from 4 h to 6 months. At the sacrifice, the grafts were excized for measurement of the thrombogenicity of the flow surface, for pathological examination by light microscopy and SEM, and for quantifying the changes in the textile structure during implantation. Also the kidneys were removed and examined for infarcts caused by trapped circulating emboli. The healing characteristics of the nine different grafts proved similar and followed the same sequence of events as preclotted control grafts. The albumin coating and ethanol preservation resulted in a somewhat slower rate of healing. Yet, given sufficient time, a more completely healed graft was achieved as evidenced by the presence of endothelial-like cells throughout the length of the graft. In addition, the albumin is believed to reinforce the textile structure by reducing the tendency to stretch and dilate in vivo.
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    The antithrombotic effect of prostaglandin E1 immobilized on albuminated polymer matrix (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1115-1124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: For intravascular implantation, a biofunctional surface seems to retard surface thrombosis upon synthetic materials. Prostaglandins, like PGI2, PGE1, and PGD2, etc., are believed to stimulate membrane-bound adenyl cyclase and thereby raise intracellular levels of c-AMP within platelets, which inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation. A new procedure is suggested for the immobilization of prostaglandin E1 on an albuminated polymer matrix, through glutaraldehyde coupling. Materials thus prepared show dramatic antiplatelet effects, with regard to platelet adhesion, when compared with albumin-immobilized surfaces. The affinity of various modified surfaces toward platelet adhesion is studied, using washed platelets suspended in Tyrode's solution. Octane contact angle studies are used to develop an understanding of the varied nature of bound substrates at equilibrium on polymer surfaces. These are studied at the solid/liquid interface, which is closest to in vivo conditions. The plasma recalcification time demonstrates the anticoagulant properties of various surfaces. A possible role of PGE1 in reducing platelet activity in the presence and absence of vitamin C is discussed. This technique may be used in the development of nonthrombogenic surfaces on existing biomedical polymers. Simultaneous pharmaceutical modification of the blood with vitamin C may enhance the blood compatibility of the surface.
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    Fatigue properties of implant materials in hip prosthesis form: A standardized test (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 45-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The determination of the fatigue properties on small specimens is not accurate. It does not take into account the considerable scatter in fatigue properties which may arise in the implants. Therefore, testing of the properties on the actual implant is needed. The working hypothesis of the present article is that four-point bending fatigue tests allow determination of the fatigue limit of the femoral component material in total hip prostheses. It eliminates the disadvantages of the previously proposed load on head test because (1) the reproducibility of the stress pattern is easy; (2) the fatigue testing is over the whole critical part of the stem; and (3) the stresses do not change during the test. Testing of a series of hip prostheses shows that (1) the measured fatigue limit is typical for the material tested; (2) the location of the fatigue fractures is over the critical medial third of the stem; and (3) the fractographic aspects correspond to those of in vivo failed prostheses. The four-point bending procedure is proposed as a standard method.
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    Preliminary report on the osteogenic potential of a biodegradable copolymer of polyactide (PLA) and polyglycolide (PGA) (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 71-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A biodegradable copolymer of 50 polylactide:50 polyglycolide was prepared for implantation into experimentally created osseous defects in the tibias of 25 rats. Similarly prepared defects were made in the humeri of the same rats and these defects did not receive copolymer implants. Upon sacrifice, both the implant treated and untreated sites of the experimentally produced osseous defects were evaluated by gross appearance and by histomorphometric examination using a Zeiss Videoplan Image Analysis System with Osteoplan (version 4.1). The animals were evaluated in groups of five at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days. When compared with bony defects that were not treated with the biocompatible, biodegradable copolymer implant, the implant sites displayed an accelerated rate of healing at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days (p 〈 0.001). A similar healing response rate, however, was observed at 42 days (p 〈 0.25-0.1). No adverse host tissue responses were observed histologically.
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    Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive in the repair of osteochondral fractures (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vivo evaluation of isobuty 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive was done in an effort to answer two questions: Used in limited amounts, can this monomer maintain the reduction of an unstable intra-articular osteochondral fracture while allowing for fracture healing around the sites of adhesive placement? Used in limited amounts, in this monomer toxic to adjacent viable bone? Osteochondral fractures were created in 32 dog knees. In 16 knees, the fracture reduction was secured with three small drops of adhesive placed around the periphery of the fracture surface. In 16 control knees no adhesive was used. Eighty-one percent of the fractures in the adhesive-treated group united compared to 56% of the control group. Although the difference in number of fractures that healed in the two groups is not definitely statistically significant and no conclusion was drawn as to effectiveness of the adhesive, osseous healing was noted to proceed around the sites of adhesive placement and the monomer appeared nontoxic to adjacent bone.
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    Polymer analogs of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid and their pharmacological activity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polymer analogs of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid (BPh) were prepared, representing esters of BPh with three polymer alcohols: poly(vinyl alcohol) (P-I), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P-II), and poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate) (P-III). Their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by testing their inhibitory effect on the growth of edema in the hind legs of rats. The relative activities of the esters P-I-BPh and P-II-BPh with respect to that of BPh are 0.06 and 0.10, respectively. In the case of P-III-BPh the activity is stronger (0.37), probably owing to the easier release of BPh from P-III-BPh due to hydrolysis. No prolonged effect of BPh polymeric esters could be achieved.
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    Ultrastructural observations of cells at the interface of a biodegradable polymer: Polyglactin 910 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 185-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructure of cells at the interface with an implanted biodegradable polymer, Polyglactin 910. Various stages of implantation were observed from 1 day to 63 days, when absorption of the polymer was essentially complete. Events occurring at the interface include initial adhesion of macrophages on the implant surface; phagocytosis of wound debris; and subsequent erosion, invasion, and phagocytosis of the polymer by macrophages and giant cells. A vascular perfusion technique for fixation of the polymer sites implanted in soft tissue is also described.
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    A novel process for the manufacturing of porous grafts: Process description and product evaluation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 229-247 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A novel process has been developed for the manufacture of porous vascular grafts from solutions or melts of polymers. It allows the manufacture of grafts with controllable porosity, pore size, and mechanical properties. In this process, the polymer melt or polymer solution is extruded through fine orifices; the fibers are then fibers are then stretched and wound on a rotating mandril. Fiber-fiber bonding takes place, resulting in the formation of stable porous tubes. The effects of the process variables on the physical properties of the resulting graft have been studied and preliminary in vivo evaluation in dogs has demonstrated graft patency with a thin, stable neointima in both small (4 mm) and large (10 mm) caliber configurations.
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    Analysis of deposits on high water content contact lenses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 261-274 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Deposits on soft contact lenses of high water content were investigated morphologically and chemically and compared with those on conventional soft contact lenses of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The material of the lenses examined in this investigation was the crosslinked copolymer of methyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone with a water content higher than 70%. Morphologically, the deposits on the lenses with high water content were found to have no characteristics distinguishable from those on conventional lenses. By the electron microscopic observation of the cross section of a lens that had become opaque, it was confirmed that the deposit was on the lens surface and that no deposit was within the lens. Some spots on the lenses were recognized as colonies of microorganisms, but the majority of the spots had no involvement by microorganisms. Surface analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) confirmed that the main component of the filmy deposit was protein. Protein was detected in most of the deposits. The amino acid compositions of the proteins were found to be close to that of lysozyme. From the elemental analysis of several spots, silicon, aluminum, iron, and some other elements were detected. The structural analysis of some spots by a laser Raman microprobe (MOLE) revealed the existence of lipids. In several cases, the deposits were found to have grown around a defect of the lens surface. A mechanism for the formation of deposits is suggested.
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    Strength testing of dental stone: A comparison of compressive, tensile, transverse, and shear strength tests (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 293-299 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The strength of two dental stones under three standard test regimens and two novel testing modes is reported. It was found under all test regimens that the water/powder ratio significantly affected the strength of the two gypsum products in a similar manner. It was established that the new central fulcrum loading mode gave strength data directly relatable to that determined in the conventional transverse strength test which requires larger test specimens.
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    Surface modification and characterization of some commonly used catheter materials. II. Friction characterizationSubmitted by P. T. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree in Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 149-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of the modification of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), silicone rubber (SR), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) copolymer by radio frequency glow discharge in a helium environment were presented in part I. The hydrated polymer surfaces were characterized by XPS, SEM, visual microscopy, and by contact angle measurements. In general, exposure of the polymers to RFGD produced an oxidized hydrophilic surface, yet the roughness of the surface was unaltered by the relatively mild plasma conditions used. In this article, the frictional behavior of oxidized and unoxidized SR, PE, and FEP in distilled water, isotonic saline, and blood plasma environments is examined experimentally. The results are discussed in relation to the properties generally believed to affect frictional phenomena and to the surface properties as determined in part I. Results indicate that RFGD-treated SR generates less friction than untreated SR when dragged across all untreated and treated polymer surfaces, whether the medium is distilled water or an isotonic saline solution. Friction is consistently lower in a blood plasma medium between all surfaces investigated, most probably because of the presence of adsorbed proteins at the polymer interfaces.
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    Relationship between release rate and surface concentration for heparinized materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 509-518 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models are used to predict surface concentrations that result from the release of heparin into flowing blood and stagnant or well-mixed plasma. Two release rates - 4 × 10-2 and 3 × 10-5 μg/cm2 min-are considered, which describe elution from an ionically heparinized material and from an immobilized heparin-PVA hydrogel, respectively. When heparin is released at the higher rate into blood flowing in cylindrical tubes with dimensions characteristic of the vasculature, or annular tubes representative of catheter experiments, a minium surface concentration of 0.5 μg/mL is attained virtually at the tube inlet. Release at the lower rate requires tube lengths of several thousand meters to attain the same critical value. Similarly, heparin released from a suspension of beads at the higher rate leads to critical surface concentrations of 0.2 μg/mL within a fraction of a second in stagnant plasma, or ca. 5 s in a well-mixed environment. At the lower release rate, 45 or 100 min must elapse before the same level is achieved. These results support the validity of 4 × 10-2 μg/cm2 min as a reasonable minimum release rate to produce a heparin microenvironment sufficient to prevent thrombosis. The lower rate is shown to be insufficient to generate a critical concentration, thus supporting the argument that heparin-PVA does not owe its biological activity to a heparin microenvironment. The model equations can be applied to the release of any material to determine surface concentrations.
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 559-559 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170314
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    Mass transfer rates in hemodialyzers-An empirical correlation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 561-570 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: From the experimental data on the rates of urea transfer from blood to dialysate in a test hemodialyzer, a practical equation for the effect of the hematocrit on the blood-phase urea transfer coefficient is proposed. With this equation, the overall mass transfer coefficient that takes into account the properties of the blood can be estimated for the commercially available disposable flat membrane-type and hollow fiber-type hemodialyzers from the data for a relatively simple dialysate-dialysate system.
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    A newly prepared surface-treated oxystarch for removal of urea (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 597-612 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There is an urgent need to develop an efficient technique to remove urea from the blood or gastrointestinal tract of uremic patients. Activated charcoals have a low sorption capacity for urea although they effectively remove other uremic toxic substances. To provide an urea-reactive adsorbent, a chemically modified oxystarch with albumin or gelatin has been prepared. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis demonstrate that the reaction of a small amount of protein (albumin or gelatin) with oxystarch has taken place possibly by chemical combination. The influence of the dialdehyde content of the oxystarch on urea sorption, its sorption isotherm, and the adsorption rates have been investigated. It was found that the swelling factor of the oxystarch is closely related to the sorption activity under physiological conditions (pH 7.2-7.4 at 37°C). Adsorption studies have shown that sorption capacity is increased by surface treatment and can reach 6-8.2 g urea/kg-dried adsorbent (initial urea concentration was 70 mg/dL). The oxystarch had 49.2% of glucose unit oxidized and was surface treated with albumin. These results suggest that the newly prepared surface-treated oxystarch would be utilized as an effective chemisorbent for urea removal under physiological conditions.
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    Comments on the origin of platelet deposition1 and on cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces2 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 375-381 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170213
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 393-393 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170217
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    Creep rupture behavior of polypropylene suture material and its applications as a time-release mechanismPresented in part at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials in conjunction with the Thirteenth Annual International Biomaterials Symposium, Troy, NY, May 28-31, 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 411-425 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The controlled failure of polypropylene (PP) sutures is studied via creep rupture tests. From plots of log time (tB) vs. stress (σ), linear relationships are generated over the failure times of 1-1000 h. Results show that as a function of stress, the time dependence varies with irradiation dose (15, 20, 25, and 50 Mrad), irradiation atmosphere (air and vacuum), suture diameter (7-0, 6-0, 5-0, and 4-0), and test temperature (26 and 37°C). For a given stress, the time to failure is least for the greatest dose in the presence of air and at the highest temperature. When suture loops are wrapped around a small wire sheave, however, failure occurs in the largest suture as much as two decades sooner than the smallest suture studied. Within the limitations stated herein, they are independent of test method, loop diameter, aging, and humidity. Consequently, after irradiation in vacuum and postirradiation heat treatment, the processed material may be stored at room temperature for at least 1 month. Such materials are advocated when the time release of a dental or medical device is required, for example, in the self-activating cleft palate appliance.
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    In vivo and in vitro studies of the stress-corrosion cracking behavior of surgical implant alloys (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 467-487 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Behavior of implant alloys exposed simultaneously to tensile stresses and corrosion environments has been examined. In the in vivo studies, a stainless steel and a titanium alloy exhibited cracklike freatures when loaded to the yield stress σy and implanted for 16 weeks. A cobalt-chromium alloy stressed beyond σy exhibited them in plastically deformed areas. A cobalt-chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy appeared to be immune. In vitro samples loaded to various stress levels were immersed in Ringer's solution at 37°C. Half of them were subjected to applied anodic potentials; the remaining control group was not. The applied potentials were dc potentials of magnitude similar to those generated by bioelectric effects. No attempt was made to duplicate time dependence or wave forms. Cracklike features were observed in the stainless steel and in the titanium alloy loaded to or beyond σy and polarized for 38 weeks. None were observed below σy. For the controls, no cracklike features were observed at any stress level after 53 1/2 weeks. Polarization measurements and potential versus time measurements were performed to study possible mechanisms for crack propagation. These investigations suggest that the in vivo corrosion environment is more severe than a 37°C Ringer's solution because of the influence of both bioelectric effects and organic constituents. The implications of these studies for the performance of prosthetic devices is discussed.
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    Dispersion and polar surface free energies of human enamel (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 637-641 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In this study, the dispersion (γsd) and polar (γsp) surface free energies of human enamel with and without an acquired enamel pellicle and of crystalline hydroxyapatite were determined from contact angle measurements. The results show that γsp is strongly influenced by the presence of a pellicle; the total surface free energy (γs) is considerably smaller for enamel with an acquired pellicle than for enamel without an acquired pellicle. Enamel without an acquired enamel pellicle shows surface free energies comparable with those of crystalline hydroxyapatite.
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    Self-sanitizing soft denture liners: Paradoxical results (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 731-734 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170415
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    Biodegradation behavior of various calcium phosphate materials in bone tissue (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 769-784 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to study the biodegradation behavior of calcium phosphate materials, cylinders of standard size were implanted in the tibiae of rabbits. Material parameters were stoichiometry (hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 versus tricalcium phosphate with a Ca/P ratio of 1.50), crystallographic structure (apatite versus β-whitlockite), microporosity, and macroporosity. The extent of biodegradation was evaluated by radiography, light and fluorescence microscopy, microradiography, and porosity measurements. All calcium phosphate materials were biocompatible in bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite ceramics had a higher osteogenic potential than β-whitlockite materials. Depending on their porosities, sintered tricalciumphosphate (β-whitlockite) materials were more or less biodegradable, in contrast to sintered hydroxyapatite materials, which showed no detectable resorption over a period of 9 months of implantation.
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    Osteoinduction within porous polysulfone implants at extraosseous sites using demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 793-806 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine if bone induction could occur in implants of porous polysulfone (PPSF) impregnated with particles of demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (DABM). DABM-PPSF composites were fabricated by inserting DABM particles into PPSF specimens. The porous implants were produced by sintering polysulfone particles (850-1180 μm in diameter). DABM particles were prepared by demineralizing rat cortical bone in 0.6N HCl at 4°C for 18-24 h. A composite DABM-PPSF specimen and three “controls” were implanted subcutaneously at abdominal sites in 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The three controls were whole DABM (4 × 4 × 1 mm), particulate DABM (1 × 1 × 1 mm), and porous polysulfone (5 × 5 × 1 mm). Microradiographic and histological evaluation of DABM-PPSF composites revealed chondrogenesis within the pores of the specimens at 10 days, followed by ossification and fatty marrow production at 21 and 43 days. This histological sequence was similar to that seen with DABM controls. The tissue response to porous polysulfone did not prevent the osteoinductive process. These results suggest that an osteoinductive material such as DABM may be useful in augmenting the implantation of porous implants at osseous sites in which the potential for bone regeneration is limited.
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    Retrieval analysis of total knee prostheses: A method and its application to 48 total condylar prosthesesRead in part at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 829-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A technique for the classification and quantification of damage in retrieved total knee prostheses is presented and applied to the examination of 48 removed total condylar-type knee replacements. The technique involves inspection of all metallic and polyethylene components for evidence of gross deformation, fracture, and damage to articulating surfaces. A grading system was developed to quantitate surface damage on polyethylene components. Results of the examinations are combined with patient variables (weight, activity level, radiographic findings, time of implantation, and results of histology performed on surrounding tissue) to determine correlations between clinical variables and the mechanical damage experienced by the prostheses. For the 48 total condylar-type prostheses, significant positive correlations were found for the surface damage correlated with the patient's weight and the time the prosthesis was implanted.
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    Macroporous hydrogel membranes for a hybrid artificial pancreas. II. Biocompatibility (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 865-871 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A histological evaluation of the biocompatibility of a new porous hydrogel membrane made of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) was performed. Isolated membranes and diffusion chambers made of this material and filled with rabbit pancreas were implanted in diabetic rats for periods of up to 8 1/2 months. Histologic evaluation showed that this polymer elicits minimal tissue reaction within the first 7 weeks but some increase in granulation tissue and fibrosis thereafter. A component of this tissue reaction is neovascularization, and many blood vessels were noted immediately adjacent to the membrane's surface. Calcification of the membrane was also progressive but could be minimized by formulations resulting in the incorporation of acid groups throughout the hydrogel and on its surface. Diffusion chambers made of this new material show promise for use in a “hybrid” artificial pancreas for the treatment of diabetes.
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    The development of modified denture base materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 885-898 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This work has been undertaken in an attempt to develop improved materials for the construction of dentures. In particular, a material was sought that would combine radiopacity with high impact resistance. Eight particulate radiopaque glasses were prepared and incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base material, and the properties of the resultant composites were measured. Experiments were also carried out with glass fiber fillers, which were found to increase impact strength. It was shown that the incorporation of both a particulate radiopaque glass and glass fiber, 20% of each, yielded composites with improved properties.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170601
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    The electro-osmotic actuation of implantable insulin micropumps (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 931-943 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study using an electro-osmotic cell suitable for actuating an implantable insulin micropump showed that controlled variable flow rates in the order of 0.2 mL/day are possible. The cell functioned continuously with low energy and power requirements and long service life. The principle of operation is compatible with achieving the very low flow rates necessary if highly concentrated insulin is to be used to avoid frequent insulin reservoir refilling. An electro-osmotic cell, Ag/ AgCl/NaCl(aq)/ cation exchange membrane/NaCl(aq)/ AgCl/ Ag, was connected to a constant current power supply which reversed the direction of the current every 10 mins causing a to-and-fro transport of fluid through the membrane. Flow rates of 0.15-0.60 μL/min were achieved with currents of 2.5-10 mA. At the low flow rate, energy consumption was 6.4 × 10-2 J/μL and peak power requirement was 〈2.0 × 10-4 W. Fluid was transported against a pressure gradient of 52 cm Hg. The cell contained a total electrolyte volume of 〈0.25 mL. The membrane showed no change in properties after 10,000 current reversals (69 days). To function as an actuator for an implantable insulin micropump, the electro-osmotic cell requires a switching and valving assembly; a suitable design for this is briefly considered.
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    Platelet adhesion onto microcapsule membranes with different degrees of sulfonation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 959-971 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Microcapsules having different numbers of sulfonic acid groups on their surfaces were prepared by the interfacial polycondensation method. Platelets adhered to these capsules, and the rate and degree of platelet adhesion were found to be remarkable on those microcapsules that had high surface charge compared to those with low surface charge. This trend was strengthened by the coating of the capsules with plasma, while the electrophoretic mobilities of the plasma-coated capsules showed a considerable reduction and no appreciable difference between the respective mobilities could be observed. This trend suggest that the adsorption of plasma components on microcapsules, and not their surface negative charge, affected platelet adhesiveness directly. In connection with the glycosyl transferase hypothesis, the adsorption pattern and its effect on platelet adhesion of albumin, γ-globulin, and fibrinogen were examined. The protein adsorption pattern varied depending on both the type of protein and the magnitude of negative charge on the microcapsule surface, but its effect on platelet adhesion was not fully consistent with the glycosyl transferase hypothesis. It was concluded from the findings that the surface negative charge of the capsules strongly affected the composition, molecular orientation, and/or configuration of the adsorbed plasma components, which probably induced the differences in platelet adhesiveness depending on the magnitude of surface negative charge of the microcapsules.
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    Degradative analysis of glass ionomer polyelectrolyte cements (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1015-1027 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As part of a detailed investigation of the setting mechanisms of dental polyelectrolyte cements, the Al3+, Ca2+, and Na+ concentrations in the matrix phase of glass ionomer cements were measured as a function of the cements age by use of a selective degradation technique. In the early stages of cement formation, all three cations were rapidly released from the glass, and it is in-ferred that both Ca2+ and Al3+ are responsible for gelation. Even after 5 × 104 min, the reaction was incomplete and still continuing.
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    The effect of gamma irradiation on the enzymatic degradation of polyglycolic acid absorbable sutures (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1029-1040 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of γ irradiation on the enzymatic as well as the in vivo degradation of polyglycolic acid sutures. The sutures of size 2-0 were irradiated at dosage levels of 0-20 mrad. The three enzymes chosen for this study, were esterase, α-chymotrypsin, and trypsin. The irradiated sutures were both immersed in the enzyme solutions, their corresponding buffer controls, and implanted in inbred black-and-white hooded hister rats (Liverpool strain). The degradation of PGA sutures was determined mechanically. Among the three enzymes studied, esterase showed the highest enzymatic effect on the degradation of the unirradiated and irradiated PGA sutures. Trypsin's effect on PGA sutures was not observed until 20 mrad. The findings of trypsin demonstrated the hypothesis that synthetic high molecular weight polymers, which are initially resistant to enzymatic degradation, could become prone to enzymatic attack after altering their physical and chemical structures. Implanted PGA sutures maintained a similar or slightly higher mean tensile breaking strength in in vivo degradation compared to in vitro degradation (0.1M tris buffer of pH = 7.5); these degradation profiles suggest that PGA does not display similar behavior in in vivo and in vitro degradations. The magnitude of dissimilarity depends on the radiation dosage and on the duration of degradation, and is speculated to be attributable to the specific action of enzymes with respect to the con-figuration and chemical structure of the PGA sutures.
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    Announcements (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1089-1091 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170616
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    Compressive strength of implanted porous replamineform hydroxyapatite (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 39-45 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous replamineform hydroxyapatite is a nontoxic, nonallergenic synthetic ceramic currently under investigation as an implant for restoration of atrophic edentulous ridges. Previous studies have demonstrated its capacity to permit the ingrowth of bone into its pores. Evaluation of the material was carried out to determine its eventual compressive strength following implantation. Bony penetration results in a significant increase in strength, judged to be sufficient for support of dentures.
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    Long-term compressive creep deformation and damage in acrylic bone cements (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Compressive creep tests were performed on five commercially available acrylic bone cements under conditions simulating in vivo usage. Measured creep strains are quite large, generally exceeding elastic strains. Large variations in creep response were noted among the various cements, with a carbon-reinforced cement by far the most resistant to creep. The empirical model ∊ = a exp(bσ)tn was found to predict creep strains within about 10% of the measured values. Microscopic examination of some specimens after testing revealed significant cracking, resulting from long-term loading, that could be a contributing cause of time-dependent failure.
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    Isolation of serum protein organometallic corrosion products from 316LSS and HS-21 in vitro and in vivo (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 99-114 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation into blood-borne organometallic compounds that arise from the corrosion of metals used in orthopedic prosthetic devices was conducted using an in vivo rat model with an implantation time of 10 days and an in vitro human serum model with an incubation time of 5 days. Both models involved 316LSS and HS-21Haynes Stellite 21: Stellite Division of Cobalt Corporation, Kokomo, Indiana (An alloy of very similar composition to ASTM F-75) in the spherical powder form of 55 ± 5 μm microns in diameter at three different surface areas to body weight ratios. Gel chromatography on cross-linked dextran (G-200) was used to fractionate the serum proteins which bound the metal ions (chromium, cobalt, and nickel) released and identify them. Atomic-absorption-spectrophotometry analysis measured the concentration of the metal ions in each serum protein peak as well as whole serum from both models, and red cell and tissue from the in vivo model. Within the serum proteins, the metal ions were bound to two of the principal serum protein peaks. Similar distributions of the metals among the serum protein peaks were not noted.
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    Letters to the editor (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 123-125 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180112
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    Histological evaluation of porous titanium cardiac pacemaker electrode tips (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 47-60 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation of the tissue reaction to five porous titanium alloy pacemaker electrode tips inserted in sheep hearts was made. Attachment of the electrode tips to the endocardial wall was facilitated by fibrous tissue ingrowth into the porous material. Vascularized fibrocollagenous tissue was found within the pores of the tips. One tip was found to be infected. The presence of occasional multinucleated foreign-body giant cells within the porosity was related to the particulate features of the porous tip. The electrode tips had a reduced sensing impedance compared with conventional solid platinum tips. The present findings are consistent with previous observations relating to porous cobalt-chromium alloy and porous platinum-iridium alloy tips and suggest that porous titanium alloy may be a suitable pacemaker electrode tip material.
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    The glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine aortic valve xenograft. II. Effect of fixation with or without pressure on the tensile viscoelastic properties of the leaflet material (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 79-98 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have examined the tensile viscoelastic properties of circumferential and radial strips of porcine aortic valve leaflets following fixation in glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, with or without pressure. After aldehyde treatment, the radial strips remained weaker and less stiff than circumferential strips and responded slightly differently to the treatment. After fixation, with or without pressure, the radial strips showed large changes in stress-strain and hysteresis responses due to initial loading, and there was a twofold reduction in tensile strength and final stiffness. For strips in both directions, fixation without pressure produced doubled extensibility and a ramping stress-strain curve. Permanent (plastic) deformation of 5-20% occurred as a result of cyclic loading, stress relaxation, and creep experiments. Pressure fixation, however, produced little change in stress-strain results other than a simple shift to lower strain and produced no plasticity. Both methods of fixation reduced stress relaxation and creep. Mechanical test results are consistent with a loss of ground substance matrix during fixation. Reductions in tensile strength after fixation may be due to “riveting” of collagen geometry, producing local stress concentrations.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180201
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    Editorial (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180202
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    On the true wear rate of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the total knee prosthesis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 207-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to assess the magnitude of the true wear of the polyethylene components of several total knee replacements. Five different prostheses were tested by total joint simulation for the equivalent of 1 month of use. The true wear rates of the tibial components were measured by quantitative recovery of the polyethylene debris. After testing, the tibial components were examined in the scanning electron microscope, and the molecular weight distributions were analyzed. The wear rates were found to range from 0.3 to 1.8 mg per month. The soluble fraction molecular weights ranged from 179,000 to 393,000 with 53-78% soluble. The wear rates, significantly larger than those observed for total hip prostheses, are dominated by the high contact stresses in these prostheses. The wear results in dimensional changes, which are of the same order of magnitude as those due to creep. The debris had two components: fine fibrous particles, found in all cases, and coarse granules, found when the wear rate is relatively high. Evidence for fatigue cracking was found at the surfaces of the tibial component with the highest wear rate. This behavior is consistent with other investigations of the material itself and indicates that continuous deterioration of the polyethylene should be expected in this class of prosthesis.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180301
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    Reduction in complement activation from biomaterials by removal of air nuclei from the surface roughness (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 255-269 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The activation of the rabbit complement system by each of three different synthetic materials is reported. Samples of each type of material were subjected to one of two different priming procedures. One priming procedure was intended to remove the air nuclei from the surface roughness of the materials; the other procedure was just the normal one. It was found that the removal of the air nuclei during priming reduced the complement activation by each of the two materials of lower surface tension, but not by a statistically significant amount for the material of highest surface tension, cellophane. For the denucleated samples of the three materials, the amount of complement activation was found to correlate with the critical surface tension of the materials; if the samples of the materials were normally primed, there was no correlation of the amount of complement activation with the critical surface tension of the material.
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    In vivo biocompatibility studies. II. Biomer: Preliminary cell adhesion and surface characterization studies (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 309-315 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Streaming potential and streaming current measurements to estimate surface conduction and electric double layer structure of biomaterials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 317-320 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180308
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    Design criteria for percutaneous devices (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 357-382 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model of a percutaneous device is described. The model is split into several components, each with its own function. Special structures such as horns, hair, feathers, fingernails, hoofs, teeth, and antlers are taken as examples where nature has solved the problems of “percutaneous devices.” These structures have been regarded in relation to dimensional and structural differences of epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. Theoretical guidelines are described for the design of a prosthetic percutaneous device.
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    Some factors that influence prolonged interfacial continuity (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 383-393 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bringing a percutaneous implant through the integument with the intentions of leaving it as a functional device for prolonged periods of time has not yet become a reality. If we are ever to achieve prolonged uninfected implants, attention must be directed toward a variety of failure mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms have defined our scrutiny, and our awareness of others are poorly understood. Some of the causes for failure of a percutaneous implant are the forces, either extrinsic or intrinsic, that cause shearing and tearing at the skin-implant interface. Extrinsic forces are defined as those forces applied either to the skin or the implant by the external environment. Intrinsic forces are those that have to do directly or indirectly with the body's growth and cell maturation, such as the retraction of maturing scar tissue and the surface migration of squamous epithelium. An intact skin-implant interface is important to attain in order to close the portal which might allow microbial invasion. The integument must remain intact, since a suppurative wound makes the implant's removal mandatory.
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    Infection of percutaneous devices: Prevention, monitoring, and treatment (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 403-411 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Infection continues to pose the major obstacle to long-term percutaneous access. Development of methods to prevent infection or techniques to determine early onset of infection at a time when antibiotic therapy may prove successful would be of enormous value. Our laboratory has been working toward developing and testing a noninvasive semiquantitative swab culture technique (SQ) to monitor percutaneous leads for infection. This technique was found to have a 76% sensitivity having identified 47 of 62 organisms detected by a quantitative tissue culture technique (Q) at the time of system explant. Furthermore, 47 of 61 organisms identified by the SQ technique accurately detected those isolated by the Q techniques. Accordingly, the SQ technique has a 77% specificity. This technique was capable of detecting organisms a median of 14 days prior to overt clinical infection. Prompt initiation of oral antibiotic treatment based on SQ results has doubled system survival compared with untreated systems. Clearly, the SQ technique has proven useful to monitoring percutaneous devices.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180408
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    Bond strength and hardness of light-activated composite resins (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 789-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The bond strength of visible light-activated composites to etched enamel was measured as a function of exposure time. Studies have shown that the bottom surface may not be as hard as the top after customary cure times. Therefore this study also measured hardness and related it to enamel bonding. Plexiglas molds were used to simulate extracoronal applications where light is not attenuated by enamel. Bond strength and hardness of the bottom surfaces reached maximum values after the same exposure times with two of the three composites. More exposure time than normally recommended by manufacturers was needed to obtain maximum bond strength to enamel.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180709
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    Correlation of tissue reaction to corrosion in osteosynthetic devicesThe opinions or assertions contained herein are the private opinions of the authors and are not the official views of the Department of The Air Force. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 817-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study evaluated the interaction of osteosynthetic plates to adjacent tissue. Eleven patients had 13 plates removed with simultaneous biopsies of the adjacent soft tissue. Four patients had pain localized to the area of the plate and 11 patients had routine removal or removal for fracture nonunion. Each plate was graded on a 0-5 point scale for the amount and severity of corrosion present at the screw - plate interface. The adjacent tissue was fixed in formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The tissue reaction was graded on a 0-5 point scale based on the inflammatory response. A positive correlation of corrosion and tissue reaction was found that was significant at p ≤ 0.005 in the assymptomatic group. The other good correlation showed that tissue reaction tends to decrease with time at p ≤ 0.005. There was no correlation of corrosion with tissue reaction in the symptomatic removal group. All patients with pain adjacent to the plates were relieved by implant removal. The findings suggest that stainless steel is minimally toxic to human tissue in most circumstances and that the toxic products are well tolerated. There was a significant group (4/11) that showed a different pattern of tissue response which did not appear to be toxic response. We do not recommend routine implant removal to prevent metal toxicity; however, there is a group of patients who have pain in the area of the implant that may be caused by an allergic reaction and is relieved by implant removal.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180712
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    Academic focus: Graduate study in dental materials science at New York university college of dentistry (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 867-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180802
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    Extracorporeal removal of mercury by hemoperfusion through agarose - polymercaptal microsphere beads (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 617-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Uniform agarose - polymercaptal microsphere beads (APMMB) of 1.0-mm diameter were prepared by encapsulating thousands of polymercaptal microspheres of 0.8-μm average diameter within an agarose matrix. Those beads show a high avidity and affinity for mercury and readily remove mercury compounds bound to serum proteins. In vivo detoxification trials in dosed rabbits and dogs showed the effectiveness of the APMMB for removal of mercury compounds by hemoperfusion. The rate for mercury removal is enhanced by addition of cysteine. The biocompatibility of the APMMB, measured by the depletion of the formed elements and various soluble components of the blood, is also demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180604
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    Equilibrium adsorption of human serum albumin and human fibrinogen on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 685-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of human serum albumin and human fibrinogen on flat surfaces was quantitatively determined by measuring the decrease in UV absorption in the adsorption solution. The applicability of the method is discussed for hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. The values of equilibrium adsorption are presented - albumin on polyethylene, and fibrinogen on polyethylene, carbon, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and cellophane.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180609
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    An in vivo method for the biological evaluation of metal implantsPresented in part at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 829-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The peritoneal cavity of the rat was used as an implantation site in order to study the quantitative, cellular response and the qualitative, histopathological response to three metals (Ag, Sn, Cu). The effects of the metals on the cells were correlated with the cellular concentrations of the metal as determined by chemical analysis. Small variations in the cell population and a minimal foreign body reaction was observed with an implanted control material (silicone polymer). Large increases in the number of cells and an intense foreign body reaction was observed with Cu implants. Decreases in the number of cells were seen with Sn and Ag implants, but only Sn elicited a foreign body reaction. Implantation of Ag failed to elicit a foreign body reaction. Significant concentrations of all three metals were detected in the retrieved cells.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180713
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    Difference of bond bonding behavior among surface active glasses and sintered apatite (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 845-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three types of surface active glasses and sintered apatite were implanted in femurs of rabbits for 8 and 16 weeks and subjected to the push-out test to measure the bone bonding strength. The apatite surface layers of these materials, which were formed under in vitro treatment, were studied using IR, NMR, and AES. The difference in the bonding strength among these materials was shown statistically. The results of in vitro experiments explained the differences. It was concluded that the crystal chemistry and formation rate of the surface apatite layer significantly influenced the bonding strength. Materials that formed a surface apatite layer having a bone-like crystal chemistry and fast formation rate showed high bone bonding strength.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180714
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    Announcement (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1191-1192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180918
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