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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (18.498)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Gravity Currents in the Laboratory, Atmosphere, and Ocean (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 213-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001241
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Unsteady Airfoils (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 285-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001441
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Low-Gravity Fluid Flows (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 313-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.001525
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Strange Attractor Theory of Turbulence (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 347-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.002023
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Numerical Methods in Free-Surface Flows (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 395-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.002143
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MODELING FLUID FLOW IN OIL RESERVOIRS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 211-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Efficiently and accurately solving the equations governing fluid flow in oil reservoirs is very challenging because of the complex geological environment and the intricate properties of crude oil and gas at high pressure. We present these challenges and review successful and promising solution approaches. We discuss in detail the modeling of fluid flow in reservoirs with strongly varying rock properties. This requires subgrid-scale models that accurately represent the flow physics due to fine-scale fluctuations. A second focus is on the complex multiphase, multicomponent systems that describe miscible gas injection processes for enhanced oil recovery and CO2 sequestration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175748
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DNA Replication in Viruses (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 347-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.002023
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Boris Ephrussi (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.002311
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RNA-GUIDED DNA DELETION IN TETRAHYMENA: An RNAi-Based Mechanism for Programmed Genome Rearrangements (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 537-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Ciliated protozoan are unicellular eukaryotes. Most species in this diverse group display nuclear dualism, a special feature that supports both somatic and germline nuclei in the same cell. Probably due to this unique life style, they exhibit unusual nuclear characteristics that have intrigued researchers for decades. Among them are large-scale DNA rearrangements, which restructure the somatic genome to become drastically different from its germline origin. They resemble the classical phenomenon of chromatin diminution in some nematodes discovered more than a century ago. The mechanisms of such rearrangements, their biological roles, and their evolutionary origins have been difficult to understand. Recent studies have revealed a clear link to RNA interference, and begin to shed light on these issues. Using the simple ciliate Tetrahymena as a model, this chapter summarizes the physical characterization of these processes, describes recent findings that connect them to RNA interference, and discusses the details of their mechanisms, potential roles in genome defense, and possible occurrences in other organisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.095906
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MITOCHONDRIAL MORPHOLOGY AND DYNAMICS IN YEAST AND MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 503-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Mitochondria form dynamic tubular networks that continually change their shape and move throughout the cell. In eukaryotes, these organellar gymnastics are controlled by numerous pathways that preserve proper mitochondrial morphology and function. The best understood of these are the fusion and fission pathways, which rely on conserved GTPases and their binding partners to regulate organelle connectivity and copy number in healthy cells and during apoptosis. In budding yeast, mitochondrial shape is also maintained by proteins acting in the tubulation pathway. Novel proteins and pathways that control mitochondrial dynamics continue to be discovered, indicating that the mechanisms governing this organelle's behavior are more sophisticated than previously appreciated. Here we review recent advances in the field of mitochondrial dynamics and highlight the importance of these pathways to human health.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.093019
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF GERMLINE STEM CELL REGULATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 173-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Germline stem cells (GSCs), which can self-renew and generate differentiated progeny, are unique stem cells in that they are solely dedicated to reproduction and transmit genetic information from generation to generation. Through the use of genetic techniques in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mouse, exciting progress has been made in understanding molecular mechanisms underlying interactions between stem cells and niches. The knowledge gained from studying GSCs has provided an intellectual framework for defining niches and molecular regulatory mechanisms for other adult stem cells. In this review, we summarize recent progress and discuss conserved mechanisms underlying GSC self-renewal and differentiation by comparing three GSC systems. Because GSCs and other adult stem cells share "stemness," we hope this review will help define fundamental principles of stem cell regulation and provide further guidance for future studies of other adult stem cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.105855
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    NONHOMOLOGOUS END JOINING IN YEAST (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 431-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), the direct rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks, is closely associated with illegitimate recombination and chromosomal rearrangement. This has led to the concept that NHEJ is error prone. Studies with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have revealed that this model eukaryote has a classical NHEJ pathway dependent on Ku and DNA ligase IV, as well as alternative mechanisms for break rejoining. The evolutionary conservation of the Ku-dependent process includes several genes dedicated to this pathway, indicating that classical NHEJ at least is a strong contributor to fitness in the wild. Here we review how double-strand break structure, the yeast NHEJ proteins, and alternative rejoining mechanisms influence the accuracy of break repair. We also consider how the balance between NHEJ and homologous repair is regulated by cell state to promote genome preservation. The principles discussed are instructive to NHEJ in all organisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.113340
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMPLEXITY IN REGULATION OF TRYPTOPHAN BIOSYNTHESIS IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 47-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Bacillus subtilis uses novel regulatory mechanisms in controlling expression of its genes of tryptophan synthesis and transport. These mechanisms respond to changes in the intracellular concentrations of free tryptophan and uncharged tRNATrp. The major B. subtilis protein that regulates tryptophan biosynthesis is the tryptophan-activated RNA-binding attenuation protein, TRAP. TRAP is a ring-shaped molecule composed of 11 identical subunits. Active TRAP binds to unique RNA segments containing multiple trinucleotide (NAG) repeats. Binding regulates both transcription termination and translation in the trp operon, and translation of other coding regions relevant to tryptophan metabolism. When there is a deficiency of charged tRNATrp, B. subtilis forms an anti-TRAP protein, AT. AT antagonizes TRAP function, thereby increasing expression of all the genes regulated by TRAP. Thus B. subtilis and Escherichia coli respond to identical regulatory signals, tryptophan and uncharged tRNATrp, yet they employ different mechanisms in regulating trp gene expression.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.093745
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS AND THE EVOLUTION OF ARTHROPOD BODY PLANS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 95-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The arthropods display a wide range of morphological diversity, varying tagmosis, as well as other aspects of the body plan, such as appendage and cuticular morphology. Here we review the roles of developmental regulatory genes in the evolution of arthropod morphology, with an emphasis on what is known from morphologically diverse species. Examination of tagmatic evolution reveals that these changes have been accompanied by changes in the expression patterns of Hox genes. In contrast, review of the modifications to wing morphology seen in insects shows that these body plan changes have generally favored alterations in downstream target genes. These and other examples are used to discuss the evolutionary implications of comparative developmental genetic data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.112310
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PARADIGM SHIFT OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE CONCEPT FROM THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONTINUUM FLUID TO THE PARTITIONED FLUID: High-Speed Single-Molecule Tracking of Membrane Molecules (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 351-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Recent advancements in single-molecule tracking methods with nanometer-level precision now allow researchers to observe the movement, recruitment, and activation of single molecules in the plasma membrane in living cells. In particular, on the basis of the observations by high-speed single-particle tracking at a frame rate of 40,000 frames s1, the partitioning of the fluid plasma membrane into submicron compartments throughout the cell membrane and the hop diffusion of virtually all the molecules have been proposed. This could explain why the diffusion coefficients in the plasma membrane are considerably smaller than those in artificial membranes, and why the diffusion coefficient is reduced upon molecular complex formation (oligomerization-induced trapping). In this review, we first describe the high-speed single-molecule tracking methods, and then we critically review a new model of a partitioned fluid plasma membrane and the involvement of the actin-based membrane-skeleton "fences" and anchored-transmembrane protein "pickets" in the formation of compartment boundaries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144637
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A QUIET LIFE WITH PROTEINS * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144531
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    TRACKING TOPOISOMERASE ACTIVITY AT THE SINGLE-MOLECULE LEVEL (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 201-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: The recent development of new techniques to manipulate single DNA molecules has opened new opportunities for the study of the enzymes that control DNA topology: the type I and II topoisomerases. These single-molecule assays provide a unique way to study the uncoiling of single supercoiled DNA molecules and the unlinking of two intertwined DNAs. They allow for a detailed characterization of the activity of topoisomerases, including the processivity, the chiral discrimination, and the dependence of their enzymatic rate on ATP concentration, degree of supercoiling, and the tension in the molecule. These results shed new light on the mechanism of these enzymes and their function in vivo.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144433
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    HOW WELL CAN SIMULATION PREDICT PROTEIN FOLDING KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 43-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Simulation of protein folding has come a long way in five years. Notably, new quantitative comparisons with experiments for small, rapidly folding proteins have become possible. As the only way to validate simulation methodology, this achievement marks a significant advance. Here, we detail these recent achievements and ask whether simulations have indeed rendered quantitative predictions in several areas, including protein folding kinetics, thermodynamics, and physics-based methods for structure prediction. We conclude by looking to the future of such comparisons between simulations and experiments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144447
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MEMBRANE-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN CELL SIGNALING AND MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 119-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Research in the past decade has revealed that many cytosolic proteins are recruited to different cellular membranes to form protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions during cell signaling and membrane trafficking. Membrane recruitment of these peripheral proteins is mediated by a growing number of modular membrane-targeting domains, including C1, C2, PH, FYVE, PX, ENTH, ANTH, BAR, FERM, and tubby domains, that recognize specific lipid molecules in the membranes. Structural studies of these membrane-targeting domains demonstrate how they specifically recognize their cognate lipid ligands. However, the mechanisms by which these domains and their host proteins are recruited to and interact with various cell membranes are only beginning to unravel with recent computational studies, in vitro membrane binding studies using model membranes, and cellular translocation studies using fluorescent protein-tagged proteins. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of how the kinetics and energetics of membrane-protein interactions are regulated during the cellular membrane targeting and activation of peripheral proteins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.133337
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID, FATTY ACIDĐ??INTERACTING PROTEINS, AND NEURONAL FUNCTION: Breastmilk and Fish Are Good for You (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 633-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In contrast to other tissues, the nervous system is enriched in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). Despite their abundance in the nervous system, AA and DHA cannot be synthesized de novo by mammals; they, or their precursors, must be ingested from dietary sources and transported to the brain. During late gestation and the early postnatal period, neurodevelopment is exceptionally rapid, and substantial amounts of PUFAs, especially DHA, are critical to ensure neurite outgrowth as well as proper brain and retina development. Here, we review the various functions of DHA in the nervous system, the proteins involved in its internalization and metabolism into phospholipids, and its relationship to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and depression.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.122303.120624
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    QUORUM SENSING: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 319-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Bacteria communicate with one another using chemical signal molecules. As in higher organisms, the information supplied by these molecules is critical for synchronizing the activities of large groups of cells. In bacteria, chemical communication involves producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to small hormone-like molecules termed autoinducers . This process, termed quorum sensing, allows bacteria to monitor the environment for other bacteria and to alter behavior on a population-wide scale in response to changes in the number and/or species present in a community. Most quorum-sensing-controlled processes are unproductive when undertaken by an individual bacterium acting alone but become beneficial when carried out simultaneously by a large number of cells. Thus, quorum sensing confuses the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes because it enables bacteria to act as multicellular organisms. This review focuses on the architectures of bacterial chemical communication networks; how chemical information is integrated, processed, and transduced to control gene expression; how intra- and interspecies cell-cell communication is accomplished; and the intriguing possibility of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-communication.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131001
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF STEROID HORMONE SIGNALING IN PLANTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 177-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Brassinosteroids (BRs), the polyhydroxylated steroid hormones of plants, regulate the growth and differentiation of plants throughout their life cycle. Over the past several years, genetic and biochemical approaches have yielded great progress in understanding BR signaling. Unlike their animal counterparts, BRs are perceived at the plasma membrane by direct binding to the extracellular domain of the BRI1 receptor S/T kinase. BR perception initiates a signaling cascade, acting through a GSK3 kinase, BIN2, and the BSU1 phosphatase, which in turn modulates the phosphorylation state and stability of the nuclear transcription factors BES1 and BZR1. Microarray technology has been used extensively to provide a global view of BR genomic effects, as well as a specific set of target genes for BES1 and BZR1. These gene products thus provide a framework for how BRs regulate the growth of plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.090704.151241
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    INTEGRIN STRUCTURE, ALLOSTERY, AND BIDIRECTIONAL SIGNALING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 381-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: ʼ̛?‚ heterodimeric integrins mediate dynamic adhesive cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in metazoa that are critical in growth and development, hemostasis, and host defense. A central feature of these receptors is their capacity to change rapidly and reversibly their adhesive functions by modulating their ligand-binding affinity. This is normally achieved through interactions of the short cytoplasmic integrin tails with intracellular proteins, which trigger restructuring of the ligand-binding site through long-range conformational changes in the ectodomain. Ligand binding in turn elicits conformational changes that are transmitted back to the cell to regulate diverse responses. The publication of the integrin ʼ̛V?‚3 crystal structure has provided the context for interpreting decades-old biochemical studies. Newer NMR, crystallographic, and EM data, reviewed here, are providing a better picture of the dynamic integrin structure and the allosteric changes that guide its diverse functions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.090704.151217
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CAJAL BODIES: A Long History of Discovery (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 105-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: This review surveys what is known about the structure and function of the subnuclear domains called Cajal bodies (CBs). The major focus is on CBs in mammalian cells but we provide an overview of homologous CB structures in other organisms. We discuss the protein and RNA components of CBs, including factors recently found to associate in a cell cycle-dependent fashion or under specific metabolic or stress conditions. We also consider the dynamic properties of both CBs and their molecular components, based largely on recent data obtained thanks to the advent of improved in vivo detection and imaging methods. We discuss how these data contribute to an understanding of CB functions and highlight major questions that remain to be answered. Finally, we consider the interesting links that have emerged between CBs and alterations in nuclear structure apparent in a range of human pathologies, including cancer and inherited neurodegenerative diseases. We speculate on the relationship between CB function and molecular disease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.103738
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    REGULATION OF PROTEIN ACTIVITIES BY PHOSPHOINOSITIDE PHOSPHATES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 57-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Phosphoinositide phosphates (PIPs) correspond to phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PI). Despite their relatively low abundance in the plasma membrane, PIPs play a crucial role as precursors of second messengers and are themselves important signaling and targeting molecules. Indeed, modulation of levels of PIPs affects, for example, cortical actin organization, membrane dynamics, and cell migration. The focus of this review is on selected interesting targets of PIPs. Those proteins that bind PIPs and are involved in regulation of actin assembly, actin membrane linkage, and actin contractility are discussed, as well as those that are involved in signaling, such as small GTPases, protein kinases, and phosphatases, or in regulation of membrane dynamics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.021704.102317
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  • 126
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    Digitale Medien
    RNA TRANSPORT AND LOCAL CONTROL OF TRANSLATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 223-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In eukaryotes, the entwined pathways of RNA transport and local translational regulation are key determinants in the spatio-temporal articulation of gene expression. One of the main advantages of this mechanism over transcriptional control in the nucleus lies in the fact that it endows local sites with independent decision-making authority, a consideration that is of particular relevance in cells with complex cellular architecture such as neurons. Localized RNAs typically contain codes, expressed within cis-acting elements, that specify subcellular targeting. Such codes are recognized by trans-acting factors, adaptors that mediate translocation along cytoskeletal elements by molecular motors. Most transported mRNAs are assumed translationally dormant while en route. In some cell types, especially in neurons, it is considered crucial that translation remains repressed after arrival at the destination site (e.g., a postsynaptic microdomain) until an appropriate activation signal is received. Several candidate mechanisms have been suggested to participate in the local implementation of translational repression and activation, and such mechanisms may target translation at the level of initiation and/or elongation. Recent data indicate that untranslated RNAs may play important roles in the local control of translation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.122303.120653
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  • 127
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    INFLUENCE OF INTERFACE ANISOTROPY ON GRAIN GROWTH AND COARSENING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 99-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: It has recently become possible to measure the anisotropic distribution of interfaces in polycrystals and composites. Because classical theories for grain growth and coarsening assume isotropic interface properties, they are incapable of explaining how these distributions arise. The purpose of this paper is to review the results of recent experiments, simulations, and theories that document the effects of anisotropy on the capillarity-driven evolution of granular systems. The results suggest that meaningful predictions of evolving microstructural characteristics can be made using models that incorporate the anisotropy of the interfacial energy and mobility.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.041002.094657
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  • 128
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    Digitale Medien
    SPATIAL ORDER AND DIFFRACTION IN QUASICRYSTALS AND BEYOND (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 75-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: This review is an introduction to the problem of determining the nature of the diffraction spectra of ordered solids. After explicit computation examples of Bragg diffraction spectra of quasicrystals (bulk, surface) in kinematical and dynamical (high-resolution electron microscopy) situations, we show on simple toy models that long-range order does not necessarily lead to Bragg peaks which, in turn, are not necessarily the signature of the unique long-range periodic order.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.082703.155604
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    THE PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGHLY EFFICIENT TITANIUM OXIDEĐ??BASED PHOTOFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Recent research trends of the preparation and characterization of highly efficient titanium oxideĐ??based photocatalysts are reviewed on the basis of studies done in our laboratory. Special attention is focused on the preparation and characterization of active sites of highly dispersed titanium oxide species within mesoporous matrices and on titanium oxideĐ??based binary catalysts such as Ti/Si and Ti/B oxides and unique visible light-responsive second-generation TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by an advanced metal-ion-implantation and RF magnetron sputtering deposition method. Highly dispersed titanium oxide species within mesoporous frameworks and titanium oxideĐ??based binary catalysts exhibit high and unique photocatalytic activities for various reactions, such as the direct decomposition of NOx. These species also have photo-induced superhydrophiric properties. It is of significance that visible light-responsive TiO2 photocatalysts can be applied to the decomposition of NOx in air and the degradation of pollutants in water, as well as to the splitting of water under UV and visible light irradiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.100303.121340
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    Digitale Medien
    HETEROGENEOUS ASYMMETRIC CATALYSTS: Strategies for Achieving High Enantioselection (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 143-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis remains a topic of intense research interest because control of enantioselectivity represents one of the major synthetic challenges today. Successful strategies to achieve high enantioselection have been developed using three key approaches: (a) adsorption of chiral modifiers onto an active metal surface, which is found to be particularly effective for enantioselective hydrogenation; (b) covalent tethering of homogeneous catalysts; and (c) electrostatic interaction between a negatively charged framework and a cation. Other approaches have been advocated, e.g., encapsulation, but in general these lead to lower enantioselectivity for these heterogeneous asymmetric systems when compared with the equivalent homogeneous catalyst. This review covers the strategies for achieving high enantioselection as well as recent interesting features concerning confinement effects, the inversion of enantioselectivity, and specific cases in which enantioselection increases with conversion, all being factors that can guide researchers to identifying improved systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.100303.122029
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  • 131
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    ADHESION AND DE-ADHESION MECHANISMS AT POLYMER/METAL INTERFACES: Mechanistic Understanding Based on In Situ Studies of Buried Interfaces (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 571-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: The review highlights the state-of-the-art research regarding the application of modern in situ spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrochemical techniques to improve the understanding of the interaction of organic molecules with metal surfaces. We also consider the chemical and electrochemical processes that lead to a de-adhesion of polymers from metal surfaces. Spectroscopic techniques such as surface-enhanced infrared or Raman spectroscopy provide molecular understanding of organic molecules and water at buried metal surfaces. This information is complementary to adhesion studies by means of atomic force microscopy and de-adhesion studies of polymer layers from metals by means of a scanning Kelvin probe. Adhesion and de-adhesion mechanisms are discussed, especially those involving humid and corrosive environments, which are the predominant and most important for metal/polymer composites in engineering applications.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.012703.105111
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  • 132
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    Digitale Medien
    ANALYTICAL TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 35 (2005), S. 239-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Chemical analysis at high spatial resolution is the domain of analytical transmission electron microscopy. Owing to rapid instrumental developments during the past decade, electron energy-loss spectroscopy offers now a spatial resolution close to 0.1 nm and an energy resolution close to 0.1 eV. This development has been accompanied by the introduction of numerous new techniques and methods for data acquisition and analysis, which are outlined in the present article. Recent results for a wide range of material systems are addressed. These comprise first-principles calculations, which have contributed to enormous progress in the calculation of near-edge fine structures, and fingerprinting methods, which are still important for the interpretation of experimental data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.35.102303.091623
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  • 133
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    NICHE CONSERVATISM: Integrating Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation Biology (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 519-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Niche conservatism is the tendency of species to retain ancestral ecological characteristics. In the recent literature, a debate has emerged as to whether niches are conserved. We suggest that simply testing whether niches are conserved is not by itself particularly helpful or interesting and that a more useful focus is on the patterns that niche conservatism may (or may not) create. We focus specifically on how niche conservatism in climatic tolerances may limit geographic range expansion and how this one type of niche conservatism may be important in (a) allopatric speciation, (b) historical biogeography, (c) patterns of species richness, (d) community structure, (e) the spread of invasive, human-introduced species, (f) responses of species to global climate change, and (g) human history, from 13,000 years ago to the present. We describe how these effects of niche conservatism can be examined with new tools for ecological niche modeling.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102803.095431
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  • 134
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    EVOLVING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS FOR COOPERATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 499-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Cooperation is common across nonhuman animal taxa, from the hunting of large game in lions to the harvesting of building materials in ants. Theorists have proposed a number of models to explain the evolution of cooperative behavior. These ultimate explanations, however, rarely consider the proximate constraints on the implementation of cooperative behavior. Here we review several types of cooperation and propose a suite of cognitive abilities required for each type to evolve. We propose that several types of cooperation, though theoretically possible and functionally adaptive, have not evolved in some animal species because of cognitive constraints. We argue, therefore, that future modeling efforts and experimental investigations into the adaptive function of cooperation in animals must be grounded in a realistic assessment of the psychological ingredients required for cooperation. Such an approach can account for the puzzling distribution of cooperative behaviors across taxa, especially the seemingly unique occurrence of cooperation observed in our own species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.113004.083814
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  • 135
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    Digitale Medien
    ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF APHID-ANT INTERACTIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 345-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Aphids and ants are two abundant and highly successful insect groups, which often live in the same habitat and therefore are likely to interact with one another. Whether the outcome of such an interaction is a predator-prey or mutualistic one is dependent on what each partner has to offer relative to the needs of the other. Consequently, understanding why some aphids enter mutualistic interactions with ants is dependent on understanding the physiological, ecological, and evolutionary traits of both partners. This includes an appreciation of the spatial, temporal, and taxonomic context in which mutualistic interactions developed. In this review, we use aphid-ant interactions to illustrate the whole range of interactions from antagonistic to mutualistic as well as to identify the processes affecting the degree of association and in particular the context within which such interactions evolved. The constraints of establishing and maintaining beneficial interactions between aphids and ants is addressed from a cost-benefit perspective. Prospects for future research are identified to further the understanding of the patterns and processes associated with aphid-ant relationships.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175531
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  • 136
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    Digitale Medien
    THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN INSECTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 563-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Agriculture has evolved independently in three insect orders: once in ants, once in termites, and seven times in ambrosia beetles. Although these insect farmers are in some ways quite different from each other, in many more ways they are remarkably similar, suggesting convergent evolution. All propagate their cultivars as clonal monocultures within their nests and, in most cases, clonally across many farmer generations as well. Long-term clonal monoculture presents special problems for disease control, but insect farmers have evolved a combination of strategies to manage crop diseases: They (a) sequester their gardens from the environment; (b) monitor gardens intensively, controlling pathogens early in disease outbreaks; (c) occasionally access population-level reservoirs of genetically variable cultivars, even while propagating clonal monocultures across many farmer generations; and (d) manage, in addition to the primary cultivars, an array of "auxiliary" microbes providing disease suppression and other services. Rather than growing a single cultivar solely for nutrition, insect farmers appear to cultivate, and possibly "artificially select" for, integrated crop-microbe consortia. Indeed, crop domestication in the context of coevolving and codomesticated microbial consortia may explain the 50-million year old agricultural success of insect farmers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626
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  • 137
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    Digitale Medien
    THE EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF GYNOGENESIS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 399-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Most metazoans engage in recombination every generation. In theory this is associated with considerable cost, such as the production of males, so that asexual organisms, which do not pay this cost, should be able to invade populations of sexuals. Some asexuals depend on sperm of sexual males to trigger embryogenesis, a reproductive mode called gynogenesis. The genetic information of males is typically not used. Theory predicts that such mating complexes are short-lived and highly unstable. Sperm dependency is not only the defining feature of the biology of gynogenetic metazoans, it is also a major puzzle in evolutionary biology. Organisms that apparently combine disadvantages of both sexuality and asexuality are a serious challenge to theory. A number of questions about these systems are still unresolved.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152629
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    Digitale Medien
    EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF POALES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 107-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The predominantly wind-pollinated order Poales includes about one third of all monocot (Angiosperm) species, with c. 20,000 species dominating modern savanna and steppe vegetation. Recent improvements in understanding relationships within the order allow phylogenetic optimizations of habitat preferences and adaptive character states, enabling exploration of the factors that have influenced evolution in this successful order. Poales probably originated in the late Cretaceous in wet nutrientĐ??poor sunny habitats. By the Paleogene the lineage had diversified into swamps, the forest understory, epiphytic habitats, and nutrient-poor heathlands. The Neogene saw major diversifications of the grasses and possibly the sedges into fire-adapted vegetation in seasonal climates and low atmospheric CO2. Diversification into these habitats was facilitated by morphological features such as the sympodial habit and physiological factors that allowed frequent evolution of CO2-concentrating mechanisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.135635
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  • 139
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    Digitale Medien
    LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY: What Is the State of the Science? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 319-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Landscape ecology focuses on the reciprocal interactions between spatial pattern and ecological processes, and it is well integrated with ecology. The field has grown rapidly over the past 15 years. The persistent influence of land-use history and natural disturbance on contemporary ecosystems has become apparent. Development of pattern metrics has largely stabilized, and they are widely used to relate landscape pattern to ecological responses. Analyses conducted at multiple scales have demonstrated the importance of landscape pattern for many taxa, and spatially mediated interspecific interactions are receiving increased attention. Disturbance remains prominent in landscape studies, and current research is addressing disturbance interactions. Integration of ecosystem and landscape ecology remains challenging but should enhance understanding of landscape function. Landscape ecology should continue to refine knowledge of when spatial heterogeneity is fundamentally important, rigorously test the generality of its concepts, and develop a more mechanistic understanding of the relationships between pattern and process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152614
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    Digitale Medien
    INDIRECT INTERACTION WEBS: Herbivore-Induced Effects Through Trait Change in Plants (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36 (2005), S. 81-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-592X
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Although predation has a lethal effect on prey, mature terrestrial plants are rarely killed by herbivores, but herbivory can change plant allelochemistry, cell structure and growth, physiology, morphology, and phenology. This review explores the herbivore-induced indirect effects mediated by such plant responses following herbivory in terrestrial systems. Herbivore-induced indirect effects are ubiquitous in many plantĐ??herbivore systems, and indirect interactions occur among temporally separated, spatially separated, and taxonomically distinct herbivore species. Unlike interspecific competition, herbivores can benefit each other through plant-mediated indirect effects. Herbivore-induced changes in plants occur at low levels of herbivory, which increases the likelihood of plant-mediated indirect interactions between herbivores. The herbivore-induced indirect effects result in interaction linkages, which alter species richness and abundance in arthropod communities. Such interaction linkages should be depicted using indirect interaction webs, which incorporate nontrophic, indirect links. The idea of interaction linkages by herbivore-induced indirect effects that shape community organization and biodiversity is an important revision of the traditional view of plant-based terrestrial food webs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175523
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  • 141
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    Digitale Medien
    The Masses of Cepheids (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 15-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.000311
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  • 142
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    Digitale Medien
    White Dwarf Stars (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 363-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002051
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    Digitale Medien
    Nuclear Abundances and Evolution of the Interstellar Medium (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 399-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002151
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  • 144
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    Digitale Medien
    Interstellar Shock Waves (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 219-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.001251
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  • 145
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    Digitale Medien
    Cosmic-Ray Confinement in the Galaxy (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 18 (1980), S. 289-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.001445
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  • 146
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    Digitale Medien
    The Universe: Past and Present Reflections (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 1-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.000245
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  • 147
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    Digitale Medien
    Element Segregation in Stellar Outer Layers (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 37-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.000345
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  • 148
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    Digitale Medien
    Photospheric Spectrum Line Asymmetries and Wavelength Shifts (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 61-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.000425
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  • 149
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    Stellar Populations in the Galaxy (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 91-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.000515
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  • 150
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    Interaction Between a Magnetized Plasma Flow and a Strongly Magnetized Celestial Body with an Ionized Atmosphere: Energetics of the Magnetosphere (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 117-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001001
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  • 151
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    Digitale Medien
    Planetary Magnetospheres (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 139-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001035
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  • 152
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    Interstellar Molecular Hydrogen (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 163-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001115
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  • 153
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    Digitale Medien
    Magnetic Stars (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 191-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001203
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  • 154
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    Digitale Medien
    The Dynamics of Planetary Rings (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 249-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001341
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  • 155
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    Digitale Medien
    Millimeter- And Submillimeter-Wave Receivers (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 285-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001441
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  • 156
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    Digitale Medien
    Gas in the Galactic Halo (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 221-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001253
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  • 157
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    Digitale Medien
    Spectra of Cosmic X-Ray Sources (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 323-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001543
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  • 158
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    Digitale Medien
    High Resolution Imaging From the Ground (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 367-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.002055
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  • 159
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    Digitale Medien
    Extranuclear Clues to the Origin and Evolution of Activity in Galaxies (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 431-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.002243
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  • 160
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    Digitale Medien
    The Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 469-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.002345
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  • 161
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    Digitale Medien
    Molecular Clouds in Galaxies (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 517-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.002505
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  • 162
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    Digitale Medien
    X-Ray-Imaging Observations of Clusters of Galaxies (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 547-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.002555
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  • 163
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    Digitale Medien
    The Search for Infrared Protostars (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 20 (1982), S. 587-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.003103
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  • 164
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    Digitale Medien
    Fluid Mechanics of the Duodenum (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 139-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001035
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  • 165
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    Digitale Medien
    Instabilities of Waves on Deep Water (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 12 (1980), S. 303-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.12.010180.001511
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  • 166
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    Digitale Medien
    Strongly Nonlinear Waves (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 14 (1982), S. 39-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.14.010182.000351
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  • 167
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    Digitale Medien
    FEEDBACK CONTROL OF COMBUSTION OSCILLATIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 151-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Early work and recent advances in feedback control of combustion oscillations are described. The physics of combustion oscillations, most commonly caused by a coupling between acoustic waves and unsteady heat release, are discussed, and the concept of using feedback control to interrupt these interactions is introduced. Factors affecting practical implementation of feedback control, including sensors, actuators, and controller design are described, and the historical development of control strategy for combustion oscillations is reviewed. Finally, demonstrations of feedback control on full-scale combustion systems are described, and it is concluded that there is potential to apply more systematic controller designs at full scale.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122038
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  • 168
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    Digitale Medien
    MULTISCALE FLOW SIMULATIONS USING PARTICLES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 457-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Flow simulations are one of the archetypal multiscale problems. Simulations of turbulent and unsteady separated flows have to resolve a multitude of interacting scales, whereas molecular phenomena determine the structure of shocks and the validity of the no-slip boundary condition. Particle simulations of continuum and molecular phenomena can be formulated by following the motion of interacting particles that carry the physical properties of the flow. In this article we review Lagrangian, multiresolution, particle methods such as vortex methods and smooth particle hydrodynamics for the simulation of continuous flows and molecular dynamics for the simulation of flows at the atomistic scale. We review hybrid molecular-continuum simulations with an emphasis on the computational aspects of the problem. We identify the common computational characteristics of particle methods and discuss their properties that enable the formulation of a systematic framework for multiscale flow simulations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175753
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  • 169
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    Digitale Medien
    GRAVITY-DRIVEN BUBBLY FLOWS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 393-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Gravity-driven bubbly flows are a specific class of flows, where all action is provided by gravity. An industrial example is formed by the so-called bubble column: a vertical cylinder filled with liquid through which bubbles flow that are introduced at the bottom of the cylinder. On the bubble scale, gravity gives rise to buoyancy of individual bubbles. On larger scales, gravity acts on nonuniformities in the spatial bubble distribution present in the bubbly mixture. The gravity-induced flow and flow structures can increase the inhomogeneity of the bubble distribution, leading to a turbulent flow. In this flow, specific scales are identified: a large-scale circulation with the liquid flowing upward in the center of the column and downward close to the wall. On the intermediate scale there are vortical structures; eddies of liquid, with a size on the order of the diameter of the column, that stir the liquid and radially transport the bubbles. On the small scale there is the local stirring of the bubbles. We describe the ideas developed over time and identify some open questions. We discuss the experimental findings on the turbulence generated, the stability of the flow, axial dispersion, and the similarities between bubble columns and air lifts. Especially for higher gas fractions, many questions still lack accurate answers. The lateral lift force in bubble swarms and the structure of the turbulence in the bubbly mixture are important examples of inadequately understood physical phenomena, providing many challenges for fundamental and applied research on bubbly flows.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.37.061903.175803
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  • 170
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    Digitale Medien
    PRINCIPLES OF MICROFLUIDIC ACTUATION BY MODULATION OF SURFACE STRESSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 425-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Development and optimization of multifunctional devices for fluidic manipulation of films, drops, and bubbles require detailed understanding of interfacial phenomena and microhydrodynamic flows. Systems are distinguished by a large surface to volume ratio and flow at small Reynolds, capillary, and Bond numbers are strongly influenced by boundary effects and therefore amenable to control by a variety of surface treatments and surface forces. We review the principles underlying common techniques for actuation of droplets and films on homogeneous, chemically patterned, and topologically textured surfaces by modulation of normal or shear stresses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122052
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  • 171
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    Digitale Medien
    DISSECTING INSECT FLIGHT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 37 (2005), S. 183-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: "What force does an insect wing generate?" Finding answers to this enduring question is an essential step toward our understanding of interactions of moving objects with fluids that enable most living species such as insects, birds, and fish to travel efficiently and us to follow similar suit with sails, oars, and airfoils. We give a brief history of research in insect flight and discuss recent findings in unsteady aerodynamics of flapping flight at intermediate range Reynolds numbers ( 10Đ??104 ). In particular, we examine the unsteady mechanisms in uniform and accelerated motions, forward and hovering flight, as well as passive flight of free-falling objects. The results obtained by "taking the insects apart" helped us to resolve previous puzzles about the force estimates in hovering insects, to ellucidate basic mechanisms essential to flapping flight, and to gain insights about the efficieny of flight.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.121940
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  • 172
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    Digitale Medien
    Reminiscences of the Early Days of Transformation (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.000245
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  • 173
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    Digitale Medien
    Chromosome Abnormalities in Human Leukemia (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.000313
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  • 174
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    Digitale Medien
    The Conjugation System of F-Like Plasmids (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 41-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.000353
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  • 175
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    Digitale Medien
    Genetics of the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces Pombe (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 77-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.000453
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  • 176
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    Digitale Medien
    Transposable Elements in Drosophilia and Other Diptera (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 109-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.000545
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  • 177
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    Digitale Medien
    The Molecular Genetics of Human Hemoglobins (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 145-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.001045
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  • 178
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    Digitale Medien
    Molecular Arrangement and Evolution of Heterochromatic DNA (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 121-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.001005
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  • 179
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    Digitale Medien
    The Genetics of Protein Degradation in Bacteria (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 279-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.001431
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  • 180
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    Digitale Medien
    Phenylketonuria and Other Phenylalanine Hydroxylation Mutants in Man (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 14 (1980), S. 179-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.14.120180.001143
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  • 181
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    Digitale Medien
    Genetic Approaches to the Analysis of Microbial Development (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 61-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.000425
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  • 182
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    Digitale Medien
    DNA Uptake in Haemophilus Transformation (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 169-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.001125
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  • 183
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    Digitale Medien
    Abnormal Sexual Differentiation in Humans (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 193-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.001205
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  • 184
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    Digitale Medien
    Interaction Between Host and Viral Genomes in Mouse Mammary Tumors (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 273-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.001421
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  • 185
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    Digitale Medien
    The Genetics of Development in Dictyostelium Discoideum (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 16 (1982), S. 385-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.002125
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF NATURAL SELECTION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 197-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: There is an increasing interest in detecting genes, or genomic regions, that have been targeted by natural selection. The interest stems from a basic desire to learn more about evolutionary processes in humans and other organisms, and from the realization that inferences regarding selection may provide important functional information. This review provides a nonmathematical description of the issues involved in detecting selection from DNA sequences and SNP data and is intended for readers who are not familiar with population genetic theory. Particular attention is placed on issues relating to the analysis of large-scale genomic data sets.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.112420
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR IN DROSOPHILA: Connecting the Dots (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 263-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Species of the genus Drosophila exhibit enormous variation in all of their reproductive behaviors: resource use and specialization, courtship signaling, sperm utilization, and female remating. The genetic bases of this variability and its evolution are poorly understood. At the same time, Drosophila comparative genomics now has developed to a point at which approaches previously only possible with D. melanogaster can be exploited to address these questions. We have taken advantage of the known phylogenetic relationships of this group of flies not only to place these behaviors in an evolutionary framework, but to provide a roadmap for future genetic studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.112454
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    SWITCHES IN BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 409-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The lysis-lysogeny decision of bacteriophage lambda (??) is a paradigm for developmental genetic networks. There are three key features, which characterize the network. First, after infection of the host bacterium, a decision between lytic or lysogenic development is made that is dependent upon environmental signals and the number of infecting phages per cell. Second, the lysogenic prophage state is very stable. Third, the prophage enters lytic development in response to DNA-damaging agents. The CI and Cro regulators define the lysogenic and lytic states, respectively, as a bistable genetic switch. Whereas CI maintains a stable lysogenic state, recent studies indicate that Cro sets the lytic course not by directly blocking CI expression but indirectly by lowering levels of CII which activates cI transcription. We discuss how a relatively simple phage like ?? employs a complex genetic network in decision-making processes, providing a challenge for theoretical modeling.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.113656
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    ORTHOLOGS, PARALOGS, AND EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 309-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication. Orthology and paralogy are key concepts of evolutionary genomics. A clear distinction between orthologs and paralogs is critical for the construction of a robust evolutionary classification of genes and reliable functional annotation of newly sequenced genomes. Genome comparisons show that orthologous relationships with genes from taxonomically distant species can be established for the majority of the genes from each sequenced genome. This review examines in depth the definitions and subtypes of orthologs and paralogs, outlines the principal methodological approaches employed for identification of orthology and paralogy, and considers evolutionary and functional implications of these concepts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.114725
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    JOHN MAYNARD SMITH (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: John Maynard Smith was one of the most original thinkers in evolutionary biology of the post neo-Darwinian synthesis age. He was able to define new problems with clarity and by doing so open up new research directions. He did this in a number of areas including game theory and evolution, the evolution of sex, animal behavior, evolutionary transitions and molecular evolution. Although he is best known for his research and his ideas, he was a great expositor and wrote many books, including introductory texts in the areas of evolution and genetics, ecology and mathematical modeling, as well as advanced expositions of research problems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.040505.114723
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  • 191
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PLASMID SEGREGATION MECHANISMS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 453-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Bacterial plasmids encode partitioning (par) loci that ensure ordered plasmid segregation prior to cell division. par loci come in two types: those that encode actin-like ATPases and those that encode deviant Walker-type ATPases. ParM, the actin-like ATPase of plasmid R1, forms dynamic filaments that segregate plasmids paired at mid-cell to daughter cells. Like microtubules, ParM filaments exhibit dynamic instability (i.e., catastrophic decay) whose regulation is an important component of the DNA segregation process. The Walker box ParA ATPases are related to MinD and form highly dynamic, oscillating filaments that are required for the subcellular movement and positioning of plasmids. The role of the observed ATPase oscillation is not yet understood. However, we propose a simple model that couples plasmid segregation to ParA oscillation. The model is consistent with the observed movement and localization patterns of plasmid foci and does not require the involvement of plasmid-specific host-encoded factors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091252
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  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    DROSOPHILA AS A MODEL FOR HUMAN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 153-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Among many achievements in the neurodegeneration field in the past decade, two require special attention due to the huge impact on our understanding of molecular and cellular pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases. First is defining specific mutations in familial neurodegenerative diseases and second is modeling these diseases in easily manipulable model organisms including the fruit fly, nematode, and yeast. The power of these genetic systems has revealed many genetic factors involved in the various pathways affected, as well as provided potential drug targets for therapeutics. This review focuses on fruit fly models of human neurodegenerative diseases, with emphasis on how fly models have provided new insights into various aspects of human diseases.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.110304.095804
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    THE GENETICS OF HEARING AND BALANCE IN ZEBRAFISH (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 9-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The zebrafish is an excellent model system for studying the molecular basis of inner ear development and function. The eggs develop ex utero and the ear is transparent for the first few weeks of life. Forward genetic screens and antisense technology have helped to elucidate the signaling pathways and molecules required for inner ear development and function. This review addresses the most recent advances in our understanding of how the ear forms and discusses the molecules in hair cells that are essential for sensing sound and movement in the zebrafish.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.105049
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  • 194
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    T-BOX GENES IN VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 39 (2005), S. 219-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: The myriad developmental roles served by the T-box family of transcription factor genes defy easy categorization. Present in all metazoans, the T-box genes are involved in early embryonic cell fate decisions, regulation of the development of extraembryonic structures, embryonic patterning, and many aspects of organogenesis. They are unusual in displaying dosage sensitivity in most instances. In humans, mutations in T-box genes are responsible for developmental dysmorphic syndromes, and several T-box genes have been implicated in neoplastic processes. T-box transcription factors function in many different signaling pathways, notably bone morphogenetic protein and fibroblast growth factor pathways. The few downstream target genes that have been identified indicate a wide range of downstream effectors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.39.073003.105925
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    LIGAND-TARGET INTERACTIONS: What Can We Learn from NMR? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 245-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: The conformation of the ligand in complex with a macromolecular target can be studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in solution for both tightly and weakly forming complexes. In the weak binding regime (koff 〉 104 Hz), the structure of the bound ligand is accessible also for very large complexes (〉100 kDa), which are not amenable to NMR studies in the tight binding regime. Here I review the state-of-the-art NMR methodology used for screening ligands and for the structural investigation of bound ligand conformations, in both tight and weak binding regimes. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are critically described. The NMR methodology used to investigate transiently forming complexes has expanded considerably in the past few years, opening new possibilities for a detailed description of ligand-target interactions. Novel methods for the determination of the bound ligand conformation, in particular transferred cross-correlated relaxation, are thoroughly reviewed, and their advantages with respect to established methodology are discussed, using the epothilone-tubulin complex as a primary example.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144419
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  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    IONS AND RNA FOLDING (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 221-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: The problem of how ions influence the folding of RNA into specific tertiary structures is being addressed from both thermodynamic (by how much do different salts affect the free energy change of folding) and structural (how are ions arranged on or near an RNA and what kinds of environments do they occupy) points of view. The challenge is to link these different approaches in a theoretical framework that relates the energetics of ion-RNA interactions to the spatial distribution of ions. This review distinguishes three different kinds of ion environments that differ in the extent of direct ion-RNA contacts and the degree to which the ion hydration is perturbed, and summarizes the current understanding of the way each environment relates to the overall energetics of RNA folding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144511
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NONCONTACTING MACROMOLECULES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 21-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Molecular interactions are the language that molecules use to communicate recognition, binding, and regulation, events central to biological control mechanisms. Traditionally, such interactions involve direct, atom-to-atom, noncovalent contacts, or indirect contacts bridged by relatively fixed solvent molecules. Here we discuss a third class of molecular communication that, to date, has received less experimental attention, namely solvent-mediated communication between noncontacting macromolecules. This form of communication can be understood in terms of fundamental, well-established principles (coupled equilibria and linkage thermodynamics) that govern interactions between individual polymers and their solutions. In contrast to simple solutions used in laboratory studies, biological systems contain a multitude of nominally noninteracting biopolymers within the same solution environment. The exquisite control of biological function requires some form of communication between many of these solution components, even in the absence of direct and/or indirect contacts. Such communication must be considered when describing potential mechanisms of biological regulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.133332
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    USE OF EPR POWER SATURATION TO ANALYZE THE MEMBRANE-DOCKING GEOMETRIES OF PERIPHERAL PROTEINS: Applications to C2 Domains (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 34 (2005), S. 71-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Despite the central importance of peripheral membrane proteins to cellular signaling and metabolic pathways, the structures of protein-membrane interfaces remain largely inaccessible to high-resolution structural methods. In recent years a number of laboratories have contributed to the development of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) power saturation approach that utilizes site-directed spin labeling to determine the key geometric parameters of membrane-docked proteins, including their penetration depths and angular orientations relative to the membrane surface. Representative applications to Ca2+-activated, membrane-docking C2 domains are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144534
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RHO GTPASES: Biochemistry and Biology (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 247-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Approximately one percent of the human genome encodes proteins that either regulate or are regulated by direct interaction with members of the Rho family of small GTPases. Through a series of complex biochemical networks, these highly conserved molecular switches control some of the most fundamental processes of cell biology common to all eukaryotes, including morphogenesis, polarity, movement, and cell division. In the first part of this review, we present the best characterized of these biochemical pathways; in the second part, we attempt to integrate these molecular details into a biological context.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.020604.150721
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PROTEIN TRANSLOCATION BY THE SEC61/SECY CHANNEL (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 (2005), S. 529-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The conserved protein-conducting channel, referred to as the Sec61 channel in eukaryotes or the SecY channel in eubacteria and archaea, translocates proteins across cellular membranes and integrates proteins containing hydrophobic transmembrane segments into lipid bilayers. Structural studies illustrate how the protein-conducting channel accomplishes these tasks. Three different mechanisms, each requiring a different set of channel binding partners, are employed to move polypeptide substrates: The ribosome feeds the polypeptide chain directly into the channel, a ratcheting mechanism is used by the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP, and a pushing mechanism is utilized by the bacterial ATPase SecA. We review these translocation mechanisms, relating biochemical and genetic observations to the structures of the protein-conducting channel and its binding partners.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.133214
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