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  • photosynthesis  (88)
  • Angiosperms  (79)
  • Springer  (167)
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  • Springer  (167)
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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): leaf size ; light ; photosynthesis ; shading ; soybeans ; specific leaf weight
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This study investigated the basis of the negative relationship between leaf size and photosynthetic rate per unit of area among five cultivars of soybeans. Exposure of developing mainstem leaves to light, and sizes and light saturated photosynthesis rates of those leaves at maturity were compared in cultivars grown in field plots for two years at Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Plants were grown both in stands at 2.5 cm by 1 m spacing and as isolated plants. While cultivar differences in leaf size were large and consistent in both planting arrangements, significant cultivar differences in light saturated photosynthetic rates were found only in plants grown in stands. Similarly, leaf size was significantly correlated with specific leaf weight only for plants grown in stands. The mainstem apex and developing mainstem leaves experienced more severe shading in large-leaved cultivars than in small-leaved cultivars when plants were grown in stands. Thus, cultivar differences in photosynthetic capacity were probably a consequence of differences in the exposure of developing leaves to light.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 313-318 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): thylakoid membranes ; electron transfer ; photoacoustic spectroscopy ; energy storage ; photosynthesis ; plastoquinone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The photosynthetic energy storage yield of uncoupled thylakoid membranes was monitored by photoacoustic spectroscopy at various measuring beam intensities. The energy storage rate as evaluated by the half-saturation measuring beam intensity (i50) was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethylurea, by heat inactivation or by artificial electron acceptors specific for photosystem I or photosystem II; and was activated by electron donors to photosystem I. The reactions involving both photosystems were all characterized by a similar maximal energy storage yield of 16±2 percent. The data could be interpreted if we assumed that the energy storage elicited by the photosystems at 35 Hz is detected at the level of the plastoquinone pool.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): autobiography ; chloroplast structure ; chloroplast proteins ; chloroplast lipids ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An autobiographic report of studies on the elucidation of the structure of the chloroplast is presented here. It deals with the discovery of the lamellar structure of chloroplasts by polarization-microscopy, the representation of their layer-like structure with the ultraviolet microscope and the results obtained by the electron-microscope leading to the discovery of the structural elements of the lamellar system. These lamellar structures were in the form of vesicles, and were named thylakoids. Isolation of the chloroplasts made it possible to determine their chemical composition. Amphiphilic lipids, together with water, create bimolecular layers and, therefore, are responsible for the structure of the thylakoid-membranes. The role of membrane proteins was emphasized. The isolation of the individual polypeptides was possible after dissociation in sodium-dodecyl-sulfate. Antisera to these polypeptides were used to localize them in the membrane. These antisera are able to inhibit special steps in the electron transport. Our results of the spectroscopic examination of photosynthetic membrane components are also discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): atrazine ; diuron ; photosystem II ; photosynthesis ; thylakoids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The binding of the herbicide atrazine to thylakoid membranes is often used to quantify Photosystem II reaction centres. Two atrazine binding sites, with high and low affinities, have been observed on the D1 and D2 polypeptides of Photosystem II, respectively (McCarthy S., Jursinic P. and Stemler A. (1988) Plant Physiol. 86S:46). We have observed that the accessibility of the low-affinity binding sites is variable, being limited in freshly isolated thylakoids or in fresh frozen-thawed thylakoids, but increasing during storage of the membranes on ice. In contrast, the accessibility of the high-affinity binding sites, which are titratable at low concentrations (〈 500 nM) of herbicide, is much less variable, although the dissociation constant is greatly influenced by ethanol. We conclude that to quantify Photosystem II reaction centres by atrazine binding, it is sufficient and more reliable to assay only the high-affinity binding sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; psbC gene ; psbD gene ; translational start codon ; overlapping genes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The unicellular photoheterotrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was shown to encode two genes for the Photosystem II reaction center core protein D2 and one gene for the reaction center chlorophyhll-binding protein CP43. These three genes were cloned and their DNA sequences determined along with their flanking DNA sequences. Northern hybridization experiments show that both genes which encode D2, psbD1 and psbD2, are expressed at roughly equivalent levels. For each of the two psbD genes, there are 18 nucleotide differences among the 1059 nucleotides which are translated. The DNA sequences surrounding the coding sequences are nearly 70% divergent. Despite the DNA sequence differences in the genes, the proteins encoded by the two genes are predicted to be identical. The proteins encoded by psbD1 and psbD2 are ∼92% homologous to other sequenced cyanobacterial psbD genes and ∼86% homologous to sequenced chloroplast-encoded psbD genes. The single gene for CP43, psbC, overlaps the 3′ end of psbD1 and is co-transcribed with it. Results from previous sequencing of psbC genes encoded by chloroplasts suggest that the 5′ end of the psbC gene overlaps the 3′ end of the coding sequence of psbD by ∼50 nucleotides. In Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, the methionine codon previously proposed to be the start codon for psbC is replaced by an ACG (threonine) codon. We propose an alternative start for the psbC gene at a GTG codon 36 nucleotides downstream from the threonine codon. This GTG codon is preceded by a consensus E. coli-like ribosome binding sequence. Both the GTG start codon and its preceding ribosome binding sequence are conserved in all psbC genes sequenced from cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. This suggests that all psbC genes start at this alternative GTG codon. Based on this alternative start codon, the gene product is ∼85% identical to other cyanobacterial psbC gene products and ∼77% identical to eucaryotic chloroplast-encoded psbC gene products.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 245-252 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): inorganic carbon transport ; light ; Chlamydomonas ; CO2 exchange ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of photon flux density on inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation was determined by CO2 exchange studies at three, limiting CO2 concentrations with a ca-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardiii. This mutant accumulates a large internal inorganic carbon pool in the light which apparently is unavailable for photosynthetic assimilation. Although steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation did not respond to the varying photon flux densities because of CO2 limitation, components of inorganic-carbon accumulation were not clearly light saturated even at 1100 μmol photons m-2 s-1, indicating a substantial energy requirement for inorganic carbon transport and accumulation. Steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation responded to external CO2 concentrations but not to changing internal inorganic carbon concentrations, confirming that diffusion of CO2 into the cells supplies most of the CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation and that the internal inorganic carbon pool is essentially unavailable for photosynthetic assimilation. The estimated concentration of the internal inorganic carbon pool was found to be relatively insensitive to the external CO2 concentration over the small range tested, as would be expected if the concentration of this pool is limited by the internal to external inorganic carbon gradient. An attempt to use this CO2 exchange method to determine whether inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation compete for energy at low photon flux densities proved inconclusive.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): delayed light ; oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; thermoluminescence (money plant, pothos aurea leaf)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of ultraviolet light on thermoluminescence, oxygen evolution and the slow component of delayed light has been investigated in chloroplasts and Pothos leaves. All peaks including peak V (48°C) were inhibited by UV. However, the peak at 48°C which was induced by DCMU was enhanced following UV irradiation of chloroplasts at ambient temperature (23°C) whereas peak II (-12°C) and peak III (10°C) which were also induced by DCMU were inhibited. Chloroplasts treated with DCMU and dark incubated for several minutes at ambient temperature prior to recording of glow curves have also shown enhancement of peak at 48°C. A slow component of delayed light and photosystem II activity of chloroplasts were inhibited by UV whereas photosystem I activity was marginally affected. These results corroborate involvement of photosystem II in generating thermoluminescence and slow components of delayed light in photosynthetic materials.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): carbon dioxide ; Glycine max ; photosynthesis ; stomatal conductances ; water potential ; water stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Williams 82 and A3127] plants were grown in the field under long-term soil moisture deficit and irrigation to determine the effects of severe drought stress on the photosynthetic capacity of soybean leaves. Afternoon leaf water potentials, stomatal conductances, intercellular CO2 concentrations and CO2-assimilation rates for the two soil moisture treatments were compared during the pod elongation and seed enlargement stages of crop development. Leaf CO2-assimilation rates were measured with either ambient (340 μl CO2 l−1) or CO2-enriched (1800 μl CO2 l−1) air. Although seed yield and leaf area per plant were decreased an average of 48 and 31%, respectively, as a result of drought stress, leaf water potentials were reduced only an average of 0.27 MPa during the sampling period. Afternoon leaf CO2-assimilation rates measured with ambient air were decreased an average of 56 and 49% by soil moisture deficit for Williams 82 and A3127, respectively. The reductions in leaf photosynthesis of both cultivars were associated with similar decreases in leaf stomatal conductance and with small increases in leaf intercellular CO2 concentration. When the CO2-enriched air was used, similar afternoon leaf CO2-assimilation rates were found between the soil moisture treatments at each stage of crop development. These results suggest that photosynthetic capacity of soybean leaves is not reduced by severe soil moisture deficit when a stress develops gradually under field conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): chloroplast coupling factor ; induction ; thioredoxin ; regulation ; ATP synthase ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Simultaneous, non-invasive measurements were made of the rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and the state of activation of the chloroplast CF1CF0-ATP synthase (CF) in field-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) during the dark-to-light transition at sunrise. CO2 fixation showed a linear response with light intensity from zero to about 500–700 μE m-2 s-1. However, at light intensities of only 5–22 μE m-2 s-1, the energetic threshold for activation of the CF was found to be significantly lowered (as compared to the pre-dawn state), presumably through reduction of the regulatory sulfhdryl groups of the γ-subunit of the CF. When these studies were extended to chamber-grown plants, it was found that as little as 5 seconds of illumination at 4 μE m-2 s-1 caused apparently full CF reduction. It is clear, therefore, that the catalytic activation of CF is not rate limiting to the induction of carbon assimilation under field conditions during a natural dark-to-light transition at sunrise. A model, based on the redox properties of the regulatory sulfhydryls, was developed to examine the significance of sulfhydryl midpoint potential in explaining the differences in light sensitivity and oxidation and reduction kinetics, between the CF and other thioredoxin-modulated chloroplast enzymes. Computer simulations of the light-induced regulation of three representative thioredoxin-modulated enzymes are presented.
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): growth chamber ; nutrient solution ; 15NO3 assimilation ; photosynthesis ; relative growth rate ; seedlings ; short-term NaCl stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Short-term studies for comparing some primary metabolic and growth-responses to salt stress in seedlings of two maize genotypes differing in drought resistance were carried out under controlled conditions. Both genotypes revealed high yielding ability in favourable environments. Treatments: Control (Hoagland-Arnon No 1 solution) and salt stress (Hoagland-Arnon solution plus NaCl, Ψs = −0.84MPa). It was found that in both genotypes the activity of the principal metabolic pathway supplying reduced nitrogen (15N) for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins as well as the assimulatory number (14CO2—assimilation relation rate per chlorophyll unit) were decreased under the effect of the stress. These effects were more marked in the resistant genotype. In this genotype the stress induced metabolic activity decline was accompanied by a corresonding reduction of the relative growth rate. Conversely, continuing growth, resulting probably from accumulation of solutes, was observed in the susceptible genotype. On the basis of these and other observations it is assumed that the resistant genotype manifests short-term energy saving stress reactions.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biomass ; growth ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; salt-tolerance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of NaCl salinity on growth, dry-matter production and leaf photosynthesis of seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was studied by imposing 4 levels (40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) of NaCl in pot culture. Salinity up to 160 mM did not affect plant survival, but did affect plant growth and dry-matter production depending upon the species and salt concentration. NaCl reduced leaf number and dry-weight of all the plant components, but increased stem dry-weight, especially in E. camaldulensis. Salinization also stimulated total dry-matter production at all the salinity levels in E. camaldulensis but only at 40 mM in D. sissoo. The two species varied in protein and chlorophyll concentration and in leaf photosynthetic rate. Protein and chlorophyll concentration of the plants fell at all the levels of NaCl, except at 40 mM, where stimulation in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of the plants occurred. However, no distinct relationship between leaf photosynthetic rate and dry-matter production was found. The study indicated that low salt concentrations generally stimulated growth, biomass production and rate of photosynthesis in both the species, and E. camaldulensis appeared more NaCl salt-tolerant than D. sissoo.
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; harvest index ; biological yield ; economic yield ; short straw ; dwarfism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Improvements in bread wheat productivity have been related to changes in plant morphology and function associated with a large increase in the harvest index for a more or less constant biological yield. The appearance of short genotypes possessing dwarfism genes may modify markedly the objectives of breeding as the upper limits of the harvest index are approached. The aim of the investigations presented here was to identify some contrasts between short and tall genotypes in terms of the physiological characteristics associated with grain yield, so as to orientate more efficiently the selection of genotypes, with or without dwarfism genes, for productivity. Various parameters of flag leaf functioning (photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll fluorescence index, leaf area duration) were related to the biological and economic yields and the harvest index for two groups of genotypes that were differentiated by their height. For all genotypes, the relationships between the various traits and the grain yield were difficult to ascertain. For the tall genotypes without dwarfism genes, the classical relationships between grain yield, harvest index, flag leaf area duration and net photosynthesis rate were confirmed. Moreover, the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence decrease (Rfd) during the slow Kautsky kinetics phase, which is representative of the leaf photosynthesis at low light, was found to be an excellent marker of economic yield. Chlorophyll fluorescence decrease was closely related to grain yield and also with other factors that are known to be important in its expression (harvest index, flag leaf area duration). In very short genotypes, the biological yield and directly related factors (leaf area, plant height) were the main parameters associated with economic yield, since the harvest index had approached its upper limit. The selection of short genotypes must therefore maintain the biological yield through an increase in the size of the aerial organs to counterbalance the decrease in height.
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 131-162 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; review ; structure/function aspects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the last few years our knowledge of the structure and function of Photosystem II in oxygen-evolving organisms has increased significantly. The biochemical isolation and characterization of essential protein components and the comparative analysis from purple photosynthetic bacteria (Deisenhofer, Epp, Miki, Huber and Michel (1984) J Mol Biol 180: 385–398) have led to a more concise picture of Photosystem II organization. Thus, it is now generally accepted that the so-called D1 and D2 intrinsic proteins bind the primary reactants and the reducing-side components. Simultaneously, the nature and reaction kinetics of the major electron transfer components have been further clarified. For example, the radicals giving rise to the different forms of EPR Signal II have recently been assigned to oxidized tyrosine residues on the D1 and D2 proteins, while the so-called Q400 component has been assigned to the ferric form of the acceptor-side iron. The primary charge-separation has been meaured to take place in about 3 ps. However, despite all recent major efforts, the location of the manganese ions and the water-oxidation mechanism still remain largely unknown. Other topics which lately have received much attention include the organization of Photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane and the role of lipids and ionic cofactors like bicarbonate, calcium and chloride. This article attempts to give an overall update in this rapidly expanding field.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): photosynthesis ; thermal emission ; P700 ; quantum yield ; energy conversion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Thermal emission and photochemical energy storage were examined in photosystem I reaction center/core antenna complexes (about 40 Chl a/P700) using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Satisfactory signals could only be obtained from samples bound to hydroxyapatite and all samples had a low signal-to-noise ratio compared to either PS I or PS II in thylakoid membranes. The energy storage signal was saturated at low intensity (half saturation at 1.5 W m-2) and predicted a photochemical quantum yield of 〉90%. Exogenous donors and acceptors had no effect on the signal amplitudes indicating that energy storage is the result of charge separation between endogenous components. Fe(CN)6 -3 oxidation of P700 and dithionite-induced reduction of acceptors FA-FB inhibited energy storage. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that energy storage in PS I arises from charge separation between P700 and Fe-S centers FA-FB that is stable on the time scale of the photoacoustic modulation. High intensity background light (160 W m-2) caused an irreversible loss of energy storage and correlated with a decrease in oxidizable P700; both are probably the result of high light-induced photoinhibition. By analogy to the low fluorescence yield of PS I, the low signal-to-noise ratio in these preparations is attributed to the short lifetime of Chl singlet excited states in PS I-40 and its indirect effect on the yield of thermal emission.
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): state 1-state 2 transitions ; Mutant nicotiana (tobacco aurea mutant Su/su) ; photoacoustics ; photosynthesis ; energy distribution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Photoacoustic detection of oxygen evolution and Emerson enhancement in state 1 and state 2 were compared in a tobacco wild type and mutant (Su/su) deficient in chlorophyll. The mutant shows smaller changes in the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems than the wild type. Analysis of Emerson enhancement saturation curves indicates that in the mutant which is deficient in grana partitions and shows less stacking, state 1-state 2 transitions reflect changes in the yield of energy transfer from PS II to PS I (spillover). On the other hand, the wild type containing large grana shows changes in absorption cross-sections of the two photosystems upon state transitions. NaF, a specific phosphatase inhibitor, blocks the transition to state 1, indicating that LHC II phosphorylation has a role in excitation energy regulation in both the mutant as well as the wild type. It is demonstrated that N-ethylmaleimide, a specific sulfhydryl reagent, blocks the transition to state 2, suggesting that a disulfide-sulfhydryl redox couple activates the LHC II kinase in vivo.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): LED-Array Spectrophotometer ; difference spectroscopy ; time resolved spectra ; photosynthesis ; cytochrome b/f complex ; cytochrome b 559 ; heat-stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A new type of computer controlled spectrophotometer is described which is based on an array of independent, monochromatic pulsed light sources consisting of light emitting diodes (LED) equipped with narrow band interference filters. The LEDs are sequentially pulsed at a high repetition rate. The absorbance information at specific wavelengths is sampled in the μs-time range, using a computer-controlled, highly selective technique of synchronous amplification. A first prototype of this LED Array Spectrophotometer allows simultaneous recording of kinetic changes at 16 different wavelengths in the range from 530 to 600 nm, with a time resolution of 1 ms/point. Special features of the new type of spectrophotometer are: Weak integrated measuring light intensity, high signal/noise ratio even with scattering samples like intact leaves, active baseline adjustment by LED current regulation, computer control of system operation and data analysis. To deconvolute the complex absorbance changes in the cytochrome α-band region, ‘standard spectra’ of the major components are stored in computer memory and used for curve fitting of difference spectra and kinetic changes. As an example of application, the light-induced absorbance changes in a heat-pretreated spinach leaf are analysed. The system effectively separates specific absorbance changes of C550, cyt f, cyt b 559 and cyt b 563 from a large background of non-specific changes.
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 26 (1990), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): Video imaging ; fluorescence induction kinetics ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A fluorescence video imaging system utilizing relatively inexpensive commercial components is described. The instrument utilizes a black and white CCD video camera detector, a commercial video imaging board and a IBM-AT compatible computer. The color output of the imaging board greatly aids in the users ability to visually discriminate areas of interest in the video field. Software development that enables the user to capture kinetic traces in real time from the video images is also described. The system is used to monitor fluorescence from photosynthetic systems. The usefulness of the system in screening for photosynthetic mutants is also demonstrated. The cost of the system can be kept below $12,000.
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 119-128 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; genetic variation ; photosynthesis ; wild emmer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides Korn) has shown wide genetic diversity for disease resistance and morpho-physiological traits of economic importance. Our objectives were to test for genetic variation (VG) in photosynthetic characteristics residing within and between native populations sampled from three ecogeographical regions of Israel, and to identify potential sources of high photosynthetic efficiency for future wheat improvement. Accessions sampled in the center of wild emmer distribution (upper Jordan Valley) in a relatively narrow geographical range showed the greatest diversity in CO2-assimilation rate per unit leaf area (A) or per unit chlorophyll (A/Chl). Genetic variation was absent for internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and water-use efficiency (WUE) and generally lacking for stomatal conductance (gs). Leaf area, although quite variable, was not a significant cofactor in assessing genetic potential for photosynthesis. Accessions within a given population showed 10-times more variation in A and A/Chl than populations sampled from different locations in a region. Accessions with the highest photosynthetic efficiency were derived from upland steppic populations located in marginal habitats extending southward into Israel. Some accessions having high photosynthetic capacity (A=32 μmol m-2 s-1) with no significant reduction in leaf size constitute a potentially valuable genetic resource yet untapped for genetic improvement of hexaploid (T. aestivum L.) wheat.
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): photoacoustics ; photosynthesis ; O2-evolution ; gas-exchange ; heat evolution ; chlorophyll fluorescence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A newly developed photoacoustic system for measurement of photosynthetic reactions in intact leaves is described. The system is based on pulsed light-emitting diodes, the pulse program and pulse response analysis being computer controlled. Separation of various components in the overall photoacoustic signal is achieved by curve fitting analysis of the responses following individual measuring light pulses in the millisecond time domain. This procedure is in distinction to the conventionally used analysis in the frequency domain, with the advantage that various signal components are obtained by on-line deconvolution, yielding simultaneous recordings of photothermal (complement of energy storage) and photobaric (evolution and uptake) signals. The basic components of the new system are described by block diagrams and the principal steps for deconvolution of the overall photoacoustic response are outlined. An example of application with simultaneous recording of chlorophyll fluorescence is given. It is apparent that the photobaric uptake component represents a significant part of the overall signal, particularly during induction of photosynthesis after dark-adaptation. This component probably contains not only O2-uptake but uptake of CO2 as well.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): Chloroplasts ; Kranz anatomy ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several leaf anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics usually related with photosynthetic capacity were examined in two Flaveria species with strong differences in anatomy and their F1 hybrid. Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr (C4) was the female parent and F. brownii A.M. Powell (C4-like) was the male parent. Quantitative anatomical analysis was made on transverse sections of leaves at both the light and electron microscope level. Four kinds of photosynthetic tissues were considered: bundle sheath (BS), mesophyll adjacent to the BS, mesophyll not adjacent to the BS, and larger spongy mesophyll cells. Flaveria trinvervia partitioned a larger proportion of its photosynthetic cells to BS and the mesophyll layer adjacent to BS and also possessed larger chloroplasts, especially in BS, than did F. brownii. These results suggest that although F. brownii is very C4-like, its anatomy is not as completely C4 as is the case for F. trinervia. In the F1 hybrid the relative contribution of the different tissues to the total photosynthetic tissue volume and area per unit leaf area was quite similar to that of F. trinervia. On the other hand, the chloroplast density and size of the F1 hybrid were fairly similar to those of F. brownii, especially in BS. Thus, there was no evidence of maternal inheritance in the chloroplast characteristics studied. A negative correlation (P〈0.05) between chloroplast size and density was observed among species and relicates within each kind of tissue. This correlation was highest (r=−0.94, P〈0.001) for the BS and when values were plotted on a logarithmic scale. Thus, higher chloroplast numbers for F. brownii and the F1 hybrid were offset by larger chloroplasts in F. trinervia. Less complete C4 photosynthesis in F. brownii may be partially due to incomplete development of Kranz anatomy usually associated with C4 photosynthesis.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): hydrography ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; subsurface chlorophyll maxima ; southeastern Brazil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The physical and chemical environment, and the phytoplankton primary production of southeastern Brazil were studied in relation to the general oceanographic structure during two research cruises (winter and summer). In each cruise, a total of 91 stations were occupied. Data were collected on the spatial distribution of nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic capacity over the coastal, shelf and oceanic areas off São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina States. During wintertime, the mixing processes between tropical warm waters of the Brazil Current and subantarctic waters of the Malvinas Current formed strong environmental gradients. The drainings of Rio de La Plata and Lagoa dos Patos are transported northwards by coastal currents, enriching the shelf waters off Santa Catarina State with inorganic nutrients and consequently increasing the chlorophyll ‘a’ to the highest concentrations (〉 3.5 mg m −3) measured during the two cruises. In slope waters chlorophyll values were always low (0.05–0.45 mg m −3). The chlorophyll within the euphotic layer varied from 8.8–36.7 and 1.2–18.5 mg m−2 during winter and summer, respectively. The surface photosynthetic rates during winter and summer cruises ranged respectively from 0.21–9.17 and 0.66–19.60 mgC/mgChl.a/h. The mean rates were higher in nearshore waters and decreased seaward. The thermal structure of the water column affected the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a and photosynthesis within the euphotic zone; During unstratified periods (winter) they were uniformly distributed but the occurrence of subsurface peaks of chlorophyll and strong photosynthetic inhibition of low light adapted cells in deeper layers are associated to the seasonal thermocline. Occasionally, upwelling of deep waters from shelf break enriched the deeper euphotic layers in offshore areas. Intensive upwelling was observed off Paranagua Bay (Parana State) and the mechanisms of its formation are discussed.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Ecklonia cava ; Phaeophyta ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; seaweed ; zoosporangial sori
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Photosynthetic rates were compared between Ecklonia cava bladelets with and without zoosporangial sori sampled from the subtidal zone (about 5 m deep) in Nabeta Bay, Shimoda, Japan. Photosynthetic rates of bladelets were lower in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion on the basis of area, dry weight and chlorophyll a. Respiration rates were higher in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion on the basis of area and chlorophyll a, whereas they were almost the same on a dry weight basis. The differences were mainly due to a large difference in dry weight per unit bladelet area between the sorus and the non-sorus portion. Light compensation points were higher in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): chlorophyll fluorescence ; C4 plant ; drought ; low CO2 ; photosynthesis ; zeaxanthin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of two light treatments (photosynthetically active photon flux density of either 650 or 1950 µmol m−2 s−1) on the photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II (PS II) (measured as variable to maximum fluorescence ratio) and on the xanthophyll cycle components was studied in wilted Zea mays leaves. For comparison, these parameters were followed under the same light conditions in well-hydrated leaves maintained either in normal or CO2-free air. The net CO2 assimilation of dehydrated leaves declined rapidly as their relative water content (RWC) decreased from 100 to 60% while the PS II efficiency measured after a prolonged dark period of 16 h declined only when RWC leaves was lower than 60%. Furthermore, drought caused an increase in the pool size of the xanthophyll cycle pigments and the presence of a sustained elevated level of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin at the end of the long dark period. The leaf water deficit enhanced the sensitivity of PS II efficiency to light exposure. During illumination, strong inhibition of PS II efficiency and large violaxanthin deepoxidation was observed in wilted leaves even under moderate photon flux density compared to control leaves in the same conditions. After 2 h of darkness following the light treatment, the PS II efficiency that is dependent on the previous PPFD, decreased with leaf water deficit. Moreover, zeaxanthin epoxidation led to an accumulation of antheraxanthin in dehydrated leaves. All these drought effects on PS II efficiency and xanthophyll cycle components were also obtained in well-hydrated leaves by short-term CO2 deprivation during illumination. We conclude that the increased susceptibility of PS II efficiency to light in wilted maize leaves is mainly explained by the decrease of CO2 availability and the resulting low net CO2 assimilation.
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 56 (1998), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): luminescence quenching ; oxygen electrode ; oxygen optode ; photosynthesis ; pressure sensitive paint
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We measured the light response curve of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by illuminating a leaf disc in an air-tight windowed chamber. Oxygen production was measured by monitoring the quenching of luminescence of an organometallic ruthenium compound. A photodiode based chlorophyll a fluorometer was used to measure the luminescence intensity. Oxygen evolution measurements with a traditional oxygen electrode gave the same numerical values at different light intensities when the same leaf disk was tested. The quality of the measurement signal of the new method was found to be similar to that obtained with the oxygen electrode method. The new luminescence based system is more stable against electrical disturbances than an oxygen electrode, its response to oxygen pressure changes is very rapid, and the new method allows the same basic equipment to be used for chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen measurements.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): blue-green fluorescence (BGF) ; intact isolated chloroplasts ; Pisum sativum ; photosynthesis ; pyridine nucleotides ; Spinacia oleracea L
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the present communication we report a spectral analysis of the blue-green fluorescence related to changes in NAD(P) redox state in chloroplasts and leaves. To assess the contribution of reabsorption and the inner filter effect, we compared transmission and fluorescence at different chloroplast concentrations, and showed that reabsorption by the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) was at the origin of the two peaks in the emission spectrum in vivo. The absence of potential green-emitting fluorophores in chloroplasts was determined by measuring variable and time-resolved fluorescence at different wavelengths. We defined the conditions which optimize the UV-excited blue-green fluorescence signal dependent on NAD(P)H, and we present an example of monitoring of NAD(P)H fluorescence in intact leaves.
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 203 (1990), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): sediments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient limitation ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A diffusion enrichment technique is presented which allows for chemical enrichment of soft surficial and shallow subsurface sediments and subsequent measurement of O2 production. The sediment is enriched by inserting a perforated tube containing dialysis tubing filled with a nutrient/agar mixture. O2 production by surficial sediment is measured using an inverted, translucent, polyethylene chamber over the sediment. The inside of the chamber contains a collapsible bag connected to the water outside the chamber. When water overlying the sediment is withdrawn from a sampling port, it is displaced with water from outside the chamber, thus preventing contamination of water samples with pore water from below. The technique was tested by enriching near-shore sediments in a large oligotrophic lake with inorganic N and P. NHinf4/p+ additions significantly stimulated benthic primary production as measured by 02 production, whereas enrichment with POinf4/3- had no effect.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Gracilaria ; growth ; light ; photosynthesis ; RuBPcase ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The local species Gracilaria conferta and the foreign G. verrucosa were grown together under a wide range of photon flux density and temperature conditions. Gracilaria verrucosa showed a higher growth rate, especially under low temperatures, and higher photosynthetic performances as well as higher ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity as compared with G. conferta. Gracilaria verrucosa also showed a better quality and yield of agar, suggesting that this species could be more suitable than G. conferta for outdoor cultivation in Israel and may improve winter growth in ponds. Growth rate and agar quality (gel strength) were rated as the most suitable characteristics influencing the preference of strains for outdoor cultivation.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Gelidium ; photosynthesis ; physiological responses ; Pterocladia ; Rhodophyta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Manometric studies were conducted on Pterocladia capillacea, Gelidium latifolium and Gelidium spinulosum from the Azores, Portugal to determine optimal values of temperature, light and salinity for growth. Physiological responses were considered in relation to vertical distribution patterns of these species commonly observed throughout the Azores. Optimal parameters for the growth of Pterocladia capillacea, Gelidium latifolium and G. spinulosum were 17 to 25 °C, a photon flux density between 200 and 300 µmol m−2 s−1 and salinities of 25 to 35‰.
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 57 (1998), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): D1 degradation fragments ; D1 proteolysis ; photosynthesis ; thylakoid membrane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Degradation of the D1 protein of the Photosystem II (PS II) complex was studied in the Fad6/desA::Kmr mutant of a cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The D1 protein of the mutant was degraded during solubilization of thylakoid membranes with SDS at 0°C in darkness, giving rise to the 23 kDa amino-terminal and 10 kDa carboxy-terminal fragments. Moreover, the D2 and CP43 proteins were also degraded under such conditions of solubilization. Degradation of the D2 protein generated 24, 17 and 15.5 kDa fragments, and degradation of the CP43 protein gave rise to 28, 27.5, 26 and 16 kDa fragments. The presence of Ca2+ and urea protected the D1, D2 and CP43 proteins against degradation. Degradation of the D1 protein was also inhibited by the presence of a serine protease inhibitor suggesting that the putative protease involved belonged to the serine class of proteases. The protease had the optimum activity at pH 7.5; it was active at low temperature (0°C) but a brief heating (65°C) during solubilization destroyed the activity. Interestingly, the protease was active in isolated thylakoid membranes in complete darkness, suggesting that proteolysis may be a non-ATP-dependent process. Proteolytic activity present in thylakoid membranes seemed to reside outside of the PS II complex, as demonstrated by the 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These results represent the first (in vitro) demonstration of strong activity of a putative ATP-independent serine-type protease that causes degradation of the D1 protein in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes without any induction by visible or UV light, by active oxygen species or by any chemical treatments.
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 57 (1998), S. 323-333 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): ATPase phosphorylation ; chloroplast ; envelope ATPase ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract P-ATPases such as the plasma membrane proton pump are known to generate a phosphorylated intermediate as a step in their reaction mechanism; phosphoenzyme formation is a basis for classification of an ATPase as a member of this subfamily of ion pumps. The chloroplast inner envelope is known to contain a H+-ATPase which acts to maintain an alkaline stroma and, thus, optimal photosynthesis. Our characterization of this chloroplast envelope proton pump described in this report focused on determining whether purified chloroplast inner envelope membrane protein preparations containing this ATPase form a phosphorylated intermediate. Incubation of envelope membranes with [γ-32P]ATP documented the formation of P-type ATPase phosphoenzyme intermediates by these membrane protein preparations. Our work cannot discount the possibility that more than one chloroplast inner envelope ATPase contributes to this phosphoenzyme formation. However, the kinetics of this phosphoenzyme formation, along with the sensitivity of phosphoenzyme formation to inhibitors and other assay conditions suggested that one of the envelope membrane proteins which is covalently radiolabeled by [γ-32P]ATP is a P-type H+-ATPase. Autoradiography of chloroplast envelope membrane proteins size fractionated on lithium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE indicated that the phosphoenzyme intermediate corresponds to a 103 kDa polypeptide. P-type proton pumps are known to be comprised of a single type of ∼100 kDa subunit. Experimental evidence presented in this report is consistent with the classification of a chloroplast inner envelope H+-ATPase as a P-type proton pump.
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 58 (1998), S. 25-42 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): circadian rhythms ; fluorescence ; gene regulation ; N2 fixation ; photosynthesis ; state transitions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract N2 fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis are important metabolic processes that are at odds with each other, since the N2-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase, is highly sensitive to oxygen. This review will discuss the strategies devised by the unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, to permit N2 fixation and photosynthesis to coexist in the same cell. This strain, like a number of other unicellular and filamentous (non-heterocystous) cyanobacteria, has developed a type of temporal regulation in which N2 fixation and photosynthesis occur at different times throughout a diurnal cycle. For nitrogenase, everyday dawns anew. The nifHDK operon is tightly regulated, such that transcription and translation occur within the first four hours of the dark period; nitrogenase is then proteolytically degraded. Photosynthesis also varies throughout the day reaching a minimum at the peak of nitrogenase activity and a maximum by late afternoon. This review will mainly concentrate on the various changes that occur in the photosynthetic apparatus as the cell modulates O2 evolution. The results indicate that the redox poise of the plastoquinone pool and the overall cellular energy needs are the basic driving forces behind these changes in the photosynthetic apparatus. Throughout the course of the diurnal cycle, Photosystem II becomes very heterogeneous as determined by 77 K fluorescence spectra, PAM fluorescence and O2-flash yield experiments. This system provides some important insight into cyanobacterial state transitions and, especially, on the organization of the photosystems within the membrane. Overall, PS II is altered on both the oxidizing and reducing sides of the photosystem.
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 58 (1998), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): CO2 solubilization ; carbonic anhydrase ; Far-red light ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Photoacoustic signals were measured in expanded tobacco leaves, exposed to a controlled atmosphere by being only partly enclosed within the photoacoustic cell. It was aimed to corroborate the conjecture of Reising and Schreiber (Photosynthesis Research 42: 65-73, 1994) that under exceptionally high CO2 levels (ca. 1–5%) the photobaric uptake contribution reflects CO2 uptake induced by light dependent stromal alkalinization. This is shown here by: (1) the shallower damping of the uptake signal vs. the modulation frequency, compared to a normal oxygen evolution signal; (2) the partial inhibition of the uptake signal under 5% CO2 by nigericin; (3) the complete absence of uptake signals under 5% CO2 in a carbonic-anhydrase-deficient mutant, which gave rather a normal oxygen evolution signal. The photoacoustic signals from the wild type and the transgenic tobacco in air could not be distinguished, indicating that the CO2 uptake signal is negligible under this condition. Uptake photobaric signals were also measured in modulated far-red light (ca. 715–750 nm), following addition of white background light (in light limiting intensity). In normal tobacco under 5% CO2, the background light induced an uptake transient, lasting about a minute, then declining to a low steady level. Significantly smaller transients were obtained under normal air, and in the carbonic-anhydrase deficient mutant also under 5% CO2. Extrapolation to zero frequency of the signal damping vs. modulation frequency, in both tobacco genotypes, suggests however similar magnitudes of the uptake transients. On the other hand, no proportional steady-state uptake was observed for the last two cases. Presumably, the steady uptake under 5% CO2 in modulated far-red light reflects CO2 solubilization, while it is an open question whether the transient could be partly contributed also by oxygen photoreduction by PS I (Mehler reaction). It is reasoned that, under conditions of low light, the respiratory activity results in accumulation of CO2 in the photoacoustic cell, which is sufficient to induce an uptake phenomenon, giving a more satisfactory interpretation for the so-called 'low light state' [Cananni and Malkin (1984) Biochim Biophys Acta 766: 525–532].
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 22 (1990), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Schlagwort(e): CO2 enrichment ; Cymbidium ; in vitro ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The photosynthetic characteristics of the Cymbidium plantlet in vitro cultured on Hyponex-agar medium with 2% sucrose were determined based on the measurements of CO2 concentration inside and outside of the culture vessels. The CO2 measurements were made with a gas chromatograph at a PPF (photosynthetic photon flux) of 35, 102 and 226 μmol m-2 s-1, a chamber air temperature of 15, 25 and 35°C and a CO2 concentration outside the vessel of approximately 350, 1100 and 3000 ppm. The net photosynthetic rates were determined on individual plantlets and were expressed on a dry weight basis. The steady-state CO2 concentration during the photoperiod was lower inside the vessel than outside the vessel at any PPF greater than 35 μmol m-2s-1 and at any chamber air temperature. The photosynthetic response curves relating the net photosynthetic rate, PPF, and CO2 concentration in the vessel and chamber air temperature were similar to those for Cymbidium plants grown outside and other C3 plants grown outside under shade. The results indicate that CO2 enrichment for the plantlets in vitro at a relatively high PPF would promote photosynthesis and hence the growth of chlorophyllous shoots/plantlets in vitro and that the plantlets in vitro would make photoautotrophic growth under environmental conditions favorable for photosynthesis.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Above-ground biomass ; discriminant analysis ; environmental stress ; oat ; photosynthesis ; principal component analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Seventeen morphological and physiological characteristics of three Avena barbata L. populations from Israel were measured in order to define possible combinations explaining adaptation of these populations to different precipitation, temperature and altitude regimes. Five genotypes from each A. barbata populations were collected from Ashqelon (31°63′N, low annual precipitation), En Hamifraz (32°46′N, high temperature), and Mount Carmel (32°73′N, high altitude), Israel. The behavior of the populations was followed by measuring the morpho-physiological characteristics under well-watered and moderately drought stressed conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Plant Production, University of Helsinki, Finland (60°13′N). The measured traits characterized macro-morphology, transpiration rate, photosynthesis and chloroplast features. The data were subjected to principal component and discriminant analyses and the characteristic combinations that most adequately accounted for the differences among A.barbata populations were established. Differences among the populations were related to adaptation to low water availability and high altitude characterized by special light conditions. The Mount Carmel population (high water availability, high light intensities and increased proportion of UV-light) was characterized by higher tillering, hairy leaf sheaths, high transpiration, high stomatal conductance, slow fluorescence quenching capacity, and less starch granules per chloroplast when compared with populations adapted to lower altitudes. The En Hamifraz population (high mean temperature) was characterized by a high CO2 exchange rate and both En Hamifraz and Ashqelon populations (both adapted to arid conditions) used water sparingly when moderately drought stressed.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): Glycine max L. ; photosynthesis ; ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; ribulose 5-phosphate kinase ; senescence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The abundances of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylate/oxygenase (Rubisco) and ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) kinase in field-grown soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) leaves were quantified by a Western blot technique and related to changes in chlorophyll and photosynthetic capacity during senescence. Even though the leaf content of Rubisco was approximately 80-fold greater than that of Ru5P kinase, the decline in the levels of these two Calvin cycle enzymes occurred in parallel during the senescence of the leaves. Moreover, the decrease in the content of Rubisco was accompanied by parallel decreases of both the large and small subunits of this enzyme but not by an accumulation of altered large or small subunit isoforms. With increasing senescence, decreases in abundances of Rubisco, Ru5P kinase and chlorophyll were closely correlated with the decline in photosynthetic capacity; thus, the specific photosynthetic capacity when expressed per abundance of any of these parameters was rather constant despite an 8-fold decrease in photosynthetic capacity. These results suggest that during senescence of soybean leaves the chloroplast is subject to autolysis by mechanisms causing an approximately 80-fold greater rate of loss of Rubisco than Ru5P kinase.
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): excessive light ; photoprotection ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II regulation ; xanthophyll cycle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The possibility that zeaxanthin mediates the dissipation of an excess of excitation energy in the antenna chlorophyll of the photochemical apparatus has been tested through the use of an inhibitor of violaxanthin de-epoxidation, dithiothreitol (DTT), as well as through the comparison of two closely related organisms (green and blue-green algal lichens), one of which (blue-green algal lichen) naturally lacks the xanthophyll cycle. In spinach leaves, DTT inhibited a major component of the rapidly relaxing high-energy-state quenching' of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was associated with a quenching of the level of initial fluorescence (F′0) and exhibited a close correlation with the zeaxanthin content of leaves when fluorescence quenching was expressed as the rate constant for radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll. Green algal lichens, which possess the xanthophyll cycle, exhibited the same type of fluorescence quenching as that observed in leaves. Two groups of blue-green algal lichens were used for a comparison with these green algal lichens. A group of zeaxanthin-free blue-green algal lichens did not exhibit the type of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching indicative of energy dissipation in the pigment bed. In contrast, a group of blue-green algal lichens which had formed zeaxanthin slowly through reactions other than the xanthophyll cycle, did show a very similar response to that of leaves and green algal lichens. Fluorescence quenching indicative of radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll was the predominant component of ‘high-energy-state quenching’ in spinach leaves under conditions allowing for high rates of steady-state photosynthesis. A second, but distinctly different type of ‘high-energy-state quenching’ of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was not inhibited by DTT (i.e., it was zeaxanthin independent) and which is possibly associated with the photosystem II reaction center, occurred in addition to that associated with zeaxanthin in leaves under a range of conditions which were less favorable for linear photosynthetic electron flow. In intact chloroplasts isolated from (zeaxanthin-free) spinach leaves a combination of these two types of rapidly reversible fluorescence quenching occurred under all conditions examined.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Citrus aurantium L. ; photosynthesis ; VA Mycorrhizae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) grown in low-P (9–12 ppm) and high-P (420 ppm) soil inoculated with or without Glomus intraradices (G.i.), were evaluated for biomass, carbohydrates, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity, leaf 14CO2 incorporation, and other physiological parameters. Growth of plants in the low-P, noninoculated soil was lowest, with total dry biomass reduced up to half of the low-P, inoculum treatment. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were 40% lower in leaves of plants in the low-P, noninoculated soil, compared with the other treatments. Inoculation of the low-P soil enhanced leaf 14CO2 incorporation by 67%, total chlorophyll content by 28%, and RuBPCase activity by 42%, compared with low-P, noninoculated treatment. Improved P-use efficiency by G.i. in low-P soil was comparable to high-P nutrition in improving leaf 14CO2 incorporation and concentration of major leaf photosynthetic products that include starch and sucrose. Leaf PEPCase activity in the low-P, noninoculated treatment, however, was at least threefold higher than the other treatments, suggesting a possible alteration in organic acid metabolism in sour orange leaves as a result of P deficiency.
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  • 138
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): leaf expansion rate ; modelling ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; sunflower
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Reductions in leaf area and plant growth as a consequence of phosphorus (P) limitations have been attributed both to direct effects of P shortage on leaf expansion rate and to a reduced production of assimilates required for growth. Canopy assimilation and leaf area expansion are closely interrelated processes. In this work we used experimental and simulation techniques to identify and study their importance in determining leaf area on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growing under P-deficient conditions. Experiment 1 was done outdoors, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Experiment 2 in a glasshouse in Wageningen, The Netherlands. In both experiments we studied the effects of soil P addition on leaf appearance, leaf expansion, dry matter accumulation, and leaf photosynthesis of non-water stressed plants grown in pots containing a P-deficient soil. Before sowing the equivalent amounts of 0–600 kg of super phosphate ha-1 were added to the pots. Phosphorus deficiency delayed leaf appearance increasing the value of the phyllochron (PHY) up to 76%, the rate of leaf area expansion during the quasi-linear phase of leaf expansion (LER) was reduced by up to 74%, with respect to high P plants. Phosphorus deficiency reduced by up to 50% the rate of light saturated photosynthesis per unit of leaf area (AMAX) in recently expanded leaves, while at low levels of leaf insertion in the canopy, AMAX was reduced by up to 85%, when compared to that in high P plants. Phosphorus deficiency also reduced the duration of the quasi-linear phase of leaf expansion by up to eight days. The values of LER were related (r = 0.56, P 〈 0.05) to the mean concentration of P in all the leaves (Leaves P%) and not to the concentration of P in the individual leaf where LER was determined (r = 0.22, P 〈 0.4) suggesting that under P deficiency individual leaf expansion was not likely to be regulated by the total P concentration at leaf level. The values of AMAX of individual leaves were related (r = 0.79, P 〈 0.01) to the concentration of total P in the corresponding leaf (Leaf P%). LER showed a hyperbolic relationship with Leaves P% (R2 = 0.94, P 〈 0.01, n = 13) that saturate at 0.14%. AMAX showed a hyperbolic relationship with Leaf P% (R2 = 0.73, P 〈 0.01, n = 53) that saturated with values of Leaf P% higher than 0.22. A morphogenetic model of leaf area development and growth was developed to quantify the effect of assimilate supply at canopy level on total leaf area expansion, and to study the effects of model parameters on the growth of sunflower plants under P-deficient conditions. With this model we identified the existence of direct effects of P deficiency on individual leaf area expansion. However, we calculated that under mild P stress conditions up to 83% of the reduction in the observed leaf area was explained by the particular effects of P% on the rate of leaf appearance, on the duration of the linear period of leaf expansion, and on the value of AMAX. We also calculated that the effects of P deficiency on the value of AMAX alone, explained up to 41% of the observed reductions in total leaf area between the highest and the intermediate P level in Experiment 2. Possible mechanisms of action of the direct effects of P on individual leaf expansion are discussed in this paper.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): leaf expansion rate ; modelling ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; phyllochron ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Under phosphorus deficiency reductions in plant leaf area have been attributed to both direct effects of P on the individual leaf expansion rate and to a reduced availability of assimilates for leaf growth. In this work we use experimental and simulation techniques to identify and quantify these processes in wheat plants growing under P-deficient conditions. In a glasshouse experiment we studied the effects of soil P addition (0–138 kg P2O5 ha-1) on tillering, leaf emergence, leaf expansion, plant growth, and leaf photosynthesis of wheat plants (cv. INTA Oasis) that were not water stressed. Plants were grown in pots containing a P-deficient (3 mg P g-1 soil) sandy soil. Sowing and pots were arranged to simulate a crop stand of 173 plants m-2. Experimental results were integrated in a simulation model to study the relative importance of each process in determining the plant leaf area during vegetative stages of wheat. Phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced plant leaf area and dry weight production. Under P-deficient conditions the phyllochron (PHY) was increased up to a 32%, compared to that of high-P plants. In low-P plants the rate of individual leaf area expansion during the quasi-linear phase of leaf expansion (LER) was significantly reduced. The effect of P deficiency on LER was the main determinant of the final size of the individual leaves. In recently expanded leaves phosphorus deficiency reduced the photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area at high radiation (AMAX), up to 57%. Relative values of AMAX showed an hyperbolic relationship with leaf P% saturating at 0.27%. Relative values of the tillering rate showed an hyperbolic relationship with the shoot P% saturating at values above 0.38%. The value of LER was not related to the concentration of P in leaves or shoots. A morphogenetic model of leaf area development and growth was developed to quantify the effect of assimilate supply at canopy level on total leaf area expansion, and to study the sensitivity of different model variables to changes in model parameters. Simulation results indicated that under mild P stress conditions up to 80% of the observed reduction in plant leaf area was due to the effects of P deficiency on leaf emergence and tillering. Under extreme P-deficient conditions the simulation model failed to explain the experimental results indicating that other factors not taken into account by the model, i.e. direct effects of P on leaf expansion, must have been active. Possible mechanisms of action of the direct effects of P on individual leaf expansion are discussed in this work.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon isotope discrimination ; indica rice ; photosynthesis ; transpiration efficiency ; tropical japonica rice
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract There is limited information on the transpiration efficiency defined as the ratio of photosynthesis (A) to transpiration (T) of tropical japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, transpiration efficiency (A/T) of seven tropical japonica lines developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) were compared with seven indica cultivars one week after flowering in 1993. The gas exchange rate and A/T of one genotype from each type were compared throughout the growing season in 1994. Both A and T were measured on topmost fully expanded leaves under saturating light with a portable photosynthesis system (LI-6200). Indica cultivars had higher T than the tropical japonica lines. The differences in A between the two types were relatively small and inconsistent across growth stages and years compared with the differences in T. The A/T was 25% and 30% higher for the tropical japonica than the indica type in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The differences in T and A/T between the two types were not related to the differences in leaf N content or leaf water content. A lower carbon isotope (13C) discrimination in a tropical japonica line than an indica cultivar confirmed that the improved tropical japonica lines had higher A/T than the indica cultivars.
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): chlorophyll ; lethal ; marker gene ; photosynthesis ; Solanum tuberosum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A light green mutant was found in a population of adapted cultivated diploid potatoes. Genetic analysis indicates that this trait is controlled by a single nuclear gene. The gene symbol lg is proposed. The segregation ratios fit a pattern which strongly suggest that there is a close linkage between the Lg allele and a locus which confers lethality in its homozygous recessive state. Some crossing over between the lg locus and the lethal was found to occur but LgLg genotypes were not observed in progenies from sib-matings. The lg locus mapped to the potato linkage group VI between the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci CP18 and GP24.
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): CA1P ; CO2 fixation ; enzyme regulation ; photosynthesis ; rubisco ; RuBP carboxylase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Metabolism of 2′-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate (CA1P) is an important component in the light-dependent regulation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity and whole leaf photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in many species, and functions as one mechanism for regulating Rubisco activity when photosynthesis is light-limited. Species differ in their capacity to accumulate CA1P, ranging from those which can synthesize levels of this compound approaching or in excess of the Rubisco catalytic site concentration, to those which apparently lack the capacity for CA1P synthesis. CA1P is structurally related to the six carbon transition state intermediate of the carboxylation reaction and binds tightly to the carbamylated catalytic site of Rubisco, making that site unavailable for catalysis. Under steady-state, the concentration of CA1P in the leaf is highest at low photon flux density (PFD) or in the dark. Degradation of CA1P and recovery of Rubisco activity requires light and is stimulated by increasing PFD. The initial degradation reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme located in the chloroplast stroma, CA1P phosphatase, which yields carboxyarabinitol (CA) and inorganic phosphate as its products. The pathway of CA metabolism in the plant remains to be determined. Synthesis of CA1P occurs in the dark, and in Phaseolus vulgaris this process has been shown to be stimulated by low PFD. The pathway of CA1P synthesis and its relationship to the degradative pathway remains unknown at the present time. The discovery of the existence of this previously unknown carbon pathway in photosynthesis indicates that we still have much to learn concerning the regulation of Rubisco activity and photosynthesis.
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; Dunaliella
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The relaxation of the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence has been investigated in cells of the green alga Dunaliella following illumination. The relaxation after the addition of DCMU or darkening was strongly biphasic. The uncoupler NH4Cl induced rapid relaxation of both phases, which were therefore both energy-dependent quenching, qE. The proportion of the slow phase of qE increased at increasing light intensity. In the presence of the inhibitors rotenone and antimycin the slow phase of qE was stabilised for in excess of 15 min. NaN3 inhibited the relaxation of almost all the qE. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo and the mechanism of qE.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 144
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): photosynthesis ; rubisco activase ; rubisco activation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract At bicarbonate concentrations equivalent to air levels of CO2, activation of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) was inhibited by micromolar concentrations of glyoxylate in intact, lysed, and reconstituted chloroplasts and in stromal extracts. The concentration of glyoxylate required for 50% inhibition of light activation in intact chloroplasts was estimated to be 35 micromolar. No direct inhibition by glyoxylate was observed with purified rubisco or rubisco activase at micromolar concentrations. Levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and ATP increased in intact chloroplasts following glyoxylate treatment. Results from experiments with well-buffered lysed and reconstituted chloroplast systems ruled out lowering of pH as the cause of inhibition. With intact chloroplasts, micromolar glyoxylate did not prevent activation of rubisco at high (10 mM) concentrations of bicarbonate, indicating that rubisco could be spontaneously activated in the presence of glyoxylate. These results suggest the existence of a component of the in vivo rubisco activation system that is not yet identified and which is inhibited by glyoxylate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus 6301) ; excitation energy distribution ; light harvesting ; photosynthesis ; state transition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The mechanism by which state 1-state 2 transitions in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301 are controlled was investigated by examining the effects of a variety of chemical and illumination treatments which modify the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. The extent to which these treatments modify excitation energy distribution was determined by 77K fluorescence emission spectroscopy. It was found that treatment which lead to the oxidation of the plastoquinone pool induce a shift towards state 1 whereas treatments which lead to the reduction of the plastoquinone pool induce a shift towards state 2. We therefore propose that state transitions in cyanobacteria are triggered by changes in the redox state of plastoquinone or a closely associated electron carrier. Alternative proposals have included control by the extent of cyclic electron transport around PS I and control by localised electrochemical gradients around PS I and PS II. Neither of these proposals is consistent with the results reported here.
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium accumulation ; glufosinate ; phosphinothricin ; photosynthesis ; Sinapis alba ; Zea Mays
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Phosphinothricin (glufosinate), an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, causes an inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 (Sinapis alba) and C4 (Zea mays) plants under atmospheric conditions (400 ppm CO2, 21% O2). This photosynthesis inhibition is proceeding slower in C4 leaves. Under non-photorespiratory conditions (1000 ppm CO2, 2% O2) there is no inhibition of photosynthesis. The inhibition of glutamine synthetase by phosphinothricin results in an accumulation of NH4 +. The NH4 +-accumulation is lower in C4 plants than in C3 plants. The inhibition of glutamine synthetase through phosphinothricin in mustard leaves results in a decrease in glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine, serine, and glycine. In contrast to this, a considerable increase in leucine and valine following phosphinothricin treatment is measured. With the addition of either glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, glycine or serine, photosynthesis inhibition by phosphinothricin can be reduced, although the NH4 +-accumulation is greatly increased. This indicates that NH4 +-accumulation cannot be the primary cause for photosynthesis inhibition by phosphinothricin. The investigations demonstrate the inhibition of transmination of glyoxylate to glycine in photorespiration through the total lack of amino donors. This could result in a glyoxylate accumulation inhibiting ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase and consequently CO2-fixation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): atrazine-binding ; chloroplast ; cytochrome f ; light environment ; photosynthesis ; P-700
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. Boone) were grown at 20°C with 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle of either high (H) intensity (500 μmole m-2 s-1) or low (L) intensity (55 μmole m-2 s-1) white light. Plants were transferred from high to low (H → L) and low to high (L → H) light intensity at various times from 4 to 8 d after leaf emergence from the soil. Primary leaves were harvested at the beginning of the photoperiod. Thylakoid membranes were isolated from 3 cm apical segments and assayed for photosynthetic electron transport, Photosystem II (PS II) atrazine-binding sites (QB), cytochrome f(Cytf) and the P-700 reaction center of Photosystem I (PS I). Whole chain, PS I and PS II electron transport activities were higher in H than in L controls. QB and Cytf were elevated in H plants compared with L plants. The acclimation of H → L plants to low light occurred slowly over a period of 7 days and resulted in decreased whole chain and PS II electron transport with variable effects on PS I activity. The decrease in electron transport of H → L plants was associated with a decrease in both QB and Cytf. In L → H plants, acclimation to high light occurred slowly over a period of 7 days with increased whole chain, PS I and PS II activities. The increase in L → H electron transport was associated with increased levels of QB and Cytf. In contrast to the light intensity effects on QB levels, the P-700 content was similar in both control and transferred plants. Therefore, PS II/PS I ratios were dependent on light environment.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): chloroplast development ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; LHC ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The origin of the long-wavelength chlorophyll (Chl) absorption (λpeak 〉 680 nm) and fluorescence emission (λpeak 〉 685 nm) has been investigated on Scenedesmus mutants (C-2A′-series, lacking the ability to synthesize chlorophyll in the dark) grown at 0.3 (LL), 10 (ML) and 240 µE s−1 m−2(HL). LL cells are arrested in an early greening state; consequently, ‘Chl availability’ determines the phenotype. LL thylakoids are totally lacking long-wavelength Chl; nonetheless, PS I and PS II are fully functional. Gel electrophoresis and Western blots indicate that four out of seven resolved LHC polypeptides seem to require a high Chl availability for assembly of functional chlorophyll-protein complexes. The PS I core-complex of ML and HL thylakoids contains long-wavelength chlorophylls, but in the PS I core-complex of LL thylakoids these pigments are lacking. We conclude that long-wavelength pigments are only present in the PS I core in the case of high Chl availability. The following hypothesis is discussed: Chl availability determines not only the LHC polypeptide pattern, but also the number of bound Chl molecules per individual pigment-protein complex. Chl-binding at non-obligatory, peripheral sites of the pigment-protein complex results in long-wavelength Chl. In the case of low Chl availability, these sites are not occupied and, therefore, the long-wavelength Chl is absent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 149
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): chromatophores ; electron transfer ; kinetics ; photosynthesis ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract It is generally considered that metabolic reactions are well described by homogeneous kinetic models in which the reaction phase is statistically uniform. In membranes, especially in photosynthetic systems where the protein complement is high, it has recently been recognized that effects of local heterogeneity might contribute additional factors that perturb the kinetic behavior, and require more extensive treatment. We show in this paper that statistical heterogeneity in vesicular systems can also contribute to quite marked discrepancies from the behavior expected from standard kinetic and thermodynamic models, for reactions involving free diffusion in the aqueous phase. We explain the kinetic and thermodynamic effects observed in studies of photosynthetic electron transfer in cells and chromatophores from Rhodobacter sphaeroides previously attributed to supercomplexes, in terms of a model based on heterogeneity in distribution of electron transfer components among the chromatophore population. We discuss examples of data inconsistent with the supercomplex model, but well explained by the heterogeneity model.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): electron transfer ; phenotypic revertants ; photosynthesis ; proton transfer ; site-specific mutagenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract To probe the structural elements that contribute to the functional asymmetries of the two ubiquinone10 binding pockets in the reaction center of Rhodobacter capsulatus, we targeted the L212Glu–L213Asp (near QB) and the M246Ala-M247Ala (near QA) pairs of symmetry-related residues for site-specific mutagenesis. We have constructed site-specific mutants that eliminate the sequence differences at these positions (L212Glu–L213Asp→Ala-Ala or M246Ala–M247Ala→Glu-Asp), and have reversed that asymmetry by constructing a quadruple-mutant strain, ‘RQ’ (L212Glu–L213Asp-M246Ala–M247Ala→Ala-Ala-Gl u-Asp). The mutations were designed to change the charge distribution in the quinone-binding region of the reaction center; none of the strains is capable of photosynthetic growth. In photocompetent phenotypic revertants of the RQ strain, second-site mutations which affect QB function are coupled to mutations in the QA site which restore an Ala or substitute a Tyr at the M247 site; one strain carries an additional Met→Leu substitution at M260 near QA. All of the RQ revertants retain the engineered M246Ala→Glu mutation in the QA site as well as the L212Ala–L213Ala mutations in the QB site. Kinetic characterization of the RQ revertants will give us an idea of what structural and functional elements are important for restoring efficiency to electron and proton transfer pathways in the RQ RC, which is far from native. To date, these preliminary results underscore the importance of an asymmetric distribution of polar amino acids in the quinone binding pockets and its influence on the functional properties of the reaction center.
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  • 151
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): chlorophyll antenna size ; damage and repair cycle ; Dunaliella salina ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem-II ; photosystem stoichiometry ; productivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract High-light (HL) grown Dunaliella salina cells exhibit lower pigment content, a highly truncated chlorophyll (Chl) antenna size, and accumulation of photodamaged PS II centers in the chloroplast thylakoids (chronic photoinhibition). In HL-grown cells, the rate of photosynthesis saturated at higher irradiances and the quantum yield was lower compared to that of normally-pigmented low-light (LL) grown cells. In spite of these deficiencies, the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis for the HL-cells, when measured on a per chlorophyll basis, was ∼3 times greater than that of the LL-grown cells. To delineate the effect of photoinhibition from the Chl antenna size on quantum yield and rate of photosynthesis, HL-acclimated cells were switched to LL-conditions. Repair of photodamaged PS II, estimated from the recovery of functional PS II centers and from the increase in the quantum yield of photosynthesis, occurred with a half-time of ∼1 h. Chlorophyll accumulation in the cells occurred with a half-time of ∼4 h. The differential kinetics in repair versus Chl accumulation provided a ‘window of opportunity’, within about 2–3 h after the HL→LL shift, when cells exhibited a high quantum yield of photosynthesis, a small Chl antenna size and a light-saturated rate that was ∼6–9 times greater than that of the normally pigmented LL-grown cells. The work provides insight on the temporal sequence of events at the chloroplast and thylakoid membrane levels, leading from a chronic photoinhibition of PS II to repair and recovery. It is suggested that it is possible to maximize photosynthetic productivity and light utilization in mass microalgal cultures by minimizing the light-harvesting Chl antenna size of the photosystems.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): epimerization ; isomerization ; inhibitor binding ; photosynthesis ; Rubisco
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) (EC 4.1.1.39) not only catalyzes carboxylation and oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), but it can also act either as an epimerase or isomerase converting RuBP into xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate (XuBP) or 3-ketoarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate (KABP), respectively, a process called misfire. XuBP is formed as a result of misprotonation at C3 of the RuBP-enediol. It is released from Rubisco active sites and accumulates in the reaction mixture. Increasing the amounts of CO2 or O2 decreases XuBP production. However, KABP synthesis, which has been proposed to be only a product due to C2 misprotonation of the RuBP-endiol, is dependent upon the presence of O2. KABP remains tightly bound to Rubisco active sites after its formation, causing the loss of Rubisco activity (‘fallover’). The results suggest that the non-stabilized form of the peroxy-intermediate in the oxygenase reaction can be converted in a backreaction to KABP and molecular oxygen. The stabilization of the peroxy-intermediate due to the presence of Mn2+ instead of Mg2+ eliminates the formation of KABP.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): electron transfer ; hydrogen bond ; photosynthesis ; purple bacteria ; recombination rates ; site-directed mutagenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The direct charge recombination rates from the primary quinone, k AD (D+Q A − → DQA) and the secondary quinone, k BD (D+Q B − → DQB), in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides were measured as a function of the free energy differences for the processes, ΔG AD 0 and ΔG BD 0 , respectively. Measurements were performed at 21 °C on a series of mutant reaction centers that have a wide range of dimer midpoint potentials and consequently a large variation in ΔG AD 0 and ΔG BD 0 . As –ΔG AD 0 varied from 0.43 to 0.78 eV, k AD varied from 4.6 to 28.6 s−1. The corresponding values for the wild type are 0.52 eV and 8.9 s−1. Observation of the direct charge recombination rate k BD was achieved by substitution of the primary quinone with naphthoquinones in samples in which ubiquinone was present at the secondary quinone site, resulting specifically in an increase in the free energy of the D+Q A − state relative to the D+QAQ B − state. As –ΔG BD 0 varied from 0.37 to 0.67 eV, k BD varied from 0.03 to 1.4 s−1. The corresponding values for the wild type are 0.46 eV and 0.2 s−1. A fit of the two sets of data to the Marcus theory for electron transfer yielded significantly different reorganization energies of 0.82 and 1.3 eV for k AD and k BD, respectively. In contrast, the fitted values for the coupling matrix element, or equivalently the maximum possible rate, were comparable (∼25 s−1) for the two charge recombination processes. These results are in accord with QB having more interactions with dipoles, from both the surrounding protein and bound water molecules, than QA and with the primary determinant of the maximal rate being the quinone-donor distance.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): electrometry ; electron transfer ; membrane ; menaquinone ; photosynthesis ; potential ; proton transfer ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The thermophilic phototroph Chloroflexus aurantiacus possesses a photosynthetic reaction center (RC) containing a pair of menaquinones acting as primary (MQa) and secondary (MQB) electron acceptors and a tetraheme cytochrome c554 as an electron donor. We used native, chlorosome-containing photosynthetic membranes of this bacterium to study the MQB turnover. The binary oscillations of the semiquinone form MQB − in response to a train of short light flashes were monitored at 416 nm, in the isosbestic point of the light-induced difference spectrum of cytochrome c554. After the first flash MQB − was formed, after the second one it disappeared due to the MQa −MQB − → MQaMQBH2 transition. The latter reaction was kinetically resolved by means of electrometry. For this purpose chromatophores of Chl. aurantiacus were adsorbed onto a phospholipid and menaquinone-impregnated collodion film. We found that after the second excitation flash, but not after the first one, the photoelectric response included, in addition to the fast kinetic components reflecting the charge separation between the tetraheme cytochrome c and MQa, a slower kinetic component with a rise time of 3 µs (pH = 8.3) and a relative amplitude of about 10% of the charge separation phase in the RC. We attributed this reaction to the electrogenic proton transfer which accompanied the transfer of the second electron during the MQa −MQB − → MQaMQBH2 transition. The rise time of the same reaction was reported to be almost three orders of magnitude slower in the isolated, proteoliposome-incorporated RC from this bacterium. The possible reasons of the faster turnover rates observed in the chlorosome-carrying native membrane preparations from Chl. aurantiacus are discussed.
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 56 (1998), S. 143-155 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): carbon dioxide ; Glycine max ; photosynthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increases plant photosynthesis, biomass and carbohydrate accumulation. Since plants have grown in low CO2 (200 to 300 µmol mol−1) for the last several million years, how will they use extra photoassimilate as the atmospheric CO2 continues to rise? The objectives were to determine the effects of past, present and projected future levels of CO2 on diurnal and seasonal patterns of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] tissues. Plants were grown at 160, 220, 280, 330, 660 and 990 µmol mol−1 CO2 in outdoor, sunlit chambers wherein CO2 uptake rates were measured continuously. Early morning and late afternoon plant samples were taken at eight dates. The TNC concentration of leaves, petioles and stems increased as CO2 increased. Canopy photosynthetic rates also increased with increasing CO2, apparently without any negative impact of increased leaf TNC. Concentrations of TNC in all vegetative tissues were lower in the morning than the afternoon, which indicates overnight mobilization and utilization of carbohydrates for growth processes. The concentration of TNC was lowest in all plant components during rapid vegetative growth at V8 to R2 developmental stages. Leaves of all plants, especially those grown in superambient CO2, contained large pools of TNC at plant maturity, which indicated that not all of the reserves were utilized for seed yield. Soybean cultivars for the future should be designed to utilize carbohydrates more readily for seed production so that greater benefit can be realized from rising atmospheric CO2.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 156
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): electron transport ; nitrite ; oxaloacetate ; photosynthesis ; proton transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Photosystem I-dependent cyclic electron transport is shown to operate in intact spinach chloroplasts with oxaloacetate, but not with nitrite or methylviologen as electron acceptors. It is regulated by the redox state of the chloroplast NADP system. Inhibition of cyclic electron transport by antimycin A occurs immediately on addition of this antibiotic in the light. It is unrelated to a different function of antimycin A, inhibition of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, which requires prior dissipation of the transthylakoid proton gradient before antimycin A can become effective.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): chlorophyll fluorescence ; high-temperature stress ; O2 evolution ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; spinach
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Activities of oxygen evolution, fluorescence Fv (a variable part of chlorophyll fluorescence) values, and amounts of the 33 kDa protein remaining bound to the thylakoids in intact spinach chloroplasts were measured during and after high-temperature treatment. The following results were obtained. (1) Both the Fv value and the flash-induced oxygen evolution measured by an oxygen electrode were decreased at high temperatures, but they showed partial recovery when the samples were cooled down and incubated at 25°C for 5 min after high-temperature treatment. (2) Oxygen evolution was more sensitive to high temperatures than the Fv value, and the decrease in the Fv/Fm ratio at high temperatures rather corresponded to that in the oxygen evolution measured at 25°C after high-temperature treatment. (3) Photoinactivation of PS II was very rapid at high temperatures, and this seems to be a cause of the difference between the Fv values and the oxygen-evolving activities at high temperatures. (4) At around 40°C, the manganese-stabilizing 33 kDa protein of PS II was supposed to be released from the PS II core complexes during heat treatment and to rebind to the complexes when the samples were cooled down to 25°C. (5) At higher temperatures, the charge separation reaction of PS II was inactivated, and the PS II complexes became less fluorescent, which was recovered partially at 25°C. (6) Increases in the Fv value due to a large decrease in the electron flow from QA to QB became prominent after high-temperature treatment at around 50°C. This was the main cause of the discrepancy between the Fv values and the oxygen-evolving activities measured at 25°C. Relationship between the process of heat inactivation of PS II reaction center complexes and the fluorescence levels is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 158
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): copper ; electron transport ; photosynthesis ; TyrosineZ
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The thermoluminescence characteristics of functionally intact thylakoids and TRIS-washed BBY particles were studied under Cu(II) poisoned conditions. In thylakoids, both the A and B thermoluminescence bands corresponding to S3QA - and S2S3QB - charge recombinations, respectively showed specific responses to Cu(II) treatment. The amplitude of the B band was gradually decreased, which corresponds to the Cu(II) induced inactivation of TyrZ. The simultaneous stepwise shift in the peak position of the B band indicated, however, that S3QB - charge recombination is more resistant to Cu(II) poisoned conditions. The shifted peak position of the A band toward the higher temperature in Cu(II) treated thylakoids also showed a change in the redox span between the recombination partners generating the A band of the glow curve. The AT band due to the His+QA - recombination in TRIS-washed BBY particles was insensitive to Cu(II) addition indicating that Cu(II) did not affect either His+ or QA -. The unaffected intensity of the A and AT bands when Cu(II) inhibits TyrZ function favours the assumption of an alternative pathway in which functional TyrZ is not required. In addition, Cu-induced changes of the TL bands were compared to those produced by the Tyr and His modifiers NBD and DEPC, respectively. We obtained very similar results regarding TL bands by either adding NBD or Cu-poisoning in functional thylakoids. Regarding DEPC, the A and AT bands were abolished by increasing concentrations of the His modifier. This effect was associated with the decrease of the B band and its replacement by the Q band at around 0 °C. Comparing our data obtained by Cu, NBD and DEPC treatments, we have found a strong interrelation between His+ and S3 state. We assume that in some inhibitory conditions in the S3 state His is oxidized in place of Mn and this alternative pathway does not require functional TyrZ.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 159
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem I ; prochlorophyte ; psaI ; psaL
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A 25 kDa protein associated with Photosystem I (PS I) of the divinyl-chlorophyll a/b-containing oxychlorobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120 (CCMP 1375) was isolated, and the amino acid sequences of the N-terminus and one internal peptide were determined. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers yielded a 92 bp fragment, which was used to isolate the complete gene from a genomic library. The corresponding gene was isolated from a library of Prochlorococcus sp. MED4 (CCMP 1378). In both Prochlorococcus strains, the gene encodes a protein of 199 amino acids. The gene products show a strong sequence similarity to the PS I subunit PsaL. The N-terminus contains a hydrophilic domain that has not been found in PsaL proteins from other organisms. In both strains, sequences encoding a protein similar to PsaI were found upstream of the psaL gene. Both genes are transcribed in the same direction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 160
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): herbicides ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; protein degradation and synthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of the Photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors dichlorophenyldimethylurea (DCMU) and bromonitrothymol (BNT) on the rate of the high-light induced D1 protein turnover was studied in whole cells of two cyanobacterial strains Synechocystis PCC 6803 and Synechococcus PCC 7942. In Synechocystis the D1 degradation was slowed down to a similar extent in the presence of either inhibitor compared with control cells. This slower degradation corresponded with the retardation of Photosystem II photoinactivation (PSIIPI) measured as a decline of PS II activity in the illuminated cells treated with chloramphenicol (CAP). The ongoing D1 synthesis in the presence of both PS II inhibitors was confirmed by unchanging PS II activity and the steady-state level of D1 during illumination in the absence of CAP. In Synechococcus cells both DCMU and BNT blocked the turnover of the 'low-light' D1 form (D1:1) but did not prevent the exchange of the 'high-light' form D1:2 for the D1:1 form. The similar effect of both herbicides on the D1 exchange was in contrast with their influence on the rate of PSIIPI. While DCMU had a pronounced protective effect, BNT significantly increased the rate of PS II photodamage. The fast BNT-induced decline of PS II activity was also observed in Synechocystis cells treated with azide, an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes. Therefore, we assume that the distinct sensitivity of the two cyanobacterial strains to BNT can be caused by different content and/or activity of these enzymes in each strain.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 161
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 389 (1998), S. 7-19 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): photosynthesis ; respiration ; photorespiration ; diel oxygen curve ; macrophytes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We conducted two-station diel surveys of dissolved oxygen content to estimate whole-stream productivity in the experimental streams of the Monticello Ecological Research Station for two years following channel reconstruction. Community productivity measurements compare well to previous measurements in these streams, but apparent hysteresis in the P/I relation was measured in over two-thirds of the diel surveys. Apparent hysteresis in photosynthesis with solar irradiance is a characteristic of photorespiration, and modeling the effect of light on whole-stream respiratory rates reduced the magnitude of P/I curve hysteresis and improved the predictions of dissolved oxygen content (DO) in the stream. Stream productivity models normally assume respiratory rates measured at night are constant throughout the day, but when this assumption yields apparent hysteresis in the P/I curve, the inclusion of a photorespiration model in the analyses of whole-stream productivity facilitates the comparison of photosynthesis and respiratory rates between different streams. The computed total daily consumption of oxygen by photorespiratory processes is proportional to the total daily photosynthetic production of oxygen in the streams. We also found that the diel DO curves occurring in the experimental streams are best described by a photorespiration model that utilizes a four hour moving average of irradiance. Accounting for photorespiration in the streams increases the apparent efficiency of photosynthesis, improves the accuracy of DO predictions, and reduces uncertainty in photosynthesis and respiratory rate estimates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 631-635 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Schlagwort(e): Gossypium hirsutum ; leaf age ; photosynthesis ; stomatal conductance ; transpiration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Relationships between leaf nitrogen (N) content and leaf gas exchange components of a single cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf subtending the fruit during ontogeny were investigated under field conditions. A 20-d old leaf exhibited the highest physiological activity characterized by net photosynthetic (PN) and transpiration (E) rates, stomatal conductances to CO2 exchange (gsCO2) and water vapor transfer (gsH2O), and nitrogen (N) content. With the advent of leaf senescence, the gas exchange rates declined as exhibited by the 30-, 40-, and 60-d old leaves. Regression analysis indicated close relationships between gsCO2 and PN, and gsH2O and E as the leaves advanced towards senescence. Both PN and gsCO2 were related to N as they declined with leaf age. Thus, the declines in PN were associated with stomatal closure and removal of N during leaf ontogeny.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; hydrogen ; life ; photosynthesis ; radiant energy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Photosynthesis, as a fundamental element in the life process, is integrated in the evolution of living systems on the basis of hydrogen cycles on various hierarchic levels. Conversion of radiant energy enables the oxidation of water, whereby free oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere. Hydrogen is (reversibly) stored in organic materials formed under reductive CO2-fixation and by the incorporation of the other elements, which are necessary for living systems. All endergonic processes in living cells are finally driven by the energy released through the clean recombination of protons and electrons with oxygen to water. Duration of the stored energy and the complexity of the systems thus produced is correlated negatively with the conversion efficiency of the radiation energy. Entropy is a unifying principle in the evolution of living systems, inclusive human societies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 164
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Schlagwort(e): absorption spectra ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; Vigna radiata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In seedlings of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek cultivars ADT-1 and CO-5 exposed to acidic showers (H2SO4 : HNO3 : HCl, 4 : 2 : 1, v/v) of different pH (7.0, 5.5, 4.0, and 2.5) for 10 d, net CO2 uptake and stomatal conductance were reduced. The chlorophyll (Chl) a and b contents were reduced but the carotenoid (Car) content increased. In vivo Chl a fluorescence patterns of both the cultivars were altered. No significant change in photosystem (PS) 1 activity was observed except at pH 2.5 where an inhibition was evident. By contrast, PS2 activities declined rapidly with increasing acidity. The room temperature absorption spectra of isolated chloroplasts showed very little changes. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed depletion of 23, 33, and 55 kDa polypeptides. Cultivar CO-5 was more sensitive to acidic rain than cv. ADT-1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 551-559 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Schlagwort(e): EPR spectroscopy ; fluorescence spectroscopy ; HgCl2 ; photosynthesis ; radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analyses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In chloroplasts of Spinacea oleracea L., Hg2+ ions interact with some sites in the photosynthetic electron transport chain: (l) with the intermediates Z+/D+ situated in the D1 and D2 proteins and with the manganese cluster in the oxygen evolving complex which are located on the donor side of photosystem (PS) 2, (2) with the chlorophyll a dimer in the core of PS1 (P700). P700 is oxidized in the dark by HgCl2. The Hg2+ ions form organometallic complexes with amino acids contained in chloroplast proteins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): Puccinia rcondita ; Triticum aestivum ; model ; photosynthesis ; competition for light
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Samenvatting Verschillen tussen zeven wintertarwegenotypen in opbrengstderving door bruine roest, zoals waargenomen in een veldexperiment, werden geanalyseerd met een simulatiemodel. In dit model werd het effect van de ziekte op gewasgroei en opbrengst beschreven op basis van lichtinterceptie, fotosynthese, ademhaling en assimilatenverdeling. Het model gaf een goede beschrijving van de waargenomen opbrengstverschillen tussen de genotypen, zowel bij aanwezigheid als bij afwezigheid van bruine roest. Van de totale opbrengstreductie werd, volgens modelberekeningen, 66% veroorzaakt door versnelde afname van groen bladoppervlak en 18% door het wegvangen van licht door dood bladweefsel boven in het gewas. De genetische variatie in opbrengstreductie werd zodoende vooral verklaard uit de waargenomen verschillen in bladveroudering tussen de genotypen. De fotosynthese per eenheid resterend groen bladoppervlak werd niet beïnvloed door bruine roest. Respectieven voor selectie op afzonderlijke schadecomponenten werden geëvalueerd op basis van hun gesimuleerde effect op korrelopbrengst, in combinatie met hun genetische en toevalsvariatie.
    Notizen: Abstract Differences in yield reduction among seven winter wheat genotypes due to leaf rust, as observed in a field experiment, were analysed using a simulation model. In this model, the effects of the disease on crop growth and yield were described on the basis of light interception, photosynthesis, respiration and assimilate partitioning. The model properly described the observed yield difference between the genotypes, both in the absence and in the presence of leaf rust. According to the model, 66% of total yield reduction was due to an accelerated decrease in green leaf area and 18% was due to light capture by dead leaf tissue at the top of the canopy. Genetic variation in yield reduction was, therefore, mainly explained by variation in leaf senescence. Leaf rust did not affect the photosynthetic rate of the remaining green leaf area. Opportunities of selection for individual damage components were assessed from their simulated effect on grain yield, together with their estimated genetic and environmental variance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): photosynthesis ; carbon dioxide assimilation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Samenvatting Schade in wintertarwe veroorzaakt door de grote graanluisSitobion avenae F., werd bestudeerd in laboratarium-en veldproeven. De vlagbladeren van wintertarweplanten werden behandeld met honingdauw-substituut-oplossing. Eén en vijftien dagen na behandeling werden de netto fotosynthesesnelheid en de transpiratie van de behandelde bladeren gemeten. Na één dag werd een verhoging van de donkerademhaling gemeten in vergelijking met de controle. Vijtien dagen na behandeling werden verschillende resultaten gevonden in de twee experimentele jaren. Onder warme en droge omstandigheden in 1986 was de donkerademhaling oger terwijl de fotosynthese bij verzadigende lichtintensiteiten, de geleidbaarheid van het mesofyl en het stikstofgehalte van de bladeren lager waren dan in de controle. Ook werden chlorotische vlekken waargenomen. Bij gematigde temperaturen en relatieve vochtigheid in 1987 werd een verlaging van de initiële efficiëntie van lichtbenutting gemeten. In twee veldexperimenten werd een natuurlijke aantasting van voornamelijkS. avenae op verschillende tijdstippen chemisch bestreden. Op deze wijze werden aantastingen van verschillende omvang en duur verkregen. Vanaf bloei van het gewas werden wekelijks gewasmonsters geanalyseerd. Een natuurlijke aantasting vanaf DC 71 met een bladluisindex van 182 en een piekdichtheid van 15,8 bladluizen per halm, leidde niet tot significante reduktie van de gewasproduktie. Een aantasting beginnend in DC 71 met een bladluisindex van 544 en een piekdichtheid van 44,4 leidde tot significante verlaging van de bladoppervlakteïndex, de blad biomassa, de hoeveelheid water-oplosbare koolhydraten en het korrelgewicht. Geen effekten werden waargenomen op halm-en korreldichtheid of op het stikstofgehalte van plantedelen bij de oogst.
    Notizen: Abstract Damage in winter wheat caused by the grain aphidSitobion avenae F., was studied in the laboratory and at field level. Honeydew substitute solution was applied to flag leaves of winter wheat plants. One and fifteen days after application, the rates of net carbon dioxide assimilation and transpiration were measured. The rate of dark respiration was significantly higher one day after application of honeydew substitute as compared to the control. Other parameters describing the carbon dioxide — light response were not significantly affected. Fifteen days after honeydew substitute application, the two experimental years yielded different results. Under hot and dry conditions, the rate of dark respiration was higher while the late of carbon dioxide assimilation at high irradiance, the mesophyll conductance and the leaf nitrogen content were lower than for the untreated control. In addition, chlorotic symptoms were visible. At moderate temperature and relative humidity, the initial light use efficiency was significantly lower fifteen days after treatment with honeydew substitute whereas other parameters were not significantly affected. In field experiments at two locations natural aphid populations consisting of mainlyS. avenae were treated weekly with an aphicide from crop development stages DC 71, 73, 75 and 77, respectively, to create infestations of different size and duration. In the unsprayed controls densities reached 15.8 and 44.4 aphids per tiller, amounting to 182 and 544 aphid-days, respectively. Crop samples were analysed weekly, starting at flowering. At the smaller natural infestation, no significant effect on any yield component nor on yield was found at any treatment. The larger infestation caused a significant reduction of leaf area index, leaf weight, amount of water-soluble carbohydrates and grain weight on various sample dates when the infestation was not sprayed before DC 75. No effects were found on tiller and grain density nor on nitrogen content of plant parts at harvest.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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