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  • Springer Nature  (3,081)
  • Springer  (1,166)
  • Elsevier  (432)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (344)
  • 1945-1949  (5,023)
  • 1946  (5,023)
  • 101
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 421-430 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 450-451 
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    Notes: Résumé Des expérimentations comparatives ont été faites concernant le rendement des graines deScilla sibirica commune et de la variété plus grande, née d'elle,Spring Beauty. Chez Spring Beauty le nombre des chromosomes, montant pour laScilla sibirica commune à 12 (2 × 6) s'est accru jusqu'à 18 (3 × 6). Par conséquent Spring Beauty se caractérise à un haut degré par stérilité personnelle. Les bulbes ont atteint une telle dimension, qu'elles sont devenues bonnes à la multiplication végétative artificielle (couper, creuser). Scilla sibirica commune se multiplie par des graines. En la plantant alternativement avec Spring Beauty, on peut favoriser la pollinisation réciproque et ainsi récolter des graines de Spring Beauty.
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  • 103
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 438-448 
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  • 104
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 448-449 
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  • 105
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 431-438 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird in diesem Artikel versucht, die Evolution der Atemmechanismen in verschiedenen Entwicklungsrichtungen darzustellen und die Korrelation, welche zwischen Tiergröße und Leistung besteht, aufzuweisen. Die einfachsten Atemeinrichtungen lassen nur geringe Körpergröße und niedrigen Stoffwechsel zu. Kiemen, wie sie bei Wasserorganismen ausgebildet sind, können eine hohe Wirksamkeit entwickeln und erlauben eine gesteigerte Körpergröße. Der Übergang zum Luftleben, wie er in der Geschichte der Vertebraten wirklich vor sich gegangen ist, brachte eine ganz erhebliche Herabsetzung der respiratorischen Wirksamkeit des Kreislaufs mit sich, die erst bei den warmblütigen Säugetieren und Vögeln vollständig überwunden werden konnte. Die Vogellungen, die einen Luftstrom vor- und rückwärts durch die Luftkapillaren treiben, sind sogar wirksamer als diejenigen der Säugetiere. Die Atempigmente im Blute vieler Tierformen zeigen interessante Anpassungen an den Sauerstoff- und Kohlensäuredruck, dem die Tiere ausgesetzt sind. Tracheenatmung, die hauptsächlich durch Diffusion von Sauerstoff durch ein System starrer Röhren hervorgebracht wird, setzt der möglichen Größe der Tracheaten eine feste Grenze, aber sie läßt innerhalb dieser Grenze eine große Mannigfaltigkeit zu.
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  • 106
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 449-450 
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    Notes: Summary One component of the group of vitamines required for the normal development of the larvæ ofTribolium confusum can be fully replaced by synthetic pteroyl glutamic acid (folic acid) at a level of 0,2γ per gram of diet. At least one further unknown factor contained in yeast is necessary.
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  • 107
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 451-451 
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    Notes: Summary Despite controversial evidence, the authors still believe in the presence of specific substances (ocytocic and dilator of frog's melanophores) in the neuroglandular region of the ascidianCiona intestinalis.
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  • 108
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 451-453 
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    Notes: Summary The thermodynamic study of systems in which stationary (non equilibrium) states were possible, led one of us (I. P.) to a number of general conclusions. In the present paper these conclusions are summarized and briefly discussed from a biological standpoint. It appears that the evolution of such systems is towards states with the least production of entropy (per mass unit) compatible with the conditions imposed. In the case of living matter this corresponds approximately to states of minimum metabolism. During this evolution the entropy contained in the system may decrease whilst the heterogenity increases. But this increase in heterogenity can only take place when there is a decrease in the entropy production, that is an evolution of the metabolism. We are thus led to suggest a physicochemical interpretation of Lamarchism. Finally we call attention to the fact that the moderation principle ofLe Chatelier-Braun is not limited to equilibrium states.
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  • 109
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 454-455 
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    Notes: Résumé Les cultures d'unPenicillium, probablement identique àP. expansum, fournissent des filtrats dont l'action antibiotique sur le Bacille d'Eberth a été étudiée. La substance active, concentrée par extractions successives, a été purifiée par des procédés chromatographiques. Par ses propriétés, cette substance diffère des antibiotiques déjà connus: son action est remarquablement sélective et sa haute toxicité ne laisse pas espérer d'application thérapeutique.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 455-458 
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    Notes: Summary By the aid of a synthetic antihistaminic drug (dimethylamino-ethyl-benzylaniline) the Authors succeeded in demonstrating that the purgative action of various drastic agents(Oleum Ricini, Elaterium, Colocynthis, Globularia Alypum) is, at least partially, to be accounted to a release of histamine. Antihistaminic drugs are indeed able, in quantities by themselves ineffective on the alimentary canal, to delay or even to abolish the purgative action of very large doses of the examined drastics.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 453-454 
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    Notes: Summary Experiments performed on dogs show that: (1) Slow intravenous injection of a clinical dosis of tubocurarine (Intocostrin) does not produce a decrease or only a slight and momentary fall in general arterial blood pressure, although the neuromuscular paralysis is complete. In these conditions, tubocurarine also does not depress the physiological mechanisms of the blood pressure homeostasis. In clinical dosis, tubocurarine thus does not block synaptic conduction. (2) Rapid intravenous injection of a clinical dosis of tubocurarine induces a fall in general blood pressure, which is sometimes momentary, and depresses the mechanisms of blood pressure homeostasis. These influences of tubocurarine are counteracted by ephedrine. (3) Rapid intravenous injection of a large amount of tubocurarine, produces a marked fall in blood pressure and a paralysis of the blood pressure homeostasis. These influences are not counteracted by ephedrine or prostigmine. (4) Prostigmine counteracts, as already known, the neuromuscular depression induced by tubocurarine. This antagonism is however not related to an influence of tubocurarine on the cholinesterase.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 458-459 
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    Notes: Summary The thymonucleic acid of the cell nucleus and the ribonucleic acid of the cytoplasmic granules are both included in very similar complexes. Treated by a 0.6 M solution of KCl these complexes separate in two fractions, one comprising thymo or ribonucleoproteid, the other characterized by its insolubility and its high content in alcaline phosphatase.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 459-459 
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    Notes: Summary The fluorination of DDT has led to the isolation of dichloro-diphenyl-difluoro-chloroethane. The introduction of the two fluorine atoms decreases considerably the paralysing effect, but does not seem to affect the toxicity of this insecticide.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 459-460 
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    Notes: Summary The addition of pectin increases the water solubility of different sulfonamide compounds and salicylic acid. It should be emphasized that this effect is not only observed with the acid pectin but also with neutral sodium pectinate.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 460-461 
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    Notes: Summary Experimental proofs are given that the antifibromatogenic action of certain steroids is not simply concomitant with their physiological activities (progestational, androgenic, cortical). It is an antiplastic actionper se, taking place directly on the territory sensitive to the neoplastic action of the œstrogen. Antiplastic steroids are probably an integrant part of a physiological anti-tumoural autodefensive system.
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  • 116
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 463-465 
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  • 117
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 465-467 
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  • 118
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 461-463 
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    Notes: Summary A simple method of examining living Leucocytesin vitro is represented. This method renders possible the study of the effects of various drugs on Leucocytes. Moreover it permits, as a personal observation demonstrates, examining the resistance and the Leucocytes under different conditions of maladies.
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  • 119
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 467-468 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 468-468 
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  • 121
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 476-488 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 492-493 
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    Notes: Summary The principal results of the present inquiries are: If a plane quantity of points “M” has a finite number of symmetrals “n”, which intersect in a point “S”, these symmetrals form a regular fascicle of straight lines, with an angleπ/n of two subsequent symmetrals. If “α” is the angle between two straight lines with the intersection point “S”, you may or may not supplement them to a regular fascicle of symmetrals of a quantity of points “M”, by adding a finite number of straight lines, according as “α” represents a rational or irrational multiple of 2π. If the angle “α” of two symmetrals of “M” with the intersection point “S” is an irrational multiple of 2π, there will be to every straight line “g” through “S” a symmetral of “M”, which comprises with “g”, a small angle of the size you may choose. If “M” is closed, then in this case every straight line “g” through “S” will be a symmetral of “M”. The symmetrals of a limited quantity of points will intersect in an exact point.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 488-490 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die heute vorhandene Kenntnis der zwischen den Atomen wirkenden Kräfte gestattet die Voraussage, daß alle Materialien unter sehr hohen Drucken Eigenschaften zeigen können, die von den unter gewöhnlichen Verhältnissen zu beobachtenden wesentlich abweichen. Es wird gezeigt, daß dies in besonderem Maße für die Mischbarkeit der verschiedenen Substanzen gelten wird.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 469-476 
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    Notes: Summary For a long time the lignin-sulfonic acids, obtained in very large quantities in the manufacture of sulphitepulp, have engaged the interest of chemical research workers for economic and scientific reasons. for both fields the determination of the constitution of the lignin-sulfonic acids and the knowledge of the processes taking place between lignin and sulfonic acid are of basic importance. During the last years our institute was able to gain a broader conception of the whole problem by means of model experiments, For the first time it was possible to achieve progress in this direction through a combination of oxidative and hydrolytic decomposition and the complete elimination of the sulfonic acid radical. Although researchers of the whole world have been working on this problem for years, no progress of any greater importance in the utilization of lignin-sulfonic acid has been made. Nevertheless experiments on the production of artificial materials from lignin-sulfonic acid as a base are very promising. By high pressure hydrogenation valuable products are obtained, although at high costs. The production of vanillin is far advanced (especially in the United States) and yields a new success of by-products which may be used with much success in combination with artificial materials, e.g. press plates.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 490-490 
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    Notes: Summary Inequalities will be stated which will be valid for the volumes of the outer and inner parallel-sets of a closed and bounded set of the common space.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 490-492 
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    Notes: Summary New proposals concerning machines for the acceleration of electrically charged particles are briefly described with two examples (heavy particles, electrons).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 493-493 
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    Notes: Summary The paper deals with a new method to determine the temperature of the solar corona. The method starts from the observational result that the elements found in the corona are distributed over a multitude of consecutive ionisation-stages and leads to the value of 630000° C. Although this method is not an exact one, the result is in good agreement with other methods, leading to a temperature of about 106 ° C.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 493-495 
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    Notes: Summary Referring to a paper published in this review1, two further processes are described which might produce the supplementary energy necessary to start tornado formation according toKoschmieder's theory1. Firstly, in the air bordering on, and forced upward by, a cumulonimbus cloud, additional upward acceierations may develop conforming toNormand's considerations2, if the surrounding atmosphere is in a state of latent conditional instability. Secondly, upward accelerations may suddenly originate within the cumulo-nimbus itself if the supercooled water drops freeze at once (mixing stage)3. A satisfactory solution of the problem can of course only be given by quantitative and not purely qualitative considerations.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 495-495 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Struktur von Tl2Cl3 gehört wahrscheinlich der Raumgruppe D 3d 2 an. Die hexagonale Zelle hat die Dimensionena=14·3 k X,c=25·1 k X und enthält 32 Einheiten Tl2Cl3.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 495-497 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 0,5prozentige Lösungen von 2,4-dichlorophenoxyessigsaurem Natrium verhindern das Keimen vonAgrostemma Githago, Hordeum vulgare undTriticum vulgare. Das Wachstum junger Pflanzen der drei Arten wird durch Verpflanzen auf mit 0,5prozentigen Lösungen dieses Stoffes getränktem Sand gehemmt. Schwächere Lösungen gestatten das Wachstum, es ist aber verlangsamt und die Pflanzen tragen Mißbildungen verschiedener Art, die an die nach Einwirkung von Colchicin und Heteroauxin beschriebenen erinnern. Stark verdünnte Lösungen (5·10−6) beschleunigen das Wachstum und regen die Wurzelbildung an; diese Wirkung ist beiHordeum vulgare besonders deutlich.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 497-498 
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    Notes: Summary The chromosomal sets of five species ofPerlodidæ (Plecoptera) are given in the present paper. The sexual chromosomes belong to three distinct types:X-O,X 1-X 2,X 1-X 2-X 3. The author shows that these three types are likely derived from the most primitive patternX-Y, by translocation and inversion.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 500-501 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Zytoplasma der unbefruchteten Seeigeleier sind die Aschen gleichmäßig verteilt; gegen die Kortikalschicht sind sie hingegen etwas angehäuft. Nach der Befruchtung, im Spermaster-Stadium, ordnen sich die Aschen radiär um den zentral gelegenen Kern. Eine starke Aschenansammlung findet sich an der Stelle der Spindel.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 501-502 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Injektion von Eigenurin wirksam ist gegen gewisse Viruskrankheiten. Es wurde auch festgestellt, daß dieselbe Behandlung desensibilisiert und gewisse anaphylaktische Störungen behebt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 498-500 
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    Notes: Summary The body temperature of thyroidectomized guinea pigs rises in a thermostat at 34–35° C higher and for a longer period than that of normal controls. Administration of thyroxine does not only not eliminate the observed effect of thyroidectomy, but the hight and duration of the rise of body temperature increases still further. It is concluded therefore that the observed effect is not due to thyroxine deficiency, but to lack of thermothyrine A, the antagonistic hormone of the thyroid described byMansfeld. Experiments during administration of methylthiouracil gave similar—though less marked, nevertheless significant—results and demonstrate that thiouracil inhibits not only thyroxine production but the formation of thermothyrine A as well. The fact—found byMansfeld—that in case of lack of thyroid-colloid both thermothyrines increase instead of decreasing O2 consumption and accelerate the heartbeat suggests the possibility that thermothyrine may play a role in the symptomatology of Grave's disease, and so the present experiments may have a bearing on the therapeutic action of thiouracil.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 502-502 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 503-504 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 504-506 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 506-507 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 507-509 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 509-512 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 512-512 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 512-512 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 512-512 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 512-512 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 41-48 
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    Notes: Summary A survey of the biochemistry of regenerating animals has been made: after a critical discussion ofChild's metabolic gradients theory, the relative importance of respiration rate, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids metabolism are stressed. The similarities between biochemical processes in the embryo and the regenerating organism are pointed out.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 60-62 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 55-60 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Autor referiert über die frühere chemische Bearbeitung des Haschischproblems, wobei namentlich die Arbeiten vonCahn (bis 1933) wichtig sind. Die beiden Substanzen Cannabinol und Cannabidiol aus Haschisch sind inaktiv, der Träger der physiologischen Wirkung konnte noch nicht rein dargestellt werden. Synthetische Tetrahydrocannabinole zeigen zum Teil starke Haschischwirkung. Der Autor vermutet, daß die Struktur des natürlichen Wirkungsträgers ähnlich sein wird wie diejenige der aktiven synthetischen Produkte.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 48-55 
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    Notes: Summary The vital importance of the vitamins resides in theircoferment function, which enables them to catalyse enzymatic processes in living tissues. The term “coferment” is used in this connection to designate organic compounds of relatively low molecular weight, which in conjunction with the specific proteinous apoferments bring about the transformation of definite substrates. The vitamins are, however, catabolized like ordinary substrates when they come into contact with enzymatic systems in which they have no coferment function. This explains why normal life cannot be sustained, if the living organisms do not receive asnutritional factors the vitamins which they cannot synthesize. From a biochemical point of view not only exogenous hypo- or avitaminoses but all pathological changes may be regarded as the sequelae of disturbances in one or several enzymatic systems. The vitamins may exert a regulating influence also in these enzymatic disturbances which are not directly caused by vitamin deficiency. In such cases they will act asrèmedies.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 63-64 
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    Notes: Summary I. Tarcsay's modification of Piotrowski's ten Rorschach signs for the diagnosis of organic and endogenous psychoses was tested on the Rorschach records of 105 genuine epileptics, 50 schizophrenics, 50 psychopaths, and 22 neurotics. The signs were found to give a positive diagnosis of psychosis in about 80% of the true cases of psychoses, but also in 45% of the psychopaths and neurotics, so that they hardly can be used for differential diagnosis. Tarcsay's schizophrenia signs and the neurosis signs of Miale and Harrower-Erickson proved to have still less diagnostic value.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 66-66 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Thiosulfatlösungen von mäßiger Stärke bildet Silber die zwei Ionen Ag(S2O3) 2 3− und Ag(S2O3) 3 5− , deren Komplexkonstanten bestimmt wurden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 64-65 
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    Notes: Summary The permeability of jellies of known structure can be determined by experiments on models by application of a principle of hydrodynamical similarity.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 66-67 
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    Notes: Summary In case ofAbsidia coerulea, Mucor mucedo, Rhizopus nodosus, Rhizopus oryzae andRhizopus suinus (auxoautotroph), Hypoxanthine effects, as well as in case ofPhycomyces Blakesleeanus (auxo-heterotroph), by acceleration of the germinating of the spores a temporary increased growth in contrary to controls without this additional growth factor.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 67-69 
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    Notes: Summary A simple very sensitive and usefull method is described for the potentiometric micro-determination of the cholinesterase of blood serum, globules and tissues, using an ordinary potentiometer and an antimonium electrode. This method makes it possible to determine the cholinesterase in solutions of acetylcholine down to 3 mg %.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 69-70 
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    Notes: Summary Some substances with toxic properties againstAscaris lumbricoides are described. Three of them are as effective as Thymol.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 70-70 
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    Notes: Summary According to the known proposition fromSteiner-Minkowski, the volume of the outer parallel-solid of a convex polyeder of then-dimensional space is a rational integral function at most from then th degree. The author gives an extension of this proposition to any polyeder.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 70-71 
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    Notes: Summary A series of derivatives of triphenylethylene have been tested and some of them found to possess interesting oestrogenic properties; the relations between chemical constitution and oestrogenic activity have been discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 74-75 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 72-74 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 75-76 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 76-76 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 76-76 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 105-105 
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    Notes: Summary White rats fed on diets containing oils have much more sterols in their adrenals than control rats in whose diets the oils have been substituted by fats.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 77-82 
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    Notes: Summary In the present note, the author is reviewing recent researches dealing with the action carried by the group on the individual taken isolated. He distinguishes two kinds of effects: 1.Mass effect, owing above all to a modification of the medium by the population itself; 2.group effect, induced chiefly by sensorial stimuli which occurs without requiring the gathering of a large number of individuals. Some examples of group effects are given. Individuals living in society are physiologically different from isolated. Correlation, coordination and social facilitation are to be included among group effects. To-day, we are allowed to speak of social physiology.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 99-103 
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    Notes: Summary The foundations of the division of the colour circle according toOstwald andRichter 2 are subject to contradictions. A new division is calculated, based upon a limited formulation of the principle of inner symmetry. Finally different possibilities of connecting theOswald numbers and the trichromatic coordinates are discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 82-86 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The most important opinions concerning the shape of linear chain-molecules are quoted. 2. From the existence of an energy of rotation, which was proved on gaseous ethan, and from the presence of distinct positions of lowest potential energy of the C-atoms follows, if the above facts are applied to dissolved long chain-molecules, that the C-C bond in long chains shows no rotation. 3. The quantitative results of the ringforming reactions with long paraffin-chains, which have a very distinct minimum yield, if the chain has 9–12 C-atoms, are contradictory to the general hypothesis of free rotation. 4. Measurements of viscosity with model substances are not in agreement with the idea of free rotation, which leads to statistic balls, but point to the “stability of shape of the molecules” (Staudinger). 5. The chain-molecules tend to take the position of lowest potential energy. The amplitudes of the vibration in deviation of the normal position are given by the heat energy as well as by the moduli of elasticity and torsion of the chain. Quite a number of substances have the fully extended chain as stable shape. Other substances probably have no extended chains but angular chains as stable forms.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 86-99 
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    Notes: Summary After a short reference to the fundamental principles of the oxidation-reduction potential and the meaning of the symbolr H introduced byClark, the author proceeds to set out, among the numerous applications which this important notion has found in various scientific fields, those found in Bacteriology and Hygiene. As regards Bacteriology, the oxidation-reduction potential of the sterile culture media and of various aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms has been investigated in connection with their growth. The oxidation-reduction potential has proved to be a very good means of classification and identification of the various bacterial strains. Moreover, although the studies performed are not numerous the said oxidation-reduction potential has also been shown to have a great importance in the determination of the immunisation processes of the organism and in its serological behaviour. The oxidation-reduction potential, furthermore, has found very large applications in the field of alimentation, from the problem of fermentations, such as the alcoholic fermentation and the bread fermentation, to the distinction between raw and boiled milk by means ofSchardinger's reaction. In the future, the possibilities for application and development of the oxidation-reduction potential appear to be even more considerable.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 103-105 
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    Notes: Summary TheBrinell hardness ofHume-Rothery alloys depends on their electron concentration in the same way as do catalytic activation energy and electric resistivity. A wave-mechanical theory of hardness, based on the more or less total completion of theBrillouin-zones, is proposed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 105-107 
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    Notes: Summary Treating natural cellulose fibres with ultrasonic waves, fine fibrils split off, which easily can be studied with the electronmicroscope. Bundles of cellulose-molecules with various diameters, very frequently 60–70 Å wide, are found. Their length seems not to be limited within the fibres.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 108-109 
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    Notes: Summary The measurement of meson masses in the cosmic radiation with a slowly expanding wilson chambre indicates mesons of different masses. There are at least two different masses, one between 100m 0 and 200m 0, and the other exceeding 200m 0.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 107-108 
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    Notes: Summary Radioactive α-bromotriphenylethylen has been used to gain information upon the metabolism of synthetic oestrogenic substances. In female mice, high concentrations could be detected in the ovaries, uterus and mamma, especially when the experiments were performed on animals under full spontaneous oestrus. The male are characterized by an elective fixation of the oestrogen in the preputial glands.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 109-110 
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    Notes: Summary The growth ofBacterium coli commune in culture-medium afterFriedlein containing glucose was controled by photometry. Addition of uracil hastens the growth slightly, addition of adenin delays it. The curve of growth with adenin shows two maxima similarly as the primary and secundary effect after irradiation of biological material by ultrashort rays. As known the irradiation of nucleic-acids sets in partial freedom purins and pyrimidins. These are changed again by intense irradiation. The news products of irradiation have probably also biological influences.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 111-111 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 110-111 
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    Notes: Summary Saline extracts from rabbit's skeletal muscles obtained and dialyzed at the ionic strength 0.15 contain at least 11 electrophoretically distinct components. Five of these components (n, m, t, l, s) have properties which are comparable with some characteristics of the myogens ofWeber, another component (h) is probably myoalbumin. Muscular proteins which are more soluble at higher ionic strength are not homogenous: there must be not one but two or more electrophoretically different myosins. Much work is needed to establish accurate relations between electrophoretic and classical muscular proteins.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 112-114 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 114-114 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 115-115 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 115-115 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 115-116 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 115-115 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 116-116 
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    Notes: Summary The transformation of antigenic and enzymatic properties of a bacteria can be produced by the action of an inductor thymonucleic factor, which comes from a related bacteria. However, this transformation is only possible when the bacteria which must undergo the “mutation dirigée” is in a state of pronounced instability, the determinism of which is still unknown. We find to-day the greatest difficulties to isolate, without destroying it, the inductor factor, because it is very sensitive to bacterial enzyms and to the delayed action of acids and bases.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 117-126 
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    Notes: Summary A survey of recent work on the theories of the peculiar mechanical behaviour of substances with rubber-like properties is given. All the theories are based on the assumption that these substances (including rubber itself) are composed of very long, flexible chainmolecules. Any segment of a chain is linked to two neighbouring segments by bonds similar to those which are present in typical solids and to all other neighbours by linkages like the bonds prevailing between the particles of liquids. The chain molecules are intermingled so as to form a kind of a felt. This state of aggregation is intermediate between the solid and the liquid; it is called the rubber-like state (état gommoïdal). Elasticity, viscosity and plastic flow as well as the influence of crystallization, vulcanization and degradation are discussed in terms of this theory.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 132-137 
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    Notes: Summary The permeability of cells to dissolved molecules is given by the permeation constant ofCollander (cm·h−1), whilst the permeability to water is measured by a filter constant (cm·Atm.−1·h−1). Therefore these constants are not comparable, and it is impossible to calculate quantitative data on the semipermeability of a cell. In this paper the permeation process is considered as a counterdiffusion of dissolved molecules into the cell and water out of the cell. From the two resulting diffusion equations formulae and a graphic method are derived, which permit to calculate the permeation constant of water, when the permeation constant of a given substance entering the cell is known. These constants are comparable and their ratio is a conclusive measure of the semipermeability.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 127-132 
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    Notes: Résumé On met en évidence quelques caractères qui font ressembler la cancérisation de la cellule à ce remaniement moléculaire des protéines qui est connu sous le nom de dénaturation. En effet la réaction cancérogène, ainsi que la dénaturation protéique, est une réaction «tout ou rien», elle est irréversible et son étiologie n'est pas unique; en outre, dans la première aussi bien que dans la seconde, on a une augmentation de l'entropie du système de même qu'une forte chaleur d'activation. On rappelle le phénomène de l'induction de la dénaturation protéique et on admet l'hypothèse que l'agent de la malignité, évoqué dans la cellule par l'influence de facteurs externes connus (hydrocarbures aromatiques, radiations pénétrantes, parasites, etc.) ou inconnus, soit une sorte de produit de dénaturation comparable à une virus-protéine endogène. On rapporte certains de ses caractères présumables, par exemple sa reproduction pendant la multiplication cellulaire (il devient ainsi une acquisition permanente de la souche cellulaire), son lien intime avec les structures cellulaires, son association avec l'acide nucléique. La cancérogénèse, ainsi que lareproduction des virus-protéines et laformation des anticorps, doit être classée parmi les synthèses du typeà induction anormale; elle est, en tous cas, un problème de synthèse protéique.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 138-138 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 138-139 
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    Notes: Summary A fewFlavobacterium, among themFlav. dehydrogenans, present oxidative activities upon sterins from the serie of sexual hormons, acting in a selective manner. These microorganisms have a scarce fermentative capacity against carbohydrates and an eminent oxidative action upon hydrocarbures and their derivatives as toluol, xylol, paraphine, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phenol. The pigment ofFlav. dehydrogenans, which is exclusively elaborated at diffusive light, is straightly fixed at oxidative processes determined by the bacterium.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 140-141 
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    Notes: Summary To produce antisera of high antibody concentration animals after sensitization with protein have been reinjected with lethal doses of the antigen, protected against the shock-effect by substances with antihistamin properties (as example Antistin). The antibody concentration was considerably higher in these animals as in the other non-protected group reinjected with the highest tolerated antigen dosage.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 141-142 
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    Notes: Summary After administration of methylbisdehydrodoisynolic acid (1-ethyl-2-methyl-7-methoxy-tetrahydro-phenantryl-2-carbonic acid) the content of this oestrogen in the uterus of the spayed rat has been determined. It has been found, that a concentration of 3–4γ/100 g uterus tissue is necessary for the growth reaction of the organ. The concentration in the uterus lies between the concentration of muscle and liver. So the specific sensitivity of the uterus must be responsable for his reaction to an oestrogen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 142-143 
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    Notes: Summary A number of experiments all led to the conclusion that the Feulgen reaction is a valuable test for thein situ localization of thymonucleic acid: there is thus no serious reason to doubt that this acid is a constituent of chromatin and chromosomes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 143-143 
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    Notes: Summary The localization of alkaline phosphatase has been studied in the early development of Amphibian embryos; there is very little enzyme present, even in the nuclei and the chromosomes, during cleavage and gastrulation stages. A marked increase of the enzyme content of both nuclei and yolk occurs only in post-neurula stages. Alkaline phosphatase probably plays no important part in thymonucleic acid synthesis, morphogenetic movements and primary induction, but might be essential in organogenesis.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 143-145 
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    Notes: Summary In certain cases, the production of bacterial nodules on legumes can be influenced by aneurin. The preliminary trials should be continued in order to establish the most favourable conditions of aneurin action.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 146-147 
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    Notes: Summary N-Isopropyl-nor-adrenaline (aleudrine), which normally reduces the blood pressure, exerts after treatment with parasympathetic stimulants, especially after pilocarpine, an increase of the blood pressure, which is considerably stronger than that produced by adrenaline. This pressor effect of aleudrine is, contrary to the hypotensive action, cholinergic as it is abolished by atropine, whereas it remains fully unaffected by nicotinization. The pressor effect of aleudrine thus corresponds to the analogous action of choline, the mechanism of which was elucidated byForst.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 148-150 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 147-148 
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  • 195
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 150-151 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 182-183 
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    Notes: Summary The author derives from the differential equation for the annuity and from the difference equation for the value of the policy several relations, which allow to represent approximately the value of composed forms of insurances by the value of simple forms of insurances; likewise, it is easy to render formally the influence of a variation of the rate of interest.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 190-191 
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    Notes: Summary Binocular Electroretinography in man shows that the elective light-stimulation of one retina produces a normal Electroretinogramm at the stimulated, ipsilateral eye, furthermore a bioelectric consensual response at the contralateral eye. This latter response consists in a positive deflection, corresponding to increased electropositivity under the corneal electrode. A close synchronism exists between the consensual response and the secondary rise (c-potential) of the ipsilateral Electroretinogramm. The consensual response does not appear to be of pupillary or oculomotor origin, but can probably be identified with thec-potential, the significance of which will have to bee reexamined, as well as the problem of the efferent innervation of the retina.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 195-196 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 196-196 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 196-196 
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