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  • Other Sources  (399)
  • COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR  (208)
  • ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING  (191)
  • 1980-1984  (399)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1982  (399)
  • 1950
Collection
  • Other Sources  (399)
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  • 1980-1984  (399)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Detection and analysis of radio frequency lightning emissions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The feasibility study of detection of lightning discharges from a geosynchronous satellite requires adequate ground-based information regarding emission characteristics. In this investigation, a measurement system for collection of S-band emission data is set up and calibrated, and the operations procedures for rapid data collection during a storm activity developed. The system collects emission data in two modes; a digitized, high-resolution, short duration record stored in solid-state memory, and a continuous long-duration record on magnetic tape. Representative lightning flash data are shown. Preliminary results indicate appreciable RF emissions at 2 gHz from both the leader and return strokes portions of the cloud-to-ground discharge with strong peaks associated with the return strokes.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 20 p
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  • 2
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    The design and evaluation of superconducting connectors (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The development of a superconducting connector for superconducting circuits on space flights is described. It is proposed that such connectors be used between the superconducting readout loop and the SQUID magnetometer in the Gravity Probe B experiment. Two types of connectors were developed. One type employs gold plated niobium wires making pressure connections to gold plated niobium pads. Lead-plated beryllium-copper spring contacts can replace the niobium wires. The other type is a rigid solder or weld connection between the niobium wires and the niobium pads. A description of the methods used to produce these connectors is given and their performance analyzed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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  • 3
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    A new SPS antenna design to reduce grating lobes (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In the Solar Power Satellite system, the antenna's misalignment will produce well defined grating lobes. These gratings lobe peaks occur every 440 km and are potentially hazardous to the environment. One way to suppress these peaks is to phase control every power module. The cost due to the increase in receiving electronics and processors, however, could prove to be prohibitive. A new design of the antenna involving the addition of two broad gaps, one along the x axis and another along the y axis is proposed. The gap distance is exactly one half of the distance between the center of two neighboring subarrays. Calculation of far field radiation patterns shows that the design reduces grating lobe peaks without sacrificing power in the main lobe.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 14 p
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  • 4
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    Smokeless wire insulation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA Technol. Appl. Team; p 37
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  • 5
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    Miniature voice output communication aid (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: NASA Technol. Appl. Team; p 20
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  • 6
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    Integrating 128 element InSb array - Recent results (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There has been a continuing evolution toward larger arrays of infrared detectors, and the technology base derived from the Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) has been expanded to linear arrays including from 128 to 512 elements. This advance is based on the commercial availability of high-quality InSb photodiodes and 128/256 element FET switch MUX's (multiplexing elements). The present investigation is concerned with an experimental 128-element linear imager using InSb detectors and silicon MUX for readout. Attention is given to detector array electrical characteristics, the detector readout architecture, noise, and special effects.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 7
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    Low gain and steerable vehicle antennas for communications with land mobile satellite (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Current development activities at JPL for ground mobile vehicle antennas to be used with the Land Mobile Satellite Service (LMSS) system are described. Both low gain and electronically steerable high gain type antennas are discussed in terms of their design concept and RF performance. For the low gain type, three classes of antennas are under various stages of development. These are the crossed-drooping dipole, quadrifilar helix, and microstrip patch designs. The antennas are intended to provide circularly-polarized radiation with a minimum of 3-dB gain in the angular region from 19 degrees to 60 deg from the horizon in elevation plane and with an omnidirectional pattern in azimuthal plane. For the electronically steerable high gain type, circularly-polarized microstrip patch phased arrays formed on a planar surface and on the surface of a truncated cone are under study. The arrays are intended to provide a minimum of 12 dB gain in the same angular region in elevation plane at all azimuthal angles. This coverage is accomplished by scanning the high gain pencil beam in both elevation and azimuthal directions. Both types of antennas are to transmit at 821-831 MHz band and to receive at 866-876 MHz band. They must be of low cost design and reasonably conformal to the vehicle.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 8
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    Concept for advanced satellite communications and required technologies (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The advanced communications technology satellite (ACTS) program of NASA is aimed at the development of high risk technologies that will enable exploiting higher frequency bands and techniques for improving frequency reuse. The technologies under development include multiple beam spacecraft antennas, on-board switching and processing, RF devices and components and advanced earth stations. The program focus is on the Ka-band (30/20 GHz) as the implementing frequency since it has five times the bandwidth of either the C- or Ku-bands. However, the technology being developed is applicable to other frequency bands as well and will support a wide range of future communications systems required by NASA, other Government agencies and the commercial sector. An overview is presented of an operational 30/20 GHz satellite system that may evolve. How the system addresses service requirements is discussed, and the technology required and being developed is considered. Previously announced in STAR as N83-11210
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 9
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    The containment set approach to digital system tolerance of lightning-induced transient faults (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A fault model and a system model are necessary to assess the tolerance or resilience of a digital system to lightning-induced transients. It is noted that these models are usually developed separately. A new approach is outlined here for this assessment problem which combines the fault and system models into an overall model. With this approach, referred to as the containment set approach, an assessment of the effects of lightning-induced transients can be made in terms of a state transition matrix. This matrix can be generated by means of fault injection experiments. In addition, certain nonredundancy-oriented design alternatives to the achievement of lightning-induced transient tolerance in digital systems are indicated by the containment set approach.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 10
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    An advanced generation land mobile satellite system and its critical technologies (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A conceptual design for a Land Mobile Satellite System (LMSS) for the 1990s is presented. LMSS involves small tranceivers accessing satellites directly, with ground reception through small car-top antennas. The satellite would have a large antenna and blanket coverage areas in the UHF. The call may originate from a home, be carried by wire to a gateway, transmitted to satellite on the S-band, converted to UHF on the satellite, and transmitted to the vehicle. The system design is constrained by the number of users in an area during the busiest hours, Shuttle storage, controllability factors, and the total area served. A 55-m antenna has been selected, with 87 spot beams and two 10 MHz UHF bands in the 806-890 MHz band. A 17 dB interbeam isolation level is required, implying that sufficient sub-bands can be generated to assure 8265 total channels. The mobile satellite (MSAT) would have an 83 m mast lower segment, a 34 m upper segment, and a second, 10 m antenna made of a deployable mesh. Various antenna function modes are considered.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 11
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    TDM/FM/FDMA - A modulation technique for multiple-beam satellites which precludes cochannel interference and allows non-uniform geographic distribution of user channels (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technique outlined in this paper is intended to eliminate the problems of cochannel interference and uniform geographic distribution of user channels which arise in conventional designs for a multiple spot beam communication satellite to serve mobile telephony users across the CONUS. By time multiplexing FM/FDMA signal ensembles so that only those beams operating on distinct frequency subbands are allowed to transmit concurrently, cochannel interference arising from simultaneous frequency subband reuse is precluded. Thus, time disjoint frequency reuse is accomplished over a repetitive sequence of fixed time slots. By assigning different size subbands to each time slot, a market of nonuniform users can be accommodated. The technique results in a greatly simplified antenna feed system design for the satellite, at a cost of imposing the need for time slot synchronization on the mobile FM receivers whose ability for rejecting adjacent channel interference is somewhat diminished.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 12
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    Space Shuttle and TDRSS telecommunications system interfaces (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The telecommunications system interfaces between the spacecraft and the space shuttle, and between the spacecraft and the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) are discussed. The payload/shuttle/ground communications network, principle end-to-end link configurations, and requirements for attached and detached payloads are addressed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telecommun. Systems Eng.; p 557-596
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  • 13
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    Telecommunications performance analysis and monitoring software (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The computer software used for telecommunications performance analysis and monitoring is discussed. The utilization of the TPAP analysis program for the Viking 1975 project and the Voyager 1977 project is described. The functional and design requirements for the successor system, TPAS, are also given.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telecommun. Systems Eng.; p 491-516
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  • 14
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    Radio frequency selection and interference prevention (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The bands available for deep-space communications, and the choice of particular mission frequencies are discussed. The more general susceptibility of deep-space Earth stations to various kinds of interference is then presented. An associated topic is the development of protection criteria that specify maximum allowable levels of interference. Next, the prediction of interference from near-Earth satellites is described, with particular emphasis on the problems and uncertainties of such predictions. Finally, a brief description of other activities aimed at the prevention or avoidance of interference to deep-space radio communications is given.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telecommun. Systems Eng.; p 517-555
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  • 15
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    Spacecraft antennas (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A tutorial description is given for spacecraft antennas used for deep-space-to-Earth communication. Radiation pattern parameters, pointing errors, pointing and polarization loss, and noise characteristics are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telecommun. Systems Eng.; p 413-460
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  • 16
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    Spacecraft radio frequency subsystem (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The historical background for the development of the planetary (RFS) is reviewed, and the performance capabilities of the various functional subassemblies are described. The flight radio frequency subsystem is a valid component for the three spacecraft telecommunications functions of tracking, command, and telemetry. It is the radio and the signal processing equipment residing in the spacecraft that interfaces with the control & data subsystem and performs two-way communications with the Earth-based Deep Space Network. The RFS consists of all the elements for RF reception, demodulation, modulation, and transmission, including those for command detection and telemetry modulation.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telecommun. Systems Eng.; p 383-412
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  • 17
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    Command system (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Multimission Command (MMC) System is described. The major components within the MMC System are discussed, with the emphasis on the telecommunication-related implementations. Two versions of the spacecraft command detection system (the Viking heritage command detector and the NASA standard command detector) are discussed in detail. The former prevails in the existing flight projects and the latter will likely be adopted by the missions of the near future. The preparation of design control tables for the control of command link performance between deep space stations and the spacecraft is also discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telecommun. Systems Eng.; p 343-381
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  • 18
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    Receiver design and performance characteristics (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The basic design, principles of operation, and characteristics of deep space communications receivers are examined. In particular, the basic fundamentals of phase-locked loop and Costas loop receivers used for synchronization, tracking, and demodulation of phase-coherent signals in residual carrier and suppressed carrier systems are addressed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telcommun. Systems Eng.; p 49-121
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  • 19
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    Special characteristics of digital modulations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The importance of the bandwidth required for transmitting the chosen signaling or modulation technique in evaluating efficiency of a communication system is noted. The direct relation between bandwidth and the power spectral density (PSD) of the signaling scheme makes efficient analytical methods for calculating the PSD essential to specifying the spectral occupancy of the transmission channel. Several techniques for calculating the PSD of synchronous data pulse streams are reviewed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telecommun. Systems Eng.; p 23-47
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  • 20
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    Telecommunications systems design (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The general configuration of deep space telecommunication systems is reviewed with regard to the design criteria necessary to insure the integrity of the system's telemetry, command, and tracking functions. The signal to noise spectral density ratios that characterize telecommunications performance are defined in terms of the link parameters. For design control, a statistical approach to predict link performance and to assess its uncertainty is described.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Deep Space Telecommun. Systems Eng.; p 1-22
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  • 21
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    Adaptive arrays - A new approach to the steady-state analysis (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A closed-form expression for the steady-state output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an n-element adaptive array excited by one desired narrow-band signal and K - 1 narrow-band jammers is obtained. This is facilitated by representing each excitation by a complex n-dimensional vector - the excitation vector. It is shown that the important system parameters are functions of scalar products of pairs of these excitation vectors. In particular, the normalized output SNR of the array is shown to be the ratio of determinants whose elements involve these scaler products. Such determinants are also shown to be involved in the expressions for the optimal array weights.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-30; Jan. 198
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  • 22
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    New CCIR papers on telecommunications for deep space research (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The selection of preferred frequency bands for deep space telecommunications in the 20 to 120 GHz range is discussed. The performance of links between Earth stations and stations in deep space is affected by the atmosphere of the Earth. Attenuation and emission by the atmosphere generally limits deep space telecommunications to frequencies below 20 GHz. There are, however, certain frequency bands in the 20 to 120 GHz range where atmospheric attenuation is low enough to permit links between Earth stations and deep space stations. Additionally there are certain other bands in the 20 to 120 GHz range that would be particularly suitable for links between an Earth orbiting relay station and deep space stations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 86-102
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  • 23
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    An experimental investigation of the changes of VLBI time delays due to antenna structural deformations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Structural deformations primarily occur as functions of antenna elevation angle due to gravity loading. For a Cassegrain antenna, one of the major effects of structural deformation on measured VLBI time delays are those delay changes associated with axial subreflector displacement from its nominal position. Two types of time delay changes that occur when the subreflector is axially defocused are: a change which is a linear function of subreflector defocus position; and a cyclical change caused by multipath. Test results show that for the 64-m DSN antenna, the linear change is 1.8 times the subreflector defocus position, while the peak-to-peak change in cyclical variation is about + or - 3 cm when a spanned bandwidth of 38 MHz at 2290 MHz is used.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 8-16
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  • 24
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    Sideband-aided receiver arraying (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Efforts to increase the amount of data that can be received from outer planet missions by coherently combining signals from ground antennas in such a way as to increase the total effective aperture of the receiving system are discussed. As these signals become weaker, the baseband arraying technique in current use degrades somewhat due to carrier jitter. One solution to this problem is Sideband-Aided Receiver Arraying (SARA). In SARA, sidebands demodulated to baseband in a master receiver at the largest antenna are used to allow slave receivers in the other antennas to track the sideband power in the signal rather than the carrier power. The already existing receivers can be used in the slaves to track and demodulate the signals in either a residual carrier or a suppressed carrier environment. The resultant baseband signals from all the antennas can then be combined using existing baseband combining equiment. Computer simulations of SARA show increases in throughput (measured in data bits per second) over baseband-only combining 17 percent at Voyager 2 Uranum encounter and 31 percent at Neptune for a four-element antenna array and (7, 1/2) convolutional coding.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 39-54
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  • 25
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    The DSN radio science system Mark 3, 1980 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The DSN Radio Science System supported the Voyager 2 Saturn encounter radio science experiments in August 1981. Support for these experiments was provided by all the Deep Space Stations of the DSN. However, the critical support for the Saturn occultation and ring scattering experiment was provided at DSS 43 by the medium-band open-loop recording system. The DSN Radio Science System is descried and the recent implementation at DSS 43 is emphasized.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 6-11
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  • 26
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    SETI downconverter (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) breadboard subsystem was begun in order to develop the technology to efficiently implement a SETI instrument capable of searching wide bandwidth with high resolution. The downconverter covered is the interface hardware between the receiver IF output and ADC used as the input to the spectrum analyzer.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 1-5
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  • 27
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    The 400-Hertz constant-speed electrical generation systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Materials illustrating a presentation on 400 Hz constant speed generation systems are presented. The system features are outlined, components and functioning described, and display graphics illustrated.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Elec. Flight Systems; p 125-146
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  • 28
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    Selection of frequencies for deep-space telecommunications (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The procedures used by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to select and recommend frequencies to be used for deep space telecommunications are explained. The frequency selection process described deals only with the potential for radio frequency interference between deep space telecommunication links. Channel plans based on bandwidth, hardware implementation, and frequency ratio considered are used. The channel selection process is based on calculations and analysis of interference-to-signal power ratios as a function of time for each possible pair of missions. The modes of interference and the interference protection ratio are explained, and the interference analysis procedure described. Equations used in calculating the downlink and uplink interference analyses are presented.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 49-61
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  • 29
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    Signalling characteristics in satellite-aided land mobile communications (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The feasibility of land mobile radio communications has been demonstrated by a large number of experiments with NASA's ATS satellites. Significant differences in the propagation characteristics of satellite and terrestrial mobile signal paths were observed in the experiments. Terrestrial paths are best in cities where they can provide frequency reuse and assure communication by bouncing signals around obstructions. Satellites may be best in thinly populated areas because they eliminate the need for many tower mounted relays. The satellite paths do not have the severe Rayleigh fading that limits the range and signal quality of terrestrial paths if the satellite is above approximately ten degrees elevation, a value easily achieved for the United States. The experiments verified that high quality voice communications and other functions, such as data transmission and vehicle position surveillance, are easily accomplished through geostationary satellites with vehicle transmitter power and antenna gain no different than those of terrestrial mobile communications.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 30
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    Test chips for custom ICs - Six kinds of test structures (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Microelectronic test chips contain a number of test structures that are used for a variety of purposes in fabricating integrated circuits. For convenience, their use is divided into six groups: layout-rule evaluating, process-parameter extraction, device-parameter extraction, circuit-parameter extraction, initial-fabrication failure analysis, and reliability failure analysis. A given test structure can be used to gather information in a number of these groups. Examples are given here of the kinds of parameters that can be obtained in each of these groups. A table is included summarizing various device failures common to bulk CMOS and indicating failure mechanisms appearing after wafer fabrication and after stress.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Circuits Manufacturing; June 198
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  • 31
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    Observations of tropospheric phase scintillations at 5 GHz on vertical paths (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The article presents observations of turbulence-induced tropospheric phase fluctuations measured at 5 GHz on the near-vertical paths relevant to many astronomical and geophysical measurements. The data are summarized as phase power spectra, structure functions, and Allan variances. Comparisons to other microwave observations indicate relatively good agreement in both the level and shape of the power spectrum of these tropospheric phase fluctuations. Implications for precision Doppler tracking of spacecraft and geodesy/radio interferometry are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Radio Science; 17; Nov
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  • 32
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    An explanation for the systematic flow of plasma in the solar transition region (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using numerical simulations, it is shown that the systematic flow of plasma along a coronal magnetic flux tube is easily produced by a change in the spatial dependence of the heating rate from a symmetric deposition which supports a stationary equilibrium to a time-independent asymmetric deposition. The velocity of the flow is roughly proportional to the heating symmetry and is directed to the side of the loop away from the bulk of the energy deposition.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 258
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  • 33
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    Environmentally induced discharges on satellites (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A discharge process whose trigger conditions are a negative exposed metallic surface surrounded by a less negative dielectric, and a large voltage gradient at a dielectric/metal interface is proposed. Analysis of SCATHA data for a discharge substantiates the postulation. Surface discharges cause a small transient charge transfer to space which results in voltage transients. A method of computing these transients, based on the charge lost through the capacitance to space and a fraction of charge stored in the dielectric at the discharge source was developed. It gives an estimate of the discharge transients at the discharge site, which is used as input for coupling code analysis of structure/system response. The transient computations were applied to a three-axis stabilized, geosynchronous satellite for both sunlight and eclipse charging. The energy of the transient pulses are about 1 mJ for sunlight discharge and 8 mJ for eclipse. Changing of selected coatings on the satellite would relieve the stress.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: ESA 2nd ESTEC Spacecraft Electromag. Compatibility Seminar; p 161-172
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    Input impedance of microstrip antennas (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using Richmond's reaction integral equation, an expression is derived for the input impedance of microstrip patch antennas excited by either a microstrip line or a coaxial probe. The effects of the finite substrate thickness, a dielectric protective cover, and associated surface waves are properly included by the use of the exact dyadic Green's function. Using the present formulation the input impedance of a rectangular microstrip antenna is determined and compared with experimental and earlier calculated results.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-30; July 198
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  • 35
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    Far-field radiation patterns of Y and T shaped arrays with Chebyshev loading (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The far-field radiation patterns for Chebyshev loaded Y- and T-shaped array antennas are given for a number of cases. Included are full- and half-length loaded array arms. The goal of the investigation is to determine the effect of different Chebyshev loading arrangements on this type of array. It is found that in both the Y- and T-shaped arrays, the main lobes are defined by the shape of the array and that the level of the side-lobes is mainly dependent on the Chebyshev loading (that is, complete or partial).
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-30; July 198
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  • 36
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    Scattering by Pruppacher-Pitter raindrops at 30 GHz (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-30327)
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Radio Science; 17; July-Aug
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  • 37
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    Harmonic analysis approach to the 'TunneLadder' - A modified Karp circuit for millimeter-wave TWTA's (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A field approach to the summed harmonic analysis of the TunneLadder structure, or modified forward-wave Karp circuit, is developed by combining TM(01) and TE(11) modes. Results suggest the suitability of this structure as a high-impedance, about 1-% bandwidth circuit, millimeter-wave forward-wave-type amplifier that is voltage tunable over about a 5-% frequency range and has excellent power handling ability. Theory gives good agreement with experimental results obtained by Karp in omega-beta dispersion and predicts qualitatively the appearances of the antisymmetric mode discussed and of the so called Hightron mode that was discussed earlier in White, Enderby and Birdsall (1964), and Enderby (1964), in addition to the desired symmetric mode.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-29; May 1982
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  • 38
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    Single event upset sensitivity of low power Schottky devices (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data taken from tests involving heavy ions in the Berkeley 88 in. cyclotron being directed at low power Schottky barrier devices are reported. The tests also included trials in the Harvard cyclotron with 130 MeV protons, and at the U.C. Davis cyclotron using 56 MeV protons. The experiments were performed to study the single event upsets in MSI logic devices containing flip-flops. Results are presented of single-event upsets (SEU) causing functional degradation observed in post-exposure tests of six different devices. The effectiveness of the particles in producing SEUs in logic device functioning was found to be directly proportional to the proton energy. Shielding was determined to offer negligible protection from the particle bombardment. The results are considered significant for the design and fabrication of LS devices for space applications.
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  • 39
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    The damage equivalence of electrons, protons, and gamma rays in MOS devices (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of laboratory tests to determine the radiation damage effects induced on MOS devices from Co-60, electron, and proton radiation are reported. The tests are performed to establish the relationship between the Co-60 gamma rays and the level of damage to the MOS devices in regards to different damages which can be expected with the electron and particle bombardments experienced in space applications. CMOS devices were exposed to the Co-60 gamma rays, 1 MeV electrons, and 1 MeV protons while operating at 3, 10, and 15 V. The test data indicated that the Co-60 source was reliable for an initial evaluation of the electron damages up to 2 MeV charge. A correction factor was devised for transferring the Co-60 measurements to proton damages, independent of bias and transistor types, for any orbit or environment.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 40
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    Thermal annealing of radiation damage in CMOS ICs in the temperature range -140 C to +375 C (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Annealing of radiation damage was investigated in the commercial, Z- and J-processes of the RCA CD4007A ICs in the temperature range from -140 C to +375 C. Tempering curves were analyzed for activation energies of thermal annealing, following irradiation at -140 C. It was found that at -140 C, the radiation-induced shifts in the threshold potentials were similar for all three processes. The radiation hardness of the Z- and J-process is primarily due to rapid annealing of radiation damage at room temperature. In the region -140 to 20 C, no dopant-dependent charge trapping is seen, similar to that observed at higher temperatures. In the unbiased Z-process n-channels, after 1 MeV electron irradiation, considerable negative charge remains in the gate oxide.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 41
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    Annual Conference on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects, 19th, Las Vegas, NV, July 20-22, 1982, Proceedings (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of research concerning the effects of nuclear and space radiation are presented. Topics discussed include the basic mechanisms of nuclear and space radiation effects, radiation effects in devices, and radiation effects in microcircuits, including studies of radiation-induced paramagnetic defects in MOS structures, silicon solar cell damage from electrical overstress, radiation-induced charge dynamics in dielectrics, and the enhanced radiation effects on submicron narrow-channel NMOS. Also examined are topics in SGEMP/IEMP phenomena, hardness assurance and testing, energy deposition, desometry, and radiation transport, and single event phenomena. Among others, studies are presented concerning the limits to hardening electronic boxes to IEMP coupling, transient radiation screening of silicon devices using backside laser irradiation, the damage equivalence of electrons, protons, and gamma rays in MOS devices, and the single event upset sensitivity of low power Schottky devices.
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  • 42
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    The dependence of single event upset on proton energy /15-590 MeV/ (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Low earth orbit satellite and Jupiter orbiter probe semiconductor devices may incur soft errors or single event upsets, manifested as bit flips, during exposure to such nuclear particles or heavy ions as trapped protons with energies ranging up to 1000 MeV. Experimental data is given on the average proton fluence needed to cause a bit flip as a function of proton energy for isoplanar bipolar TTL RAMs. Error dependence data shape and threshold energy can be related to the existing body of theoretical data on energy deposition following proton nuclear reactions. Experimental data also show that the relative cross sectional amplitude for functionally identical devices can be related to the device's power consumption.
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  • 43
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    Simple phenomenological modeling of transition-region capacitance of forward-biased p-n junction diodes and transistor diodes (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The derivation of a simple expression for the capacitance C(V) associated with the transition region of a p-n junction under a forward bias is derived by phenomenological reasoning. The treatment of C(V) is based on the conventional Shockley equations, and simpler expressions for C(V) result that are in general accord with the previous analytical and numerical results. C(V) consists of two components resulting from changes in majority carrier concentration and from free hole and electron accumulation in the space-charge region. The space-charge region is conceived as the intrinsic region of an n-i-p structure for a space-charge region markedly wider than the extrinsic Debye lengths at its edges. This region is excited in the sense that the forward bias creates hole and electron densities orders of magnitude larger than those in equilibrium. The recent Shirts-Gordon (1979) modeling of the space-charge region using a dielectric response function is contrasted with the more conventional Schottky-Shockley modeling.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 53; Nov. 198
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  • 44
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    Microwave noise temperature and attenuation of clouds - Statistics of these effects at various sites in the United States, Alaska, and Hawaii (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The microwave attenuation and noise temperature effects of clouds can result in serious degradation of telecommunications link performance, especially for low-noise systems presently used in deep-space communications. Although cloud effects are generally less than rain effects, the frequent presence of clouds will cause some amount of link degradation a large portion of the time. This paper presents a general review of cloud types and their water particle densities, attenuation and noise temperature calculations, and basic link signal-to-noise ratio calculations. Tabular results of calculations for 12 different cloud models are presented for frequencies in the range 10-50 GHz. Curves of average-year attenuation and noise temperature statistics at frequencies ranging from 10 to 90 GHz, calculated from actual surface and radiosonde observations, are given for 15 climatologically distinct regions in the contiguous United States, Alaska, and Hawaii. Nonuniform sky cover is considered in these calculations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Radio Science; 17; Nov
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  • 45
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    Special activity utilization of GDSCC antennas during 1981 (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The activities are categorized as advanced systems program, radio astronomy program, crustal dynamics program, and operations and support activities. The goals of each of the activities that received tracking support at Goldstone during 1981 are discussed. All Goldstone stations (DSSs 11, 12, 13 and 14) provided a total of 2353.55 hours of support to special activities during the period.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 121-126
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  • 46
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    Noise temperature and noise figure concepts: DC to light (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Deep Space Network is investigating the use of higher operational frequencies for improved performance. Noise temperature and noise figure concepts are used to describe the noise performance of these receiving systems. It is proposed to modify present noise temperature definitions for linear amplifiers so they will be valid over the range (hf/kT) 1 (hf/kT). This is important for systems operating at high frequencies and low noise temperatures, or systems requiring very accurate calibrations. The suggested definitions are such that for an ideal amplifier, T sub e = (hg/k) = T sub q and F = 1. These definitions revert to the present definition for (hf/kT) 1. Noise temperature calibrations are illustrated with a detailed example. These concepts are applied to system signal-to-noise analysis. The fundamental limit to a receiving system sensitivity is determined by the thermal noise of the source and the quantum noise limit of the receiver. The sensitivity of a receiving system consisting of an ideal linear amplifier with a 2.7 K source, degrades significantly at higher frequencies.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 100-111
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  • 47
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    Provision of 9.6-kbps wideband data rate capability in the DSN (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The new 9.6-kbps wideband data rate capability in the DSN is reviewed. A functional description of the completed implementation is presented, together with a plan to upgrade the central communications terminal for additional 9.6 s operational flexibility.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 189-193
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  • 48
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    ORION downconverter and power supply (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The receiver subsystem supplies the front end assembly (downconverter) and power supply for the ORION Mobile Station. These assemblies are designed to withstand severe environmental conditions. The mechanical, electronic, environmental and maintenance design considerations encountered during the design phase of this project are discussed. The two channel S/X downconverter has a 400 MHz bandwidth channel. Phase stability of 2 and 7 deg at S- and X-bands, respectively, is achieved with a temperature stabilized first local oscillator.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 3-9
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  • 49
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    Electric flight systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Materials used to illustrate a presentation on the development of electric flight systems are presented. Systems concepts are outlined.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Elec. Flight Systems; p 213-234
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  • 50
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    RFI measurement survey at Goldstone in November and December 1981 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A measurement survey was conducted to measure the emissions from the transmitters at Deep Space Station 14 and the Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network station. Both intended and spurious emissions were measured from DSN operational transmitters. The quiescent electromagnetic environment was also measured.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 110-121
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    An efficient sampling technique for sums of bandpass functions (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A well known sampling theorem states that a bandlimited function can be completely determined by its values at a uniformly placed set of points whose density is at least twice the highest frequency component of the function (Nyquist rate). A less familiar but important sampling theorem states that a bandlimited narrowband function can be completely determined by its values at a properly chosen, nonuniformly placed set of points whose density is at least twice the passband width. This allows for efficient digital demodulation of narrowband signals, which are common in sonar, radar and radio interferometry, without the side effect of signal group delay from an analog demodulator. This theorem was extended by developing a technique which allows a finite sum of bandlimited narrowband functions to be determined by its values at a properly chosen, nonuniformly placed set of points whose density can be made arbitrarily close to the sum of the passband widths.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 3-7
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  • 52
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    Receiver-exciter controller design (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description of the general design of both the block 3 and block 4 receiver-exciter controllers for the Deep Space Network (DSN) Mark IV-A System is presented along with the design approach. The controllers are designed to enable the receiver-exciter subsystem (RCV) to be configured, calibrated, initialized and operated from a central location via high level instructions. The RECs are designed to be operated under the control of the DMC subsystem. The instructions are in the form of standard subsystem blocks (SSBs) received via the local area network (LAN). The centralized control provided by RECs and other DSCC controllers in Mark IV-A is intended to reduce DSN operations costs from the Mark III era.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 117-125
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  • 53
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    Electronics materials research (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The electronic materials and is aimed at the establishment of quantitative relationships underlying crystal growth parameters, materials properties, electronic characteristics and device applications. The overall program evolves about the following main thrust areas: (1) crystal growth novel approaches to engineering of semiconductor materials; (2) investigation of materials properties and electronic characteristics on a macro and microscale; (3) surface properties and surface interactions with the bulk and ambients; (4) electronic properties controlling device applications and device performance.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Mater. Process Res. Base of the Mater. Process. Center; p 23-46
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  • 54
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    Potential reduction of DSN uplink energy cost (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: DSN Earth stations typically transmit more power than that required to meet minimum specifications for uplink performance. Energy and cost savings that could result from matching the uplink power to the amount required for specified performance are studied. The Galileo mission was selected as a case study. Although substantial reduction in transmitted energy is possible, potential savings in source energy (oil or electricity) savings are much less. This is because of the rising inefficiency in power conversion and radio frequency power generation that accompanies reduced power output.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 151-166
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  • 55
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    DSN RFI susceptibility models development program overview (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The RFI model development described intended to provide an understanding of the interference susceptibility of DSN receivers. An overview of interference types and effects, analytic modelling and experimental verification is presented.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 103-109
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  • 56
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    Goldstone radio spectrum signal identification, March 1980 - March 1982 (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The signal identification process is described. The Goldstone radio spectrum environment contains signals that are a potential source of electromagnetic interference to the Goldstone tracking receivers. The identification of these signals is accomplished by the use of signal parameters and environment parameters. Statistical data on the Goldstone radio spectrum environment from 2285 to 2305 MHz are provided.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 197-199
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  • 57
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    A new high-power klystron for the DSN (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A very high reliability 100 kW klystron for the Deep Space Network (DSN) high power transmitters in support of spacecrafts to the distant planets was studied. The last phases included electron gun fabrication and beam analyzer evaluation and klystron prototype fabrication, mechanical and electrical design improvements resulted in the delivery of a prototype klystron meeting all requirements. It is concluded that the development of a new high power klystron for the DSN was very successful as demonstrated by the prototype results.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 157-173
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  • 58
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    Applicaton of radiative transfer theory to microwave transmission medium calibrations (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Precise determinations of the transmission medium loss and noise temperature contribution which are important to the performance characterization of low noise microwave receiving systems and thermal noise standards are discussed. Tropospheric loss is frequently inferred from microwave radiometer noise temperature measurements. Interpretation of these measurements requires an inversion of the radiative transfer integral equation. This is inconvenient even with computer techniques. Solutions of a rapidly convergent power series of the radiative transfer equations are presented. This solution is applicable to a low loss medium with either uniform or nonuniform loss distributions. A four layer atmosphere model is investigated to demonstrate the accuracy of the solution relative to the model. Applications include thermal noise standards and single- and dual-frequency water radiometers.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 179-188
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  • 59
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    Analysis, prediction and control of radio frequency interference with respect to DSN (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Susceptibility modeling, prediction of radio frequency interference from satellites, operational radio frequency interference control, and international regulations are considered. The existing satellite interference prediction program DSIP2 is emphasized. A summary status evaluation and recommendations for future work are given.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 81-100
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  • 60
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    RF processing (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Loran-C radio frequency processing is discussed. A diagram which generally illustrates the automatic gain control is presented. The augmented differentiator for pulse envelopes adapts conventional communications receiver with wideband AM capability to detect pulse signals such as Loran-C. The circuit enhances reception for surveillance and observation of HF over-the-horizon radar signals or others where time difference estimates between pulse returns are of interest. The high resolution VLF spectrum which receives weak VLF signals by using an HP 3581A wave analyzer detecting signals with a very narrow bandwidth of only 3 Hz is also presented.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Joint Univ. Program for Air Transportation Res., 1981; p 165-172
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  • 61
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    Operations of the reconfigured Ground Communications Facility Central Communications Terminal and the Network Operations Control Center (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The ground communications facility (GCF) central communications terminal and network operations control center (NOCC) hardware was rearranged, supplemented, and modified, and software programs changed to provide an improved GCF and NOCC operational environment and capability. Control center operations section activities required to make the changeover from the old to the new GCF and NOCC configuration are addressed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 122-129
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  • 62
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    Field interface module for antenna control assembly (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hardware aspects and capabilities of the field interface module (FIM) developed for monitor and control functions in the antenna mechanical subsystems of the deep space network and in the technical facilities controllers for the various complexes are described. The FIM is capable of monitoring and responding to a range of anaog and digital inputs and controlling external elements. The flexibility of the design makes it applicable to other control needs, using software developed for those specific applications.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 107-112
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    New CCIR papers on telecommunications for deep space research (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Three draft reports submitted by JPL to the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) for inclusion in their 1982 edition of reports and recommendations are presented. Potential interference between deep space telecommunications and the fixed satellite and broadcasting satellite services in harmonically related bands, protection criteria and sharing considerations relating to deep space research, and preferred frequencies and bandwidths for deep space research are considered.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 62-80
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    Radiation patterns of interfacial dipole antennas (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radiation pattern of an infinitesimal electric dipole is calculated for the case where the dipole is vertically located on the plane interface of two dielectric half spaces and for the case where the dipole is lying horizontally along the interface. For the vertical case, it is found that the radiation pattern has nulls at the interface and along the dipole axis. For the horizontal case, it is found that the pattern has a null at the interface; that the pattern in the upper half space, whose index of refraction is taken to be less than that of the lower half space, has a single lobe whose maximum is normal to the interface; and that in the lower half space, in the plane normal to the interface and containing the dipole, the pattern has three lobes, whereas in the plane normal to the interface and normally bisecting the dipole, the pattern has two maxima located symmetrically about a minimum. Interpretation of these results in terms of the Cerenkov effect is given.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Radio Science; 17; Nov
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  • 65
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    Multiple scattering calculations of rain effects (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The multiple scattering calculations of rain effects are studied on the basis of calculating the incoherent intensity at 30, 60, 90, and 120 GHz. The Mie solution and the Laws-Parsons distribution are used to determine scattering and absorption characteristics. The equation of transfer and the Stokes parameters are used to determine incoherent intensities for the horizontal and vertical polarizations. The ratio of the copolarized incoherent intensity to the copolarized coherent intensity is defined as the incoherent copolarized discrimination. The ratio of the cross-polarized incoherent intensity is defined as the incoherent cross-polarized discrimination. These ratios are calculated in terms of copolarized attenuation, rain rate, and field of view. The results show that multiple scattering effects may become significant during heavy rains.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Radio Science; 17; Nov
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    A comparison of radiation damage in transistors from cobalt-60 gamma rays and 2.2 MeV electrons (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The total ionizing dose response of ten bipolar transistor types has been measured using Co-60 gamma rays and 2.2 MeV electrons from exposure levels of 750, 1500, and 3000 Gy(Si). Gain measurements were made for a range of collector-emitter voltages and collector currents.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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    Portable design rules for bulk CMOS (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that for the past several years, one school of IC designers has used a simplified set of nMOS geometric design rules (GDR) which is 'portable', in that it can be used by many different nMOS manufacturers. The present investigation is concerned with a preliminary set of design rules for bulk CMOS which has been verified for simple test structures. The GDR are defined in terms of Caltech Intermediate Form (CIF), which is a geometry-description language that defines simple geometrical objects in layers. The layers are abstractions of physical mask layers. The design rules do not presume the existence of any particular design methodology. Attention is given to p-well and n-well CMOS processes, bulk CMOS and CMOS-SOS, CMOS geometric rules, and a description of the advantages of CMOS technology.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: VLSI Design; 1982
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  • 68
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    Off-line, built-in test techniques for VLSI circuits (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that the use of redundant on-chip circuitry improves the testability of an entire VLSI circuit. In the study described here, five techniques applied to a two-bit ripple carry adder are compared. The techniques considered are self-oscillation, self-comparison, partition, scan path, and built-in logic block observer. It is noted that both classical stuck-at faults and nonclassical faults, such as bridging faults (shorts), stuck-on x faults where x may be 0, 1, or vary between the two, and parasitic flip-flop faults occur in IC structures. To simplify the analysis of the testing techniques, however, a stuck-at fault model is assumed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: Computer; June 198
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  • 69
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    Real-time optical synthetic aperture radar /SAR/ processor (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A description is given of a real-time optical synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The processor employs an acoustooptic device as the input electronic-to-optical transducer and a CCD camera that serves as the optical detector and simultaneously performs the focusing of the SAR image in the azimuth direction. The performance criteria of the optical processor that are discussed include azimuth resolution, image size in azimuth, range resolution, image size in range, flexibility, and dynamic range.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: Optical Engineering; 21; Sept
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  • 70
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    Recent advances in electromagnetic synthesis and analysis of dual-shaped reflector antennas (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dual-shaped reflectors have been used for many years. Thus, these reflectors have been used as high gain antennas on Voyagers 1 and 2. The objectives of the geometrical optics (GO) dual shaped synthesis are considered. Concerning the synthesis of dual shaped reflectors, it has been shown for circular symmetric reflectors that an exact GO solution can be found to the problem of transforming, by two reflections, any feed pattern into any aperture distribution. This problem involves solving two simultaneous nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The same approach for offset geometry leads to two simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations. It is shown that these equations could also be integrated numerically, except that in general these equations are not total and therefore, in general, they do not have a 'smooth' solution. It is further shown that the offset partial differentials often very nearly form a total differential in many cases of practical importance.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
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  • 71
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    The measurement of lightning environmental parameters related to interaction with electronic systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The measurement of electromagnetic fields and related quantities in a lightning environment is a challenging problem, especially at high frequencies and/or in the immediate vicinity of the lightning arcs and corona. This paper reviews the techniques for accomplishing such measurements in these regimes with examples. These sensors are often the same as for the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP), but significant differences also appear.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility; EMC-24; May 1982
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  • 72
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    The performance of M-ary FH-DPSK in the presence of partial-band multitone jamming (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using a geometric approach, the performance of M-ary FH-DPSK in the presence of partial-band multitone jamming is evaluated. The optimal jamming strategy is determined as a function of the number of signaling levels M and the ensuing results are used to determine worst case bit error probability performance as a function of this same parameter. It is demonstrated that, for M = 2 to the m power (where m is an integer), the best performance is obtained for M = 4.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-30; May 1982
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  • 73
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    Partial discharge testing under direct voltage conditions (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: DC partial discharge (PD) (corona) testing is performed using a multichannel analyzer for pulse storing, and data is collected during increase of voltage and at quiescent voltage levels. Thus high voltage ceramic disk capacitors were evaluated by obtaining PD data interspersed during an accelerated life test. Increased PD activity was found early in samples that later failed catastrophically. By this technique, trends of insulation behavior are revealed sensitively and nondestructively in high voltage dc components.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; 18; Jan. 198
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  • 74
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    Differentially coherent detection of QASK for frequency-hopping systems. II - Performance in the presence of jamming (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The performance of differentially coherent detection of frequency-hopped QASK in the presence of partial-band noise and partial-band multitone jamming is presented. In each case, the worst case jamming strategy is determined which consists of specifying the worst case partial-band fraction and the corresponding maximum average error probability. The results obtained are compared with those of M-ary FH-DPSK operating in the same jamming environment.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-30; Jan. 198
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  • 75
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    Differentially coherent detection of QASK for frequency-hopping systems. I - Performance in the presence of a Gaussian noise environment (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Bandwidth-conserving modulation techniques, which trade average power for bandwidth in a favorable exchange, have recently found widespread application in digital radio and satellite communication systems. Quadrature amplitude-shift-keying (QASK) is a particular type of the considered techniques. QASK makes use of multilevel signals to amplitude modulate the in-phase and quadrature components of a carrier. Frequency hopping (FH) is used to protect a conventional communication system from radio frequency interference (RFI) or jamming. Differentially coherent detection provides a possible solution to the effect of phase discontinuities introduced by FH. The application of such a detection technique to QASK signals is discussed. A receiver structure is proposed and its symbol error probability performance for an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) background is investigated.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Communications; COM-30; Jan. 198
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    Modern multistage depressed collectors - A review (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The design and performance of the Lewis Research Center (LeRC) electrostatic collector and the associated passive permanent magnetic beam reconditioning (refocusing) are discussed and compared with numerous experimental results on wide- and narrow-band TWT and two klystron cases. Universal designs for efficient collectors for TV klystrons are presented. Collectors other than those based on the symmetric LeRC concept are reviewed only briefly, either because they have not been treated analytically or because only sporadic or incomplete experimental evaluation results are available. It is concluded that significant, a priori predictable performance improvements for TWTs have been demonstrated and that a substantial reduction in the dc power input to TV klystron transmitters could be effected by using well-designed multistage depressed collectors.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE; vol. 70
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  • 77
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    An optimization technique for lumped-distributed two ports (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A frequency domain direct efficient analysis and an optimization technique of a large class of lumped-distributed networks containing active elements are presented. Sensitivity and Hessian matrix calculations are performed using truncated Taylor series expansion of two-port parameters of subnetworks. An interactive computer program was developed to demonstrate the application of the method. Examples of network optimizations are included to illustrate the powerfulness of the technique.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-30; Dec. 198
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  • 78
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    Intermediate power conditioners - Where are we now? (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It has been recognized in the photovoltaic (PV) industry that even in the event of a dramatic reduction in the price of generating PV cells, the costs for the other components of the system represent still a major obstacle towards commercialization. A project was, therefore, initiated with the aim to develop baseline and conceptual power conditioner designs which would attempt to meet a specified set of cost and performance goals in the 30 to 200 kW (Intermediate) size. Resulting Intermediate Size Power Conditioner Studies led to a number of conclusions. There is a need for a set of guidelines or standards for utility interconnection. The advent of new devices with more power handling capability will change the desired topology.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 79
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    Life test of 50 AH NiH2 battery (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Life cycle testing on a battery is reported. The cells were built in 1975, put into battery in 1976, and flown in 1977 in low Earth orbit.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 487-499
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  • 80
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    Cycling characteristics on NiH2 cells in standard and daily energy balance Leo orbits (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A plot of end-of-charge and end-of-discharge voltage versus the number of cycles completed, and end-of-charge and end-of-discharge pressure versus cycles completed are presented.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 501-512
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  • 81
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    Chargeability of nickel electrodes studied by optical microscopy (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some of the operational characteristics of some nickel hydrogen cells are explained. Some strange capacity excursions with cycling were seen.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 459-470
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  • 82
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    A method for battery activation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A technique to activate nickel cadmium batteries is described. The method shortened the time required for activation, eliminated the temperature rise in the batteries, and produced a voltage on the discharge that was better than when the C/20 was run for 48 hours during tests. Various methods of activation are described and evaluated. Results of alternate conditioning charge schemes are presented along with voltage/temperature characteristics for multiple level nickel cadmium battery chargers.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 423-433
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  • 83
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    Effects of the mode of storage on the capacity fading of the sintered nickel electrodes (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A systematic investigation of the effect of temperature and two conditions of storage, shortened and open circuit, on the capacity fading of sintered nickel electrodes in NiCd batteries was conducted. All testing was done on sintered electrodes in flooded cells. Cycling tests to measure the capacity were performed at room temperature. The capacity out to one volt, a capacity useful for satellite applications. Test results indicated that: the shortened electrode showed a higher rate of loss than the open circuit electrodes; there was an increase in both modes with an increase in temperature; there was a loss of capacity with time of storage; a general degradation was observed as a function of time; shortened electrodes showed a higher end of charge than the open circuit ones; and at room temperature there was a lower loss in the open circuit electrode than in the shortened one.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 367-386
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  • 84
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    SMM parallel battery operation in orbit (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A parallel battery system for the SMM spacecraft is described. The battery system performance as a function of lifetime over orbit was evaluated. The following equipment performance specifications were examined during a typical orbit: battery current and discharges, voltage limitations, battery temperature variations, and current sensor performance. Tabulated battery performance data is also included.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 305-315
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  • 85
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    NiCd cell reversals during reconditioning (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An accelerated battery test with 15 periods of cell reversals during reconditioning was performed. The nature and extent of hydrogen generation was examined, and the effects of reversals on battery performance were determined.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 271-284
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  • 86
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    NiCd battery cycle life prediction equation for low Earth orbit (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Cycle life analysis of the nickel cadmium battery is given. The life prediction equation is limited to spacecraft in low Earth orbits.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 213-222
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  • 87
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    Electrochemical models for the discharge characteristics of the NiCd cell (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Models are developed and discussed as a technique for evaluating the discharge characteristics of the nickel cadmium battery. Results are compared with available experimental data.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 177-188
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  • 88
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    Recent test results on lithium BCX cells (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Texts included: short circuit analysis, voltage reversal, high temperature exposure, parallel loading sharing, capacity tests, shock and vibration tests, and assembly tests. Both the AA and D cell configurations were tested. Certification of the cells is discussed and applications are highlighted.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 55-75
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  • 89
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    New NiCd Battery Standard and Guide (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The preparation and contents guides designed to provide specifications and standards for NiCd batteries for space missions are discussed. Requirements were established to assure proper in orbit performance and compliance with handling procedures to minimize degradation. The guides were designed to benefit both industries and the military. The surveys include: reasons given for and against the use of flight batteries in systems tests; use of rechargeable batteries during space vehicle testing; and military standards and specifications.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 353-366
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 90
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    GPS on-orbit battery performance (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three batteries designed for the GPS system were evaluated. The batteries were wired together, and during the eclipse period were discharged through parallel diodes into a boost converter which then boosted the battery voltage up to the totally regulated bus voltage. Each battery, with a system life of approximately five years, had its own charger. During testing the battery was maintained or used on trickle charge. Data are presented for the battery capacity during the reconditioning. Raw data for each eclipse period and calculations for the average discharge voltage for each battery are given. Thermal cycling for one of the batteries and reconditioning cycles and regimes for all of the batteries are discussed. A reconditioning discharge curve is also given. The problem of temperature cycling in one of the batteries was resolved by redesigning the battery radiator system.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 341-352
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  • 91
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    Progress in secondary lithium batteries (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The lithium/molybdenum trisulfide system is discussed. This system has a higher potential energy density than that of lithium/titanium disulfide. Possible energy densities and performance values for cells, projected from preliminary data obtained on small cells, are summarized. The electrode structure is emphasized as an important factor in the decreasing of capacity upon cycling.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 141-148
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  • 92
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    Heat generation rates in lithium thionyl chloride cells (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An empirical equation that is useful for good first approximation in thermal modeling is presented. Indications and measurements of electrochemical heat effects were investigated. The particular cells of interest are of the D size, with spiral wound configuration and were instrumented with a thermocouple. It is found that cathode limited cells can explode on reversal at moderate temperatures.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 91-99
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  • 93
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    Alternate seal configuration for lithium primary cells (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The problem of glass degradation in the glass-to-metal seals in lithium/sulfur dioxide cells is discussed. The glass degradation mechanism is attributed to lithium reacting with glass which is a result of deposition of lithium at the glass/metal/electrolyte interface. The worst degradation was observed when cells were stored in the inverted position. Alternate sealing methods were examined and a modified Ziegler seal is considered to be one of the best possible methods. The seal consists of a crimp type soft seal using a plastic annulus and a metal tube. Results of degradation tests are presented.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 45-54
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  • 94
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    Accelerating rate calorimetry: A new technique for safety studies in lithium systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The role of exothermic reactions in battery test modes is discussed. The exothermic reactions are characterized with respect to their time-temperature and time-pressure behavior. Reactions occuring for any major exotherm were examined. The accelerating rate calorimetry methods was developed to study lithium cells susceptibility to thermal runaway reactions following certain abuse modes such as forced discharge into reversal and charging.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 31-44
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  • 95
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    Comparisons of different plate treatment and designs: An update (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Nine groups of cells were studied. The first group was the control. The basic design was cadmium in the positive plate, and no negative treatment. The plate loading level was the IUE. The separator was pellon. The test regime for the remaining cells was a 90 minute cycle with 40% depth of discharge and a temperature of 20 C. The charge rate was 9.6 amps to a voltage limit. The discharge rate was 9.6 amps.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 435-442
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  • 96
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    Sintered plaque characteristics (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The structural transformations occurring during sintering, the fabrication of a slurry produced sintered plaque, are detailed. Degradation of the positive electrode in performance in cycling in a nickel hydrogen battery were traced to the quality of the sintered plaque. Electrode degradation was found to be a limiting factor in the battery cycle life. Details of microstructural characterization and distribution of pores, examination of plastic flow during shrinkage, and observations of the rounding of nickel powder particles during the slurry process are presented.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 387-402
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  • 97
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    Update: Viking Lander NiCd batteries. Year six (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of NiCd batteries on the Viking Mars landers is discussed. During evaluation, three of the four batteries were maintained in the discharged state. Battery charge regimes and close-together, deep-discharge, reconditioning cycles to retard degradation of batteries are discussed. The effect of elevated temperatures during Martian summer on battery performance were also considered. Tabulated data for average battery capacity as a function of time are given. A design uplink to allow more frequent, greater depth of discharge reconditioning cycles was proposed.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 327-339
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  • 98
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    Nickel system manufacturing update (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The electrochemical positive electrode was used in nickel hydrogen for six or seven years with very good results, primarily because of the dimensional stability and the high electrical utilization of the active material.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 547-549
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  • 99
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    Positive electrode processing for Hughes NiH2 cells (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The basic procedures were developed for the manufacture of nickel cadmium batteries. An electrochemical impregnation in an aqueous ethanol solution is used in this process. Several additional controls were instituted for production of flight electrodes, including a Hughes controlled MCD, a solution reserved exclusively for the impregnation of Hughes positive electrodes a system of complete traceability for individual electrodes, an electrical characterization test to provide information on weight and capacity at the plaque level, and a stress test to provide data on capacity, weight, and physical parameters at the electrode level.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 471-480
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  • 100
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    RCA SATCOM in-orbit experience: An update (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The SATCOM in-orbit battery performance was evaluated. The capacitance and constant current charge rates for each of the three batteries were monitored. A typical eclipse discharge profile was generated and attendant reconditioning recharge conditions were considered. Battery temperatures, pressures, and average battery voltages are presented in tabular form. In-orbit data from monitoring the end of discharge voltage during eclipses, a key performance parameter, are also given.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1981 GSFC Battery Workshop; p 317-326
    Format: text
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