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  • Articles  (1,882)
  • Springer  (1,882)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1960-1964
  • 1945-1949  (1,882)
  • 1949  (1,518)
  • 1945  (364)
  • Biology  (1,882)
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  • Articles  (1,882)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1960-1964
  • 1945-1949  (1,882)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 59-82 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of linkage of autopolyploids is developed under consideration ofm loci andr alleles. The simplifying assumption of chromosome segregation, which may be considered as an approximation to the more adequate theory of chromatid segregation, is made throughout. Random mating and distinct, non-overlapping generations are assumed. Under these assumptions the problem is determined by three basic probability distributions—the distributions of genotypes and of gametes, and the segregation distribution. The segregation distribution is assumed to be the same for males and for females. The aim of the paper is to establish recurrence formulas (which allow to find the distributions of gametes and of genotypes from generation to generation, if the distribution of genotypes for an initial generation is known) and to investigate the limit behavior of these distributions as the number of generations increases indefinitely. In the present paper (hereafter referred to as I) the problem is explained, and the three characteristic distributions are introduced for the general case of a 2s-ploid,m loci, andr alleles. Recurrence relations are established for tetraploids,s=2 andm=2 loci, while the recurrence relations for the general case as well as the limit theorems will be given in the second part of this paper (hereafter referred to as II).
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Steady state kinetic relations previously developed forclosed, homogeneous systems are extended toopen systems consisting of geometrically confined regions of arbitrary shape. The generalized system of consecutive reactions is considered to occur within the cell, and the cell plus environment are treated as an open system. The diffusion condition is imposed upon the kinetic solution for various special cases and the method ofgeneral solution when all products, reactants and intermediates, may enter and leave the cell is indicated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When two polished metal spheres in contact with each other are immersed in a corrosive solution, their surfaces gradually corrode, leaving, however, a non-corroded zone around the point of contact. The size of this zone is a function of the size of the spheres, concentration of the corrosive, and of the time. The phenomenon has been first observed by F. C. Besic on human teeth immersed in hydrochloric acid, and studied on metal balls. In the present paper it is shown that such a phenomenon may be due to gradients of concentration of the corrosive in the neighborhood of the point of contact, caused by the chemical reaction which consumes the corrosive. Approximate expressions for the size of the uncorroded zones as a function of the size of the balls and as a function of time are derived and found to be in fair agreement with F. C. Besic's data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When an individual grows up in a society, he learns certain behavior patterns which are “accepted” by that society. He may in general have a tendency toward behavior patterns other than those which are “accepted” by the society. This tendency toward such unaccepted behavior may be due to a process of cerebration which results in doubt as to the “correctness” of the accepted behavior. Thus, on the one hand, the individual learns to follow the accepted rules almost automatically; on the other hand, he may tend to consciously break those rules. Using a neural circuit, suggested by H. D. Landahl in his theory of learning, a neurobiophysical interpretation of the above situation is outlined. Mathematical expressions are derived which describe the social behavior of an individual as a function of his age, social status, and some neurobiophysical parameters.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Analysis is made to show that the mitotic index is simply proportional to the ratio of the duration of mitosis (T) to the intermitotic time only under special conditions. In the case of exponential growth of cell population the simple proportionality hold if the product ofT and the growth constant is small. For power law (t n ) growth of cell population the simple proportionality holds only when a steady state of growth has existed for at least ten intermitotic periods. The simple proportionality does not apply in conditions of transient growth.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 115-138 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Food and metabolic waste products, insofar as they act upon the hereditary substrate of cells, are the most important factors governing tissue growth. Equations describing the growth of tissues are derived in consideration of this fact. A quantity is found in these equations which, if slightly changed, results in very great changes in the growth rate of the tissue, where such very great changes are interpretable as neoplastic growth. The relationship between our equations and similar equations which others have proposed is discussed.
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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  • 8
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 57-74 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 1-40 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die phylogenetische Entwicklung wurde im Bereich der Kieselalgen von bestimmten Gesetzmässigkeiten beherrscht. Die Entstehung neuer Arten und Gattungen, ihr Wiederverschwinden und die Zunahme des Formenreichtums, resultierend aus der Zahl der neuentstandenen, vermindert um die der wieder verschwindenen Arten und Gattungen und vollzog sich nach Regeln (rules-within-limits), die durch folgende Phänomene gekennzeichnet sind: 1) Zwischen der Zahl der neuentstehenden und der Zahl der in der gleichen geologischen Subperiode aus inneren Gründen wieder aussterbenden Arten besteht eine mehr oder wenig feste Beziehung. Diese ist für die Centricae und Pennatae verschieden. 2) Ein bestimmter Anteil der neuentstandenen Arten und Gattungen erwies sich aus inneren Gründen als „ausdauernd” und blieb bis auf den heutigen Tag erhalten. Die Zunahme der Arten- (und Gattungs-) Zahl durch das Hinzukommen langlebiger Formen war stetig und vollzog sich nach Massgabe geometrischer Progressionen. Diese Tatsachen führen zu dem Schluss, dass die phylogenetische Entwicklung der Kieselalgen nach monopodialem, und nicht nach sympodialem Muster vorsichging. Auch in andern Pflanzengruppen und im Tierreich durften die gleichen Gesetzmässigkeiten herrschend sein. Am klarsten gelangen sie bei den Centricae zum, Ausdruck und werden vom Autor als das Fazit von Additions-, Subtraktions-, und Multiplikationsprozessen aufgefasst. Die heutige Situation bezüglich Häufigkeit der Grössen der Gattungen, in Zahl der Arten, ist das Endergebnis der summativen Wirkung dieser Einzelprozesse. Diese als ‚rules-within-limits’ bezeichneten Gesetzmässigkeiten werden im einzelnen beschrieben, erklärt und zusammenfassend dargestellt. Zu andern Evolutionstheorien in Beziehung gebracht, werden sie schliesslich für Erörterung des Problems benutzt, inwieweit noch andere evolutionsgeschichtliche Prozesse als übergeordnete Faktoren in den vom Verfasser dargestellten Grundplan des Evolutionsgeschehens eingreifen können.
    Abstract: Résumé L'évolution organique ou le changement parmi les Diatomées s'est effectué avec une régularité considérable. Les origines et les extinctions, et les accroissements des nombres des espèces et des genres, se sont soumis en tout aux lois et aux ordres, commes des régularités à l'intérieur de légères déviations. Le changement de l'évolution fut la conséquence de deux sortes de phénomène: 1°) l'origine et l'extinction des espèces éphémères dans une proportion plus ou moins déterminée mais différente pour les deux classes des Diatomées, Centricae et Pennatae; ces espèces éphémères moururent dans la subpériode de leur origines malgré le caractère assez favorable des circonstances environnantes, à cause de l'évanescence inhérente aux espèces particulières, et 2°) l'origine des espèces nouvelles (et des genres nouveaux) qui démontrèrent leur qualité innée de permanence tout en continuant de vivre depuis leurs origines, pour la plupart, jusqu'à présent. Les additions continuelles d'espèces nouvelles et permanentes, en nombres proportionnés aux nombres disponibles comme espèces parentes et possibles, donnèrent des accroissements par progressions géométriques. Par conséquent, l'évolution parmi les Diatomées fut monopodiale et non pas sympodiale. Les deux sortes d'espèces-durées sont bien connues parmi beaucoup d'autres classes de plantes et d'animaux. Les mêmes procédés d'additions, de soustractions et de multiplications, particulièrement tels qu'on les trouve dans les Centricae, sont très probables pour ces classes de plantes et d'animaux qui ont donné un résultat le plus semblable pour la somme totale de leur histoire précédente, sous la forme de la répartition des fréquences de leurs grandeurs générique actuelles. Les régularités à l'intérieur de légères déviations de cette évolution fondamentale sont détaillées, définies et discutées dans leurs relations aux diverses théories touchant les autres méthodes de l'évolution qui jouent le rôle de facteurs modifiants superposés au dessin général ou au dessein de l'évolution fondamentale.
    Notes: Summary Organic evolution, or change, among the diatoms has proceeded with considerable regularity. The origins, the extinctions, and the increases in numbers of species and genera, on the whole, have submitted to law and order, as rules-within-limits (rectilinear regression lines within grouped small deviations). The changes of evolution have followed from two sorts of phenomena — 1) the origin and extinction of shortlived or unstable species, in a proportion which has been more or less constant, but different in the two groups of diatoms, Centricae and Pennatae; these short-lived species died out in the subperiod of their origin even under favourable enough environment or surrounding conditions, because of the innate instability of these particular species: and 2) the origin of new species (and genera) which demonstrated their innate capacity for permanence by remaining in the living condition from their origins mostly up to the present time. The continued or continual additions of new and long-living species, in proportion to the number available as possible and parental species, has given the geometrical progressions. Consequently evolution in the diatoms has been monopodial, or one-stemmed, and not sympodial or not with many substitutions of one species after another in successions. The two kinds of species-durations are well-known in other classes of plants and animals. Exactly the same processes of additions, subtractions, and multiplications, particularly as found in the centric diatoms, are very probable in these classes of plants and animals which have given the same answer or arithmetical result for the whole of their previous histories, in the form of the frequency distribution of the present sizes of their genera. The rules-within-limits of this basic evolution are described, defined, and discussed in their relations to various theories of evolution which perhaps only concern the working of factors of superimposed modifications that reduce the results of the pattern or plan of basic evolution.
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 115-134 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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  • 11
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Postface Dans mes „Analyses et synthèses biocénotiques” (1947a), j'ai discuté la conception d'Agrell, qui se base sur des stations-types préétablies. Depuis,Agrell a consacrédeux articles polémiques (Opusc. ent., Lund, 1948) à soutenir que ses „Bestandestypen” s'identifient aux groupements écologiques tels que je le conçois. Il n'en est rien. Dans l'idée d'Agrell, tous les relevés provenant d'un même type de stations font a priori partie d'un même „Bestandestyp”. La conséquence en est que certaines espèces en réalité vicariantes, c'est-à-dire ne cohabitant jamais -Tetracanthella wahlgreni etFolsomia brevicauda, par exemple — se trouvent réunies, sur le papier, dans une même „communauté”. Au contraire, dans mon système, les relevés faits dans un certain type de stations („AH” par exemple, cf.Gisin, 1947a) sont classés tantôt dans un groupement (2b), tantôt dans un autre (3a), d'après leur composition faunistique servant d'indicateur. Cette différence explique amplement les discordances qu'Arell relève entre mes indices d'abondance-fréquence et les siens, discordance prouvant une fois de plus que les „Bestandestypen” et les groupements ne sont pas la même chose. Agrell qualifie de résidu l'un de mes groupements. Or, rien n'est plus résiduel queson Bestandestyp 2, qui représente l'ensemble de 7 stations sur 10, celles qui restent après avoir retranché les 3 stations de milieux extrêmes. Agrell reproche à ma méthode de laisser inclassables certains relevés dépourvusd'espèces vicariantes. Cela n'est-il pas préférable au classement de force de relevés, fragmentaires et aux calculs hasardeux basés sur des unités hétérogènes? Enfin,Agrell estime que le choix des espèces caractéristiques est subjectif. J'ai: montré qu'il ne l'est ni plus ni moins que celui des caractères spécifiques en taxonomie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Oekologie, Ethologie, Biogeographie und Biocoenotik werden noch häufig miteinander verwechselt. Diese Disziplinen lassen sich an Hand des Schemas unterscheiden, das in vorstehenden Schlussfolgerungen wiedergegeben ist. Dieses Schema ist zugleich ein Beitrag zu einem neuen, dreidimensionalen System der Biologie. Speziell wird auf den methodischen Unterschied zwischen Oekologie und Biocoenotik eingegangen. Die Biocoenotik kann als eine unentbehrliche Vorstufe der Oekologie angesehen werden, insofern sie die natürliche Vergemeinschaftung der Organismen als ein grossartiges, von der Natur selbst eingesetztes Experiment betrachtet. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, dass Ergebnis dieses Experiments zu beschreiben. Die Lebensgemeinschaften, die sie dabei unterscheidet, sind gekennzeichnet durch ihre häufig wiederkehrende, einigermassen konstante Zusammensetzung, entsprechend den relativen Faktoren-Gleichgewichten, welche sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte einstellen. Die Lebensgemeinschaften sind aber viel leichter zu erfassen als die Faktoren-Gleichgewichte und deren biologische Bedeutung. Ihre Abgrenzung erfolgt, — wie in der Taxonomie diejenige der Arten — auf Grund objektiver Diskontinuitäten. Letztere gründen sich in der Biocoenotik auf die sich ökologisch ersetzenden (vikariirenden) Arten. Sie sind die Prüfsteine für die Grundeinheiten der Biocoenotik: die Biocoenosen.] Soweit die Organismen einer Biocoenose aufeinander einwirken, stellen sie gleichzeitig einen Konnex dar; und soweit sie in ihren Ansprüchen oder Anpassungen übereinstimmen, gehören sie auch zum gleichen Lebensformen-Typ. Es ist praktisch, drei Grössenordnungen von Biocoenosen zu unterscheiden: Synusien, Assoziationen und Biome.
    Notes: Conclusions L'écologie cherche à connaître les conditions d'existence des organismes par rapport à leur milieu physique et biotique. D'une part elle étudie les exigences des organismes envers le milieu et leurs adaptations à celui-ci; d'autre part, elle recherche comment le milieu influe sur les organismes. Or, puisque chaque être vivant fait partie du milieu des autres et que sa présence et son activité modifient le milieu physique et biotique pour lui-même comme pour les autres, l'écologie est amenée à considérer en général les interactions entre les facteurs constitués par les organismes ainsi que par les agents inorganiques. Toutefois, la complexité de ces interactions est telle qu'à leur analyse physico-chimique s'opposent des difficultés partiellement insurmontables. La raison en est que les multiples facteurs écologiques n'agissent pas isolément, mais en combinaison dans l'espace et dans le temps. Il en résulte des états d'équilibre relatif dont seule l'expérience multiséculaire de la nature nous révèle l'aboutissement avec certitude. Aussi bien l'écologiste qui veut en tenir compte commence-t-il ses recherches par le relevé qualitatif et quantitatif des groupements biologiques spontanés. Le chercheur les reconnaît à la constance relative de leur composition, dans les divers endroits où ils sont réalisés, constance résultant de l'équilibre relatif entre les facteurs. C'est exactement pour de tels groupements queMöbius à créé le terme de biocénose. Ainsi la biocénotique peut être considérée comme la propédeutique d'une écologie justement conçue; elle ne serait que préparatoire et provisoire si la Science pouvait un jour entièrement éclaircir le jeu des forces écologiques. Enfin en essayant de bien situer l'écologie dans le cadre des disciplines biologiques voisines, il est utile d'avoir présent à l'esprit l'ébauche suivante d'un nouveau système de la biologie:
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 41-56 
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 75-88 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neuere Definitionen der botanischen Begriffe „ecotype”, „ecospecies” und “coenospecies” werden kurz besprochen. Beispiele von ecospecies werden erörtet, und folgende neue Begriffsbestimmungen vorgeschlagen: „g-ecospecies” Gruppen mit gleicher Chromosomenzahl, zwischen denen morphologische, ökologische und geographische Unterschiede deutlich festzustellen sind, und bei denen in künstlichen oder natürlichen Zuständen nur beschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „a-ecospecies” Gruppen mit ungleicher Chromosomenzahl, zwischen denen ökologische und geographische Unterschiede deutlich festzustellen sind, und bei denen nur beschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „ecotypes“ Gruppen, die genetisch unterschiedene Bestandteile von ecospecies bilden, die für besondere Typen von Milieu geeignet sind, und bei denen unbeschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „cytotypes“ Gruppen, die polyploiden Bestandteile einer ecospecies bilden. Die wahrscheinlichen Enstehungsarten derg-ecospecies (allmählich) und dera-ecospecies (plötzlich) werden beschrieben, und es wird für besonders wichtig erklärt, dass die Systematiker den Begriffa-ecospecies anerkennen, denn diese mögen sich morphologisch äusserst wenig unterscheiden. Beispiele für den Gebrauch der Begriffe werden angeführt, und es wird vorgeschlagen, dass es interessant wäre, sie nicht nur bei Pflanzen sondern auch bei Tieren zu verwenden.
    Abstract: Sommaire Nous avons brièvement étudié dans l'article ci-dessus les récentes définitions des ternies botaniques „ecotype” „ecospecies”, et „coenospecies”. Nous avons discuté quelques exemples d'ecospecies et nous avons proposé les nouvelles définitions suivantes: „g-ecospecies” Groupes avec le même nombre de chromosomes, entre lesquels il y a des différences morphologiques, écologiques et géographiques nettement déterminées; ils ne sont capables que d'un échange limité de gènes dans des conditions artificielles ou naturelles. „a-ecospecies” Groupes avec différents nombres de chromosomes, entre lesquels il y a des différences écologiques et géographiques nettement déterminées, et qui ne sont capables que d'un échange limité de gènes. „ecotypes” Groupes formant des composants d'ecospecies génétiquement distincts, adaptés à des types spéciaux de milieux et qui sont capables d'un échange illimité de gènes. „cytotypes” Groupes formant des composants polyploïdes d'une ecospecies. Les origines probables desg-ecospecies (graduelles) et desa-ecospecies (abruptes) y sont expliquées; nous avons mis en relief l'importance de l'identification par les taxonomistes d'a-ecospecies, qui peuvent à peine présenter des différences morphologiques. Nous donnons des exemples d'emplois de ces termes, et nous suggérons que leurs applications aux animaux aussi bien qu'aux plantes pourraient présenter un intérêt certain.
    Notes: Summary Recent definitions of the botanical terms ecotype, ecospecies and coenospecies are briefly reviewed. Examples of ecospecies are discussed and the following new definitions are proposed: g-ecospecies Groups with the same chromosome number between which there are well-defined morphological, ecological and geographical differences and which, under artifical or natural conditions are capable of only limited gene-exchange. a-ecospecies Groups with different chromosome numbers between which there are well-defined ecological and geographical differences and which are capable of only limited gene-exchange. ecotypes Groups forming genetically distinct components of ecospecies, adapted to special types of environment and capable of unlimited gene-exchange. cytotypes Groups forming polyploid components of an ecospecies. The probable modes of origin ofg-ecospecies (gradual) anda-ecospecies (abrupt) are explained; and the importance of the recognition by taxonomists ofa-ecospecies, which may differ morphologically hardly at all, is. emphasized. Examples of the uses of the terms are given, and it is suggested that their application to animals as well as plants would be of interest.
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 101-114 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 26-26 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 28-29 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 33-36 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 36-50 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 26-28 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 31-31 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 32-32 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 22-22 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 22-23 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 21-22 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 24-24 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 6-18 
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    Notes: Conclusions La préhypophyse sécrète deux hormones, l'auxogène et la crinogène. On peut, en détruisant ou éliminant le crinogène, obtenir des extraits à effet auxogène pur. L'urine de femme castrée ne contient que le principe auxogène: la lutéinisation, observée dans certains cas, est un effet secondaire dû à l'intervention de l'hypophyse de l'animal traité. L'urine de femme enceinte contient deux prolans: un principe crinogène identique à celui de l'hypophyse et agissant, comme ce dernier, directement sur l'ovaire; un principe hypophysotrope, stimulant l'hypophyse de l'animal — dans la mesure où elle est présente ou capable de réponse — et se traduisant dans l'ovaire par un effet auxogène de type physiologique. Les deux principes de l'UFE peuvent être séparés ou l'un peut être détruit avec conservation partielle de l'autre. Les taux des deux prolans varient d'une urine à l'autre, pour une même urine au cours de la gestation ou au cours du chauffage. L'existence de ces deux principes est importante à considérer lorsqu'on utilise, dans la pratique médicale, des extraits d'UFE qui sont, en réalité, des mélanges variables de deux hormones, dont les effets physiologiques et, par suite, les indications thérapentiques ne sont certainement pas les mémes.
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    Notes: Summary A short description is given of actual problems of the dynamics of crystals. It is shown that thermal motions of atoms can be described by normal modes of vibrations, or by waves or then by the quanta, called phonons, carried by these waves. In terms of this gas of phonons, the dynamics of crystals becomes the kinetic theory of phonons. If the forces between the atoms are harmonic, the phonons behave like an ideal gas. If we introduce anharmonic forces, the gas of phonons is like a real gas, collisions between the particles playing an important part. The anharmonic forces produce waves which do not satisfy the principle of superposition; they can be Bragg-reflected one on another with a strong Doppler effect. It is possible to define a mean free path of the phonons and then such phenomena as heat conductivity and internal friction are easily interpreted either in terms of waves or phonons.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 115-117 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 117-118 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 103-110 
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    Notes: Summary The size of nuclei can only be investigated in considering the volume calculated from measured diameters. Two rules as first established byJacobj are pecularly interesting: 1 In every kind of organ or tissue the volumes of nuclei are regularly distributed in such a manner, that a great part of them is accumulated in one class of size, specific for this organ or tissue. Sometimes accumulations in several classes of the proportion 1:2:4:8 are encountered. 2 The nuclei grow by doubling their volume. The statistical methods used until now in researches on the size of nuclei are not satisfactory for comparison of results from different investigations. It is therefore proposed to employ a logarithmical classification in researches on the volumes of nuclei; the arguments for this method and its usefulness are demonstrated by diagrams of samples calculated in the old and new manner.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 118-119 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 111-115 
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    Notes: Summary Graftings between alkaloid-producing and non-alkaloid plants of theSolanaceae family have indicated the importance of the root and other subterraneous plant organs for the formation of alkaloids. If, for example, black nightshade(Solanum nigrum) is grafted on tobacco(Nicotiana Tabacum), the otherwise non-nicotinous scions ofSolanum nigrum contain considerable quantities of nicotine. If on the other hand the black nightshade is used as stock and the tobacco as scion, the nicotine completely disappears from the graftings. Similar results have been obtained from experiments with tomatoes(Solanum Lycopersicum) on one hand and thorn-apples(Datura Stramonium) and deadly nightshades(Atropa Belladonna) on the other. Morphological and histochemical investigations have likewise drawn attention to the subterraneous plant organs as centres of alkaloid formation. In this way hordenine is formed and stored only in the roots ofHordeum murinum, and berberine is to be found almost exclusively in the roots ofMahonia Aquifolium. Graftings which are carried out withNicotiana Tabacum, which contains nicotine, and withNicotiana glauca, which contains anabasine, have demonstrated the pronounced reciprocal influence of the alkaloid metabolism of scion and stock. These results are, however, not so conclusive as those obtained from graftings of non-alkaloid and alkaloid-producing scions or stocks. Nevertheless the following conclusions can be drawn from these investigations: 1 The grafted plants form more alkaloids than the test plants. 2 In graftedNicotiana glauca anabasine formation strongly prevails. 3 The total replacement of the nicotine by anabasine in grafts ofNicotiana Tabacum onNicotiana glauca is not based on the migration of the anabasine from the stock in the scion; it is due to the complete modification in the alkaloid metabolism of the scion under the influence of the stock. A final decision whether the plants in question form the corresponding alkaloids or their precursors, or indeed both, in their subterraneous organs, can at present not yet be given. The investigation of these questions will also clarify in each individual case the migration of these alkaloids. Further experiments are here required, as it appears that the various plants react differently in this respect on being grafted. Perhaps it will be possible to throw light on this question by means of other methods.
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    Notes: Summary “A review is given of what we know of binary stars. Leaving out the historical development, the difficulties are shown, which astronomers encountered in their studies of visual as well as spectroscopic or photometric binaries. Thus the reader gets an idea of the methods used both for observing and for explaining the existence of these double stars. The importance of this problem for modern cosmology and for theoretical physics is pointed out.”
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 153-157 
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    Notes: Summary For the initiation of an epidemic with a tendency to become wide-spread, various conditions must be fulfilled in the vegetable kingdom. Factors which can lead to such an epidemic are the same as in epidemic diseases in humans and concern the host, causative agents and environmental factors.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 146-153 
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    Notes: Summary The gravity values determined in Switzerland by the Swiss geodetic Commission enable us to compute the closing errors in the polygones of the levelling net of the survey. The observed errors do not agree with the computed errors; the differences between the one and the other must be eliminated by a computation of compensation. There results from this computation also a mean error for 1 km; it amounts to ±1,40 mm, so that the mean error of a levelling altitude difference measured over a length of 400 km is equal to ±1,40 √400=±28 mm. The intrinsic altitude of a point, i. e. the length of the plumbline between the point and the sea level, can only be indicated if the mean gravity value along the plumbline is known. This value can be derived by computation from the surface gravity value of the point. The differences between the levelling altitude and the intrinsic altitude amount to 1 dm in flat regions and reach 3–4 dm in the Alps.
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    Notes: Summary Koschmieder's new thermodynamical theory of tornado formation (1940) makes it probable that a tornado (or a waterspout) develops when a warm air packet rises quickly within the convective mother cloud. In the present paper the three principle cases of conditions are indicated under which supplementary amounts of potential energy necessary to start a “daughter convection” in the cumulo-nimbus cloud can become available in the latter. Supply of moister air from below seems to be at least as important as that one of warmer air. However, the suddenness of the release of the said supplementary energy cannot be explained by the abrupt annihilation of an intercepting layer within the main body of the cumulo-nimbus, for the pre-existence of such a layer is incompatible with the general character of this type of cloud.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 183-194 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The growth factors for microorganisms are nothing else than the vitamines known in animal physiology. Some microorganisms, like animals, have lost the possibility of synthetising these factors, which must be added to the culture medium. The action of the vitamine is quantitative and specific. These properties enable the auxo-heterotrophic microorganism, having lost the possibility of synthesis for a determined vitamine, to be used for a quantitative determination of this factor. The Phycomyces test for thiamine (vitamine B1) and its different practical applications are discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 195-195 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Let ϕ ν (x) (ν=1, ...,n) ben elementary functions, such that the integrals ϕ ν (x)=∫ϕ ν dx are not elementary. Then, if there exists a relationF(ψ 1, ...,ψ n,x)=0 with an elementary functionF(W 1, ...,W n,x) of itsn+1 variables, there exists also alinear relation $$\mathop \sum \limits_{v = 1}^n \alpha _v \psi _v (x) = \psi (x)$$ where α ν are constants andψ(x) is an elementary function.
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  • 93
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 195-196 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of the wilt producing substance, lycomarasmine, isolated from cultures ofFus. lycopersici Sacc., is shown in three pictures. On hydrolysis lycomarasmine yields glycine, aspartic and (probably) pyruvic acid and ammonia. A hypothetical formula is given.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 196-197 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is possible to obtain good growth of fungi on blotting-paper-strips, if the strips are staying in beer-wort like the photo shows.
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  • 95
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 197-198 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on experimental evidence we propose for strychnine formula II instead of formula I.
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  • 96
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 198-199 
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  • 97
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The author made a first attempt to utilize an artificial radioactive isotope for the production of localized biological radiation-effects, by means of intraperitoneal injections of radiozinc (Zn63) suspended in a solution of pectine. Experiments were performed on mice and rabbits and the procedure was applied, for the purpose of preliminary therapeutic investigations, to a case of carcinoma of the ovary with severe peritoneal extension.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 200-201 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Description of the high-mountains water-spout, Arosa, August 13th and its situation in space.
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  • 99
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 202-204 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 1 (1945), S. 201-202 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The exposure of a human ear to a very loud pure tone produces not only an increase of the threshold but also modifications of the pitch. These observations lead to a new «two-place» mechanism of the inner ear, where pitch and loudness are perceived at two different and locally separated places of the basilar membrane.
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