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  • Articles  (191)
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  • Articles  (191)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (191)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surgical sutures and infection: A biomaterial evaluation (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A standardized readily reproducible experimental model has been developed to assess the relative importance of the chemical and physical configuration of sutures as determinants of early infection in contaminated wounds. The chemical structure of the suture appeared to be the most important factor in the development of surgical infection. The incidence of infection in contaminated tissues containing either polypropylene sutures or nylon sutures was lower than the infection rate of tissues subjected to any other nonabsorbable suture. Among the absorbable sutures, polyglycolic acid (PGA) sutures evoked the least inflammatory response. The infection rate of contaminated tissues containing the PGA sutures was not significantly different from the incidence of infection of tissues subjected to the least reactive nonabsorbable sutures. The physical configuration of the suture played a relatively unimportant role in the development of early infection. The infection rate of contaminated tissues containing monofilament nonabsorbable sutures did not differ significantly from the incidence of infection of tissues subjected to multifilament sutures made from the same material. Coating the multifilament suture with either silicone, wax, or Teflon did not alter the incidence of early infection in the contaminated tissue. Finally, the presence of even the least reactive suture in contaminated subdermal tissue potentiated the development of infection.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080312
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sheath formation in response to limited active gliding implants (animals) (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 163-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to further the understanding of tendon reconstructive surgery.A series of 20 dogs was used for replacement of the forepaw extensor carpi radialis tendon (a single tendon only is present in the dog) with active gliding tendon implants. The implants were attached distally and proximally so that new tendon prosthetic designs could be studied as well as new sheath development under gliding conditions.The results, recorded in this paper, show that a “gliding implant” can convert a nonspecific bed of connective tissue or scar into a specific living envelope comparable to a tendon sheath system. This system has been shown to be capable of lubricating and supporting a gliding artificial implant while augmenting normal tendon function. Degrees of active and passive gliding can take place for indefinite periods, providing the mechanical and dynamic capabilities of the new system are understood and controlled. The mature sheath will show a predictable physiologic response to unfavorable stimuli.Further evidence that the new gliding system functions as a physiologic sheath is borne out by the fact that the implant can be replaced in Stage II by a long free tendon graft. The graft is apparently supported in part by fluid nutrition and filmy adhesions between the distal and proximal anastomosis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080317
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mandibular staple implant for the atrophic mandible (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 365-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The mandibular staple is an endosseous implant that will permit the attachment of a lower deture in cases of severe alveolar bone atrophy. It is placed through a submental incision and inserted into seven parallel holes drilled into the mandible. A curved bar containing seven pins is inserted in the holes and is place against the inferior border of the mandibular symphysis. The two lateral most pins project into the mouth and the five retentive pins remain completely buried in bone. Two fasteners are screwed down on the threading of the intraoral pins. Later a bridge containing Dalbo attachments is cemented to the fasteners which allow attachment to a lower denture. A series of 25 patients have been completed with 20 successful patients for survival rate of 80%. The longest case has been in for five years and the average case has been in for 3 years. Stainless steel, titanium and ceramic coated titanium has been with apparently equal success. Patient acceptance has been excellent.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080416
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and evaluation of porous ceramic and titanium alloy dental anchors implanted in miniature swine (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 391-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study sponsored by the National Institute of Dental Research has as its major goal the development of easily fabricated and implantable dental anchors for replacement of missing or extracted teeth. Tissue ingrowth fixes the anchors in the mandibular or maxillary bone where they can serve as a base for future attachment of prefabricated dental caps, bridges, or other dental prostheses. More immediate objectives are to determine the suitability of specific porous titanium and ceramic materials for anchor applications, to develop satisfactory designs and fabrication procedures for producing these devices, and to define material/bone interface bonding characteristics through in vivo studies. The value of the Hanford Miniature Swine as a human analog for dental research is being assessed concurrently.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080419
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical responses at a biomaterial's interface (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of nonporous glasses and glass materials designed with controlled surface ion activities to allow chemical bonding to bone are described. Surface reactivities of these materials in vitro are correlated with biological activities in vivo and in tissue culture. Direct chemical bonding of the materials to bone is demonstrated. The mechanism for development of this bond is through the production of an amorphous ion surface gel on the bioglass. This gel induces osteogenesis by a chemotactic response of osteoblasts.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080307
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcutaneous implants: Reactions of the skin-implant interface (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 99-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: One method of providing an artificial limb for an amputee might be to attach the external prosthesis directly to the skeleton but a major problem is the behavior of the tissues at the point where the prosthesis penetrates the skin surface. Preliminary experiments have been carried out using small flexible implants in porcine skin to study the principles involved. It is confirmed that the epidermis grows down into the dermis around the nonporous materials and the implant-skin junction is unstable and readily becomes infected. It was found that polytetrafluorethylene with pores of 10 μm diameter and hydron sponge with pores of 40 μm diameter became invaded by fibrous tissue and this appeared to prevent the migration of epidermis alongside the implants and a stable ring of epidermal tissue was formed near the skin surface. A review of other situations where epidermal migration is taking place suggests that epidermis is able to migrate through damaged collagenous tissue, possibly with the help of leucocytic enzymes, but that epidermal cell movement is halted when the epidermal sheet is confronted by heathly collagen bundles.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080311
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of porous polymeric materials in prosthesis attachment (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polymeric materials are becoming increasingly popular as prosthetic materials in orthopedic surgery. One of these materials, polyethylene, is capable of being fabricated in a porous form suitable for tissue ingrowth. Porous polyethylene appears to be well suited for prosthesis attachment when bonded to its solid form of other prosthetic materials. Extensive bone growth into porous cylindrical specimens implanted in the canine femur has occurred as early as four weeks. Ingrown tissues appear normal and there is minimal inflammatory response. Mechanical strength of the porous material, though not as great as that of the solid material, does appear to be sufficient for certain orthopedic applications. Current research is directed toward determining interfacial strengths and the mechanical properties of the porous polyethylene-bone composite.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080315
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical characteristics of setting of acrylic bone cements (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 185-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation was conducted to determine the general physical characteristics of self-curing acrylic resin systems in terms of their potential utilization in total hip arthroplasty.Exothermic temperature, working and setting times were monitored with thermocouples placed in acrylic masses insulated via a Teflon mold. Mechanical strengths were run in an Instron testing machine. The same trends were noted in all systems studied.As thickness or mass increased, the maximum temperature and the setting time increased. As the powder to liquid ratio increased (thereby relatively less liquid), the maximum temperature, set times and dough times decreased, while the working time was essentially unaffected. As the ambient temperature decreased, the maximum temperature decreased while the dough, working and setting times increased.The mechanical strengths of the systems cured at one atmosphere are low compared to high temperature and pressure curing. Flowability of the materials decreases quickly as final set time is approached.Although trends are similar in many self-curing acylic systems minors shifts in complex proprietary compositions can produce a wide span or working and setting times. Because the surgical team controls such parameters as the mass employed, the amount of liquid introduced, and the ambient temperature it is important that they continuously re-evaluate their handling procedures particularly if new acrylic cements would be introduced.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080319
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Preface (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. v 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080402
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of a total hip replacement (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 271-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Through a survey of hip replacement arthroplasty the paper establishes the case for objective evaluation of these joints in the patient. It then outlines a simple, non-invasive technique, based on Paul's (1967) locomotion studies, to assess pre- and postoperative functional capability. Preliminary results which establish viability of the procedure are presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080406
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Porous titanium alloy for fixation of knee prostheses (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 319-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A porous titanium alloy called void metal composite (VMC) was investigated for use in knee prosthesis fixation. The interfacial ingrowth fixation of VMC intrameduallary, subchondral, and variable density implants in goat femora was evaluated biomechanically and histologically at six weeks and five months. Biomechanical tests were done under static shear and dynamic, cyclic (fatigue) loading conditions. Readily identifiable bone, strong fixation, and excellent biocompatibility were typical. Some subarticular implants appeared to induce normal hyaline cartilage overgrowth.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080411
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The normal circulation of bone and its response to surgical intervention (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080111
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Plastics and inflammation: An in vivo experimental study (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 97-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A significant variation occurred in the inflammatory response to polyethylene and polyurethane when embedded subcutaneously in experimental animals. This variation apparently is related to the composition of the plastic and adsorption of proteins. The attraction of polymorphonuclear leucocytes by plastics apparently is related to the electrostatic and/or electrokinetic imbalance that occurs at or near the site of implantation.Polyurethane and polyethylene were selected for this study since preliminary observations had shown a variation in inflammatory response when they were embedded subcutaneously in the mouse. From this study it is evident that: (1) variations occurred in the inflammatory reaction in the subcutaneous tissue of mice and rabbits following the embedding of polyethylene and polyurethane; (2) polymorphonuclear leucocytes began to emigrate within hours after these two plastics were implanted, reaching their maximum number within 24 to 48 hr; (3) polymorphonuclear leucocytes usually were absent after the 6th experimental day in mice with polyurethane, but were present for 232 days in mice with polyethylene; (4) polymorphonuclear leucocytes were present in the rabbit for only a few days following subcutaneous implantation of polyethylene and polyurethane; and (5) leucocytes around the implanted polyurethane in the rabbit began to degenerate within 48 hr. The mechanism for this degeneration is not known.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080202
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intergranular cracking of a weak two-phase polymethyl methacrylate (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 185-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080207
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Preface (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. v 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080302
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental analysis of ceramic-tissue interactions. A morphologic, fluoroescenseoptic, and radiographic study on dense alumina oxide ceramic in various animals (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 39-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two types of dense Al2O3 ceramics (99.6% purity, 96% purity) were tested in the following fields of interest.1Wear resistibility using a pin and disk method under distilled water and human synovial fluid. Both types showed minimal initial corpuscular wear.2Biocompatibility of ceramic wear particles in mice and rats after injection by different ways. The crystal material is permanently deposited in macrophages, after transport via lymphpatic and blood vessels also in the RES without chronic inflammatory and progressive fibrotic response.3Under moderate stress conditions ceramic plates are fixed firmly by new bone formation within 2-3 months according to tetracycline label studies of bone growth in rats.4A new ceramic total hip prosthesis with two different socket designs for cement free fixation in bone is proposed and used in sheep experiments. The results of a 4 month experiment is presented showing firm fixation of the prosthesis under full stress conditions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080306
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of stress on tissue ingrowth into porous aluminum oxide (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study of the tissue compatibility of aluminum oxide implants under different stress conditions in rabbits was performed over four- and eight-week implantation periods. The specific objectives were to examine endosteal bone ingrowth into aluminum oxide coneshaped plugs in amputated tibiae, while additional pellet-shaped implants in the tibiae and femora of rabbits with amputated and nonamputated limbs were studied to determine: (1) if the degree of loading placed on the amputated limb was sufficient to promote bone activity, (2) the degree of inertness and/or toxicity of the aluminum oxide implants, and (3) a possible cause of bone spurs.The results of the radiographic, histologic and microradiographic analyses of the in vivo implants demonstrated that there was little mineralized bone ingrowth into the coneshaped aluminum oxide implants in the amputated tibiae. The study also showed that the aluminum oxide pellet implants in the tibiae and femora of the nonamputated limbs demonstrated excellent mineralized bone ingrowth into surface and internal pores. By comparing these results with the incomplete ingrowth into corresponding pellet implants in the tibiae and femora of amputated limbs, it was determined that a lack of weight bearing and damage to the musculature and vascularity following amputation were interfering with the normal bone activity and therefore bone ingrowth.Angiographs and radiographs of the amputated tibiae demonstrated that bone spurs were present and that they originated at the site of the periosteal damage. Their cause was believed to be associated with an increase in the vascularity of the adjacent tissues.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080310
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium-phosphate magnesium-aluminate osteoceramics (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ceramic materials for permanent implantation in osseous tissue, called osteoceramics, were based on an equimolar mixture of Ca3(PO4)2 and MgAl2O4. Tooth roots with dense regions and with regions of controlled porosity for tissue ingrowth were made from the material. They were implanted submucosally in the mandible and maxilla of dogs. Tissue response was aceptable and strong attachment occurred. Thin sections are presented showing the interface of the alveolar bone and the prosthesis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080314
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Study of early sheath development using static nongliding implants (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Clinical studies will permit only small sections of tendon sheaths to be removed for biopsy at restricted levels as the sheaths were to be used for tendon grafting. In active gliding programs, biopsy has been limited to small sheath sections in immediate relation to the distal or proximal anastomosis where gliding motion may be induced or minimal. In the passive gliding programs, biopsy has been limited to the most proximal segments where considerable folding of the sheath occurs or cul-de-sac buckling of the implant may produce irritation.As these were the only practical clinical sources of sheath sections for biopsy and study, the authors felt that a comparison study of sheath development in animals would broaden our understanding in humans. With this objective in mind, three canine laboratory studies were carried out where, for pure purposes of investigation, entire sheath sections were removed at designated time intervals for study.The flexible implants were well accepted, affording the opportunity to observe development of early sheaths in a controlled connective tissue environment, free from the stress of joint motion.The semi-rigid implants showed equal acceptance in side-by-side tissue level of the same dog as the flexible implant. This influenced changes in artificial tendon development from extrusion to the more exacting mold fabrication. It seemed evident that the degree of increase in stiffness of the new artificial tendons to gain a superior surface for gliding and increased strength would not change tissue acceptance providing flexibility was maintained.The cellular response in this study did not seem to represent a foreign body phenomena but an orderly acceptance of the soft tissue environment to the smooth surface of the inert implant.It is concluded that this study confirmed in animals the clinical findings of Mayer, Bunnell, Milgram, and Carroll.The consistent orderly development of the new sheaths formed in response to the static implants is impressive. The authors believe the appearance of these histologic sections are likely correlations with the development of new sheaths around the Hunter Tendon Prosthesis during the three-four week postoperative period when the hand is resting in a functional dressing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080316
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  • 20
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    The potential for poly-α-amino acids as biomaterials (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly-α-amino acids have been investigated for possible use in a wide variety of biomedical applications. These range from dialysis membranes to artificial skin substitutes to degradable sutures. The large number of available α-amino acids potentially provides an extremely large number of poly-α-amino acids. The majority of materials investigated to date are copolymers composed of two components, one of which usually provides the desired property for the given application.This paper deals with the further examination of a series of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate-L-leucine copolymers. Evidence is provided on the effect of these copolymers on the biological environment as determined by implantation in rats up to 200 days. In vitro tests were also performed and the effect of these tests on the stress-strain properties of one of the copolymers is presented.Preliminary evidence on biodegradable copolymer films is also included. These materials have free γ-carboxyl groups on the glutamate components.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080320
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  • 21
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    The load-deformation characteristics of connective tissues (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 427-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Following the classification of tissues according to their “dominant” and “interactive” components the paper surveys their load-deformation behavior, highlighting in particular the significance of time dependence. This leads to a discussion of the implant/tissue interaction in which the complexity that could be created by varying load and deformation time rates at the interface is explored.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080422
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Morphologic observations of neosheath development of undifferentiated connective tissue development around artificial tendons (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The management of severe flexor tendon injuries of the hand has been dramatically improved by tendon sheath reconstruction with an artificial tendon, followed by conventional tendon grafting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of neosheath formation.In 25 chickens, the flexor tendons and sheaths in a toe were excised and replaced with a United States Army artificial tendon. An artificial tendon was also placed in the back, and four weeks later, tendons and surrounding tissue as well as normal tendon sheaths were excised and submitted for light, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.In all instances, neosheaths formed around the silastic coated artificial tendon. The neosheaths formed in the foot and back were similar to normal sheath, having the same cellular and fibrous composition. Reconstruction of the normal anatomy with an artificial tendon explains why this surgical technique gives superior results to other less physiologic procedures in patients with severe hand injuries.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080318
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    MultiphaseTrademark of Standard Pressed Steel Company in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. MP35N alloy for medical implants (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biomaterials engineer of today has an extremely limited choice of approved metallic implant alloys with which to conduct his studies. There is essentially no incentive for larger companies to initiate basic research in the biomaterials field. New alloys which would have the best chance of developing as biomaterials would be “spin-off” alloys from somewhat related industries and currently in production. MP35N is just such a spin-off alloy with a background of years of in-vitro testing and use in corrosive environments. When compared to the desired implant material requirements, the material properties required of MP35N for present applications readily indicate its potential use as a biomaterial.It is a castable alloy which exhibits good as-cast ductility. In the wrought condition, yield strength levels from 60,000 to over 310,000 psi are possible with accompanying good ductility characteristics. Excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance and improved fatigue strength over present cast implant material are also characteristic of MP35N. Results, to date, from in-vivo tests indicate tissue compatibility of MP35N at least comparable to HS-21 (Vitallium).Possible medical applications for MP35N would include hip and knee joints, bone plates, heart pacer electrodes, suture wire and clips, and Endosseous blade implants.
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    Press fit implant arthroplasty of the hip and knee (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 285-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The bone-implant interface and the accompanying difficulties with fixation continue to be a major area of research activity. Biological fixation would appear to be the ideal method of fixation. Press-fit metal implants may be part of a larger answer that may include sintering, coatings, or both.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080407
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170101
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    Detecting margin leakage of dental composite restorations (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The degree of microleakage between a restoration and the cavity wall is difficult to quantify objectively. A silver-staining method is used and compared to the radioisotope method with results that indicate a superior definition and more accurate evaluation of microleakage. In addition to the accuracy, two advantages are presented: (1) scoring of the leakage can be refined and divided into more precise numbers, and (2) teeth can be observed directly in a microscope without resorting to the indirect interpretation of film or photograph.
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    Fracture of porous polyethylene-bone composite (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous high-density polyethylene specimens were implanted in the femurs of mongrel canines. At the end of the residency period (3 or 6 months), the animals were sacrificed and the implants were retrieved. The work-of-fracture of the implant specimens was then determined using the technique of Tattersall and Tappin. The work required to fracture a specimen in three-point bending by controlled crack propagation through a triangular cross section was obtained directly from the load-deflection curve. The area of the resulting fracture surface was measured by macro-photographic techniques, and the work-of-fracture was calculated as work per unit area. The implants were subsequently sectioned and examined microradiographically to determine the extent of bone ingrowth. Bone specimens adjacent to the implants and porous high-density polyethylene controls (no ingrowth) were also tested to determine their work-of-fracture. The results showed that bone adjacent to the implant specimens had a higher work-of-fracture than normal medial, canine femoral bone and was not appreciably different from the composite. The work-of-fracture of porous high-density polyethylene was not significantly increased by an increase in bone infiltration, and this anomalous behavior was attributed to a degradation of the polyethylene during implant residence. Control studies supported this hypothesis.
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    Preparation of a biocompatible albumin-coated ion exchange resin for bilirubin removal from the blood of jaundiced newbornsThis paper won a student award at the annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials at Troy, NY, May 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 91-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Removal of bilirubin by hemoperfusion with ion exchange resin particles is suggested to replace exchange transfusion of blood of jaundiced infants in some cases of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The hemoperfusion system developed here consists of a packed bed of a macroreticular resin which is made biocompatible by a coating of a monomolecular layer of albumin. The choice of the appropriate ionic form of the resin and the proper albumin coating and crosslinking procedure assures a high bilirubin adsorption capacity and excellent blood compatibility of the resin. The albumin coated resin removes in vitro 80-90% of the bilirubin initially present in the plasma. The results encourage in vivo clinical studies.
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    Surface modification and evaluation of some commonly used catheter materials. I. Surface propertiesSubmitted by P. T. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. Degree in Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 129-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Double catheter systems consisting of a stiff outer catheter and a flexible, buoyant, flow-directed, inner catheter which is often balloon-tipped have been employed with increasing frequency recently in both therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Their use, however, has been restricted because of the excessive friction generated between the two catheters. In an attempt to decrease friction between polymers commonly used as catheter materials, oxidation of polyethylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer, poly(vinyl chloride), silicone rubber, and polystyrene surfaces was induced by exposing the polymers to radio frequency glow discharge (RFGD) in a helium environment. All polymers were surface characterized utilizing x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements before and after oxidation. This article describes the materials and methods used to fabricate and characterize the polymer surfaces and the results of the characterization. The results indicate that increases in oxygen concentration at the surface of the polymers and decreases in air-water contact angles occur with increased RFGD exposure time. Plateau values were usually obtained after 5-30 s exposure time, yet no apparent changes in surface topography were noted by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophilic surfaces produced were stable for up to three months storage time in air.
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    Structural evidences of the microfilled composites (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The new composite concept of microfilled composites has certain advantages, such as polishability, permanent smoothness, and high abrasion resistance. In the mouth, however, these new materials are not perfect and they often fail in stress-bearing restorations. In the present study, the weak links and imperfections of these materials are determined by means of direct and indirect SEM techniques. The chemical adhesion between polymer blocks and polymer matrix is questionable; fractures occur most often at the filler-matrix interface. In vivo, there is still a certain preferential wear of the resin matrix. In Estic Microfill, rear weak zones with starlike condensations are observed, which could be related to a certain incompatibility of its composing resins and/or to incomplete and inhomogeneous polymerization. In a fractured Isopast restoration, the polymer blocks are clearly revealed, scattered in a three-dimensional polymerized matrix network.
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    Effect of surface texture on the soft tissue response to polymer implants (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 205-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ion beam etching has provided a system which can produce a controllable surface morphology in the micron range without altering surface chemistry or surface energy. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) develops a surface texture having conical projections with average dimensions: height = 12 μm, base width = 4 μm, tip radius = 0.1 μm. Smooth and textured PTFE disks (1 cm diam. × 250 μm thick) were implanted subcutaneously into the dorsum of Sprague-Dawley rats for time periods of 1 and 3 days and 1,2,3,4, and 8 weeks. Smooth control samples consisted of untreated surfaces and surfaces that were exposed to an ion beam environment producing a smooth surface. All smooth surfaces behaved identically by both histochemical and histological methods. Consequently, the ion beam environment had no effect on the soft tissue response. Textured surfaces, however, demonstrated increased cell adhesion and increased succinic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase staining in the interfacial cells. Interfacial cells consisted of foreign body giant cells and macrophages. These macrophages possessed increases in the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio, number and interdigitation of filopodia, and vacuolization as demonstrated by TEM. The textured surfaces also influence the kinetics of fibrous capsule formation. At 8 weeks, capsules associated with textured interfaces were reduced in thickness by 30% when compared to smooth surfaces. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the surface texture of an implant is a critical variable in determining the soft tissue response to a material.
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    Properties of a heparin-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel coating (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 359-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Some physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of a heparin-PVA hydrogel potentially useful as a thromboresistant coating for the preparation of small-diameter vascular prostheses and blood-sampling catheters have been determined. The molecular weight between crosslinks in the acetal crosslinked gel was approximately 8000, permitting proteins the size of albumin to enter the interior of the gel. The release rate of heparin from a gel containing 7 mg/g gel was 10-2 μg/g min which was significantly lower than the reported minimum required for thromboresistance of ionically heparinized materials. Nevertheless, in vitro biological activity was observed in both thrombin time and plasma recalcification time assays, which could not be attributed to the release of heparin into the incubated plasma. Correlation of final heparin contents with the amount of terminal amino acid residues in three samples of heparin suggests that the heparin is bound to the PVA in the gel through the amino acid terminus; this provides a plausible explanation for the retention of biological activity by the immobilized heparin.
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    The dilemma of patient exposure to ubiquitous foreign particles (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 389-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170215
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    In vivo and in vitro aging of orthopedic aluminas (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 395-410 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The flexural strength, microstructure and relative Ca and Si concentration at the surface of two commercial orthopedic aluminas were studied before and after aging up to 52 weeks in simulated body fluids or in subcutaneous implantation in rodents. There was no significant reduction in flexural strength after aging, but there was evidence of Ca and Si dissolution from the external grain boundary surfaces, particularly for specimens aged in demineralized water. No change occurred in the Ca and Si concentrations within the specimen's bulk during either in vivo or in vitro aging.
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    Biochemical features of pseudomembrane at the bone-cement interface of loosened total hip prostheses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 669-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biochemical features of pseudomembrane formed at the bone-cement interface of 13 failed total hip replacements were studied and histological examination of the pseudomembrane was conducted. The results of biochemical analyses revealed on average hydroxyproline, 86 μg/mg; water content, 57%; hexosamine, 12 μg/mg; glucosamine/galactosamine, 1.4%; and calcium, 2.1%. Approximately 78% of collagen was extracted with pepsin, whereas only 8 and 0.3% collagen were extracted with acetic acid and neutral salt, respectively. On further differential salting out of the extracted collagen, about 77% was type I collagen, 19% type III, and 2.6% type V. Unlike pseudoarthrosis of fracture, no type II collagen was identified. Overall biochemical features in the light of the histological appearance suggested that pseudomembrane resembles granulation tissue. Bone healing mechanisms at the bone-cement interface appear to differ from that of fracture healing.
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    Gel route preparation of low fusing dental porcelain frit (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 691-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Dental porcelain frits have been prepared by the gel route, a procedure involving solubilization of alkalies, boron, rare earth, and other compounds in an alumina-silica sol. Using this procedure, porcelain frits suitable for metal-ceramic application have been prepared that fire to maturity at temperatures lower than current commercial porcelains. Solubilities, translucencies, thermal expansion coefficients, dilatometric softening temperatures, and flexure strengths are within the ranges of current commercial porcelains. The high degree of dispersion of pigments and phosphors made possible by gel route technology and the technology's ability to disperse crystalline phases to strengthen porcelain offers many processing advantages. Gel route technology also offers a great degree of freedom in modifying porcelain properties.
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    Interaction of fibroblasts and polymer surfaces: relationship between surface free energy and fibroblast spreading (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cell spreading and cell division rates of a transformed line of mouse lung fibroblasts were studied on various polymer surfaces in the presence of serum proteins. The bare polymer surfaces, as well as the protein-coated surfaces, were characterized by their polar (γsp) and dispersion (γsd) surface free energies. Cell spreading appeared to be dependent on the polar surface free energy. Cell spreading is low when the γsp of the bare surface is lower than 5 erg cm-2; marked spreading occurs when γsp is higher than 15 erg cm-2. A similar relationship was found between cell spreading and polarity of the protein-coated surfaces, although less pronounced than for the bare surfaces. Cell spreading appeared independent of the dispersion surface free energy. Cell division rate was the same on all surfaces tested.
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    Cement strain measurement surrounding loose and well-fixed femoral component stems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 819-828 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strain measurement within the cement surrounding stemmed total hip femoral components was accomplished using PMMA encapsulated and embedded strain gauges. Cement strain measurement associated with a well-bonded stem-cement interface and an unbonded stem-cement interface (i.e., loose prosthesis) was performed. The presence of a stem-cement bond was found to reduce proximal cement strain magnitudes while having little effect on distal cement strain magnitudes. The assurance of a stem-cement bond on only the proximal third of the interface was found to have an effect similar to that of a complete stem-cement bond. The results of this experimental investigation confirm the theoretical prediction that the stem-cement bond is important in maintaining the integrity of the cement mantle surrounding a stemmed femoral component.
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    Macroporous hydrogel membranes for a hybrid artificial pancreas. I. Synthesis and chamber fabrication (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 855-864 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We report development of special macroporous semipermeable membranes and diffusion chambers made of polymerized 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA), synthesized specifically to enclose living insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells for the treatment of diabetes. This material was selected to minimize the fibrotic encapsulation which has limited hybrid artificial pancreas efforts with other membranes, including Millipore and Nuclepore filters. The pore density and pore size distribution were dependent on the ratio of water to HEMA monomer and also on the crosslinker (EGDMA) concentration. A macroporous membrane resulted only when the ratio of water/HEMA monomer was greater than 50%. 125I-insulin permeability was studied in vitro. A technique is also described to fuse the membranes to form diffusion chambers used for implantation into diabetic rats.
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    Clinical applications of biomaterials, A. J. C. Lee, T. Albrektsson, and P. I. Branemark, Advances in biomaterials, Vol. 4, Wiley, Chichester, 1982, 335 pp. with index (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 899-899 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170516
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 903-903 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170518
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    Corrosion product formation sequence on Cu-rich amalgams in various solutionsPortions of this work were presented at the 60th General Session of IADR, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1982. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 913-920 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A single particle and four blended Cu-rich amalgam systems were immersed in 37 °C solutions for 1-20 months in order to determine the characterization and sequence of corrosion product formation. X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDS were used to characterize the products. The same sequence of formation occurred in all systems in Ringer's and 0.1% Ringer's solutions. The times at which each product formed varied with the brand of the amalgam and the concentration of the solution. The initial products were ZnSn(OH)6 in Zn-containing systems and SnO2 in most other systems. Cu2O formed next, followed by CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2. Immersion in 1% Na2S yielded only HgS on all brands. A combination of 1% Na2S and Ringer's solution yielded CaSn(OH)6 after 2 months and Cu2O at later periods. Artificial saliva resulted in a retardation of corrosion product formation and only limited amounts of a Sn-rich product could be found after 20 months. Interactions of the various components appear to alter the nature and rate of corrosion product formation on these systems and additional systematic investigations are necessary to understand the influence of these interactions on corrosion.
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    Acrylate and methacrylate esters: Relationship of hemolytic activity and in vivo toxicity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 945-957 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Quantitative hemolysis assays of acrylate and methacrylate esters provided estimates of the intrinsic hemolytic activity (Hi the slope of the concentration-response curve) and the concentrations effecting 5% (H5) and 50% (H50) hemolysis. The dependence of hemolytic activity and LD50 (mice) on physical properties (lipophilicity, molar refraction, and molecular volume) of the esters was determined by multiple regression analysis. The observed correlations were: Hi, R2 = 0.94; H5, R2 = 0.95; H50, R2 = 0.94; and LD50, R2 (all compounds) = 0.80, R2 (all compounds less the methyl esters) = 0.94. The difference of the methyl esters was associated with the smaller steric volume of the methyl ester substituent and the presence (methacrylates) or absence (acrylates) of the branched methyl group. Associative steric contributions of the branched methyl group and the ester substituents were probably responsible for greater variability in the methyacrylate series. The results were consistent with the conclusion that the mechanism of the action of the esters is membrane mediated and relatively nonspecific and that in vivo biotransformation was not a significant factor. Also, long-term toxic liability of the esters may be more closely related to intrinsic toxicity than acute toxicity.
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    Grafted synthetic sorbents for enhanced removal of toxic chemical agents from plasma (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 993-1002 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of porous polymeric sorbents and activated carbon were used to remove di-isopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) from human plasma and normal saline. The sorptive capacities of the commercially available sorbents Amberlite XAD-4, XAD-2, XN1010, and XE348, and Calgon 400 were determined. Butyl- and palmityl-grafted XAD-4 were prepared with graft efficiencies of 32 and 6%, respectively, and tested for sorptive capacities. DIMP removal efficiencies were compared to dialysis with a 1.8 m2 Cordis-Dow hollow fiber artificial kidney (HFAK). Butyl-grafted XAD-4 and active carbon outperformed the other sorbents in removing DIMP from both saline and plasma. An order of magnitude reduction in removal ability was noted for all the adsorbents when the mobile media was plasma. Pronounced plasma precipitation was elicited by activated carbon, an effect not observed with any of the polymeric resins tested. The removal efficiencies on a 18.0 g basis of XAD-4, butyl-grafted XAD-4, and active carbon were comparable to that of the HFAK used in this study. These sorbents, however, possess a macroscopic surface area of approximately 0.1 m2, an order of magnitude lower than that of the HFAK. This reduction in contact area is believed to reduce substantially the possibility of undesirable molecular and cellular effects.
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    Strain-rate dependence of the compressive properties of normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cementPresented in part at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biomaterials (in conjunction with the 13th International Biomaterials Symposium), held at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, and on May 28-31, 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1041-1047 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced (1 wt. %) bone cement samples were tested in compression at various strain rates. Both the compressive strength and proportional limit increased in general with increasing strain rate. Similar strain-rate sensitivity was also shown by the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement. The mechanical properties, namely the modulus of elasticity, the proportional limit, and the compressive strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement showed highly significant positive correlations with the strain rate.
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    A model of dissolution-controlled solute release from porous drug delivery polymeric systems (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1079-1087 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Metallographic examinations of retrieved intramedullary bone pins and bone screws from the human body (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 27-38 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Substantial improvements have been made by the surgical manufacturing industry in the development of implants and by the orthopedic surgeon in the use of prosthetic appliances. In spite of these advancements, some prosthetic devices completely fail of do not provide satisfactory performance. Hostile environmental conditions of the human body are highly influential in limiting the service life of the implants, so the material selection and the design and fabrication must be made with extreme care. Examinations we have made of intramedullary pins retrieved from femurs reveal examples of fretting and/or crevice corrosion and in-service failures that nucleated in microscopic surface gouges. Self-tapping screws, essential for securing bone implants, failed due to fractures originating in the thread roots. Failures by merely exceeding the ultimate strength of the material and by the more involved process of stress corrosion cracking are shown.An evaluation laboratory for failure analyses of prostheses is recommended.
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    The foreign body reaction - an experimental protocol (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 65-76 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive protocol is presented for the in vivo evaluation of soft tissue foreign body reactions to surgical implants. A number of methods of evaluation and quantitation of the tissue reaction to implants are presented and discussed. A strong plea is made for semi-quantitation of tissue reactions, rather than relying on subjective, qualitative methods.
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    Clinical problems in total hip replacements (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 227-244 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Total hip replacements are based on a long chain of efforts of partial exchange of joint compartments. Inplants of material of both biological and nonbiological origin have been applied over the past 50 years. Smith-Pedersen, Judet, Moore, and Thompson are names to be remembered. It was primarily from the idea of firm fixation and low friction between the joint surfaces that today's constructions emerged. Immediate superior clinical results encouraged a strong trend towards hip-arthroplasties. The orthopedic surgeon can now choose amongst several prosthetic designs, the most common being metal to metal or plastics with or without bone cement. But, after ten years a number of threatening problems have become evident, calling for critical analysis of total joint replacements. Biomechanical, chemical, and morphological disturbances, both in the early and late phases, show that the body has difficulties in tolerating the artificial joint. This survery presents some of the most obvious risks and failures in total hip replacements.
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    Total surface replacement of the hip joint (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 245-260 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The surface replacement hip prosthesis reported represents an attempt to improve upon some aspects of the present design of total hip. The prosthesis comprises a cap fitted over the femoral head and a liner fixed into the socket, both being cemented with methyl methacrylate. The chief advantage of this design is preservation of bone stock. The prostheses were inserted bilaterally into six dogs, and whilst ten joints failed, one case was strikingly successful at two years follow-up. It was concluded that the design showed sufficient advantages over current total hips and that there was sufficient possibility of success in some application, to merit further study.
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    The total Walldius knee endoprosthesis in combination with retropatellar facet replacement (Polyethylene). Indication, operative procedure, and clinical results in a two year follow-up study (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Total replacement of the knee joint often remains unsatisfactory because of severe femor-patellar osteoarthritis.Twenty-four Walldius knee prostheses were inserted in 21 cases. Since March 1971 we have used a combination of this type of hinge prosthesis with a high-density polyethylene retropatellar facet prosthesis developed by our group in cooperation with the Badische Anilin- & Soda Fabrik AG (BASF).Fourteen knees of this combined type have been implanted and resulted in considerably less complaints than the original Walldius knee. The postoperative range of motion with an average of 66° does not differ in both groups.
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    A simple shoulder replacement (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 329-330 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although degenerative arthritis of the shoulder is quite rare, it does occur. Pain relief was obtained in three such cases by the insertion of a polyethylene glenoid liner made for this purpose and used in conjunction with a standard metal prosthesis for humeral head replacement. Good pain relief and fair motion was obtained.
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    An in vitro test system for estimation of blood compatibility of biomaterials (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 341-356 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vitro test cell is described which permits exposure of artificial surfaces in sheet or film form to native human blood in the absence of a blood-air interface. Evaluation of Cuprophane, polyethylene, Silastic, and silicone-coated glass in the in vitro cell showed Cuprophane and silicone-coated glass to produce the least activation of the intrinsic coagulation system, while Silastic produced the greatest degree of activation. Polyethylene gave results intermediate between those obtained with the other materials. Each of these four different materials was evaluated in the elliptical cell test system multiple times with blood from 13 different donors.Our data suggest that with the present test system and the proper experimental design, one might expect that, “on the average,” performance of 36 tests on each of two materials will be sufficient for a 10% difference in their compatibility with blood to be statistically significant at the 5% level. The number of tests is 26 for significance at the 10% level.
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    Antithrombin activity of a polyelectrolyte synthesized from cis-1,4-polyisoprene (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 375-379 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A polyelectrolyte synthesized from cis-1,4-polyisoprene, containing aminosulfonate and carboxylate groups was shown to have an anticoagulant activity of about 1/30 compared with heparin. Because the substance prevents the coagulation of plasma in the presence of thrombin it is assumed that it acts as an antithrombin.
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    Couple corrosion among alloys for skeletal prostheses (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 407-419 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Using a metallographic technique to identify and count corrosion pits, the tendency for passive film breakdown has been studied under conditions that simulate a crevice and a combination of two different materials. Potential corrosion couples were formed among: 316L stainless steel, cast Co—Cr—Mo alloy, wrought Co—Cr—W—Ni alloy, Ti-6% Al-4% V alloy, a Co—Ni—Cr—Mo (multiphase) alloy and graphite. Only 316L stainless steel seems significantly prone to pitting corrosion in a crevice condition. Dissimilar metals in the crevice configuration did not seem to accelerate the corrosion of stainless steel.
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    Grafting of polymeric side chains to soft tissues (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 451-470 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a novel approach for obtaining covalent bonding to tissues by chemical grafting of polymeric side chains to the collagenous backbone. Soft tissues such as calfskin or ratskin can be modified by acrylic, methacrylic, or vinyl monomers containing a variety of functional groups using ceric ions, persulfate-bisulfite or comonomers forming donor-acceptor complexes as initiators. Reactions take place within 20 min to 3 hr under experimental condition which, with suitable changes, might be tolerated clinically. The resulting products are insoluble in solvents for the respective homopolymers. It is likely that the polymeric side chain is attached chemically to the collagenous backbone. With ratskin, the grafting takes place mainly at the surface, resulting in a change in wettability and water sorption of the substrate. Modified hydrophilic, hydrophobic or even oil repellent surfaces can be prepared by judicious choice of monomer used. Thus, hydrophobic, oleophobic subdermal ratskin surfaces are obtained on reaction with flourinated monomers. Treated ratskins appear more resistant to fungal attack than the original substrate. It is conceivable that the polymeric side chains can serve as adhesive liners since the modified surface may improve the ability of the substrate to adhere to restorative materials.
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    A histopathological report on the nature of the epithelium and underlying connective tissue which surrounds oral implants (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 373-383 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This report is concerned with the two tissue types (oral epithelium and fibrous connective tissue) which surround oral implants and the possible adhesion of cells of these tissues to the implant surface. A review of the literature reveals that there is disagreement as to which of these two tissue types encase the deeper portions of Vitallium implants. Using techniques developed for studying the dental epithelial attachment, the following observations are submitted.1A PAS-possitive material is in abundance at the interface between the junctional epithelium and the implant post and present, but to a lesser degree, between the fibrous connective tissue and the implant surface.2An Oracine-positive material is present at the interface of both tissue types and the implant surfaces.3Collagen fibers subjacent to the junctional epithelium are oriented at functional angles to the basement membrane.4A histological artifact has been frequently observed which is the result of the tearing of the end of the epithelium away from its basement membrane.5Bacterial plaque adhering to the exposed portion of the implant posts extends in an apical direction and terminates abruptly along a very distinct line.From these observations it seems likely that an adhesion exists at the interface between the junctional epithelial cells and the penetrating implant surface.
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    A preliminary report on thirty-five geometric total knee arthroplasties (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 299-309 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This paper reviews the first 35 cases of geometric total knee arthroplasties performed on 32 patients at The George Washington University Medical Center. The procedure was done in 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 5 patients with osteoartritis, and 2 patients with traumatic arthritis. Ages ranged from 38-83 years with an average of 58 years. This is a short-term follow-up with the longest of one year duration and the shortest two months. Fourteen patients had previous knee surgery including one that had three previous procedures. Indications and contraindications are outlined and the surgical procedure is described with an effort to point out certain technique problems. Twenty patients had complete relief of pain, ten had slight pain with activity. One has severe patellofemoral pain on weight-bearing and one has constant pain. Twenty patients had varying degrees of instability prior to surgery and none following the procedure and a 50° valgus deformity has been corrected satisfactorily. It was observed that patients with restricted motion and pain gained significant motion and pain relief while those with good motion and pain gained less overall and in some instances lost. Peroneal nerve palsies, patellar tendon avulsions, and wound complications are presented. We feel on the basis of this limited experience that this total knee system offers to the patient in need of a salvage procedure a stable, essentially pain-free knee that has increased mobility and function.
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    Materials in maxillofacial prosthetics (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 349-363 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Maxillofacial prosthetic materials are classified in two main groups: extraoral and intraoral prosthetic materials.Among extraoral prosthetic materials vinyl chloride polymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), silicone, and polyurethane are discussed for use in facial prosthetics. At present silicones and polyurethane materials are considered most desirable for their strength, even though both are somewhat difficult to color.Intraoral prosthetic materials include silicones, poly (methyl methacrylate), Tantalum, Ticonium, Vitallium, and Titanium mesh materials. Here again, silicone is particularly valued for its tissue tolerability. Metallic mesh materials have the advantage of permitting granulated tissue to migrate through the mesh.The criteria for ideal materials in maxillofacial prosthetics are as follows: extraoral prostheses should not irritate the surrounding tissues, yet it should be strong enough about the periphery to endure. It should be translucent, light weight, easy to process, and easy to manipulate prior to processing. It should be resistant to various chemicals such as ether, oil and to sunlight, heat, and cold.Implantable prosthetic materials must not be physically modified by the soft tissue; must not be capable of inciting inflammatory or foreign body reaction; must be chemically inert, noncarcinogenic, capable of resisting strain, easy to construct, and easy to sterilize.Progress toward meeting these criteria depends upon cooperation between laboratory and clinical researchers.
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    Porous titanium dental implants (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 401-407 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Titanium implants have been designed which utilize a solid core and porous exterior. The technique for implants containing posts utilizes a cast chromium-cobalt splint for fixation and the buried implants are held in place by the overlying gingiva until tissue growth into the porosity results in stabilization.Clinically successful post implants with apparent bone ingrowth and healthy gingiva surrounding the post have been achieved for periods up to three months.
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    Masthead (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080501
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    Masthead (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080601
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    The effect of implantation on the physical properties of silicone rubber (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 357-367 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Medical grade silicone rubber manufactured by Dow Corning Corporation was implanted subcutaneously in beagle dogs. At specified time intervals, the implants were removed at which time physical properties and weight changes were determined. A change in the physical properties was observed after six months implantation. Tensile strength decreased 7%, elongation 10% and the modulus at 200% extension increased 8%. After two years implantation, tensile strength had decreased 8%, elongation 15%, and 200% modulus increased 16%. After two weeks implantation, a 0.4% weight gain was seen, and after four weeks implantation the samples had gained 0.7%. However, after four weeks the weight gains stabilized and from four weeks to two years, they never exceeded 0.91%. The increase was due mainly to lipid absorption. No phospholipid or protein was detected. A chloroform/methanol extraction of the samples before implantation demonstrated 1.7% extractable silicone polymer. Samples not extracted before implantation, but extracted after implantation also demonstrated 1.7% extractable silicone polymer. This data suggests extractable silicone polymer does not leach from the medical grade silicone rubber during implantation.The data also suggests that the rubber is not being degraded to extractable silicone polymers during implantation. There were no significant differences in percent lipid up-take or the lipid profiles between samples which had extractable silicone polymer extracted before implantation and/or those which were not extracted before implantation.It should be pointed out that the slight changes in physical properties measured in this study should not be great enough to alter the performance of the rubber in the subcutaneous environment.
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    Some effects of pore diameter on single pore bony ingression patterns in Teflon (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 399-406 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Teflon implants containing a single cylindrical pore were surgically embedded in the femural bones of rabbits. A total of eight different pore sizes were used for each experimental animal. Their diameters ranged from 274 to 670 μm, with approximately 50 μm intervals between sizes. The amount of bone tissue ingression and its spatial distribution was assessed for each pore diameter at weekly intervals over a sixteen-week period by bone labeling with Tetracycline injection. From these data an optimum pore diameter of between 400 to 450 μm was observed for maximum bone ingression. The distribution of new bone growth was characterized as an apposition pattern which emanated from the walls and the open end of the pore. No rejection phenomena were observed at the Teflon tissue interfaces.
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    Investigation of the phase composition of six dental amalgams by X-ray diffraction (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 443-450 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The integrated intensities of certain reflections of the γ, γ1, and γ2 phase have been determined as a function of the mercury content of 6 amalgams after annealing for 20 hr at 37°C. This dependency could be described satisfactorily by means of the regression model: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ I_i = I_{i^0 } - \alpha _i W $$\end{document}. Here Ii is the integrated peak intensity for phase i at a mercury fraction of W by weight, whereas Ii0 and αi are constants of the material, whereby i = 0, 1, 2 stands for the γ, γ1, and γ2 phase respectively. Considerable differences between the αi and Ii0 parameters of the different amalgams were detected.
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    Fatigue properties of implant materials in hip prosthesis form: A standardized test (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 45-57 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The determination of the fatigue properties on small specimens is not accurate. It does not take into account the considerable scatter in fatigue properties which may arise in the implants. Therefore, testing of the properties on the actual implant is needed. The working hypothesis of the present article is that four-point bending fatigue tests allow determination of the fatigue limit of the femoral component material in total hip prostheses. It eliminates the disadvantages of the previously proposed load on head test because (1) the reproducibility of the stress pattern is easy; (2) the fatigue testing is over the whole critical part of the stem; and (3) the stresses do not change during the test. Testing of a series of hip prostheses shows that (1) the measured fatigue limit is typical for the material tested; (2) the location of the fatigue fractures is over the critical medial third of the stem; and (3) the fractographic aspects correspond to those of in vivo failed prostheses. The four-point bending procedure is proposed as a standard method.
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    Preliminary report on the osteogenic potential of a biodegradable copolymer of polyactide (PLA) and polyglycolide (PGA) (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 71-82 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A biodegradable copolymer of 50 polylactide:50 polyglycolide was prepared for implantation into experimentally created osseous defects in the tibias of 25 rats. Similarly prepared defects were made in the humeri of the same rats and these defects did not receive copolymer implants. Upon sacrifice, both the implant treated and untreated sites of the experimentally produced osseous defects were evaluated by gross appearance and by histomorphometric examination using a Zeiss Videoplan Image Analysis System with Osteoplan (version 4.1). The animals were evaluated in groups of five at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days. When compared with bony defects that were not treated with the biocompatible, biodegradable copolymer implant, the implant sites displayed an accelerated rate of healing at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days (p 〈 0.001). A similar healing response rate, however, was observed at 42 days (p 〈 0.25-0.1). No adverse host tissue responses were observed histologically.
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    Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive in the repair of osteochondral fractures (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in vivo evaluation of isobuty 2-cyanoacrylate as an osseous adhesive was done in an effort to answer two questions: Used in limited amounts, can this monomer maintain the reduction of an unstable intra-articular osteochondral fracture while allowing for fracture healing around the sites of adhesive placement? Used in limited amounts, in this monomer toxic to adjacent viable bone? Osteochondral fractures were created in 32 dog knees. In 16 knees, the fracture reduction was secured with three small drops of adhesive placed around the periphery of the fracture surface. In 16 control knees no adhesive was used. Eighty-one percent of the fractures in the adhesive-treated group united compared to 56% of the control group. Although the difference in number of fractures that healed in the two groups is not definitely statistically significant and no conclusion was drawn as to effectiveness of the adhesive, osseous healing was noted to proceed around the sites of adhesive placement and the monomer appeared nontoxic to adjacent bone.
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    Polymer analogs of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid and their pharmacological activity (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polymer analogs of 3-chloro-4-benzyloxyphenylacetic acid (BPh) were prepared, representing esters of BPh with three polymer alcohols: poly(vinyl alcohol) (P-I), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P-II), and poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate) (P-III). Their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by testing their inhibitory effect on the growth of edema in the hind legs of rats. The relative activities of the esters P-I-BPh and P-II-BPh with respect to that of BPh are 0.06 and 0.10, respectively. In the case of P-III-BPh the activity is stronger (0.37), probably owing to the easier release of BPh from P-III-BPh due to hydrolysis. No prolonged effect of BPh polymeric esters could be achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170114
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    Ultrastructural observations of cells at the interface of a biodegradable polymer: Polyglactin 910 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 185-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the ultrastructure of cells at the interface with an implanted biodegradable polymer, Polyglactin 910. Various stages of implantation were observed from 1 day to 63 days, when absorption of the polymer was essentially complete. Events occurring at the interface include initial adhesion of macrophages on the implant surface; phagocytosis of wound debris; and subsequent erosion, invasion, and phagocytosis of the polymer by macrophages and giant cells. A vascular perfusion technique for fixation of the polymer sites implanted in soft tissue is also described.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170115
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    A novel process for the manufacturing of porous grafts: Process description and product evaluation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 229-247 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A novel process has been developed for the manufacture of porous vascular grafts from solutions or melts of polymers. It allows the manufacture of grafts with controllable porosity, pore size, and mechanical properties. In this process, the polymer melt or polymer solution is extruded through fine orifices; the fibers are then fibers are then stretched and wound on a rotating mandril. Fiber-fiber bonding takes place, resulting in the formation of stable porous tubes. The effects of the process variables on the physical properties of the resulting graft have been studied and preliminary in vivo evaluation in dogs has demonstrated graft patency with a thin, stable neointima in both small (4 mm) and large (10 mm) caliber configurations.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170203
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    Analysis of deposits on high water content contact lenses (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Deposits on soft contact lenses of high water content were investigated morphologically and chemically and compared with those on conventional soft contact lenses of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The material of the lenses examined in this investigation was the crosslinked copolymer of methyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone with a water content higher than 70%. Morphologically, the deposits on the lenses with high water content were found to have no characteristics distinguishable from those on conventional lenses. By the electron microscopic observation of the cross section of a lens that had become opaque, it was confirmed that the deposit was on the lens surface and that no deposit was within the lens. Some spots on the lenses were recognized as colonies of microorganisms, but the majority of the spots had no involvement by microorganisms. Surface analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) confirmed that the main component of the filmy deposit was protein. Protein was detected in most of the deposits. The amino acid compositions of the proteins were found to be close to that of lysozyme. From the elemental analysis of several spots, silicon, aluminum, iron, and some other elements were detected. The structural analysis of some spots by a laser Raman microprobe (MOLE) revealed the existence of lipids. In several cases, the deposits were found to have grown around a defect of the lens surface. A mechanism for the formation of deposits is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170205
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    Strength testing of dental stone: A comparison of compressive, tensile, transverse, and shear strength tests (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The strength of two dental stones under three standard test regimens and two novel testing modes is reported. It was found under all test regimens that the water/powder ratio significantly affected the strength of the two gypsum products in a similar manner. It was established that the new central fulcrum loading mode gave strength data directly relatable to that determined in the conventional transverse strength test which requires larger test specimens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170208
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    Surface modification and characterization of some commonly used catheter materials. II. Friction characterizationSubmitted by P. T. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree in Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 149-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effects of the modification of polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), silicone rubber (SR), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) copolymer by radio frequency glow discharge in a helium environment were presented in part I. The hydrated polymer surfaces were characterized by XPS, SEM, visual microscopy, and by contact angle measurements. In general, exposure of the polymers to RFGD produced an oxidized hydrophilic surface, yet the roughness of the surface was unaltered by the relatively mild plasma conditions used. In this article, the frictional behavior of oxidized and unoxidized SR, PE, and FEP in distilled water, isotonic saline, and blood plasma environments is examined experimentally. The results are discussed in relation to the properties generally believed to affect frictional phenomena and to the surface properties as determined in part I. Results indicate that RFGD-treated SR generates less friction than untreated SR when dragged across all untreated and treated polymer surfaces, whether the medium is distilled water or an isotonic saline solution. Friction is consistently lower in a blood plasma medium between all surfaces investigated, most probably because of the presence of adsorbed proteins at the polymer interfaces.
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    Relationship between release rate and surface concentration for heparinized materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 509-518 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models are used to predict surface concentrations that result from the release of heparin into flowing blood and stagnant or well-mixed plasma. Two release rates - 4 × 10-2 and 3 × 10-5 μg/cm2 min-are considered, which describe elution from an ionically heparinized material and from an immobilized heparin-PVA hydrogel, respectively. When heparin is released at the higher rate into blood flowing in cylindrical tubes with dimensions characteristic of the vasculature, or annular tubes representative of catheter experiments, a minium surface concentration of 0.5 μg/mL is attained virtually at the tube inlet. Release at the lower rate requires tube lengths of several thousand meters to attain the same critical value. Similarly, heparin released from a suspension of beads at the higher rate leads to critical surface concentrations of 0.2 μg/mL within a fraction of a second in stagnant plasma, or ca. 5 s in a well-mixed environment. At the lower release rate, 45 or 100 min must elapse before the same level is achieved. These results support the validity of 4 × 10-2 μg/cm2 min as a reasonable minimum release rate to produce a heparin microenvironment sufficient to prevent thrombosis. The lower rate is shown to be insufficient to generate a critical concentration, thus supporting the argument that heparin-PVA does not owe its biological activity to a heparin microenvironment. The model equations can be applied to the release of any material to determine surface concentrations.
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 559-559 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170314
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    Mass transfer rates in hemodialyzers-An empirical correlation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 561-570 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: From the experimental data on the rates of urea transfer from blood to dialysate in a test hemodialyzer, a practical equation for the effect of the hematocrit on the blood-phase urea transfer coefficient is proposed. With this equation, the overall mass transfer coefficient that takes into account the properties of the blood can be estimated for the commercially available disposable flat membrane-type and hollow fiber-type hemodialyzers from the data for a relatively simple dialysate-dialysate system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170402
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    A newly prepared surface-treated oxystarch for removal of urea (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 597-612 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There is an urgent need to develop an efficient technique to remove urea from the blood or gastrointestinal tract of uremic patients. Activated charcoals have a low sorption capacity for urea although they effectively remove other uremic toxic substances. To provide an urea-reactive adsorbent, a chemically modified oxystarch with albumin or gelatin has been prepared. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis demonstrate that the reaction of a small amount of protein (albumin or gelatin) with oxystarch has taken place possibly by chemical combination. The influence of the dialdehyde content of the oxystarch on urea sorption, its sorption isotherm, and the adsorption rates have been investigated. It was found that the swelling factor of the oxystarch is closely related to the sorption activity under physiological conditions (pH 7.2-7.4 at 37°C). Adsorption studies have shown that sorption capacity is increased by surface treatment and can reach 6-8.2 g urea/kg-dried adsorbent (initial urea concentration was 70 mg/dL). The oxystarch had 49.2% of glucose unit oxidized and was surface treated with albumin. These results suggest that the newly prepared surface-treated oxystarch would be utilized as an effective chemisorbent for urea removal under physiological conditions.
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    Comments on the origin of platelet deposition1 and on cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces2 (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 375-381 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170213
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    Announcement (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 393-393 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170217
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    Creep rupture behavior of polypropylene suture material and its applications as a time-release mechanismPresented in part at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials in conjunction with the Thirteenth Annual International Biomaterials Symposium, Troy, NY, May 28-31, 1981. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 411-425 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The controlled failure of polypropylene (PP) sutures is studied via creep rupture tests. From plots of log time (tB) vs. stress (σ), linear relationships are generated over the failure times of 1-1000 h. Results show that as a function of stress, the time dependence varies with irradiation dose (15, 20, 25, and 50 Mrad), irradiation atmosphere (air and vacuum), suture diameter (7-0, 6-0, 5-0, and 4-0), and test temperature (26 and 37°C). For a given stress, the time to failure is least for the greatest dose in the presence of air and at the highest temperature. When suture loops are wrapped around a small wire sheave, however, failure occurs in the largest suture as much as two decades sooner than the smallest suture studied. Within the limitations stated herein, they are independent of test method, loop diameter, aging, and humidity. Consequently, after irradiation in vacuum and postirradiation heat treatment, the processed material may be stored at room temperature for at least 1 month. Such materials are advocated when the time release of a dental or medical device is required, for example, in the self-activating cleft palate appliance.
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    In vivo and in vitro studies of the stress-corrosion cracking behavior of surgical implant alloys (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 467-487 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Behavior of implant alloys exposed simultaneously to tensile stresses and corrosion environments has been examined. In the in vivo studies, a stainless steel and a titanium alloy exhibited cracklike freatures when loaded to the yield stress σy and implanted for 16 weeks. A cobalt-chromium alloy stressed beyond σy exhibited them in plastically deformed areas. A cobalt-chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy appeared to be immune. In vitro samples loaded to various stress levels were immersed in Ringer's solution at 37°C. Half of them were subjected to applied anodic potentials; the remaining control group was not. The applied potentials were dc potentials of magnitude similar to those generated by bioelectric effects. No attempt was made to duplicate time dependence or wave forms. Cracklike features were observed in the stainless steel and in the titanium alloy loaded to or beyond σy and polarized for 38 weeks. None were observed below σy. For the controls, no cracklike features were observed at any stress level after 53 1/2 weeks. Polarization measurements and potential versus time measurements were performed to study possible mechanisms for crack propagation. These investigations suggest that the in vivo corrosion environment is more severe than a 37°C Ringer's solution because of the influence of both bioelectric effects and organic constituents. The implications of these studies for the performance of prosthetic devices is discussed.
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    Dispersion and polar surface free energies of human enamel (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 637-641 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In this study, the dispersion (γsd) and polar (γsp) surface free energies of human enamel with and without an acquired enamel pellicle and of crystalline hydroxyapatite were determined from contact angle measurements. The results show that γsp is strongly influenced by the presence of a pellicle; the total surface free energy (γs) is considerably smaller for enamel with an acquired pellicle than for enamel without an acquired pellicle. Enamel without an acquired enamel pellicle shows surface free energies comparable with those of crystalline hydroxyapatite.
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    Self-sanitizing soft denture liners: Paradoxical results (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 731-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170415
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    Biodegradation behavior of various calcium phosphate materials in bone tissue (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 769-784 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to study the biodegradation behavior of calcium phosphate materials, cylinders of standard size were implanted in the tibiae of rabbits. Material parameters were stoichiometry (hydroxyapatite with a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 versus tricalcium phosphate with a Ca/P ratio of 1.50), crystallographic structure (apatite versus β-whitlockite), microporosity, and macroporosity. The extent of biodegradation was evaluated by radiography, light and fluorescence microscopy, microradiography, and porosity measurements. All calcium phosphate materials were biocompatible in bone tissue. Hydroxyapatite ceramics had a higher osteogenic potential than β-whitlockite materials. Depending on their porosities, sintered tricalciumphosphate (β-whitlockite) materials were more or less biodegradable, in contrast to sintered hydroxyapatite materials, which showed no detectable resorption over a period of 9 months of implantation.
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    Osteoinduction within porous polysulfone implants at extraosseous sites using demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 793-806 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine if bone induction could occur in implants of porous polysulfone (PPSF) impregnated with particles of demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (DABM). DABM-PPSF composites were fabricated by inserting DABM particles into PPSF specimens. The porous implants were produced by sintering polysulfone particles (850-1180 μm in diameter). DABM particles were prepared by demineralizing rat cortical bone in 0.6N HCl at 4°C for 18-24 h. A composite DABM-PPSF specimen and three “controls” were implanted subcutaneously at abdominal sites in 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The three controls were whole DABM (4 × 4 × 1 mm), particulate DABM (1 × 1 × 1 mm), and porous polysulfone (5 × 5 × 1 mm). Microradiographic and histological evaluation of DABM-PPSF composites revealed chondrogenesis within the pores of the specimens at 10 days, followed by ossification and fatty marrow production at 21 and 43 days. This histological sequence was similar to that seen with DABM controls. The tissue response to porous polysulfone did not prevent the osteoinductive process. These results suggest that an osteoinductive material such as DABM may be useful in augmenting the implantation of porous implants at osseous sites in which the potential for bone regeneration is limited.
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    Retrieval analysis of total knee prostheses: A method and its application to 48 total condylar prosthesesRead in part at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 829-842 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A technique for the classification and quantification of damage in retrieved total knee prostheses is presented and applied to the examination of 48 removed total condylar-type knee replacements. The technique involves inspection of all metallic and polyethylene components for evidence of gross deformation, fracture, and damage to articulating surfaces. A grading system was developed to quantitate surface damage on polyethylene components. Results of the examinations are combined with patient variables (weight, activity level, radiographic findings, time of implantation, and results of histology performed on surrounding tissue) to determine correlations between clinical variables and the mechanical damage experienced by the prostheses. For the 48 total condylar-type prostheses, significant positive correlations were found for the surface damage correlated with the patient's weight and the time the prosthesis was implanted.
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    Macroporous hydrogel membranes for a hybrid artificial pancreas. II. Biocompatibility (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 865-871 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A histological evaluation of the biocompatibility of a new porous hydrogel membrane made of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) was performed. Isolated membranes and diffusion chambers made of this material and filled with rabbit pancreas were implanted in diabetic rats for periods of up to 8 1/2 months. Histologic evaluation showed that this polymer elicits minimal tissue reaction within the first 7 weeks but some increase in granulation tissue and fibrosis thereafter. A component of this tissue reaction is neovascularization, and many blood vessels were noted immediately adjacent to the membrane's surface. Calcification of the membrane was also progressive but could be minimized by formulations resulting in the incorporation of acid groups throughout the hydrogel and on its surface. Diffusion chambers made of this new material show promise for use in a “hybrid” artificial pancreas for the treatment of diabetes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170513
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    The development of modified denture base materials (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 885-898 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This work has been undertaken in an attempt to develop improved materials for the construction of dentures. In particular, a material was sought that would combine radiopacity with high impact resistance. Eight particulate radiopaque glasses were prepared and incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate) denture base material, and the properties of the resultant composites were measured. Experiments were also carried out with glass fiber fillers, which were found to increase impact strength. It was shown that the incorporation of both a particulate radiopaque glass and glass fiber, 20% of each, yielded composites with improved properties.
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    Masthead (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170601
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    The electro-osmotic actuation of implantable insulin micropumps (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 931-943 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study using an electro-osmotic cell suitable for actuating an implantable insulin micropump showed that controlled variable flow rates in the order of 0.2 mL/day are possible. The cell functioned continuously with low energy and power requirements and long service life. The principle of operation is compatible with achieving the very low flow rates necessary if highly concentrated insulin is to be used to avoid frequent insulin reservoir refilling. An electro-osmotic cell, Ag/ AgCl/NaCl(aq)/ cation exchange membrane/NaCl(aq)/ AgCl/ Ag, was connected to a constant current power supply which reversed the direction of the current every 10 mins causing a to-and-fro transport of fluid through the membrane. Flow rates of 0.15-0.60 μL/min were achieved with currents of 2.5-10 mA. At the low flow rate, energy consumption was 6.4 × 10-2 J/μL and peak power requirement was 〈2.0 × 10-4 W. Fluid was transported against a pressure gradient of 52 cm Hg. The cell contained a total electrolyte volume of 〈0.25 mL. The membrane showed no change in properties after 10,000 current reversals (69 days). To function as an actuator for an implantable insulin micropump, the electro-osmotic cell requires a switching and valving assembly; a suitable design for this is briefly considered.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170605
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    Platelet adhesion onto microcapsule membranes with different degrees of sulfonation (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 959-971 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Microcapsules having different numbers of sulfonic acid groups on their surfaces were prepared by the interfacial polycondensation method. Platelets adhered to these capsules, and the rate and degree of platelet adhesion were found to be remarkable on those microcapsules that had high surface charge compared to those with low surface charge. This trend was strengthened by the coating of the capsules with plasma, while the electrophoretic mobilities of the plasma-coated capsules showed a considerable reduction and no appreciable difference between the respective mobilities could be observed. This trend suggest that the adsorption of plasma components on microcapsules, and not their surface negative charge, affected platelet adhesiveness directly. In connection with the glycosyl transferase hypothesis, the adsorption pattern and its effect on platelet adhesion of albumin, γ-globulin, and fibrinogen were examined. The protein adsorption pattern varied depending on both the type of protein and the magnitude of negative charge on the microcapsule surface, but its effect on platelet adhesion was not fully consistent with the glycosyl transferase hypothesis. It was concluded from the findings that the surface negative charge of the capsules strongly affected the composition, molecular orientation, and/or configuration of the adsorbed plasma components, which probably induced the differences in platelet adhesiveness depending on the magnitude of surface negative charge of the microcapsules.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170607
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  • 93
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    Degradative analysis of glass ionomer polyelectrolyte cements (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1015-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As part of a detailed investigation of the setting mechanisms of dental polyelectrolyte cements, the Al3+, Ca2+, and Na+ concentrations in the matrix phase of glass ionomer cements were measured as a function of the cements age by use of a selective degradation technique. In the early stages of cement formation, all three cations were rapidly released from the glass, and it is in-ferred that both Ca2+ and Al3+ are responsible for gelation. Even after 5 × 104 min, the reaction was incomplete and still continuing.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170611
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    The effect of gamma irradiation on the enzymatic degradation of polyglycolic acid absorbable sutures (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1029-1040 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of γ irradiation on the enzymatic as well as the in vivo degradation of polyglycolic acid sutures. The sutures of size 2-0 were irradiated at dosage levels of 0-20 mrad. The three enzymes chosen for this study, were esterase, α-chymotrypsin, and trypsin. The irradiated sutures were both immersed in the enzyme solutions, their corresponding buffer controls, and implanted in inbred black-and-white hooded hister rats (Liverpool strain). The degradation of PGA sutures was determined mechanically. Among the three enzymes studied, esterase showed the highest enzymatic effect on the degradation of the unirradiated and irradiated PGA sutures. Trypsin's effect on PGA sutures was not observed until 20 mrad. The findings of trypsin demonstrated the hypothesis that synthetic high molecular weight polymers, which are initially resistant to enzymatic degradation, could become prone to enzymatic attack after altering their physical and chemical structures. Implanted PGA sutures maintained a similar or slightly higher mean tensile breaking strength in in vivo degradation compared to in vitro degradation (0.1M tris buffer of pH = 7.5); these degradation profiles suggest that PGA does not display similar behavior in in vivo and in vitro degradations. The magnitude of dissimilarity depends on the radiation dosage and on the duration of degradation, and is speculated to be attributable to the specific action of enzymes with respect to the con-figuration and chemical structure of the PGA sutures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170612
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    Announcements (1983)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 17 (1983), S. 1089-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820170616
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  • 96
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    Pyrolytic biocarbon materials (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 209-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Carbon is one of the most attractive biomaterials in many respects. Recent developments in high strength carbon materials for the aerospace industry have led to new forms of carbon which have good structural properties. Several of these, based on a vapor-de-posited pyrolytic graphite matrix, are described. A needle-like silicon-carbide strengthened pyrolytic graphite has been implanted in rabbits and chimpanzees with encouraging results. Applications are being sought.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080321
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    Masthead (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080401
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  • 98
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    Splat-cooled alloys in the Ag-Sn-Cu system (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strength, dimensional change during setting, and corrosion resistance have been measured for amalgams prepared from splat-cooled alloys of different compositions in the Ag-Sn-Cu system. The amalgam with optimum values of these properties was made from the alloy containing 60 at. % Ag, 25 at. % Sn, and 15 at. % Cu. Tensile strengths for amalgams from this alloy were about 8000 psi, dimensional change during setting near zero, and corrosion resistance was good.X-Ray diffraction showed that the γ1 and γ2 phases formed during the early stages of setting but that the γ2 phase had essentially disappeared after about 24 hr. At the latter time Cu6Sn5 was present.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080103
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    Diffusion of anti-tumor drugs through membranes from hydrophilic methacrylate gels (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Permeation parameters of four anti-tumor drugs across membranes prepared from hydrophilic methacrylate gels were measured and compared with the permeation of NaCl. It was found that by increasing the ratio of butyl methacrylate (BMA) to hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), the rate of diffusion can be lowered to practically zero at 20% BMA. However, this decrease is different with various drugs due to the interaction of the drug with the gel. Differences by a factor of two were found in our set of drugs. Therefore, each new drug should be tested in this way. In addition a routine testing of dialysing devices by an NaCl solution is suggested as a method for detecting technological imperfections and calibrating the deviations from standard parameters. A chemical modification of the membrane is recommended as the best way for controlling the permeation rate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080106
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    A study of the influence during triturationThis paper is based on theses prepared by J. W. Holland and S. A. Lewis and submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree. The paper was presented before the 51st general meeting of the I.A.D.R. in Washington, D.C., 1973. of air-borne impurities on the strength of amalgam (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of air-borne gaseous impurities, introduced during trituration, on the strength of amalgams.Four experiments were conducted. Each experiment consisted of a control group (1) in which the amalgam was triturated in air and an experimental group (2) in which the amalgam was triturated in argon, an inert gas. Standard specimens yielded mean diametral tensile strengths of 5950 psi (1) and 6603 psi (2). Hand compacted specimens yielded mean diametral tensile strengths of 5829 psi (1) and 6412 psi (2). Standard specimens yielded mean compressive strengths of 46,636 psi (1) and 47,269 psi (2). Specimens compacted hydraulically yielded mean uniaxial tensile strengths of 10,928 psi (1) and 11,660 psi (2).Statistically, the differences between the means for each experiment are significant. Hence, trituration in an inert gas has been shown to be an effective method for increasing the strength of amalgam.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080108
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