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  • Yeast  (76)
  • taxonomy  (69)
  • Springer  (145)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (145)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1991  (78)
  • 1990  (67)
  • 1941
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  • Springer  (145)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (12)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (145)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The involvement of trehalose in yeast stress tolerance (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trehalose ; Osmotolerance ; Viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A total of 12 yeast strains from various genera were examined for their ability to produce ethanol in the presence of high concentrations of glucose. From these studies, the yeastsTorulaspora delbrueckii andZygosaccharomyces rouxii were observed to the most osmotolerant. These osmotolerant yeast strains were also observed to possess high concentrations of intracellular trehalose. Futhermore, these strains were found to be tolerant to long-term storage at −20°C and to storage at 4°C in beer containing 5% (v/v) ethanol. Cells containing high trehalose levels at the time of freezing or cold storage exhibited the highest cell viabilities. Trehalose concentration was observed to increase during growth on glucose, reaching a maximum after 24–48 h. Increasing the incubation temperature from 21 to 40°C also resulted in an increase in intracellular trehalose content. These results suggest that trehalose plays a role in enhancing yeast survival under environmentally stressful conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575882
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activities ofβ-glucanases andβ-glucosidases during blastospore formation inSaccharomycopsis fibuligera (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; β-Glucanase ; β-Glucosidase catabolite repression ; Sporulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The activities of three glycosidases, β-glucosidase and β(1,3)- and β(1,6)-glucanases have been monitored during growth and blastospore formation inSaccharomycopsis fibuligera. The assays were carried out on the cell-free culture and in a cell-free extract and a wall autolysate preparation from the growing cells. In complex medium containing 1% glucose an increase in the level of all three enzymes was associated with the transition from mycelium to blastospores. When the level of glucose was increased to 5% blastospore formation was repressed and the level of β-glucanases only increased at the end of the fermentation. The β-glucosidase activity increased during the growth phase. In a defined medium in which slow growth in a wholly yeast-like form was observed, growth was not associated with a high level of β-glucanase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577654
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation of hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate byPachysolen tannophilus, candida shehatae andPichia stipitis (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 6 (1990), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Lignocellulosic waste ; Yeast ; Ethanol production ; Optimization study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate has been utilized as a substrate for ethanol production. Among the three different yeasts tested, the best performances have been obtained, in decreasing order, usingPachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae andPichia stipitis. Several pretreatments of this raw material have been studied to improve ethanol yields; in one such pretreatment a strain ofP. tannophilus produced ethanol with a yield of 0.29 gethanol/gsugars (gP/gS); which is only 15% less than the values observed with synthetic media. Neither aeration nor acetone addition improved the fermentation of this substrate; in fact, only a marked stimulation of biomass growth has been observed at the expense of both ethanol and xylitol production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01577690
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sugar uptake in a 2-deoxy-d-glucose resistant mutant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Yeast ; Catabolite repression ; Derepression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The non-metabolizable and toxic glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DOG) has been widely employed to screen for regulatory mutants which lack catabolite repression. A number of yeast mutants resistant to 2-DOG have recently been isolated in this laboratory. One such mutant, derived from aSaccharomyces cerevisiae haploid strain, was demonstrated to be derepressed for maltose, galactose and sucrose uptake. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of glucose transport suggested that the high affinity glucose transport system was also derepressed in the mutant strain. In addition, the mutant had an increased intracellular concentration of trehalose relative to the parental strain. These results indicate that the 2-DOG resistant mutant is defective in general glucose repression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575600
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intron of the yeast actin gene contains the promoter for an antisense RNA (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Actin ; Intron ; Antisense RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using Northern blot analysis we have detected an approximately 840 nucleotide-long RNA which is complementary to the 5′ leader sequence and the first ten nucleotides of the coding sequence of the yeast actin (ACT1) messenger RNA. We have determined two transcription start sites for this actin antisense RNA (ASR1), both within the ACT1 intron, at about 80 and 90 nucleotides downstream from the 5′ splice site. Analysis of a cDNA clone showed that this RNA species overlaps the entire trailer sequence and approximately 20 nucleotides of the coding sequence of the nearby yeast YPT1 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312620
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial modifications in a single nuclear mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae affected in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 507-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutants ; Cytochrome ; Mitochondria ; Oxidative phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports studies of bioenergetic modifications in a TTR1 single-nuclear mutant, isolated as resistant to triethyltin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, and effective in cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. This mutant appears to have lost the wildtype cell ability to respond to a decrease of oxygen concentration in the growth medium by a decrease of cytochrome concentration in the cell. ATP synthesis rate in mutant cells in both the prestationary and stationary phase of growth appeared increased in comparison to wild-type cells, as too was respiration rate. A comparative study of mitochondria extracted from wild-type and from TTR1 mutant cells showed an increase in respiration rate, an increase in ATP synthesis rate, and an increase in TPP+ uptake in mutant mitochondria. The specific ATPase activity, as well as its sensitivity to TET, appears to be similar for mitochondria extracted from both strains. It was proposed that the modification of mitochondrial biogenesis in the TTR1 mutant may be due to a response of the cell to an increase in ATP hydrolysis caused by the mutation. It is also possible that the modification in cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulation which appeared to occur in this mutant affects protein(s) involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313079
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome location of a family of genes encoding different acidic ribosomal proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 535-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Chromosome mapping ; Acidic ribosomal proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DNA probes from the genes encoding the acidic ribosomal proteins L44, L44′ and L45, as well as from reporter genes for chromosomes IV, VII, XII and XV, have been hybridised to Southern blots of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA resolved by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The protein L44′ and protein L45 genes have been found to hybridise to chromosome IV, identified by the CAT1 gene probe, while the protein L44 probe hybridises with a band containing chromosomes VII and XV, identified by the ATPase 1 and HIS3 genes respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313084
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mismatch-stimulated plasmid integration in yeast (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 329-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mismatch repair ; Plasmid integration ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A single base pair mismatch (G:T or A:C) in the CYC1 gene of the integrative plasmid pAB218 stimulates up to a five-fold integration into the yeast chromosome. Analysis of chromosomal sites of plasmid integration suggests that the mismatch-stimulated integration is not targeted as would be expected if crossovers, localised in the region of the mismatch, were a necessary step in mismatch repair. Instead, the observed mismatch-stimulated plasmid integration could be due to potentially recombinogenic structures formed during mismatch repair, such as single-stranded gaps or denatured DNA regions extending around the plasmid molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355064
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of two nuclear pet mutants affecting expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: PET genes ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study details the characteristics of two temperature-conditional pet mutants of yeast, strains ts1860 and ts379, which at the non-permissive temperature show deficiencies in the formation of three mitochondrially encoded subunits of the ATP synthase complex. By analysis of mitochondrial translation products, and of mitochondrial transcription in temperature shift experiments from the permissive (22°C) to the non-permissive (36°C) temperature, it was concluded that the nuclear mutations in both mutants primarily inhibit synthesis of ATP synthase subunit 9, and that reductions in subunit 8 and 6 synthesis are secondary pleiotropic effects. Following transfer to 36°C, cells of mutant ts379 display a near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis within 1 h, coincident with a marked reduction in the level of the cognate oli1 mRNA. On the other hand, near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis in strain ts1860 occurs after 3 h at 36°C, at which time there is little change in the level of subunit 9 mRNA. In both mutants the mRNA levels for subunits 6 and 8 are not significantly affected at the time of inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis. Provision of an alternative source of subunit 8, translated extra-mitochondrially for import into the organelle, does not overcome the mutant phenotype of either mutant at 36°C, confirming that subunit 8 is not the sole or primary deficiency in each mutant. The mutants indicate that the products of a least two nuclear genes (designated AEP1 and AEP2) are required for the expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene and the synthesis of subunit 9. The product of the AEP1 gene (defective in mutant ts1860) is required for translation of oli1 mRNA while the AEP2 product (defective in mutant ts379) is essential either for the stability of oli1 mRNA or for the correct processing of precursor transcripts to the mature message.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309594
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear DNA plasmids of Pichia inositovora are associated with a novel killer toxin activity (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 389-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pichia inositovora ; Linear plasmids ; Killer toxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pichia inositovora, strain NRRL Y-18709, which contains three linear double-stranded DNA plasmids, pPinl-1, pPinl-2 and pPinl-3, was cured of these plasmids both by growing the strain in the presence of 50 μg/ml bisbenzimide, and by exposure to ultraviolet light. Both cured and uncured strains were tested for growth on a variety of carbon sources. No differences in growth response were detected, indicating no discernible involvement of the linear plasmids in the catabolism of these compounds. Culture supernatants of Pichia inositovora were shown to contain a substance larger than 100 kDa that is toxic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain GS 1688. Toxin activity was optimal in YEPD assay plates containing 50 mM citrate buffer with a pH between 3.4 and 4.2. Culture supernatants from P. inositovora were also weakly active against Cephaloascus albidus, strain NRRL Y-18710, and Citeromyces matritensis, strain NRRL Y-18711. Concentrated supernatants from cured P. inositovora strains did not exhibit these activities, consistent with the hypothesis that this toxic activity is linear plasmid-encoded. Unlike the wellknown Kluyveromyces lactis system or the newly identified P. acaciae system, P. inositovora strains cured of their linear plasmids do not become detectably sensitive to toxin produced by the wild-type strain, suggesting a nonplasmid-encoded immunity function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309600
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is caused by defective choline transport (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Molecular cloning ; Nitrogen mustard hyper-resistance ; Choline transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The recessive hnm1 mutant allele is responsible for hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformation with a single-copy HNM1 wild-type allele of such hyper-resistant mutants will restore wild-type sensitivity to nitrogen mustard. By contrast the presence of multi-copy vectors containing HNM1, in either a hyper-resistant hnm1 mutant or an HNM1 wild-type, will lead to a novel, mustard-sensitive phenotype unrelated to defects in DNA repair genes. Gene disruption of HNM1 revealed that this gene is nonessential for cells prototrophic for choline (CHO1) but lethal for cells with a cho1 genotype. Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard of wild-type HNM1, but not of hnm1 mutants, depends on the choline content of the growth medium, with cells grown in choline-free medium exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Sequencing of a 300 bp DNA fragment of HNM1 revealed the identity of this gene with the CTR locus, which is responsible for choline transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312732
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  • 12
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    The SNQ3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confers hyper-resistance to several functionally unrelated chemicals (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 429-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Yeast ; Base sequence ; Gene disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A multi-copy plasmid containing the SNQ3 gene confers hyper-resistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO), Trenimon, MNNG, cycloheximide, and to sulfometuron methyl in yeast transformants. Restriction analysis, subcloning, and DNA sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1950 bp on the SNQ3-containing insert DNA. Gene disruption and transplacement into chromosomal DNA yielded 4NQO-sensitive null mutants which were also more sensitive than the wild-type to Trenimon, cycloheximide, sulfometuron methyl, and MNNG. Hydropathic analysis showed that the SNQ3-encoded protein is most likely not membrane-bound, while the codon bias index points to low expression of the gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312733
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Distribution of mitochondrial intron sequences among 21 yeast species (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intron ; Mobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 21 yeast species belonging to 12 genera have been tested for the presence of sequences similar to seven S. cerevisiae mitochondrial introns (Sc cox1.1,2,3,4,5c, Sc cob.4 and Sc LSU.1) and one K. lactis mitochondrial intron (Kl cox1.2). Some introns, (Sc cox1.4, Sc cob.4, Sc LSU.1 and Kl cox1.2-all group I type), are widely distributed and are found in species with either basidiomycete or ascomycete affinities. This distribution is suggestive of recent sequence transfer between species. The remaining S. cerevisiae introns cross react with an additional species but with no set pattern. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic studies confirm that none of the tested mitochondrial introns cross react with nuclear DNA. These introns are, therefore, mitochondria-specific. Seven strains of K. lactis exhibit striking variability in intron content. In contrast to all mitochondrial introns tested, two introns of nuclear genes (the K. lactis actin gene and the S. cerevisiae RP29B gene) are not detected beyond their source species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326288
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    PDC6, a weakly expressed pyruvate decarboxylase gene from yeast, is activated when fused spontaneously under the control of the PDC1 promoter (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pyruvate decarboxylase ; Gene expression ; Codon usage ; Gene fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three structural genes encode the pyruvate decarboxylase isoenzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDC1 and PDC5 are active during glucose fermentation where PDC1 is expressed about six times more strongly than PDC5. Expression of PDC6 is weak and seems to be induced in ethanol medium. Consequently, pdc1Δ pdc5Δ double mutants do not ferment glucose and do not grow on glucose medium. Spontaneous mutants, derived from such a pdc1 pdc5 strain, were isolated which could again ferment glucose. They showed pyruvate decarboxylase activity due to a duplication of PDC6. The second copy of PDC6 was expressed under the control of the PDC1 promoter, which was still present in the pdc1 strain. However, the resulting PDC1-PDC6 fusion gene could only partially substitute for PDC1: to achieve normal growth and high pyruvate decarboxylase activity strains carrying PDC1-PDC6 required a functional PDC5 gene which is dispensable in a PDC1 wild-type background. Thus, expression of PDC5 depends on the state of the PDC1 locus: low in the PDC1 wild-type background and high in PDC1-PDC6 fusion strains and, as shown previously, in pdc1 mutants. The activation of PDC5 expression in PDC1-PDC6 strains may be due to particular properties of the PDC1-PDC6 fusion protein or simply to the weaker expression of PDC1-PDC6 in comparison to the wild-type PDC1 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317064
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  • 15
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    Characterization of a yeast nuclear gene, AEP2, required for accumulation of mitochondrial mRNA encoding subunit 9 of the ATP synthase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: AEP2 ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-conditional pet mutant, ts379, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature due to mutation of a single nuclear locus, AEP2. The inability to synthesize subunit 9 correlates with a lowered accumulation of the cognate oli1 mRNA indicating that the AEP2 product is involved in oli1 transcript maturation or stabilization. The AEP2 gene has been isolated in this study from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of ts379 at the restrictive temperature. A 1740 nucleotide open-reading frame was observed that encodes a basic, hydrophilic protein of 67534 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address signal. Disruption of chromosomal DNA within this reading frame produced a non-conditional respiratory mutant unable to synthesize subunit 9, identifying the AEP2 gene. Hybridization analyses indicate that AEP2 is located on chromosome XIII and produces a 2.1 kb poly(A)+ transcript. Two additional open-reading frames were found in close proximity to that of AEP2. The three open-reading frames shared no significant homology with entries in several data bases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312765
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  • 16
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    Yeast ribosomal proteins: XI. Molecular analysis of two genes encoding YL41, an extremely small and basic ribosomal protein, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Sequence analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two genes encoding ribosomal protein YL41 were cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA. Both genes contain an uniterrupted region of only 75 nucleotides coding for a protein of 3.3 kD. Within the coding regions the nucleotide sequences are virtually identical, whereas in both the 5′-and 3′-flanking regions the two genes differ significantly from each other. The deduced protein shows an arginine and lysine content of 68 percent, i.e., 17 out of 25 residues, and the basic residues are evenly distributed over the molecule. When compared to the ribosomal protein sequences currently available no counterpart to YL41 could be found in prokaryotes and it seems likely that YL41 is a eukaryotespecific ribosomal protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312608
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  • 17
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    The DNA-binding protein RAP1 is required for efficient transcriptional activation of the yeast PYK glycolytic gene (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 405-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Trans-acting Factor ; RAP1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We show by deletion mutagenesis, followed by in vivo and in vitro analysis, that the binding of a protein factor to the upstream activation sequence (USA) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae glycolytic gene PYK, encoding pyruvate kinase, is required for efficient transcription of the corresponding coding region. In addition, gel electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase I protection studies, involving yeast gene products expressed in E. coli, suggest that this trans-acting DNA-binding protein is encoding by the RAP1 gene. The identification of RAP1 binding sites located within the UAS element of the yeast PYK, PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) and ENO1 (enolase) genes, and in the 5′-upstream region of the ADHI (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene, suggests that a mechanism of coordinate gene expression involving several of the glycolytic genes may exist in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309909
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  • 18
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    Ty virus-like particles in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain NCYC74 (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 485-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty elements ; Virus like particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic analysis of thin sections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC74 has revealed the presence of many clumped cytoplasmic particles that morphologically resemble Ty element virus-like particles (VLPs). Accumulation of Ty VLPs has only previously been observed in S. cerevisiae strains that over-express a cloned Ty element. The particles in NCYC74 co-purify with Ty RNA, Ty-specific antigens and a reverse transcriptase activity. Furthermore, they appear to be recognised by antibodies to Ty VLPs during indirect immunofluorescence experiments. These observations provide compelling evidence that the cytoplasmic particle in NCYC74 are indeed Ty VLPs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00327018
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  • 19
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    Analysis of interchromosomal mitotic recombination (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; DNA repair ; UV irradiation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel synthetic locus is described that provides a simple assay system for characterizing mitotic recombinants. The locus consists of the TRP1 and HIS3 genes inserted into chromosome III of S. cerevisiae between the CRY1 and MAT loci. Defined trp1 and his3 alleles have been generated that allow the selection of interchromosomal recombinants in this interval. Trp+ or His+ recombinants can be divided into several classes based on coupling of the other alleles in the interval. The tight linkage of the CRY1 and MAT loci, combined with the drug resistance and cell type phenotypes that they respectively control, facilitates the classification of the recombinants without resorting to tetrad dissection. We present the distribution of spontaneous recombinants among the classes defined by this analysis. The data suggest that the recombination intermediate can have regions of symmetric strand exchange and that co-conversion tracts can extend over 1–3 kb. Continuous conversion tracts are favored over discontinuous tracts. The distribution among the classes defined by this analysis is altered in recombinants induced by UV irradiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321112
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  • 20
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    Two group I mitochondrial introns in the cob-box and coxI genes require the same MRS1/PET157 nuclear gene product for splicing (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial RNA splicing ; Nuclear pet - mutant ; Group I introns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the role of the product of the nuclear gene PET157 in mitochondrial pre-mRNA splicing. Cytoduction experiments show that a mitochondrial genome deleted for the three introns bI3, aI5 and aI6 is able to suppress the pet157-1 mutation: the strain recovers respiratory competency indicating that the product of the PET157 gene is only required for mitochondrial premRNA splicing. Characterization of the high molecular weight pre-mRNAs which accumulate in the pet157 mutant demonstrate that the product of the PET157 gene is required for the excision of two group I introns bI3 and aI6 (corresponding to aI5β) located in the cob-box and coxI genes respectively. Furthermore, the pet157 mutant strain accumulates the bI3 maturase in the form of a polypeptide of 50K (p50) previously observed in mitochondrial mutants defective in the excision of bI3. We have shown by restriction analysis and allelism tests that the pet157-1 mutation is allelic to the nuclear mrs1 mutation, previously described as specifically blocking the excision of bI3. Finally, revertants obtained by the deletion of bI3 or aI6 from the mitochondrial DNA were isolated from the MRS1 disrupted allele, confirming the involvment of the product of the MRS1/PET157 gene in the excision of the two introns bI3 and aI6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312599
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    Resistance to cadmium is under the control of the CAD2 gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 181-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: S. cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Cadmium resistance ; CAD2 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cadmium-resistant strain, X3382-3A, which is able to grow in a medium containing 0.2 mM cadmium sulfate, was picked out from our laboratory stock strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cadmium resistance of this strain is controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene, denoted as CAD2. The locus of CAD2 was mapped by gene linkage to a site 15.5 centimorgans to the right of the his7 locus on the right arm of chromosome II. The cadmium resistance of the strain carrying CAD2 was evaluated for its properties of cadmium uptake, cadmium distribution and cadmium-metallothionein formation, in comparison with those of some other strains. The results suggest that the novel type of cadmium resistance controlled by CAD2 does not involve production of a cadmiumm-metallothionein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318377
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    Repair of gamma ray-induced S1 nuclease hypersensitive sites in yeast depends on homologous mitotic recombination and a RAD18-dependent function (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Pulsed field gel-electrophoresis ; S1 nuclease sensitive sites ; Repair ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Repair under non-growth conditions of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and chromatin sites sensitive to S1 endonuclease (SSS) induced by 60Cobalt-gamma rays were monitored in repair-competent and deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsed field gelelectrophoresis. In stationary-phase cells of a repair-competent RAD diploid, and an excision-deficient rad3-2 diploid, SSS are repaired as efficiently as DSB, whereas in a repair-competent RAD haploid, and a rad 50-1 diploid, neither SSS nor DSB are repaired. The rad18-2 diploid repairs DSB well but is defective in SSS repair. Obviously, SSS repair in yeast chromatin, like DSB repair, depends on recombination, but unlike DSB repair depends additionally on RAD18 function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312762
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    Effects of hap mutations on heme and cytochrome formation in yeast (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 179-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Heme ; Cytochromes ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Simultaneous effects of mutations in the transcriptional regulatory genes, HAP1, HAP2 and HAP3, on all respiratory cytochromes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were determined. Cytochrome behavior in hap mutants and in cyc4 and rhm1 mutants, altered in regulation of 5-aminolevulinate synthase, was compared. Although hap mutants were isolated as trans-acting, transcriptional regulators of the CYC1 (iso-1-cytochrome c) gene, each mutant exhibits partial deficiencies in all cytochrome types. In hap2 and hap3 strains all cytochromes were decreased proportionally to about 40–50% of wild type values. In contrast, hap1 caused a decrease in all cytochromes and an accumulation of a pigment, probably Zn porphyrin. Apparently apocytochrome and heme biosynthesis retain coordination in hap2 and hap3, but not in hap1, mutants. Unlike cyc4 and rhm1 mutants, hap mutants do not exhibit 5-aminolevulinate-dependent restoration of cytochromes. The hap1 mutant grew at nearnormal rates on glycerol, whereas hap2 and hap3 mutants grew very slowly. The frequency of [rho-] was high (16–18%) in hap2 and hap3 strains. Results are consistent with generalized control of mitochondrial replication directed by the HAP1-HAP2 system and heme-directed control of formation of all apocytochromes mediated by HAP1. Neither system exerts all-or-nothing control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312865
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    The effect of DNA replication on mutation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC8 gene (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 275-280 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA replication ; Effect on mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Incubation in YPD medium under permissive conditions when DNA replication is going on, strongly stimulates the induction of cdc+ colonies of UV-irradiated cells of yeast strains HB23 (cdc8-1/cdc8-3), HB26 (cdc8-3/cdc8-3) and HB7 (cdc8-1/cdc8-1). Inhibition of DNA replication by hydroxyurea, araCMP, cycloheximide or caffeine or else by incubation in phosphate buffer pH 7.0, abolishes this stimulation. Thus the replication of DNA is strongly correlated with the high induction of cdc+ colonies by UV irradiation. It is postulated that these UV-induced cdc+ colonies arise as the result infidelity in DNA replication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314872
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    The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has two, functional, signal recognition particle 7S RNA genes (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 289-292 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; 7SL RNA ; Essential genes ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells containing a deletion of either the SCR1 or SCR2 genes, which code for the 7SL RNA component of the signal recognition particle (SRP) homologue, were found to be viable. Two independent approaches demonstrated that cells containing deletions of both genes were inviale. Therefore, Yarrowia lipolytica contains two (and only two) functional 7SL RNA genes.
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    The RAD50 gene, a member of the double strand break repair epistasis group, is not required for spontaneous mitotic recombination in yeast (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitotic recombination ; Hyper-recombination ; RAD50 ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in the RAD50 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to reduce double strand break repair, meiotic recombination, and radiation-inducible mitotic recombination. Several different point mutations (including ochre and amber alleles) have been previously examined for effects on spontaneous mitotic recombination and did not reduce the frequency of recombination. Instead, the rad50 mutations conferred a moderate hyper-rec phenotype. This paper examines a deletion/interruption allele of RAD50 that removes 998 of 1312 amino acids and adds 1.1 kb of foreign DNA. The results clearly indicate that spontaneous mitotic recombination can occur in the absence of RAD50; in fact, the frequency of recombination is elevated over the wild-type cell. One possible interpretation of these observations is that the initiating lesion in spontaneous recombination events in mitosis might not be a double strand break.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312598
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    Flow cytometry as a tool to discriminate respiratory-competent and respiratory-deficient yeast cells (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 265-267 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Flow cytometry ; Rhodamine 123 ; Respiratory chain ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cationic lipophilic dye Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) is selectively enriched in mitochondria in a membrane potential-dependent manner. Application of drugs which interfere with the electron flow of the respiratory chain lead to a severe reduction of mitochondrial dye uptake. In this communication we show that the same effect is observed after Rh123-staining of respiratory-deficient yeast mutants. Based on this observation we used flow cytometry to discriminate respiratory-compentent and respiratory-deficient yeast cells. Combined with a cell sorter we were able to selectively enrich respiring and non-respiring yeast cells, repectively, from a mixture of cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318391
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    Interactions between chromosomal omnipotent suppressors and extrachromosomal effectors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 243-248 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mistranslation ; ψ-factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chromosomal omnipotent suppressor mutations recovered in ψ+ strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were brought into ψ− cytoplasm. SUP46, SUP138 and SUP139 acted as dominant omnipotent suppressors in the ψ− cytoplasm though their suppressor activity was substantially reduced. SUP46 and SUP138 conferred recessive thermosensitivity and antibiotic sensitivity in ψ− cytoplasm as in ψ+ cytoplasm. On the other hand, sup111 through sup115, which acted as recessive omnipotent suppressors in the ψ+ cytoplasm, manifested no, or very low, suppressor activity in the ψ− cytoplasm. They, however, still enhanced the efficiency of the SUP29 tRNA suppressor in ψ− cytoplasm. A multicopy plasmid carrying the wild-type SUP35 gene enhanced the efficiency of sup111 in ψ− cytoplasm.
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    Expression of the gene encoding subunit II of yeast QH2: Cytochrome c oxidoreductase is regulated by multiple factors (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 459-464 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase ; Mitochondrial biogenesis ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharmmyces cerevisiae, the COR2 gene codes for the 40 kDa subunit II of the QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, an enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Regions in the 5′ flank of this gene important for regulated expression were identified by assaying β-galactosidase activities in cells carrying different COR2-lacZ fusion genes. Sequences downstream of position-201 relative to the translational initiation codon are sufficient to confer regulation by carbon source, whereas sequences downstream of position-153 do not give rise to significant expression. A binding site for the abundant general transcription factor GFI is present in the region between-201 and-153 just upstream from sequences which resemble the consensus DNA recognition sequence of the regulatory protein complex HAP2/HAP3: 5′-TNATTGGT-3′. By quantitating RNA levels and assaying β-galactosidase activities we show that synthesis of COR2, which is not a hemoprotein, is regulated by HAP1, HAP2/HAP3 and heme.
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    Isolation and genetic study of Triethyltin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 465-472 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; Triethyltin chloride ; Protein phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to triethyltin (an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase) on non-fermentative media, and non-resistant to this drug on fermentative media, were isolated and named TTR1, TTR2 and TTR3. Apart from triethyltin resistance, these mutants show the following common characteristics: (1) Increased intracellular cytochrome c concentration. (2) Increased respiration rate. (3) Decreased growth yield. (4) Increased growth sensitivity to several drugs inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation: namely, CCCP (permeabilizing inner mitochondrial membrane to protons), valinomycin (permeabilizing inner mitochondrial membrane to potassium) and oligomycin (inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase). (5) Increased sensitivity to carbon source starvation. For each mutant, these characteristics appeared to be due to a single pleiotropic nuclear mutation. Mutation TTR1 causes additional phenotypic characteristics which do not appear in mutants TTR2 and TTR3: (1) Pinkish coloration of colonies which is more pronounced after a long growth period. (2) Inability of the cells to store glycogen. (3) Growth defect of the cells on a galactose-containing medium. (4) Inability of a diploid homozygote mutant strain to sporulate. All these phenotypic characteristics have already been described in yeast mutants deregulated in cAMP-dependant protein phosphorylation. Crossing of a strain bearing the TTR1 mutation with a strain mutated in the adenylate cyclase structural gene suggested that the TTR1 phenotype is due to a modification in regulation of cAPK by cAMP, making cell multiplication possible without intracellular cAMP.
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    Characterization of a respiratory-deficient mutant of Pachysolen tannophilus (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 493-497 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Yeast ; Petites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A pleiotropic, respiration-deficient mutant was isolated from the petite negative yeast Pachysolen tannophilus after UV mutagenesis. The mutant is unable to utilize xylose, arabinose, galactose or glycerol, and shows no detectable respiration when grown on glucose. Cytochrome c oxidase, xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities are lacking. Mitochondrial ultrastructre is altered. The results support the hypothesis that functioning mitochondria are necessary for xylose utilization in this organism.
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    Blockage to exonuclease III digestion in the chromatin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae maps to the in vitro — determined binding site of a trans-acting regulatory factor (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty2 ; Protein/DNA binding ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of transposable element-induced mutations at the HIS4 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been attributed to the transposition of a Ty element into the 5′ regulatory region of this gene. Various Ty-containing His+ revertants have been isolated and the HIS4/Ty junction region sequenced. The only difference found in this region between a His- and a weak His+ strain was a single point mutation, an A→G transition. The position of Ty remained unaltered. Examination of lacZ fusion plasmids further implicated this A→G transition as being reponsible for the altered phenotype, the bp transition representing an allele of a cis-acting regulatory element. Subsequent gel retardation and methylation interference experiments revealed that this A→G mutation enabled the binding of a trans-acting factor (TyBf) in vitro. In this paper we show that the TyBf binding site is in a region of chromatin hypersensitive to digestion by DNase I. The binding site is protected in vivo from digestion with exonuclease III, suggesting the presence of a bound protein in His+ (“on”) but not His- (“off”) Ty-containing strains. We propose that a trans-acting factor binding in vivo, presumably TyBf, is responsible for the activation of HIS4 expression in these insertion mutants.
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    Yeast SCO1 protein is required for a post-translational step in the accumulation of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 13-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Post-translational regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Biogenesis of functional cytochrome c oxidase in yeast requires the product of the nuclear gene SCO1. Strains deleted for this gene fail to accumulate the mitochondrially-synthesized cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II, despite the presence of the respective mRNAs. Here we present data which demonstrate that the observed phenotype does not result from a failure to translate the mRNAs, but from a preferential degradation of the newly synthesized subunits. The SCO1 protein is therefore involved in a post-translational step in the accumulation of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II. We propose that the SCO1 protein is required for the correct assembly of both subunits into the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
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    Isolation and genetic study of p-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine-resistant mutants overproducing β-phenethyl-alcohol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 449-452 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutant ; p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine ; β-Phenethyl-alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (PFP)-resistant mutants which produce a large amount of β-phenethyl-alcohol, a rose-like flavor component, were isolated from the isogenic strains X2180-1A and X2180-1B of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells of these mutants accumulated phenylalanine and tryptophan more than 3-fold times that of wild-type cells, while they accumulated less than half the tyrosine. The activity of prephenate dehydrogenase (PDG) (EC 1.3.1.12) was markedly decreased while that of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) was increased. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutation occurred at the TYR1 locus, encoding PDG, and that the mutated TYR1 gene, tyr1-pfp, caused both PFP resistance and β-phenethyl-alcohol overproduction. This was supported by molecular genetic studies with cloned tyr1-pfp DNA.
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    Isolation and characterization of S. cerevisiae mutants deficient in amino acid-inducible peptide transport (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 457-463 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Peptides ; Transport ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transport of small peptides into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to complex regulatory control. In an effort to determine the number, and to address the function, of the components involved in peptide transport and its regulation, spontaneous mutants resistant to toxic di- and tripeptides were isolated under inducing conditions. Twenty-four mutant strains were characterized in detail and fell into two phenotypic groups; one group deficient in amino acid-inducible peptide uptake, the other with a pleiotropic phenotype including a loss of peptide transport. Complementation analysis of recessive mutations in 12 of these strains defĩned three groups; ptr1 (nine strains), ptr2 (two strains), and ptr3 (one strain). Isolation and screening of 31 additional N-methyl-N-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced, peptide transport-deficient mutants produced one ptr3 and 30 ptr2 strains: no additional complementation groups were detected. Uptake of radiolabeled dileucine was negligible in ptr1 and ptr2 strains and was reduced by 65% and 90% in the two ptr3 mutants, indicating that all strains were defective at the transport step. We conclude that the S. cerevisiae amino acid-inducible peptide transport system recognizes a broad spectrum of peptide substrates and involves at least three components. One gene, PTR3, may play an indirect or regulatory role since mutations in this gene cause a pleiotropic phenotype.
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    Polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae mitodhondrial DNA (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 396-404 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Polymirphism ; Repeated sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A spontaneously arising mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae has been formed by two exta copies of a 14-bp sequence (TTAATTAAATTATC) being added to a tandem repeat of this unit. Similar polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences have been found in a comparison between mtDNAs from our strain and others. In 5850 bp of intergenic mtDNA squence, polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences of three or more base pairs occur approximately every 400–500 bp whereas differences in 1–2 bp occur approximately every 60 bp. Some polymorphisms are associated wit optional G+C-rich sequences (GC clusters). Two such optional GC clusters and one A+T repeat polymorphism have been discovered in the tRNA synthesis locus. In addition, the variable presence of large open reading frames are documented and mechanisms for generating intergenic sequence diversity inS. cerevisiae mtDNA are discussed.
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    Sequence rearrangements at theori 7 region ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial DNA (1991)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 439-442 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; ori ; rep ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Threeori elements (ori 2,ori 5, andori 7) have been sequenced inSaccharomyces cerevisiae strain Dip 2 and compared to the equivalentori elements of a second strain (B). Bothori 2 andori 5 exhibit 98% base matching between strains Dip 2 and B. In contrast, the thirdori element (ori 7) exhibits extensive sequence rearrangements whereby a segment located downstream in the consensus strain occurs within theori structure in Dip 2. This represents a novel polymorphic form of the yeast mitochondrial genome.
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    Chrysophyte stomatocyst taxonomy — classification of snowflakes? (1991)
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    Journal of paleolimnology 6 (1991), S. 257-260 
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    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Chrysophyceae ; stomatocysts ; biogenic silica deposition ; polymer gels ; surface pattern ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The utility of classifying chrysophyte stomatocysts by their characteristic honeycomb and ridge patterns is questioned, because a strikingly similar expanding pattern appears on the surface of ionized polymer gels during osmotical swelling as a result of simple physical forces. The rapid accumulation of silicate into a spherical cyst inside a chrysophyte cell appears to be as a physical process sufficiently similar to result in an analogous pattern in microscopic scale. Chrysophyte stomatocysts that possess honeycomb or ridge patterns could be regarded as ‘frozen moments’ of the pattern evolution during the silicate gel phase. As a consequence, such structures should have little taxonomical value.
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    Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Exophiala jeanselmei and Exophiala dermatitidis (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 110 (1990), S. 107-112 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: DNA ; Exophiala dermatitidis ; Exophiala gougerotii ; Exophiala jeanselmei ; mitochondria ; restriction profiles ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis with Hae III, Hind. III and Msp I was performed in 45 Exophiala jeanselmei strains (30 Phialophora jeanselmei and 15 Phialophora gougerotii strains) and 31 Exophiala dermatitidis strains. The results were as follows, 1) P. jeanselmei and P. gougerotii are identical, 2) E. jeanselmei is classified into 18 types based on restriction profiles, 3) two strains of E. jeanselmei CBS 577.76 and CBS 578.76 are identified as E. dermatitidis, 4) E. dermatitidis has no intraspecific variation and is definitely distinct from E. jeanselmei, 5) E. jeanselmei is suggested to be a complex organism because of extensive mtDNA polymorphism.
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    Numerical taxonomy of fluorescent Pseudomonas associated with tomato roots (1990)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57 (1990), S. 223-236 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: fluorescent Pseudomonas ; root associated ; siderophores ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phenetic taxonomy of 110 fluorescent bacterial strains, isolated from the roots of tomatoes and other plants was numerically studied through 97 features including 69 assimilation tests. Thirty-two reference strains of various Pseudomonas spp. were additionally included. The strains clustered into 16 clusters at the 74% similarity level when using Jaccard similarity coefficients. Almost all field strains belonged to the P. fluorescens/P. putida-complex while none clustered with P. syringae and allied bacteria. The biovar II branch, as well as the newly described biovar VI of P. fluorescens, made up 55% and 20% respectively, of the field strains; two % were allocated to P. fluorescens biovar I and three % to biovar IV. Eleven % of the root associated strains were designated P. putida; six strains were biovar A, three strains biovar B while four strains could not be referred to any known biovar. The continuum within the P. fluorescens/P. putida-complex as well as the taxonomic status of the six biovars of P. fluorescens and the three biovars of P. putida are discussed.
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    Zygozyma smithiae sp.n. (Lipomycetaceae), a new ambrosia yeast from Southern Africa (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 58 (1990), S. 95-98 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Zygozyma smithiae ; Lipomycetaceae ; ambrosia yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of the genus Zygozyma, Z. smithiae, was recovered from frass of the ambrosia beetle, Crossotarsus externedentatus in Northern Natal. A description of the new species and key to the genus are given.
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    Arxula gen. nov. (Candidaceae), a new anamorphic, arthroconidial yeast genus (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57 (1990), S. 59-61 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Arxula ; Candidaceae ; yeasts ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The new genus Arxula is proposed for the classification of xerotolerant, ascomycetous, anamorphic, arthroconidial yeasts. The genus is considered to be of endomycetaceous affinity.
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    Kurtzmanomyces tardus sp. nov., a new anamorphic yeast species of basidiomycetous affinity (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 58 (1990), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: basidiomycetous yeasts ; Kurtzmanomyces tardus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new yeast species of basidiomycetous affinity Kurtzmanomyces tardus was isolated from contaminated demineralized water. It differs from K. nectairii, the only other Kurtzmanomyces species so far described, in its carbon assimilation pattern and low DNA-DNA homology (2.3%±2.1).
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    Thaumatomyrmex strips millipedes for prey: a novel predatory behaviour in ants, and the first case of sympatry in the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Thaumatomyrmex ; taxonomy ; comparative morphology ; predation ; Polyxenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We describe, for the first time, the predatory behaviour ofThaumatomyrmex ants on millipedes of the family Polyxenidae, based on field observations ofT. atrox and a field and laboratory study ofT. contumax. The capture of the prey and the removal process of its body-covering setae by the ants before they eat the millipede are described. This specialized behaviour in at least two species of the genus, belonging to two distinct groups of species, indicates a general trend inThaumatomyrmex. We coupled this study with a comparative morphological analysis of the mouthparts and digestive tube of these and otherThaumatomyrmex species. Also, we report the first case of sympatry in the genus, which suggests thatThaumatomyrmex includes several species, and not only one highly variable taxon, as hypothetized earlier.
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    Chemical mutagenesis and DNA synthesis in cdc8, a DNA replication mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 471-474 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA replication ; Chemical mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Incubation of cdc8 mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in YPD under permissive conditions, when DNA replication is taking place, prior to transfer to restrictive conditions, strongly stimulates induction of cdc + colonies of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS)- and methyl methane sulphonate (MMS)-treated yeast strains HB23 (cdc8-1/cdc8-3), HB26 (cdc8-3/cdc8-3) and HB7 (cdc8-1/cdc8-1). After diepoxybutane (DEB) treatment, both the induction of cdc + colonies and their stimulation after incubation in YPD under permissive conditions is low. The results obtained show that stimulation of induction of cdc + colonies under permissive conditions occurs not only after UV-treatment, but also after treatment with such mutagens as EMS and MMS.
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    Evidence that an endo-exonuclease controlled by the NUC2 gene functions in the induction of ‘petite’ mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 39-44 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Petite mutation ; NUC2 nuclease ; Yeast ; RAD52 ; Ethidium bromide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Defects in the RAD52 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduce the levels of the NUC2 endo-exonuclease by approximately 90% compared to the levels in wild-type strains. To examine the potential role of this nuclease in the induction of mitochondrial ‘petite’ mutations, congenic RAD52 and rad52-1 haploids were subjected to treatment with ethidium bromide, a well-known inducer of these mutations. The rad52 strain showed a much higher resistance to ethidium bromide-induced petite formation than the corresponding wild-type strain. Two approaches were taken to confirm that this finding reflected the nuclease deficiency, and not some other effect attributable to the rad52-1 mutation. First, a multicopy plasmid (YEp213-10) carrying NUC2 was transformed into a RAD52 strain. This resulted in an increased fraction of spontaneous petite mutations relative to that seen for the same strain without the plasmid and sensitized the strain carrying the plasmid to peptite induction by ethidium bromide treatment. Second, a strain having a nuc2 allele that encodes a temperaturesensitive nuclease was treated with ethidium bromide at the restrictive and permissive temperatures. Petite induction was reduced under restrictive conditions. Enzyme assays revealed that the RAD52 (YEp213-10) strain had the highest level of antibody-precipitable NUC2 endo-exonuclease whereas the nuc2 and rad52 mutants had the lowest levels. Furthermore, addition of ethidium bromide to the reaction mixture stimulated the activity of the nuclease on double-stranded DNA. Peptite induction by antifolate-mediated thymine nucleotide depletion was also inhibited by inactivation of RAD52 indicating that the effect of reduced NUC2 endo-exonuclease was not restricted to ethidium bromide treatment. Taken collectively, these results indicate that the NUC2 gene product functions in the production of mitochondrial petite mutations.
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    Ethanol improves the transformation efficiency of intact yeast cells (1991)
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    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 1-3 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Transformation ; Ethanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A technique is described in which ethanol is used to improve the genetic transformation of intact yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells pretreated with LiAc and PEG. Transformation efficiency was increased with increasing concentrations of ethanol with a peak at 10% concentration. The effect varies with different yeast strains and plasmids and up to a maximum of a 15-fold increase was observed.
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    The TSM1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae overlaps the MAT locus (1991)
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    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; TSM1 sequence ; Essential gene ; MAT distal cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned the region from MAT to THR4 on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the region is only 15 kb, the two loci are genetically separated by 22 cM. This is in sharp contrast to the very low level of recombination (2 cM in 22 kb) that is observed in the adjacent CRY1-MAT interval, and suggests that there may be a “hot spot” for recombination in the MAT-THR4 region. The DNA sequence of the first 4.4 kb distal to MAT reveals an open reading frame that we have identified as the essential gene, TSM1. Surprisingly, the TSM1 open reading frame of 1 410 amino acids extends into the MAT locus, such that the 3′-end of the MATα1 transcript ends 15 bp from the 3′-end of the TSM1 open reading frame.
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    Complex interaction of yeast nuclear proteins with the enhancer/promoter region of SV40 (1991)
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    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 359-363 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Enhancer ; Transcriptional elements ; Transcriptional factors ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Though highly complex enhancers found in animal cells have not been reported to occur in yeasts they are able to activate the transcription of adjacent genes in yeast cells. Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses a large number of nuclear proteins that are able to recognize, and specifically bind to, the enhancer sequences of the SV40 animal tumor virus. The complexity of proteins that interact with different elements of the animal enhancers is similar in yeast and animal cell nuclear extracts. Most enhancer motifs, recognized by known trans-acting factors, are protected in footprinting experiments by yeast nuclear proteins.
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    Isolation and primary structure of the ERG9 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding squalene synthetase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 365-372 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ergosterol ; Squalene synthetase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ERG9 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by complementation of the erg9-1 mutation which affects squalene synthetase. From the 5kkb insert isolated, the functional gene has been localized on a DNA fragment of 2.5 kb. The presence of squalene synthetase activity in E. coli bearing the yeast DNA fragment isolated, indicates that the structural gene encoding squalene synthetase has been cloned. The sequence of the 2.5 kb fragment contains an open reading frame which could encode a protein of 444 amino acids with a deduced relative molecular mass of 51 600. The amino acid sequence reveals one to four potential transmembrane domains with a hydrophobic segment in the C-terminal region. The N-terminus of the deduced protein strongly resembles the signal sequence of yeast invertase suggesting a specific mechanism of integration into the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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    Evolutionarily recent transfer of a group I mitochondrial intron to telomere regions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 411-415 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Intron ; Telomere ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The junctions between X and Y′ subtelomeric repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae usually contain a stretch of telomere sequences, (G1–3T)n. Two of three cloned X-Y′ junctions from strain YP1 have a replacement of about 200 bp of X, the internal telomere sequence, and 49 bp of Y′ by a 292 bp sequence. The first 227 bp of this insertion sequence are 100% identical to the fourth intron of cytochrome b. The rest of the insertion has homology to an unknown dispersed nuclear sequence. Recombination among subtelomeric regions can explain the nuclear distribution of this sequence and why telomeres can trap and maintain sequences that would otherwise be lost.
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    AUG codons in the RNA leader sequences of the yeast PET genes CBS1 and SCO1 have no influence on translation efficiency (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 465-469 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: In vitro mutagenesis ; PET-genes ; RNA-leader ; Ribosomal scanning ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report that the major transcription start sites of the yeast PET gene SCO1 are located at positions-149 and -125 relative to the AUG initiation codon of the SCO1 reading frame. The leader sequences of the resulting mRNAs possess a single AUG codon at position-49, which initiates a short open reading frame of three amino acids. The recent finding of a similar situation in the case of the PET gene CBS1 prompted us to address the question as to whether these AUG codons might play some role in the expression of these PET genes. After removal of the upstream AUG codons by site-directed mutagenesis, expression was monitored by use of lacZ fusions and compared to the respective wildtype constructs. Our data show that under all growth conditions tested the leader-contained AUG initiation codons have no significant influence on the expression of both PET genes.
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    Proliferation and metabolic significance of peroxisomes in Candida boidinii during growth on d-alanine or oleic acid as the sole carbon source (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 153 (1990), S. 485-489 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida boidinii ; Yeast ; Peroxisomes ; β-Oxidation ; d-Amino acid oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the induction of peroxisomes in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii by d-alanine and oleic acid. The organism was able to utilize each of these compounds as the sole carbon source and grew with growth rates of μ=0.20 h-1 (on d-alanine) or μ=0.43 h-1 (on oleic acid). Growth was associated with the development of many peroxisomes in the cells. On d-alanine a cluster of tightly interwoven organelles was observed which made up 6.3% of the cytoplasmic volume and were characterized by the presence of d-amino acid oxidase and catalase. On oleic acid rounded to elongated peroxisomes were dominant which were scattered throughout the cytoplasm. These organelles contained increased levels of β-oxidation enzymes; their relative volume fraction amounted 12.8% of the cytoplasmic volume.
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    Purification and characterization of a (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 267-273 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; (R)-2,3-Butanediol dehydrogenase ; Stereospecificity ; Gas chromatographic analysis of enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A NAD-dependent (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.4), selectively catalyzing the oxidation at the (R)-center of 2,3-butanediol irrespective of the absolute configuration of the other carbinol center, was isolated from cell extracts of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification was achieved by means of streptomycin sulfate treatment, Sephadex G-25 filtration, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, affinity chromatography on Matrex Gel Blue A and Superose 6 prep grade chromatography leading to a 70-fold enrichment of the specific activity with 44% yield. Analysis of chiral products was carried out by gas chromatographic methods via pre-chromatographic derivatization and resolution of corresponding diasteromeric derivatives. The enzyme was capable to reduce irreversibly diacetyl (2,3-butanediol) to (R)-acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) and in a subsequent reaction reversibly to (R,R)-2,3-butanediol using NADH as coenzyme. 1-Hydroxy-2-ketones and C5-acyloins were also accepted as substrates, whereas the enzyme was inactive towards the reduction of acetone and dihydroxyacetone. The relative molecular mass (M r) of the enzyme was estimated as 140 000 by means of gel filtration. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel the protein decomposed into 4 (identical) subunits of M r 35 000. Optimum pH was 6.7 for the reduction of acetoin to 2,3-butanediol and 7.2 for the reverse reaction.
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    Killer toxin of Hanseniaspora uvarum (1990)
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    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 175-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Killer toxin ; Hanseniaspora uvarum ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum liberates a killer toxin lethal to sensitive strains of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Secretion of this killer toxin was inhibited by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-glycosylation, although the mature killer protein did not show any detectable carbohydrate structures. Culture supernatants of the killer strain were concentrated by ultrafiltration and the extracellular killer toxin was precipitated with ethanol and purified by ion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE of the electrophoretically homogenous killer protein indicated an apparent molecular mass of 18,000. Additional investigations of the primary toxin binding sites within the cell wall of sensitive yeast strains showed that the killer toxin of Hanseniaspora uvarum is bound by β-1, 6-d-glucans.
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    13C NMR analysis of production and accumulation of osmoregulatory metabolites in the salt-tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii (1990)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 209-214 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: 13C NMR spectroscopy ; Yeast ; Debaryomyces hansenii ; Osmoregulation ; Compatible solute ; Salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High resolution 13C NMR combined with chemical analysis were used to study the formation of metabolites from [1-13C]-labelled glucose by the salt-tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii after transfer to media containing 8% NaCl. Time course spectroscopy of an aerobic cell suspension showed [1,3-13C]glycerol as the predominant end product. Perchloric acid extracts revealed additional less prominent incorporation of label into arabinitol, trehalose, glutamic acid, and alanine. The incorporation into trehalose and arabinitol showed a transient increase after shift to the high salinity medium. It is concluded that glycerol and arabinitol are the major organic solutes in D. hansenii, the production of glycerol being strongly induced by high salinity. Analysis of labelled extracts of D. hansenii after transfer to 8% NaCl media containing [1-13C]- or [6-13C]glucose, demonstrated that glucose is dissimilated via a combination of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway, with the former playing a major role in glycerol formation and the latter in arabinitol production. The almost exclusive labelling of C5 of arabinitol from [6-13C]glucose indicates that the pathway to arabinitol proceeds via reduction of ribulose-5-phosphate.
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    Absence of glucose-induced cAMP signaling in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants cat1 and cat3 which are deficient in derepression of glucose-repressible proteins (1990)
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    Archives of microbiology 154 (1990), S. 199-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: cAMP ; Cat mutants ; Glucose repression ; Glucose-induced ; Intracellular pH ; Ras ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Signal transduction ; Trehalase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of glucose to derepressed cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces a transient, specific cAMP signal. Intracellular acidification in these cells, as caused by addition of protonophores like 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) causes a large, lasting increase in the cAMP level. The effect of glucose and DNP was investigated in glucose-repressed wild type cells and in cells of two mutants which are deficient in derepression of glucose-repressible proteins, cat1 and cat3. Addition of glucose to cells of the cat3 mutant caused a transient increase in the cAMP level whereas cells of the cat1 mutant and in most cases also repressed wild type cells did not respond to glucose addition with a cAMP increase. The glucose-induced cAMP increase in cat3 cells and the cAMP increase occasionally present in repressed wild type cells however could be prevented completely by addition of a very low level of glucose in advance. In derepressed wild type cells this does not prevent the specific glucose-induced cAMP signal at all. These results indicate that repressed cells do not show a true glucose-induced cAMP signal. When DNP was added to glucose-repressed wild type cells or to cells of the cat1 and cat3 mutants no cAMP increase was observed. Addition of a very low level of glucose before the DNP restored the cAMP increase which points to lack of ATP as the cause for the absence of the DNP effect. These data show that intracellular acidification is able to enhance the cAMP level in repressed cells. The glucose-induced artefactual increase occasionally observed in repressed cells is probably caused by the fact that their low intracellular pH is only restored after the ATP level has increased to such an extent that it is no longer limiting for cAMP synthesis. It is unclear why the artefactual increases are not always observed. Measurement of glucose- and DNP-induced activation of trehalase confirmed the physiological validity of the changes observed in the cAMP level. Our results are consistent with the idea that the glucose-induced signaling pathway contains a glucose-repressible protein and that the protein is located before the point where intracellular acidification triggers activation of the pathway.
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    A critical comparison ofGracilaria chilensis andG. sordida (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 375-382 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; taxonomy ; organellar DNA restriction ; anatomy ; chromosome number ; interfertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gracilaria chilensis Bird, McLachlanet Oliveira from Chile andG. sordida Nelson from New Zealand have been compared with respect to reproductive anatomy, chromosome number, interfertility, and organellar DNA restriction profiles. No differences were found in reproductive anatomy, which in these species is distinguished by deeptextorii-type spermatangial conceptacles and prominent tubular nutritive cells directed only to the floor of the cystocarp. The species share a chromosome number ofn = 24 and are readily interfertile. Electrophoretic profiles of organellar DNA digested with four different restriction endonucleases were virtually identical between the species except for bands that represented accompanying plasmids. However, previous research has indicated that the four plasmid bands inG. chilensis and the single one inG. sordida have a common origin. On these groundsG. chilensis andG. sordida are
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    Representations of the Natural System in the Nineteenth century (1991)
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    Biology and philosophy 6 (1991), S. 255-274 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Classification ; diagrams ; evolution ; history ; natural history ; natural system ; ornithology ; phylogeny ; representation ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract ‘The Natural System’ is the abstract notion of the order in living diversity. The richness and complexity of this notion is revealed by the diversity of representations of the Natural System drawn by ornithologists in the Nineteenth Century. These representations varied in overall form from stars, to circles, to maps, to evolutionary trees and cross-sections through trees. They differed in their depiction of affinity, analogy, continuity, directionality, symmetry, reticulation and branching, evolution, and morphological convergence and divergence. Some representations were two-dimensional, and some were three-dimensional; n-dimensional representations were discussed but never illustrated. The study of diagrammatic representations of the Natural System is made difficult by the frequent failure of authors to discuss them in their texts, and by the consequent problem of distinguishing features which carried meaning from arbitrary features and printing conventions which did not. Many of the systematics controversies of the last thirty years have their roots in the conceptual problems which surrounded the Natural System in the late 1800s, problems which were left unresolved when interest in higher-level systematics declined at the turn of this century.
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    Systematics ofJusticia sect.Pentaloba (Acanthaceae) (1990)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 219-235 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia ; Siphonoglossa ; Cytology ; flavonoids ; systematics ; taxonomy ; generic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of the four taxa ofSiphonoglossa sect.Pentaloba toJusticia is proposed. It is shown that the taxa of this section were placed inSiphonoglossa primarily because of a single-character phenetic relationship and that they correctly belong inJusticia. In addition to morphology, data from cytology and flavonoid chemistry are also presented that support this intergeneric transfer. A key to the taxa and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the section are provided.
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    TFS1: A suppressor of cdc25 mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 230 (1991), S. 241-250 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Adenylyl cyclase ; CDC25 ; RAS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The TFS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a dosage-dependent suppressor of cdc25 mutations. Overexpression of TFS1 does not alleviate defects of temperature-sensitive adenylyl cyclase (cdc35) or ras2 disruption mutations. The ability of TFS1 to suppress cdc25 is allele specific: the temperature-sensitive cdc25-1 mutation is suppressed efficiently but the cdc25-5 mutation and two disruption mutations are only partially suppressed. TFS1 maps to a previously undefined locus on chromosome XII between RDN1 and CDC42. The DNA sequence of TFS1 contains a single long open reading frame encoding a 219 amino acid polypeptide that is similar in sequence to two mammalian brain proteins. Insertion and deletion mutations in TFS1 are haploviable, indicating that TFS1 is not essential for growth.
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    Expression of the yeast DNA primase gene, PRI1, is regulated within the mitotic cell cycle and in meiosis (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 221 (1990), S. 44-48 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cell cycle ; Meiosis ; DNA primase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitotic cultures synchronised either by a feed-starve protocol or by elutriation have been used to show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA primase I gene is periodically expressed in the cell cycle. The transcript increases many-fold in late G1 and reaches a peak at the same time as four other genes essential for DNA synthesis, CDC8, CDC9, CDC21 and POL1. The primase I transcript is also regulated in meiosis, reaching maximal levels during premeiotic DNA synthesis.
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    Initiation of meiosis and sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires a novel protein kinase homologue (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 221 (1990), S. 176-186 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Sporulation ; Northern hybridization ; Regulatory circuit ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary SME1 was cloned due to its high copy number effect: it enabled MATα/MATα diploid cells to undergo meiosis and sporulation in a vegetative medium. Disruption of SME1 resulted in a recessive Spo− phenotype. These results suggest that SME1 is a positive regulator for meiosis. DNA sequencing analysis revealed an open reading frame of 645 amino acids. An amino terminal peptide of ca 400 amino acids in the deduced protein was similar to known protein kinases. Transcription of SME1 was regulated negatively by nitrogen and glucose and positively by MATα/MATα and IME1, another positive regulator gene of meiosis. By complementation analysis, SME1 was found to be identical to IME2, which had been shown to be important in meiosis. These results suggest that IME1 product stimulates meiosis by activating transcription of SME1 (IME2) and that protein phosphorylation is required for initiation of meiosis.
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    The yeast mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase is a splicing factor for the excision of several group I introns (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 224 (1990), S. 209-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ; RNA splicing ; Group I introns ; RNA maturase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene NAM2 codes for mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase (mLRS). Herbert et al. (1988, EMBO J 7:473–483) proposed that this protein is involved in mitochondrial RNA splicing. Here we present the construction and analyses of nine mutations obtained by creating two-codon insertions within the NAM2 gene. Three of these prevent respiration while maintaining the mitochondrial genome. These three mutants: (1) display in vitro a mLRS activity ranging from 0%–50% that of the wild type: (2) allow in vivo the synthesis of several mitochondrially encoded proteins; (3) prevent the synthesis of the COXII protein but not of its mRNA; (4) abolish the splicing of the group I introns bI4 and aI4; and (5) affect significantly the excision of the group I introns bI2, bI3 and aI3. Importation of the bI4 maturase from the cytoplasm into mitochondria in a nam2 − mutant strain does not restore the excision of the introns bI4 and aI4 implying that the splicing deficiency does not result from the absence of the bI4 maturase. We conclude that the mLRS is a splicing factor essential for the excision of the group I introns bI4 and aI4 and probably important for the excision of other group I introns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271554
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    Genome organization of the linear plasmid, pSKL, isolated from Saccharomyces kluyveri (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Linear plasmid ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Kluyveromyces lactis ; Killer plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the linear DNA plasmid, pSKL, isolated from Saccharomyces kluyveri. Sequence analysis showed that pSKL has a high (A+T) content of 71.7%, and that there are 10 open reading frames (ORFs) larger than 250 nucleotides. All 10 ORFs were shown to be transcribed in S. kluyveri cells by S1 nuclease mapping analysis. The localization of ORFs, direction of transcription, and the predicted amino acid sequences of each ORF were quite similar to that of pGKL2, one of the killer plasmids found in Kluyveromyces lactis. The amino acid sequences of the largest two ORFs (ORF2 and ORF6) have homology with several DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273592
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    Characterization of products of TY1-mediated reverse transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 145-153 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Retrotransposons ; Reverse transcription ; Ty elements ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transposition of the yeast transposable element, Ty, has been shown to require a reverse transcription process. By analysing the extrachromosomal Tyspecific nucleic acid molecules associated with overproduced Ty virus-like particles (Ty-VLPs), we identified several reverse transcribed cDNA strands. Most of them resemble the characteristic intermediates of the reverse transcription process described for authentic retroviruses: a (−) strong-stop DNA strand covalently bound to an RNA primer, two elongated (−) strands with one or two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences and a (+) strong-stop DNA. Surprisingly, complete (+) strands and full-length linear duplex Ty DNA could not be detected. The structural features of two additional (÷) strands may indicate some differences between the mechanisms of (+) strand synthesis in Ty and other retrotransposons or retroviruses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273598
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    Characterization of the yeast ARG5,6 gene: determination of the nucleotide sequence, analysis of the control region and of ARG5,6 transcript (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 154-166 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Arginine ; Sequence ; Regulation ; Control region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the ARG5,6 gene encodes acetylglutamyl-P reductase and acetylglutamate kinase, two arginine anabolic enzymes which are localized in the mitochondria. The synthesis of both enzymes is co-ordinately controlled by arginine and by three regulatory proteins (ARGRI, ARGRII, and ARGRIII). The ARG5,6 gene was cloned by complementation of an arg5 mutant strain. A subclone containing an EcoRI fragment of about 3.2 kb which complements the arginine requirement was sequenced. This 3163 by sequence contains only one long open reading frame of 2589 nucleotides encoding a protein of 863 amino acids. The size of this protein is in agreement with the length of the unique transcript determined by Northern hybridization. The measurements of ARG5,6 mRNA under various regulatory conditions show no correlation with the enzyme levels. As in other arginine biosynthetic and catabolic genes, the regulation by arginine through the three ARGR proteins thus involves a post-transcriptional control mechanism. By in vitro mutagenesis we created point mutations and deletions in the 5′ non-coding region of the ARG5,6 gene which allowed us to define the primary target of ARGR control. Specific regulation involves two regions: one located between the putative TATA element and the transcriptional initiation site and the second between this site and the first ATG.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273599
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    Immunological identification of yeast SCO1 protein as a component of the inner mitochondrial membrane (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 229 (1991), S. 413-420 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: SCO1 ; Cytochrome oxidase ; Membrane protein ; Mitochondria ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The SCO1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a 30 kDa protein which is specifically required for a post-translational step in the accumulation of subunits 1 and 2 of cytochrome c oxidase (COXI and COXII). Antibodies directed against a β-Gal::SCO1 fusion protein detect SCO1 in the mitochondrial fraction of yeast cells. The SCO1 protein is an integral membrane protein as shown by its resistance to alkaline extraction and by its solubilization properties upon treatment with detergents. Based on the results obtained by isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation and by digitonin treatment of mitochondria, SCO1 is a component of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Membrane localization is mediated by a stretch of 17 hydrophobic amino acids in the amino-terminal region of the protein. A truncated SCO1 derivative lacking this segment, is no longer bound to the membrane and simultaneously loses its biological function. The observation that membrane localization of SCO1 is affected in mitochondria of a rho 0 strain, hints at the possible involvement of mitochondrially coded components in ensuring proper membrane insertion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00267464
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    TheSaccharomyces cerevisiae NPR1 gene required for the activity of ammonia-sensitive amino acid permeases encodes a protein kinase homologue (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 222 (1990), S. 393-399 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: General amino acid permease ; Protein kinase ; Serine-rich protein ; Transport protein ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary TheNPR1 gene ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae plays a central role in controlling permease activity; its product is required to promote the activity of at least six distinct transport systems for nitrogenous nutrients under conditions of nitrogen catabolite derepression. We report here the nucleotide sequence of the clonedNPR1 gene. The predicted amino acid sequence indicates thatNPR1 encodes a protein of 86 kDa which appears to be organized into two distinct structural domains. The amino-terminal domain of NPR1 (residues 1 to 440) contains 26% serine residues and several regions strongly enriched for PEST residues suggesting a short half-life for the NPR1 protein. The carboxy-terminal region of NPR1 contains consensus sequences characteristic of the catalytic domains of protein kinases. Therefore, NPR1-dependent positive control of nitrogen transport systems most likely involves protein phosphorylation. Northern analysis indicates that the absence of general amino acid permease (GAP1) activity innpr1 mutants is not due to reduction in transcription or messenger stability. Hence, the NPR1 protein probably acts at the post-transcriptional level. Proteins that may serve as substrates for phosphorylation are discussed.
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    Functional analysis of ARGRI and ARGRIII regulatory proteins involved in the regulation of arginine metabolism inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 222 (1990), S. 192-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Arginine ; Regulatory protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We present here a functional analysis of ARGRI and ARGRIII regulatory proteins which are involved together with ARGRII in specific regulation of arginine anabolic and catabolic pathways. Unlike ARGRII, ARGRI and ARGRIII have no transcriptional activation capacity. The first 60 amino acids of ARGRI (out of 177) are dispensable for its activity. The functional domain of the protein is located in the region of homology with MCM1 and SRF proteins. ARGRIII contains in its C-terminal portion a stretch of 17 aspartate residues which are indispensable for arginine regulation. Gene disruption of theARGRIII gene impairs the growth of the mutant on rich medium, showing that ARGRIII has a pleiotropic role in the cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00633817
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    Magnification of the rDNA cluster in Kluyveromyces lactis (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 223 (1990), S. 342-344 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: rRNA genes ; Growth rate ; Yeast ; Pulsed field gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary By employing pulsed field gel electrophoresis we find that slow growing strains of Kluyveromyces lactis have only 43%–55% of the wild-type level of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats. When subjected to prolonged vegetative growth these strains can increase both the number of rDNA repeats and their growth rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265074
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    Identification of CBS2 as a mitochondrial protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 223 (1990), S. 394-400 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; CBS2 antibodies ; CBS2 protein ; In vitro import
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nuclear genome encoded yeast protein CBS2 is required for translational activation of mitochondrial cytochrome b RNA. Genetic studies have shown that the target sequence of the CBS2 protein is the 5′ untranslated leader sequence of cytochrome b RNA. Here we report on the intracellular localization of CBS2. CBS2 protein, expressed in Escherichia coli and prepared from inclusion bodies, was used as an antigen to raise a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Affinity-purified CBS2 antibodies detect a 45 kDa protein in mitochondrial lysates of wild-type cells, which is absent in a strain in which the CBS2 gene has been deleted. The protein is overexpressed in mitochondrial extracts of a transformant carrying the CBS2 gene on a high copy number plasmid, but undetectable in the post-mitochondrial supernatant. Intramitochondrial localization of CBS2 was verified by in vitro import of CBS2 protein that had been synthesized in a reticulocyte lysate programmed with CBS2 mRNA transcribed in vitro. Mitochondrial import of CBS2 is not accompanied by any detectable proteolytic processing.
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    Deletion analysis of the ARG4 promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisine: A poly(dAdT) stretch involved in gene transcription (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 223 (1990), S. 474-480 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Promoter ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; ARG4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transcription of the ARG4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by general control of amino acid biosynthesis but not by a specific regulatory mechanism. Three deletion mutants (ΔI, ΔII,, ΔIII) successively removing DNA sequences upstream from the coding sequence have been phenotypically analyzed after insertion into a single copy plasmid. As expected, ΔI, which lacks the sequences upstream to −155, including the two putative upstream activation sequences (UAS), was unable to derepress argininosuccinate lyase biosynthesis under conditions of amino acid starvation. In ΔII (deleted up to −126) the enzyme activity was very low and cells harbouring this allele were arginine dependent. These drastic phenotypic changes can be attributed to the loss of 12 out of 14 dA residues from positions −124 to −137. This poly (dAdT) sequence most likely serves as an upstream promoter element for constitutive expression of ARG4. The ΔIII deletion removes all 5′ sequences including the putative TATA box. This inactive allele has been successfully used for selecting yeast promoters of unknown origin.
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    Multicopy CUP1 plasmids enhance cadmium and copper resistance levels in yeast (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 225 (1991), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Metallothionein gene ; Cadmium resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 3.3 kb fragment of yeast genomic DNA was isolated by screening a genomic library constructed in the high copy number 2 micron plasmid YEp351 vector for clones capable of enhancing the degree of resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain MW3070-8B to cadmium. The insert contained two complete copies of the CUP1 gene open reading frame (183 bp), including the upstream promoter sequences (450 bp) with two conserved metal responsive cis-acting elements. Northern analysis showed that addition of cadmium (0.02 μM) or copper (50 μM) to overnight liquid cultures of yeast induced expression of CUP1 transcripts from both chromosomal and plasmid-borne gene copies. The cloned 3.3 kb DNA in a high copy number plasmid restored copper resistance to the sensitive strain LS70-313Δ, deleted for the CUP1 gene (cup1Δ), but failed to restore cadmium resistance. Thus, CUP1 gene expression in yeast appears to be influenced differently by cadmium and copper ions. Resistance to heavy metal poisoning resulted from enhanced gene product levels attributable to amplification of the CUP1 gene as well as to increased transcriptions. Two distinct gene product levels mediate cadmium and copper resistance; a higher gene product level was required to confer cadmium resistance.
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    Positive and negative elements upstream of the meiosis-specific glucoamylase gene in Saccbaromyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 383-392 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Sporulation ; Northern hybridization ; Regulatory circuit ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The SGA1 gene encoding glucoamylase is specifically expressed late in meiotic development of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that accumulation of both enzyme activity and transcripts was regulated negatively by both nutritional signals and a haploid-specific negative regulator gene of meiosis, RME1, and positively by the inducer genes for meiosis, IME1 and IME2. To study the role of sequences upstream of the SGA1 gene in its expression and regulation, we generated internal deletions in the 5′ non-coding region of the gene and chimeric genes with portions of the upstream sequence inserted into a reporter gene. By analyzing the expression of these genes, we have identified both a 19 by upstream activation sequence (UAS) and a 49 by negatively regulating element (NRE). The UAS activated transcription with no requirement for heterozygosity at the mating-type locus, but this activation was still under negative control by nutrients. The NRE showed no UAS-like activity but conferred IME2-dependent (or meiosis-specific) expression on a heterologous promoter. These results suggest that meiosis-specific expression of the SGA1 gene is established by a regulatory hierarchy including positive and negative factors, the actions of which are mediated through the two separate upstream regulatory elements, UAS and NRE, respectively. Also, that two independently acting cascades exist for the regulation of SGA1 expression: one transduces both the mating-type and nutritional signals and includes the IME2 product, which acts to relieve the repression through NRE ; and another transduces only the nutritional signal independently of the above pathway and inhibits positive factors acting on UAS.
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    Expression in yeast of a cDNA copy of the K2 killer toxin gene (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 227 (1991), S. 127-136 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Killer toxin ; Immunity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cDNA copy of the M2 dsRNA encoding the K2 killer toxin ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae was expressed in yeast using the yeastADH1 promoter. This construct produced K2-specific killing and immunity functions. Efficient K2-specific killing was dependent on the action of the KEX2 endopeptidase and the KEX1 carboxypeptidase, while K2-specific immunity was independent of these proteases. Comparison of the K2 toxin sequence with that of the K1 toxin sequence shows that although they share a common processing pathway and are both encoded by cytoplasmic dsRNAs of similar basic structure, the two toxins are very different at the primary sequence level. Site-specific mutagenesis of the cDNA gene establishes that one of the two potential KEX2 cleavage sites is critical for toxin action but not for immunity. Immunity was reduced by an insertion of two amino acids in the hydrophobic amino-terminal region which left toxin activity intact, indicating an independence of toxin action and immunity.
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    Mitochondrial mutations restricting spontaneous translational frameshift suppression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 227 (1991), S. 306-317 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Frameshift ; Suppression ; Restriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The +1 frameshift mutation, M5631, which is located in the gene (oxi1) for cytochrome c oxidase II (COXII) of the yeast mitochondrial genome, is suppressed spontaneously to a remarkably high extent (20%–30%). The full-length wild-type COXII produced as a result of suppression allows the mutant strain to grow with a “leaky” phenotype on non-fermentable medium. In order to elucidate the factors and interactions involved in this translational suppression, the strain with the frameshift mutation was mutated by MnCl2 treatment and a large number of mutants showing restriction of the suppression were isolated. Of 20 mutants exhibiting a strong, restricted, respiration-deficient (RD) phenotype, 6 were identified as having mutations in the mitochondrial genome. Furthermore, genetic analyses mapped one mutation to the vicinity of the gene for tRNAPro and two others to a region of the tRNA cluster where two-thirds of all mitochondrial tRNA genes are encoded. The degree of restriction of the spontaneous frameshift suppression was characterized at the translational level by in vivo 35S-labeling of the mitochondrial translational products and immunoblotting. These results showed that in some of these mutant strains the frameshift suppression product is synthesized to the same extent as in the leaky parent strain. It is suggested that more than one +1 frame-shifted product is made as a result of suppression in these strains: one is as functional as the wild-type COXII, the other(s) is (are) non-functional and prevent leaky growth on non-fermentable medium. A possible mechanism for this heterogenous frameshift suppression is discussed.
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    Cytogenetic investigations onOenothera nutans (Onagraceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 69-80 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Onagraceae ; Oenothera sect.Oenothera subsect.Oenothera ; O. nutans ; Chromosomal analysis ; complex analysis ; structural heterozygosity ; complex heterozygosity ; taxonomy ; numerical taxonomy ; factor analysis ; reciprocal translocations ; Sifactors ; lethal factors ; sublethal factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oenothera nutans, common to the Appalachian Mts between 650 and 1 700 m altitude, was investigated cytogenetically and taxonomically. The species is permanently structurally heterozygous. It consists of two genomes of the B-type which are more or less indistinguishable phenotypically. Nearly all of the strains investigated possess a self-incompatibility factor in one of the two complexes. Both complexes show a close relationship to the predominantly homozygousO. grandiflora, a native of the southern lowlands.O. nutans andO. grandiflora possess the same plastid type, plastome III. Probably,O. nutans evolved by an accumulation of reciprocal translocations within an originally structurally homozygous population, which must be regarded ancestral to the present forms ofO. grandiflora.
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    Karyological studies inPelargonium sectt.Ciconium, Dibrachya, andJenkinsonia (Geraniaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 151-159 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyotype evolution ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pelargonium sect.Ciconium and sect.Dibrachya have a basic chromosome number of x = 9, whereas sect.Jenkinsonia has x = 9, 11, and 17.
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    Ribosomal RNA genes inQuercus spp. (Fagaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 172 (1990), S. 127-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Quercus ; Gene mapping ; ribosomal RNA genes ; rRNA/DNA hybridization ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy of the genusQuercus is still unclear. In order to elucidate the taxonomy of Mediterranean oaks we have analyzed ribosomal RNA genes ofQuercus cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. trojana, Q. ilex, Q. suber, andQ. macrolepis by means of Southern blot hybridization. Oak nuclear DNA was extracted from root tips of 300 acorns and from catkins of single plants. EcoRI and BamHI restriction endonucleases were used. DNA electrophoresis and rRNA/DNA hybridization were performed usingVicia faba rRNA 18 S and 25 S as probes. The rRNA genes of all the species studied have an identical restriction mapping in the 18 S and 25 S regions, while differences in length are present in the intergenic regions.Q. cerris possesses at least four types of genes of 12.1, 11.5, 8.5, and 8.3 kb;Q. coccifera at least three types of 12.4, 10.4, and 10.1 kb;Q. trojana possesses the same rRNA genes asQ. cerris plus another gene type 12.0 kb long, with EcoRI and BamHI restriction sites in the intergenic spacer;Q. ilex at least three types of 12.4, 10.85, and 9.5 kb;Q. suber at least five types of 11.5, 11.0, 8.6, 8.5, and 8.3 kb;Q. macrolepis, finally, at least seven types of 11.5, 11.0, 10.2, 8.6, 8.5, 8.3, and 8.15 kb.Q. coccifera andQ. ilex rDNA appears quite different respect to other species examined, while high similarity seems to exist betweenQ. cerris, Q. trojana, Q. suber, andQ. macrolepis. These results are in agreement with the taxonomic model proposed bySchwarz for the genusQuercus.
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    Morphological and anatomical differentiation ofVellozia hirsuta populations (Velloziaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 197-208 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Velloziaceae ; Vellozia hirsuta ; Morphological and anatomical variation ; geographical differentiation ; taxonomy ; Flora of the campos rupestres ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphological and leaf anatomical differentiation ofVellozia hirsuta is analysed and classified into several types (A1, A2, A4, B3, B5, C3). The species has a relatively wide distribution in the campos rupestres of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The variation of the isolated populations on different mountain ranges is complex, does not follow a clear geographical pattern, and defies taxonomic classification.
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    Biostatistical studies on western EuropeanDactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)—theD. maculata group (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 55-72 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Dactylorhiza ; D. maculata ; D. fuchsii ; D. saccifera ; D. caramulensis ; Biostatistics ; multivariate analysis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Flora of Western-Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multivariate analysis tools are exploited on a data set composed of quantitative characteristics collected on 35 populations of plants of theDactylorhiza maculata (L.)Soó group from Western-Europe. These samples lead to four well-defined clusters; this, together with qualitative, cytological and ecological arguments, allows for the recognition of four specific entities:D. maculata s.str.,D. fuchsii (Druce)Soó,D. saccifera (Brongn.)Soó andD. caramulensis (Vermeulen)Tyteca. It is concluded that the floral characters play an essential role in the taxonomical distinction. It also appears that the set of characters measured, as well as the methods exploited, are especially well-suited and valuable tools for the morphological study of the genusDactylorhiza.
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    The morphology, taxonomy and evolution ofRhodocoma (Restionaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 139-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Restionaceae ; Rhodocoma ; Speciation ; phylogeny ; culm anatomy ; rhizome anatomy ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Flora of Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vegetative and reproductive morphology, culm and rhizome anatomy and seed surface micromorphology ofRhodocoma are described. It is shown that this variation is best contained by recognizing three new species in the genus. These new taxa are described, and the phylogeny of the genus is investigated by cladistic analysis. The environmental parameters and distributions of the species are related to the cladogram. This suggests that the species are at present ecologically separated, and indicates that the speciation may have been sympatric. This is the first support for the hypothesis that sympatric speciation may have been important in the speciose Cape flora.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937843
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    Variation patterns in a leaf beet (Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae) germplasm collection (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta bulgaris L ; Germplasm collections ; taxonomy ; single linkage cluster analysis ; principal component analysis ; variation patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the variation pattern in leaf beets. 42 biennial samples from a total of 74 entries were described by 17 characters. A group of presumably less selected leaf beets (group A) with narrow petioles was separated from more advanced cultivars by single linkage cluster (SLCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). SLCA sorted the more advanced cultivars into two groups (B and C) based on a simply inherited trait, the leaf colour. These two groups could virtually not be discerned by PCA. Group A contained germplasm similar to provar.vulgaris sensuHelm whereas accessions within group B and C did not easily fit into provar.flavescens. It seems that classical taxonomy does not predict the features of leaf beets precisely enough. It is suggested that this problem can be solved by replacing classical taxonomy in the case of leaf beets by a descriptive database.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937941
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    Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribeInuleae (Asteraceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 75-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae s. str. ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The interrelationships of the tribeInuleae s. str. have been analysed with a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as functional outgroup. The results are illustrated with a cladogram and a strict consensus tree. A detailed character discussion is presented. Descriptions of all genera are supplied with brief notes on distribution, references to chemical investigations, and chromosome numbers. Lists of recognized species are also presented in connection to each genus, respectively. 21 new combinations are made, one new genus,Xerolekia A. Anderb., is described,Mollera is reduced to a synonym ofCalostephane, and the genusDuhaldea is resuscitated.Anisopappus was found to be a paraphyletic basal group in the tribe. The paleate generaAsteriscus, Nauplius, Ighermia, Buphthalmum, andXerolekia form one monophyletic group,Inula and other, similar genera were found to constitute the ancestral complex of thePulicaria group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937947
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    Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribePlucheeae (Asteraceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 145-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Plucheeae ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tribePlucheeae (Benth.)A. Anderb., has been analysed cladistically by means of a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as outgroup. The results of the analysis are presented in a consensus tree and one cladogram. Four major monophyletic subgroups can be recognized: TheColeocoma group (3 genera), thePterocaulon group (3 genera), theLaggera group (6 genera), and thePluchea group (12 genera). All recognized genera are described and most genera are supplied with taxonomical notes including comments on their taxonomic status. Genera such asBlumea, Pluchea, andEpaltes are demonstrated to be unnatural assemblages.Monarrhenus andTessaria are both closely related to thePluchea complex. The old generic nameLitogyne Harv. has been taken up for one species ofEpaltes, the genusRhodogeron is reduced to a synonym ofSachsia, and the following new combinations are made;Litogyne gariepina (DC.)A. Anderb., andSachsia coronopifolia (Griseb.)A. Anderb.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937905
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    A taxonomic analysis of seed proteins inPinus spp.(Pinaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; Seed proteins ; SDS-PAGE ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed storage proteins have proved to be a powerful biochemical marker for taxonomic research, but they have not been extensively employed in forest tree studies. In order to improve the understanding of the taxonomy of the genusPinus, total seed proteins of 12 pine species have been analyzed by means of SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The results showed the presence, in the genusPinus, of two main sub-taxa, corresponding to the subgeneraHaploxylon andDiploxylon. Differences and affinities between Mediterranean pine species were found in agreement with classification ofKlaus (1989).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937981
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  • 88
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    The GAM1/SNF2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a highly charged nuclear protein required for transcription of the STA1 gene (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 270-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: SNF2 sequence ; Transcriptional regulator ; Gene expression ; Glucoamylase ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned and sequenced the GAM1 gene which is required for transcription of the STA1 gene encoding an extracellular glucoamylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. diastaticus. Complementation tests indicated that GAM1 is the same gene as SNF2 which is required for derepression of the SUC2 gene encoding invertase. Accumulation of SNF2 RNA was not regulated by the GAM2 and GAM3 genes which are also required for STA1 expression. The SNF2 gene was predicted to encode a 194 kDa highly charged protein with a glutamine-rich tract. A bifunctional SNF2-lacZ fusion protein was shown by immunofluorescence microscopy to be localized to the nucleus, suggesting that the SNF2 protein is located in the nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282476
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    The KNS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a nonessential protein kinase homologue that is distantly related to members of the CDC28/cdc2 gene family (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 229 (1991), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Protein kinase ; Yeast ; CDC28 ; Cell cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel protein kinase homologue (KNS1) has been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. KNS1 contains an open reading frame of 720 codons. The carboxy-terminal portion of the predicted protein sequence is similar to that of many other protein kinases, exhibiting 36% identity to the cdc2 gene product of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and 34% identity to the CDC28 gene product of S. cerevisiae. Deletion mutations were constructed in the KNS1 gene. kns1 mutants grow at the same rate as wild-type cells using several different carbon sources. They mate at normal efficiencies, and they sporulate successfully. No defects were found in entry into or exit from stationary phase. Thus, the KNS1 gene is not essential for cell growth and a variety of other cellular processes in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264206
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    Possible involvement of the yeast POLIII DNA polymerase in induced gene conversion (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 229 (1991), S. 353-356 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: DNA polymerase ; Gene conversion ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three different DNA polymerase complexes, POLI, POLII and POLIII, are known to be involved in DNA replication. The catalytic subunit of POLIII is encoded by the essential CDC2 gene. The existence of different thermosensitive non-complementing mutants of CDC2 offers the possibility of using a genetic approach to investigate the involvement of POLIII in induced gene conversion. When cdc2 heteroallelic cells were irradiated and incubated under restrictive conditions, almost no induction of thermoresistant cells could be detected, suggesting an essential role for POLIII in mitotic gene conversion events.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00267455
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  • 91
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    Association of cytochrome b translational activator proteins with the mitochondrial membrane: implications for cytochrome b expression in yeast (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 230 (1991), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Translational activation ; Cytochrome b ; Mitochondria ; Yeast ; CRS1 ; CBS2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The products of the nuclear genes CBS1 and CBS2 are both required for translational activation of mitochondrial apocytochrome b in yeast. We report the intramitochondrial localization of both proteins by use of specific antisera. Based on its solubilization properties the CBS1 protein is presumed to be a component of the mitochondrial membrane; the detergent concentrations needed to release CBS1 from mitochondria are almost the same as for cytochrome c 1. In contrast, CBS2 behaves like a soluble protein, with some characteristics of a membrane-associated protein. A model is presented for translational activation of cytochrome b, which might also be applicable to translational regulation of other mitochondrial genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290666
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    Repair of alkylation damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 221 (1990), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA alkylation ; DNA repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Repair of methylated bases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was measured by two methods: in vitro in cell extracts, and in vivo, by determining the loss of methylated bases from yeast DNA after treatment of stationary cultures with [3H]-N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Whereas no repair activity could be detected by the in vitro method, the methylated bases were removed in vivo very efficiently. These contradictory results of in vitro and in vivo repair measurements suggest that either the repair enzymes of yeast are sufficiently different from those of bacteria and mammalian cells that they are not active in the in vitro assay, or that methylated bases are repaired in yeast by a different pathway.
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    Transcription of two divergently transcribed yeast genes initiates at a common oligo(dA-dT) tract (1990)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 223 (1990), S. 438-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Transcription ; Promoter ; Oligo(dA-dT) stretch ; Gel shift assays ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oligo(dA-dT) tracts are frequently found in the intergenic regions of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and have been proposed to act as upstream promoter elements for constitutive transcription. An oligo(dA-dT) tract of 23 bp is also found as a characteristic sequence motif in the centre of the 230 by segment which separates the open reading frames of the CBS2 gene and its 5′-flanking gene on chromosome IV. Recently we have reported that transcription of CBS2 is initiated immediately adjacent to this oligo(dA-dT) tract (Michaelis et al. 1988). Here we report that the flanking gene of unknown function is divergently transcribed into an RNA with heterogeneous 5′ ends. Two of these 5′ ends map within the oligo(dA-dT) stretch, while the third is located upstream, leading to an RNA species which is partially complementary to the CBS2 transcript. Gel shift assays show that the oligo(dA-dT) stretch is specifically recognized by (a) binding factor(s) in nuclear extracts. We discuss these results with respect to the role of oligo(dA-dT) stretches in gene expression in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264451
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    Relative contributions of MCM1 and STE12 to transcriptional activation of a- and α-specific genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 227 (1991), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Transcription ; a- and α-specific genes ; MCM1 ; STE12
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have examined the relative contributions of MCM1 and STE12 to the transcription of the a-specific STE2 gene by using a 367 by fragment from the STE2 5′-noncoding region to drive expression of a reporter lacZ gene. Mutation of the MCM1 binding site destroyed MCM1 · α2-mediated repression in α cells and dramatically reduced expression in a cells. The residual expression was highly stimulated by exposure of cells to pheromone. Likewise, the loss of STE12 function reduced lacZ expression driven by the wild-type STE2 fragment. In the absence of both MCM1 and STE12 functions, no residual expression was observed. Thus, the STE2 fragment appears to contain two distinct upstream activation sequences (UASs), one that is responsible for the majority of expression in cells not stimulated by pheromone, and one that is responsible for increased expression upon pheromone stimulation. In further support of this idea, a chemically synthesized version of the STE2MCM1 binding site had UAS activity, but the activity was neither stimulated by pheromone nor reduced in ste12 mutants. Although transcription of aspecific genes also requires both MCM1 and STE12, these genes differ from a-specific genes in that they have a single, MCM1-dependent UAS system. The activity of the minimal 26 by UAS from the α-specific STE3 gene was both stimulated by pheromone and reduced in ste12 mutants. These data suggest that at α-specific genes STE12 and MCM1 exert their effects through a single UAS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259671
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    Mitochondrial inner membrane protease 1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows sequence similarity to the Escherichia coli leader peptidase (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Yeast ; Protein targeting ; PET2858 ; Inner membrane protease 1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nuclear yeast mutant pet ts2858 is defective in the removal of pre-sequences from the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COXII) and the processing intermediate of cytochrome b 2 (Cytb 2), a nuclear gene product. In order to identify the genetic lesion in this mutant we have cloned and characterized a DNA region which complements the pet ts2858 mutation. The DNA sequence revealed three open reading frames, one of which is responsible for the complementation. A 570 by reading frame represents the structural gene PET2858, as demonstrated by in vitro mutagenesis, gene expression from a foreign promoter, and allelism tests. PET2858 encodes a 21.4 kDa protein, which is essential for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources and for the proteolytic processing of COXII and the Cytb 2 intermediate. When the N-terminus of the PET2858 protein is fused to a reporter protein, the resulting hybrid molecule is imported into mitochondria. Interestingly, the N-terminal half of the deduced PET2858 protein exhibits 30.7% amino acid identity to the leader peptidase of Escherichia coli. These results suggest that PET2858 codes for a mitochondrial inner membrane protease (IMP1) or at least a subunit of it. This protease is involved in protein processing and export from the mitochondrial matrix.
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    Chloroplast DNA analysis of eggplant (Solanum melongena) and related species for their taxonomic affinity (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Eggplant ; non-tuberous Solanum ; chloroplast DNA ; taxonomy ; species relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from Solanum incanum, a wild relative of eggplant, was used to probe total DNA of Solanum melongena (eggplant). The DNA fragments detected were the same as observed using purified chloroplast DNA. Chloroplast DNAs were also analysed for nine species of Solanum that are cross-compatible with eggplant: S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi, S. gilo, S. incanum, S. indicum, S. integrifolium, S. macrocarpon, S. olivare and S. panduriforme. Restriction fragments generated by eight enzymes were recorded as present or absent, and a matrix for all fragment positions, species and enzymes was used for cluster analysis. In the resulting dendrogram, the species tested formed three distinct groups: (1) S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi, S. gilo, S. indicum, S. integrifolium and S. olivare, (2) S. incanum, S. melongena and S. panduriforme, (3) S. macrocarpon. Six species of the first group belonging to section Oliganthes appears more closely related to the second group members belonging to section Melongena than does S. macrocarpon, which also belongs to section Melongena. Within the second group, S. panduriforme is slightly more like eggplant than is S. incanum.
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    Determination of genetic variation and taxonomy in lentil (Lens Miller) species by chloroplast DNA polymorphism (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; Lens ; polymorphism ; restriction fragments ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms (RFLP) were used to examine the taxonomic relationships of cultivated and wild lentil (Lens Miller) species and identify the extent of genetic variation in this genus. Twelve accessions representing all Lens subspecies were digested with four hexanucleotide-recognizing restriction endonucleases. These digests randomly surveyed 540 base pairs, or 0.4% of the approximately 125 kilobase lentil chloroplast genome. A high degree of gragment length conservation was seen among members of crossability group I, i.e., L. c. ssp. culinaris, L. c. ssp. orientalis and L. c. ssp. odemensis. Accessions of the two subspecies comprising crossability group II, i.e., L. n. ssp. nigricans and L. n. ssp. ervoides, showed the greatest amount of variation when compared to the cultivated lentil, L. c. ssp. culinaris. Limited variation was observed within subspecies except for L. n. ssp. nigricans, where accessions of the normal cytotype were highly polymorphic to those of the differentiated cytotype. Chloroplast DNA RFLPs reaffirm hypotheses that propose L. c. ssp. orientalis as the progenitor to the cultivated lentil. The implications of this study on taxonomy and genetic resources is also discussed.
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    TheAnabaena-Azolla symbiosis: Diversity and relatedness of neotropical host taxa (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: azolla ; DNA polymorphisms ; isoenzymes ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract TheAnabaena-Azolla association has proved to be an effective biofertilizer in tropical regions of wetland rice production. Three neotropical host species,A. microphylla, A. caroliniana, andA. mexicana, are similar in vegetative morphology (growth habits, frond dimensions, trichome cell number) and ecophysiology (relative heat tolerance). They were observed during our investigation to also be genetically alike and distinct from other taxa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02187450
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    Taxonomy of Mexican landraces of maize, Zea mays, based on their resistance to European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; resistance ; taxonomy ; germplasm ; indigenous land races
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), of thirty-seven indigenous landraces of Mexican maize was examined. The relationship of resistance and existing taxonomy of maize according to Wellhausen et al., (1952), was subjected to numerical analyses. Variables examined were: seedling DIM-BOA content, the extent of leaf feeding damage by early instar larvae both in the field and in the laboratory, the extent of plant breakage and stalk tunneling by late instar larvae, plant height, and the extent of fungal damage by Gibberella zeae and Ustilago maydis. Significant differences in resistance among the major taxonomic groupings were reflected in the existing taxonomy of maize (Wellhausen et al., 1952). The most resistant landrace grouping was Wellhausen et al.'s Prehistoric Mestizos. Eighty-five percent of a series of modern inbred lines, pools, and Argentine landraces were found to have affinities with one of the more susceptible groupings, the Ancient Indigenous Races, based upon analysis of the resistance data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022305
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    Moina weismanni Ishikawa, 1896 (Cladocera, Moinidae) in Central Europe (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 190 (1990), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Cladocera ; Moinidae ; M. weismanni ; taxonomy ; Central Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Moina weismanni Ishikawa is reported from Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. The species was formerly synonymized with Moina micrura Kurz, based on parthenogenotic females. In both species, parthenogenetic females have a characteristic postabdomen, antennules (characters formerly regarded as typical for a variety of M. micrura), and ephippium. Wales are quite different. Examined populations of both species are similar in length-to-width ratio. M. weismanni is typical for small, eutrophic but permanent, and for large temporary water bodies. M. micrura is restricted to the plankton.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020685
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