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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (912)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (787)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1935-1939  (125)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1984  (787)
  • 1938  (125)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (787)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1935-1939  (125)
  • 1910-1914
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the gonads and gametes in the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 91-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The clam Mya differs from other pelecypods which have been investigated in this respect in having most of the reserve nutritive materials formed within the vacuolated follicle cells of the gonads instead of within the very limited amount of mesenchymatous connective tissue of the visceral mass. The profusely branching tubular gonads originate from two groups of primordial germ cells situated in the position of the future genital apertures. The germinal primordia soon become differentiated into two types of nuclei, one of which becomes associated with the large, vacuolated follicle cells, which form the principal volume of the gonadal tissue, while the other type proliferates to form the primary gonia which become widely scattered along the walls of each alveolus.There is much degeneration and cytolysis during gametogenesis in both sexes, with the accumulation of characteristic inclusions within the follicle cells. Atypical spermatogenesis followed by cytolysis occurs throughout the year but the normal method only in preparation for spawning. No evidence of protandry or change of sex was obtained; only three hermaphrodites were found in the examination of more than 1000 individuals.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620106
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  • 2
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    Editorial (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620102
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  • 3
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    The histogenesis of muscle in the regenerating fore limb of larval Amblystoma punctatumThesis presented to the faculty of Princeton University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 17-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The regeneration of muscle in larval Amblystoma punctatum is preceded by an extensive dedifferentiation of the old muscles of the limb stump. The process of muscle dedifferentiation consists in a separation of muscle nuclei, surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm, from the injured ends of the muscle fibers. The dedifferentiation of the cut muscles of the limb stump progresses proximad as far as the origin of the muscles on the humerus and results in a complete transformation of these muscles into undifferentiated cells which appear to contribute to the formation of the regeneration blastema. Shoulder muscles, which were attached to the humerus, also undergo a partial dedifferentiation when their points of insertion on the humerus are destroyed by the degeneration of the perichondrium. These muscles never dedifferentiate, however, for more than one-fourth their original length. The process of dedifferentiation in the shoulder muscles is similar to that found in the cut muscles of the limb stump.The regeneration of the injured muscles occurs in two ways. The shoulder muscles reconstitute themselves by means of terminal and lateral sarcoplasmic buds formed near the distal regions of the muscle fibers. The muscles of the limb proper, distal to the shoulder, differentiate out of local aggregations of blastema cells. No myoblasts were observed.The regeneration blastema arose chiefly from dedifferentiated cells of muscle, nerve connective tissue sheath, perichondrium and cartilage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620104
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  • 4
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620201
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  • 5
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    Morphogenesis of the architecture of hip and thigh (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 177-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The original innominate bone consisted of ischiopubis only. From this developed a dorsally-directed ilium, upon which the dorsal limb muscles, originally arising from fascia, settled, and which thrust dorsalward between roots of the limb plexus, thus dividing the nerves into prozonal (dorsal and ventral) and metazonal (dorsal and ventral) groups. The primitive muscles of the tetrapod hip and thigh comprised a dorsal mass, soon divisible into sheets, innervated by both prozonal and metazonal dorsal nerves, and a similar ventral mass comparably innervated. The original two elements thus became four basic elements, and probably in early mammals or mammal-like reptiles all dually innervated muscles split into singly innervated units. With this four-group basis as the chief criterion, but considering other factors as well, it is possible to homologize the muscles of urodeles (ventral components only), lacertilians, mammals, and birds in entirely satisfactory manner, except for doubt in several instances in which specialization has secondarily obscured the precise relationships. In different mammals there is shown a tendency toward a final fusion of certain unrelated muscle units (biceps plus gluteus longus, human type of biceps, adductor magnus, and tensor fasciae femoris with gluteus maximus).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620203
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  • 6
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620301
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  • 7
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    The early development of the avian embryo. I. Endoderm formation (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 415-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the blastula stage the roof of the subgerminal cavity is composed of an irregular layer of cells, the nuclei of which lie in the upper or middle part of the cytoplasm.On the floor of the subgerminal cavity groups of already degenerating cells occur. They represent the vegetative pole of the blastula. Almost every cell contains glycogen, and mitotic cells show no special orientation.In the gastrula stage the cells of the area pellucida become regularly arranged as a single-layered, cylindrical epithelium with basally situated nuclei.The yolk endoderm cells are formed from the proliferating upper layer of the area opaca.The embryonic endoderm is formed at the posterior end of the area pellucida by outgrowth of single cells from a circumscribed area, the primitive plate.This plate eventually bends inward to form a typical archenteric canal, through which endoderm continues to invaginate from the epiblast.The endoderm spreads in a cranial and lateral direction until it has formed a complete layer.The epiblast cells lose their glycogen as they invaginate to form endoderm, which is free of glycogen.In the area opaca the upper layer and the yolk endoderm contain glycogen.The mitotic cells of the epiblast of the area pellucida are always orientated horizontally, but in the primitive plate and archenteric canal they are orientated vertically as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620304
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  • 8
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    The morphology of the aortic arches in four genera of plethodontid salamanders (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 559-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The larval, metamorphosing and definitive aortic arches of Desmognathus fuscus, Plethodon cinereus, Eurycea bislineata, and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, described in this paper, were investigated because it was thought possible that, if the fourth or pulmonary arch failed to develop in these lungless forms, a new factor associated with the loss of lungs might be revealed.The salient points of structure disclosed, so far as the problem involved is concerned, are: D. fuscus and P. cinereus develop fourth arches which remain functional in the larvae and adults and supply the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and skin of the shoulder region. In some instances the fourth arch in the larvae of P. cinereus is reduced in length or entirely lacking in which cases correspondingly less of the fourth arch and more of the third arch is present in the adult. E. bislineata and undoubtedly G. porphyriticus fail to develop fourth arches and hence do not possess these in either the larval or adult states.It is concluded, therefore, that the failure of the fourth arch to develop has evidently not been a factor involved in the advent of lunglessness in plethodontid salamanders. Also, the fact that E. bislineata never develops a fourth arch, yet is able to transform, furnishes additional evidence against Figge's view that Necturus fails to metamorphose because the ventral portion of the fourth arch is absent.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620308
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  • 9
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630101
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  • 10
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    Notes on the brain case of a therocephalian (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is based on serial sections of the occipital and otic regions of a therocephalian from the Tapinocephalus zone. The occipital region as preserved consists of the basioccipitals and exoccipitals. The basioccipital is long and slender and is separated from the more anterior basisphenoid by an unossified zone. The exoccipitals are large and contain a part of the jugular foramen and two foramina for cranial nerve XII.The otic bones are fused together to form a periotic. The most striking feature of the inner ear is the medioventral position of the vestibule. Passing back into the periotic from the vestibule is a deep recessus scala tympani. This recess opens anteriorly into a ventral fenestra in the vestibule, the fenestra rotunda. These structures are similar to those of Dimetrodon and the gorgonopsian.The anterior part of the periotic is projected ventrally to form a basicranial process. This probably arose by intramembranous ossification. The unossified zone between the basioccipital and basisphenoid may represent a persistent basicranial fenestra.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630104
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  • 11
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    The development of the imaginal eye in the larva of Drosophila melanogaster (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 63-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of the growth of the eye anlage, and of the increase in number of the elements of the dioptric system of larvae of Drosophila melanogaster.In newly hatched larvae the eye rudiment grows fast, but slows down later and becomes nearly stationary during the second half of larval life. The increase in number of elements in the eye disc parallels the growth of the whole anlage and reaches a maximum about 70 hours after hatching. The imaginal disc cells increase in number but not in size, in contrast to other larval cells which increase in size but not in number.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630103
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  • 12
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    The comparative morphology of the vertebrate spinal column. Its form as related to function (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 87-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The form of the vertebral column is definitely related to its function as a supporting rod, a base for attachment of body and limb muscles, and a protection of the spinal cord and nerves. Primitively composed of a series of simple undifferentiated blocks, it progressively becomes complicated through development of articular processes giving added strength and greater mobility. Simultaneously, the centrum and the neural arch become adapted to withstand tension and compression stresses which vary with the movements possible in different regions of the column. These movements are partially determined by the plane of the zygapophyses and the nature of the intercentral articulation, together with the action of the axial muscles and ligaments.In fish and primitive tetrapods the axial musculature serves as the chief locomotor organ and consists of a series of myomeres extending with little interruption from the head to the tail. In tetrapods the locomotor function is taken over by the limbs and the axial muscles become progressively differentiated into long flexors and extensors of the column and gradually lose their external segmentation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630105
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  • 13
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    Sexual differentiation of urogenital ducts of Ambystoma tigrinumAided by grants from the national research council committee for research in problems of sex, as administered by Prof. E. Witschi. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 119-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult salamanders of Ambystoma tigrinum show a high degree of sexual dimorphism. The normal growth of the urogenital ducts system in relation to the development of the gonads is traced from the sexually indifferent period preceding metamorphosis to sexual maturity at 1 year. Differentiation and growth of secondary sex characters is correlated with spermatogenesis in the male and with growth of ovocytes in the female.Testicular hormone manifests its initial appearance in male differentiation of the wolffian and urinary collecting ducts following metamorphosis. Growth of ovocytes and oviducts begins before metamorphosis and may be assumed to indicate the initial appearance of the ovarian hormone. Females retain the larval arrangement of wolffian and urinary ducts. The oviducts of the male regress during the period of rapid male differentiation. This suggests the possibility of antagonistic activity of the male hormones in Ambystoma.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630106
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  • 14
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    Blood-cell changes during experimental nutritional deficiency anemia and recovery in the newt, Triturus viridescens, with special reference to the erythrocytes (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 143-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A batch of fifty newts was subjected to complete food deprivation for a period of 4 months. During the experiment twenty-two individuals died and twenty-eight were killed at intervals. From the end of the second month the erythrocytes began to show in increasingly greater numbers a progressive alteration in the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The nucleus of these atypical erythrocytes gradually enlarged and ultimately occupied the entire cytosome. Meanwhile the nuclear reticulum became extremely fine and closely meshed, eventually appearing practically homogeneous and relatively chromophobic. The end result was complete dissolution. The leukocytes became greatly reduced in number, the eosinophils disappearing completely. The neutrophils and basophils were agranular in the blood smears. The erythrocyte transformations represent late results of a chain of factors: cytoplasmic hypotonicity, nuclear endosmosis, attenuation and fenestration of nuclear membrane. The subcapsular lymphogranulocytopoietic tissue of the liver had almost completely disappeared. The spleen was greatly reduced in size; it was essentially lymphoid in character and erythrocytopoietic activity had ceased practically completely. Complete restoration of normal conditions in blood, liver and spleen was effected by the end of 2 weeks by feeding with earthworms. The regenerating blood showed many naked nuclei of disintegrating atypical erythrocytes, many immature erythrocytes in mitosis, increased number of small lymphocytes (lymphoid hemoblasts), large but variable numbers of microcytes, many giant thrombocytes and normal granulocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630107
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  • 15
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    The absorption of colloidal carbon from the body cavity of Ammocoetes. A study of the structure and function of the larval kidneys and blood forming tissuesContribution no. 249 from the zoological laboratories, indiana university. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 163-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colloidal carbon injected into the coelom of the larval lamprey, Ammocoetes, is taken up directly by the pronephric tubules. Due to the absence of nephrostomes the mesonephric tubules do not function in a similar way. The tubules of neither show any intracellular deposition of carbon. The reticular elements which support both these kidneys exhibit pronounced phagocytic and hemocytopoietic activity. Carbon in either a free or included form reaches all the other organs both as a result of direct invasion or secondary distribution by the vascular system. The liver is the only organ whose vascular endothelium exhibits cytopoietic properties. To the diffuse spleen as a site of blood cell formation thus should be added the reticular tissue of the pronephros and mesonephros and the vascular endothelium of the liver. Playing a minor role in a similar way are the intestinal mucosa exclusive of that in the typhlosole and the spongy tissue dorsal to the neural tube.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630108
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  • 16
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630201
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  • 17
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    A cytological study of the pleuropodia of Melanoplus differentialis (Orthoptera, Acrididae) which furnishes new evidence that they produce the hatching enzyme (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 181-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In an earlier paper (Slifer, '37) experiments were reported which showed that in Melanoplus differentialis eggs the hatching enzyme, which destroys the white cuticle, is secreted by the pleuropodia (appendages of the first abdominal segment of the embryo) during the last few days of incubation. In the present report the development and differentiation of the pleuropodia, together with the cytological changes which occur in them before, during and after they become functional, have been followed. The time at which the secretion granules are discharged from the pleuropodial cells was found to be closely correlated with the time at which the tough, white cuticle begins to disintegrate. The cytological evidence, then, supports the author's earlier conclusion, based upon experimental work, that the pleuropodia secrete the hatching enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630109
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  • 18
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    Cursorial adaptations in birds. Limb proportions in the skeleton of geococcyx (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparison of intramembral and trunk/limb proportions in the roadrunner (Geococcyx) and two related genera of cuckoos (Coccyzus and Crotophaga), together with a consideration of their habits of locomotion, lead to the following two generalizations: (1) The incipient cursorial leg of more primitive, arboreal birds, with the metatarsus shorter than the femur, is not an efficient mechanism for bipedal terrestrial locomotion. The direct adaptation to the cursorial habit in terrestrial birds lies in the further elongation of the whole leg, the distal segments undergoing a relatively greater elongation than the femur; the greatest degree of elongation is shown by the most distal segment. (2) When the development of terrestrial, cursorial habits in birds leads to diminished use, or discuse, of the wings as organs of locomotion, the wing skeleton becomes reduced in length; each segment of the wing is reduced, but the degree of reduction is greatest in the more distal segments. It is probable that reduction appears first in the most distal segment and later successively in each segment proceeding proximally therefrom.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630202
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  • 19
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    Origin and fate of the median cord in the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Acrididae: Orthoptera) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 219-227 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The median cord arises as a hypodermal invagination along the midline from stomodeum to end of tenth abdominal ganglion. It separates from the hypoderm, but does not differentiate into any tissue; apparently it degenerates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630203
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  • 20
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    The multiple chromosomes of Paratylotropidia brunneri Scudder (Orthoptera: Acrididae)Aided by grant from the rockefeller foundation for work on cellular biology. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 289-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are 19 chromosomes in diploid cells of male Paratylotropidia brunneri; of these, four are V-shaped multiples. There are twenty chromosomes in diploid cells of females; of these, four are V-shaped multiples. If the two arms of each multiple are counted as separate chromosomes, we have the usual number of chromosomes for the Acrididae, i.e., twenty-three in male and twenty-four in female.There are nine chromosomes in the first spermatocyte divisions: seven tetrads, one octad and a decad. The latter is made up of the accessory chromosome associated with an octad.One of the V-shaped multiples in the male is limited to that sex. The homologue of one of the dyads of which it is composed is a free dyad, the homologue of the other forms a V-shaped multiple with the accessory chromosome. The V-shaped multiple limited to the male shows differential heteropycosis in the prophases of the first spermatocyte. There is evidence that its homologous parts are isolated from each other as far as crossingover is concerned.A study of the first maturation division of the heterogametic sex is essential for the identification of the sex chromosome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630206
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  • 21
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    The aortic diverticula of the Odonata (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 229-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Although thoracic diverticula of the aorta ending dorsally in pulsatile organs were discovered by Brocher as early as 1917 no detailed account of their structure was published. The condition of these structures in the adult was not investigated and their development through larval instars was not followed. Brocher's later papers announced the discovery of similar organs in the orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. In 1931 E. Meyer described in some detail pulsatile organs in the Ephemerida. In general these accounts are either superficial or of doubtful interpretation.The present paper deals with the Odonata and stresses the Anisoptera. Anax junius has been studied as the type both anatomically and histologically in all stages of larva and imago except the first four instars. Other types have been compared with Anax, and some of the other orders mentioned have been checked for presence and nature of these organs.Aortic diverticula and pulsatile organs occur in all Odonata both larval and adult. These are derived from the same origins and their histology is that of the membranes involved in aortic and body walls. Through inference from morphology and from physiological examination it appears that pulsatile organs (1) supplement heart action, perhaps substituting for it during emergence. (2) assist in the functioning of the ostia and ostial glands, and (3) may even be important in production and distribution of hormones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630204
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  • 22
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    The follicular cycle in the sexually mature thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus Mitch.)Thesis presented in partial fulfillment for the degree of doctor of philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 263-287 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The germinal epithelium was studied in an effort to determine its role in postpubertal ovogenesis. Active and inactive areas of epithelium were observed regardless of the oestrous periods. The active areas, exemplified by numerous mitoses and a frequent stratification of the epithelium, are foci for egg cell production.Egg cells are produced from the germinal epithelium by: activation, migration and transformation of single germinal epithelial cells; migration and differentiation of nests of cells; ingrowths of cords of cells.Young ova in the cortex of the ovary are at first surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells of germinal epithelial origin. In the subsequent development of the follicle stratified layers make their appearance. The zona pellucida appears as a well-defined structure coincident with the stratification of the follicular layers.The follicular cavity develops as a split between the follicular cells at one side of the follicle. In the mature follicle the cavity is broad and contains liquor folliculi. The theca interna and externa are not distinguishable until the follicle is highly cellular.
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    Seasonal changes in the testis of the musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus L.Aided by a grant from the committee for research in problems of sex of the national research council, as administered by prof. emil witschi. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 301-317 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatogenetic cycle of the testis of the musk turtle is limited to the summer months of the year, and closely parallels that of the anuran Amphibia. Spermatozoa are present in the testis from September to May, and breeding may occur in either fall or spring. A pronounced increase in the size of the epididymis and a corresponding decrease in the size of the testis occurs at the end of the cycle (September).During the months of March, April and May, all spermatozoa are eliminated from the seminal tubules, and the germinal epithelium is built up in preparation for spermatogenesis. Spermatogonial divisions occur in small numbers in May, and the division tempo increases during June. Primary spermatocytes and maturation divisions appear after the middle of June, and continue through July and August. Spermiogenesis begins in late July, is in full progress in August, and is practically completed by October. Laboratory specimens usually show an active spermatogenesis in winter, but it is not probable that a second spermatogenetic cycle occurs in specimens under normal hibernating conditions.No seasonal changes are observed in the interstitial cells of the testis, and no seasonally variable secondary sex characters are known for turtles. Special studies of the problem are being conducted.
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    Sexual phases in the gastropod Crucibulum spinosum (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 345-361 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This species represents a typical example of protandric consecutive sexuality, the male phase becoming functional at a very early age, when the body has reached a length of only 3 to 7 mm. Those males which become functional earliest usually seek the association of older individuals in the female phase; others, maturing later, are more likely to remain solitary. Mated males have accentuated masculine characteristics and retain the male phase longer than solitary individuals or those that are isolated experimentally. Unfavorable environmental conditions postpone or prevent functional sexuality and terminate the male phase promptly without inaugurating the female phase. The influence of the female in accentuating the sexuality of the male is thought to be due to stimuli received by the latter through sense organs in tentacles and penis and mediated by the nervous system through hormonal secretions. Termination of the male phase and transition to the functional female are comparable to metamorphosis from the immature to the mature condition in other animals and, like metamorphosis, the primary (male) sexual phase can be abbreviated or prolonged experimentally, but the sequence cannot be reversed.
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    Notes on the breeding habits of the nudibranchs of Monterey bay and vicinityThis work was begun during the tenure of a national research fellowship in the biological sciences. I wish to acknowledge my appreciation to Dr. C. V. taylor, and to Dr. W. K. fisher and the staff of the hopkins marine station for many courtesies during the course of this work. I am also indebted to Dr. C. V. Taylor for a critical reading of the manuscript. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 319-343 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Data concerning the seasonal distribution of twenty-two species of nudibranchs are recorded for a period of 9 months. The occurrence of copulation and of egg laying for these animals in the laboratory aquaria is recorded for the same period. These data indicate that the seasonal distribution of certain species is well marked, and that there is in many cases a definite breeding season.The characteristics of the egg ribbons of these nudibranchs are described, and figured by means of photographs. These egg ribbons approach the mathematical form of a spiral of Archimedes. In every case observed, the ribbon was deposited in a counter-clockwise direction, viewed dorsally.The relationship between these observations and earlier work on the life histories of the nudibranchs is discussed.
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    Studies on the structure of nucleolusforming regions and related structures in the giant salivary gland chromosomes of DipteraContribution from the department of embryology, carnegie institution of washington, baltimore, maryland. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 363-395 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Salivary gland nuclei in Chironomus regularly show large, conspicuous nucleoli. In Sciara no true nucleoli have been found, but sometimes certain particular chromosome regions expand greatly, forming ‘puffs’ or ‘bulbs,’ somewhat nucleolus-like in nature. Detailed study has been made of the chromosome structure in the affected regions in both genera.In the nucleolar regions of Chironomus the banded structure of the chromosome is distinctly modified. In the case of the large nucleolus the chromosome breaks up into a heavy network in which solid discs are replaced by interconnected chromatic spheres and granules, extending out somewhat into the clear nucleolar substance. In the case of the smaller nucleolus, Balbiani's ring, the banded structure is less disturbed. A chromatic network, resembling a system of rootlets, runs out from the chromatic bands into the clear nucleolar substance.In Sciara ocellaris the ‘puff’ regions are at times normally banded, but at other times in the condition described as ‘puffed.’ The same is true of the ‘bulb’ regions. The relation between nucleoli, puffs and bulbs is discussed. Also that between ‘heterochromatin’ and ‘euchromatin.’ Evidence seems to indicate that the latter are merely extremes in a continuous range involving different relative amounts of chromatic and achromatic materials. The ‘puff’ regions appear to be structurally similar to the chromocenter in Drosophila.
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050630301
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    The postpartum formation of egg cells in the cat (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 397-419 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The summary of this paper is as follows:1From an examination of 108 ovaries from eighty-nine individuals it was apparent that, in the cat a certain but variable amount of degeneration of primary follicles occurs in all life epochs.2The primary oocytes undergo the degeneration, while the follicle cells remain for an undetermined time.3The most profound instances of such degeneration were encountered in kittens of 6 to 9 weeks, accompanying or follwing the resolution of the egg cords into primary follicles and the establishment of the cortical or marginal zone. A sporadic degeneration of young oocytes occurs at earlier periods.4No evidence was seen of a new formation of egg cells from the residual follicle cells after the degeneration of the oocytes. The degenerations of the 6 to 9 weeks epoch are not believed to be of universal occurrence.5No adequate evidence was encountered of a new formation of egg cells from the surface epithelium, either before or after sexual maturity.6No evidence linking the degeneration of primary follicles with the estrous cycle was seen.7The stock of primary follicles established in the first few weeks after birth is believed to be adequate for the growth of graafian.
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    The chromosomes in the maturation of the germ cells of two species of triclad Turbellarians (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 421-439 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The maturation of the germ cells of the two hermaphroditic species, Curtisia foremanii (Girard) and Bdelloura candida (Girard) has supplied the material for this chromosome study.Both species of flatworms are believed by the author to possess a diploid number of twelve chromosomes and a haploid number of six, although Curtisia foremanii has previously been reported as having a smaller and variable number of chromosomes.A tendency of the chromatids comprising individual chromosomes to separate from one another at certain times was noted in both species. This action results in giving the appearance of a larger number of chromosomes than the germ cells actually possess. A further source of apparent increase in chromosome number in the Curtisia oocytes, after treatment with the usual Allen's B3 and B15 and Heidenhain's iron haematoxylin, is the presence of some deeply staining, non-chromatin material.No significant differences in number, form and behavior of chromosomes of male and female complexes were noted, with the possible exception of the tendency of the chromatids to separate from one another, to be greater in the female than in male germ cells.
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    Gynandromorph spiders (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 441-475 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four cases of gynandry in American spiders present the following morphologic deviations: The specimen belonging to Neoantistea agilis (Keyserling) externally is a bilateral gynandromorph with distortion of the single male palp, with half of the epigynum nearly normal; internally both testes and ovaries are present. The Drassodes neglectus (Keyserling) is not a completely developed bilateral gynandromorph. One side has a normal male palp, a larger chelicera and longer legs than the other, the epigynum is complete and normal; internally only degenerate ovaries are present. The Linyphiid, near Bathyphantes, is three-quarters female, the only male organ being an imperfectly developed male palp. Ovaries are well developed but immature, whereas the epigynum is complete. In the Pardosa sternalis (Thorell) the anterior part of the body is male, as indicated by the swollen palps and the length of the legs; the epigynum is completely developed, but internal reproductive organs are missing except for a very much aborted ovary. The bisexuality in all cases has caused degeneration or abnormalities in the reproductive structures.Included is a tabulation of all recorded instances of gynandry in spiders, arranged according to the type of abnormality. The term ‘leg-index’ is introduced to express ratio between length of the leg and length of cephalothorax.
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    Pigmentation changes in tadpoles of Rana pipiens following centrifugation during the early gastrulaAided by a grant from the rockefeller foundation for work on cellular biology. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 477-489 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Centrifuging the eggs of Rana pipiens in the early gastrula stage prevents the formation of the hypophysis in some of the tadpoles. The absence of the melanophorotropic hormone normally secreted by the hypophysis seems to be responsible for the contraction of the pigment cells. In addition, there are actually fewer pigment cells present in both the dermal and epidermal layers of the light tadpoles than there are in the controls. The paleness, therefore, of the tadpoles seems to be due to both a contraction of the pigment cells present and to an actual reduction in their number. The failure of the hypophysis to develop was brought about by centrifuging at an earlier stage in development of the embryo than in previous extirpation studies. The effects produced by centrifuging that are responsible for the failure of the hypophysis to develop are unknown. However, it is suggested that interference in some way with the presumptive hypophysis-forming tissue has resulted in an inactivation of its inductive potencies.
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    The morphology of the skull of a young Galesaurus planiceps and related forms (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 491-529 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper is based on evidence obtained from sectioned skull of Galesaurus planiceps, Owen. Width-length index of skull is 67.7; height-width index 47.6. Dental formula is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm I\; 3\; or\; 4}}}{{{\rm I\; ?}}} $\end{document}, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm C\; 1}}}{{{\rm C\; 1}}} $\end{document}, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm PC\; 7}}}{{{\rm PC\; 9}}} $\end{document}. Length of prevomer is 24.0 mm., that of skull 62.0 mm. Maxilla contains cavity which appears to be equivalen of sinus maxillaris of mammals. Ear structure shows large internal auditory meatus. There is no evidence that horizontal and posterior semicircular canals pass through bone. Fenestra ovalis is large. Parasphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital are fused. Parasphenoid consists of short body and a medial anterior process. Sella turcica lacks floor, probably due to erosion. Detached bone may be sphenethmoid. Dentary contains two canals, probably vascular. Comparisons with related forms lead to following conclusions: (1) Specimen is of young animal. (2) Dental succession of postcanines, distichical replacement of postcanines, long prevomer, short parasphenoid, incomplete osseous incasement of semicircular canals, and other characteristics label Galesaurus as primitive cynodont. (3) Reduction of parasphenoid and development of prevomer support Broom's view that Ictidosaurus is not a cynodont. (4) Prevomer as nasal septum; fusion of parasphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital; large lacrimal, splenial, and articular; and other characteristics indicate that Galesaurus is off line leading to mammals. (5) In certain respects cynodonts are more mammal-like than gorgonopsians.
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    Morphogenesis of the cranial muscles of Amblystoma punctatumRevision of a dissertation presented in partial fulfillment for the degree of doctor of philosophy in yale university. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 63 (1938), S. 531-587 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the cranial musculature of Amblystoma punctatum is described in detail, for both larva and adult. In addition, a brief account of the innervation of each muscle is given. The study of normal development is supplemented by extirpation experiments performed on embryos in early stages of development. These extirpations include the mesodermal head segments, mesoderm of mandibular, hyoid, second branchial, third branchial arches, and somites 1, 2 and 3. The eye muscles are found to develop from the mesodermal head segments in precisely the same manner as in other classes of vertebrates; head segmentation of Amphibia, though less accentuated, is shown to be homologous with that of other classes. The remaining extirpation experiments corroborate, in general, the finding from normal development studies. An attempt is made to summarize in tabular form the prospective fate of the prechordal plate and parachordal mesoderm, the two earliest divisions of the head mesoderm, with regard to their complete muscle derivatives.
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    Pigment cell differentiation in the fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis. I. Structural, chemical, and physical aspects of the adult pigment pattern (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 229-242 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Wild-collected adults of Bombina orientalis are bright green dorsally and red to red-orange ventrally. As a prelude to an analysis of the differentiation of pigment cells in developing B. orientalis, we describe structural and chemical aspects of the fully differentiated pigment pattern of the “normal” adult.Structurally, differences between dorsal green and ventral red skin are summarized as follows: (1) Dorsal green skin contains a “typical” dermal chromatophore unit comprised of melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores. Red skin contains predominantly carotenoid-containing xanthophores (erythrophores), and skin from black spot areas contains only melanophores. (2) In ventral red skin, there is also a thin layer of deep-lying iridophores that presumably are not involved in the observed color pattern. (3) Xanthophores of red and green skin are morphologically distinguishable from each other. Dorsal skin xanthophores contain both pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles; ventral skin xanthophores contain only carotenoid vesicles. Carotenoid vesicles in dorsal xanthophores are much larger but less electron dense than comparable structures in ventral xanthophores.The presence of carotenes in ventral skin accounts for the bright red-orange color of the belly of this frog. Similar pigments are also present in green skin, but in smaller quantities and in conjunction with both colored (yellow) and colorless pteridines. From spectral data obtained for xanthophore pigments and structural data obtained from the size and arrangement of reflecting platelets in the iridophore layer, we attempt to explain the phenomenon of observed green color in B. orientalis.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Intercellular bridges in ovaries of the newborn gerbil (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 29-35 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study describes intercellular bridges in the ovaries of neonatal gerbils. Electron microscopy has revealed the presence of true intercellular bridges, connecting oogonia or oocytes, in ovaries of newborn gerbils. The cytoplasm of the intercellular channels is similar to that of the connected cells, with mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and free ribosomes present. Lysosomes are also occasionally present in the intercellular bridges and they may be involved in early waves of oocyte atresia. An electrondense substance, 350-500 Å thick, is located immediately beneath the unit membrane of the intercellular bridges. Accumulation of electron-dense material increases the thickness of the walls of the intercellular bridges, supporting and maintaining the patency of the channels. It is suggested that the intercellular channels probably allow the interchange of nutrients, organelles, and possibly regulatory materials as well.
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    Comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial fox squirrel, Sciurus nlger (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 55-68 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study of the forelimbs of the semifossorial prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, and the scansorial tree squirrel, Sciurus niger, was focused on the musculoskeletal design for digging in the former and climbing in the latter. Based on lever arm mechanics, it was expected that the forelimb of the prairie dog would show features appropriate to the production of relatively large forces and that of the fox squirrel to relatively great velocity. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P 〈 .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. The observed variation in the torques produced fits the demands on the forelimb during climbing and digging as estimated from films. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers.
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    The stomatogastric nervous system of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. II. Iontophoretic study of neuron anatomy (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 105-124 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of neurons of the stomatogastric nervous system of Ascheta domesticus was studied using heavy metal iontophoresis through cut nerve ends followed by silver intensification. Nineteen categories of neuron are described and compared with neurons known from the stomatogastric nervous system of other insects. Possible functions for the neurons are suggested. Motor neuron candidates are suggested for all parts of the gut served by the stomatogastric nervous system, and axons of sensory neurons of the anterior pharynx are located. There are four neuron types that cannot readily be assigned motor, sensory, or interneuron functions: large dorsal cells of the frontal ganglion; the two neurons of the nervus connectivus, and two categories of neurons in the median neurosecretory cell group of the pars intercerebralis, the axons of which are contained in the stomatogastric nerves.
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    Antennal receptors in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. I. The gigantic central projection of the pedicellar campaniform sensillum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the pedicellar segment of the fly antenna there is a large campaniform sensillum. The central projection of the sensory cell (LCC) of this large campaniform sensillum is described from labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cobalt. The LCC projects bilaterally to several regions of the brain and subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. The LCC processes in these termination areas were analyzed in relation to other neural processes, including the remaining antennal sensory and motor projection. This analysis was aided by combining HRP labeling with Golgi silver impregnation. Based on earlier findings and the present data we suggest that the LCC, with its various outputs in, e.g., antennal and leg motor centers, serves as a multifunctional sensory path involved in control functions necessary in flight.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Alterations of endocrine pancreas B cells in a sahelian reptile (Varanus exanthematicus) during starvation (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the long starvation period (November to June) of the lizard (Varanus exanthematicus), pancreatic B cells undergo profound modification. The degeneration of β granules observed in electron microscopy appears correlated with the diminution of the immunoreactive insulin-like content of the pancreas. The analogy between the phenomena observed here and those reported in animals treated with alloxan is discussed.
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    Structure, crystallography, and morphogenesis of the cryptic shell of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus (Mollusca, gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 195-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and crystallography of the internal shell of the pulmonate gastropod slug Limax maximus were studied at the levels of light and scanning electron microscopy, revealing patterns of shell ontogeny and morphogenesis. The calcified portion of the slightly convex ovoid shell is composed of a single palisade layer of calcitic crystals. Numerous projections, 100 μm in width at the dorsal tip, are found on the dorsal surface of the shell and coincide with local nucleation sites of primordial calcium salt deposition onto the periostracum. With continued calcification these projections coalesce ventrally, forming the single crystalline shell layer. The organic portion of the shell includes the periostracum and an extensive PAS-staining conchiolin. In EDTA-etched preparations, conchiolin appears as a spongy network of fibers throughout the shell. Both horizontal and vertical components of the conchiolin are present, the former of variable thickness and occurring in an intercrystalline manner, the latter always occurring normal to the horizontal set. Macromorphogenic growth is characterized by three distinct temporal stages. Primary growth occurs radially from the umbonal region. Secondary growth is synonymous with shell thickening. Tertiary growth is characterized by both a lateral component, in which the shell extends beyond the primary growth boundaries, and a ventral component, in which the shell continues to grow in thickness. SEM of the ventral shell surface reveals a pattern of growth at the crystalmatrix interface. Proteinaceous fibers of the conchiolin occur unidirectionally in horizontal rows. Zones of incipient calcitic crystallization onto these hypostracal fiber bundles are contrasted by zones of increasing crystallization until the fibrous template (reduced hypostracum) is completely covered by crystals.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Ultrastructure of a complex epithelial system: The pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 271-296 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy shows that the pharyngeal lining of the larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus is a structurally complex epithelial system that can be separated into eight epithelial types: gill lamellar, gill interlamellar, goblet cell, protective, terminal (taste) bud, preciliated, ciliated in tracts, and ciliated in grooves. Furthermore, these epithelial types encompass at least sixteen different cell types based on ultrastructure and, in some cases, correlative histochemistry (PAS, Alcian blue). Common to nearly all the epithelial types are basal cells and intermediate cells. These two cell types are seen as undifferentiated. Among mature cells, structural specialization as proceeded in three directions: (1) elaboration of mitochondria, probably related to molecular transport (ion-uptake cells, chloride cells); (2) ciliogenesis (preciliated and ciliated cell types); and (3) production of mucous secretory granules (mucous-platelet cells, goblet cells, superficial protective cells, columnar mucous cells, “cobblestone” cells, and marginal and dark cells in the terminal buds). Many of the functions of the cell types relate to the process of suspension feeding in this animal.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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    A comparison of spindle concentrations in large and small muscles acting in parallel combinations (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A small short muscle frequently acts across a joint in parallel with a vastly larger and longer muscle; therefore it should play a minimal role in the mechanical control of that joint. This study provides evidence suggesting that the small member of such a “parallel muscle combination” (PMC) may serve an important sensory feedback role. The spindle densities of large and small members of PMCs in man and the dog were determined and compared. Epaxial PMCs controlling canine intervertebral joints were dissected and tissue samples were embedded in paraffin, sectioned transversely to the muscles' long axis and, stained with hematoxylin-periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). Representative tissue sections were projected on to stereological grids and the percentage volume of spindles was determined. Data existing in the literature were used to ascertain spindle densities in human PMCs controlling joints in the cervico-occipital region and the extremities. The spindle density for each muscle in a group of PMCs controlling a particular motion was listed, and the mean spindle densities were determined for both the large and the small members of the group. Student's unpaired t test was used to determine the significance of the differences between mean spindle densities. Linear regression was calculated and the data were plotted graphically.In all PMCs examined, the spindle density of the small muscles was significantly higher than that of their large counterparts. It is therefore proposed that the small muscles of PMCs may function as “kinesiological monitors” generating important proprioceptive feedback to the central nervous system.
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    Histomorophological studies of the female reproductive system of Platynotus punctatipennis (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The internal reproductive apparatus of female Platynotus punctatipennis is composed of the paired ovaries, paired lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermatheca associated with its accessory gland, and a bursa copulatrix. The accessory (colleterial) glands are absent. The ovary is made up of a large number of telotrophic ovarioles which are covered by a double-layered peritoneal sheath. The terminal filament is separated from the germarium by the basement membrane of the latter and consists of a syncytial core surrounded by the peritoneal sheath. Nutritive cords are absent. The pedicel shows highly eosinophilic and PAS-positive secretion of obscure origin. The spermatheca reveals a number of interesting features. It is composed of a pair of sperm-storing tubules, enclosed in a very thin muscle layer. A winecup-like structure, provided with a thick coat of circular muscles, connects the spermathecal gland with thespermathecal duct. Four types of intimal linings occur in the spermatheca and its associated structures. The wine-cup-like connection and four types of intima are entirely new features observed. Histology of the various parts of the reproductive apparatus is described.
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    Mesodermal organogenesis in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki (Lepidoptera, Micropterygidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 29-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of somites, coelomic sacs, splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, circular system, gonads, and musculature in the embryo of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki, is described. The following paired somites are formed: the labral, antennal, intercalary, mandibular, maxillary, labial, three thoracic, and 11 abdominal. Small but distinct coelomic cavities appear in all these somites. Labral somites differentiate into the labral muscles, stomodaeal muscles, and dorsal dilator muscles of the pharynx. Antennal somites differentiate into the antennal muscles, aorta, and the ventral dilator muscles of the pharynx. Intercalary somites are short-lived, disintegrating to liberate many free cells into the yolk. The suboesophageal body is not formed. Mandibular somites differentiate into the mandibular flexor and extensor muscles. Maxillary and labial somites differentiate into the splanchnic mesoderm, fat bodies, and into muscles of the maxillolabial region. Three pairs of thoracic and ten pairs of abdominal somites split into the splanchric and somatic mesoderm. The 11th abdominal somites merge into the proctodaeal mesoderm, and differentiate into the musculature of the hindgut. The heart is formed by the fusion of the cardioblasts derived from the first thoracic to the tenth abdominal segment. The aorta arises from the antennal median mesoderm. Blood cells are derived from the median mesodermal cells of the maxillary to the tenth abdominal segment. Germ cells appear at the mediodorsal corner of each somite in the fifth abdominal segment. They become enclosed with a mesodermal sheath to form a pair of rudimentary gonads in this segment. Major muscles in the head, thorax, and abdomen of the fully grown embryo are described.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810201
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    Architectural and histochemical analysis of the semitendinousus muscle in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 155-160 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The architectural and histochemical properties of the anatomically distinct compartments of the semitendinosus muscle (ST) of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits show that the ST is composed of two separate compartments aligned in series - a destal compartment (STd) and a proximal one (STp). The STp is further subdivided into a ventral head (STpv) and a dorsal head (STpd). The muscle fibers were arranged in parallel to the line of muscle pull within each compartment. The STd has the longest and the STpv the shortest fibers in all species. The physiological cross-sectional area and the estimated tetanic tension was greatest in the STd. Based on the staining pattern for myosin ATPase (alkaline preincubation) and an oxidative indicator (NADH or SDH), the STpv has the highest percentage of slow-oxidative (SO) or SO plus fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers of any portion of the muscle. The differences in fiber-type distributions and architectural designs of the separate compartments suggest a specialization of function of the individual compartments.
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    Morphology and ultrastructure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 97-131 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus and the relationship between its sensory cells and concretion are described using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, with chemical treatment for cell lysis, calcium chelation, glycogen staining, and lanthanum labelling. The organ is encapsulated and has three units called fuselli. Each is enclosed by two fusellar cells which generate and release calcium granule strands into the cores of the fusellar concretions, which are united in the center of the organ. The surface of each fusellus is traversed by spiral dendrites entering dorsally and ending ventrally. The spiral dendrites arise from sensory neurons contained in a palm-shaped ganglion in the center of the capsule, beyond which they are twisted like a rope before reaching the concretion. The spiral dendrites are linked in pairs by gap and tight junctions and each gives origin to two pairs of 9+0 sensory cilia 30 μm apart. The ciliary distal segments give rise to long tubules which are in contact with the calcium granule strands. The ciliary proximal segments are expanded by many long mitochondria which interdigitate with the branched striated ciliary rootlets. The concretion is suspended in the capsule cavity by axons originating from four neurons of a remote mechanoreceptor. The structure of the organ suggests that it is a sensory organ involved in the reception and integration of a variety of stimuli.
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    Electron microscopic study of the innervation of the renal tubules and urinary bladder epithelium in Rana catesbeiana and Necturus maculosus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 143-153 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the kidney and the bladder of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the bullfrog tadpole, and the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) were studied with special attention to the innervation of renal tubule cells and bladder epithelial cells. In the bullfrog kidney, nerve terminals and varicosities were frequently associated with the tubule cells, apparently in an increasing order from the proximal tubule to the connecting tubule. Although these terminals and varicosities did not directly contact the tubular cell membrane, an aggregation of synaptic vesicles on the side facing the tubule was considered as morphological evidence that neurotransmitter can be released here and can affect the transport activity of the tubule cells. The association of nerve varicosities with canaliculi cells in the connecting tubule was also demonstrated. In the bullfrog tadpoles, renal tubule cells were occasionally innervated. In the mudpuppy, renal tubule cells were only poorly innervated. The epithelium of the bullfrog bladder was commonly innervated. Nerve terminals with synaptic vesicles were located very near basal cells and even contacted them directly on rare occasions. In the mudpuppy, the innervation of the bladder epithelium was observed infrequently. The bullfrog tadpoles did not possess an apparent bladder. In all materials studied, renal arterioles and bladder smooth muscle cells were innervated.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051810301
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    Masthead (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620101
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    Comparison of the weights of suprarenals of dogs in oestrus, pregnancy and lactation (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparisons have been made of the weights of the suprarenals of 525 mature female dogs in dioestrus, oestrus, pregnancy and lactation. Tables and graphs show that there was a slight increase in the size of the suprarenals during oestrus. There was hypertrophy of both the cortex and the medulla in the oestrous dogs. Only slight increase was shown in the weights of the glands of pregnant animals when the net body weight was considered and no increase when the total body weight was used in the study. There was no hypertrophy of the glands of lactating animals.There was only a slight variation in the seasonal occurrence of oestrus. From 34 to 37% of the total numbers of mature females examined in the seasons were found to be in oestrus. From 13 to 16% of the total numbers were found to be pregnant.
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    A study of the nucleoli of certain insects and the crayfishContribution no. 244 from the Zoölogical Laboratory of Indiana University. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree, Doctor of Philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 113-139 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nucleoli in the germ cells of certain Orthoptera, Hemiptera and the crayfish have been studied. In Ceuthophilus (camel cricket) these bodies are found to be definitely connected with chromatin threads and are believed to be products of chromatin.The large structure in the ova of Nemobius (cricket) is interpreted as a nucleolus because of its very irregular behavior and apparent complete disappearance.It is found that some of the nucleoli of Gelastocoris (toad bug) arise within the chromatin threads.Observations on Cambarus (crayfish) fail to show nucleolar extrusion, a phenomenon which has formerly been reported for this form.The unique behavior and fate of the nucleolar material in Pselliopus (true bug) is described. In this species the nucleolar material is added to and becomes part of the general oxychromatin network of the nucleus.This study fully supports the opinion that nucleoli have a chromatin origin.
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    The histogenesis of the regenerating fore limb of larval Amblystoma after exarticulation of the humerusThesis presented to the faculty of Princeton University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 219-241 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new limb skeleton will form in regenerating limbs of the larval Amblystoma in which the humerus had been completely removed. The cartilage of the new limb skeleton develops out of a blastema in which there are no cells of cartilage origin. This regeneration blastema is a composite structure made up of cells derived from a dedifferentiation of the injured tissues of the limb. The tissues which have been observed as contributing to the regeneration blastema are: muscles, especially the muscles of the shoulder; connective tissue of the sheath of the brachial nerve plexus; muscle connective tissue; and, to a certain extent, subcutaneous connective tissue. The new cartilage of the limb skeleton develops out of this composite blastema by means of a differentiation of cells in the central axis of the blastema.The amount of cartilage regenerated appears to depend on the mass of the blastema. When the blastema does not extend fully into the glenoid cavity of the scapula, the head of the developing humerus is deficient in size and structure. However, a complete limb skeleton is regenerated when the blastema does extend fully into the glenoid cavity.Since the new cartilage of the regenerated limb has no genetic continuity with the old limb skeleton, it would appear that the limb field exerts some kind of histogenetic determining action.
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    The segmental excretory glands of Artemia salina linn., var. principalis simon. (the brine shrimp) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 263-297 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Artemia salina, a very widely distributed species in North America, Europe and Asia, breeds freely and rapidly under laboratory conditions, living in all salinities from fresh water to almost saturated brine. Its soft exoskeleton permits of easy sectioning.The morphology and embryology of the segmentally arranged excretory glands - the antennal, mandibular and maxillary glands, are described. The antennal gland, consisting of extracellular end sac and intracellular excretory duct, is located in the second antenna and opens to the exterior on the lateroposterior face of the protopodite. It attains its maximum development by the sixth instar, degenerating by the tenth. The vestigial mandibular gland consists only of an end sac surrounding a schizocoele, and a rudimentary duct. The large maxillary gland in the adult consists of an end sac, an excretory duct of three circular coils, and a terminal duct opening to the exterior. The maxillary gland develops from a mass of mesenchyme cells in the maxillary segment of the nauplius, becoming fully differentiated by the sixth instar.The vestigial second maxilla has two bristles. It serves only as a terminus for the maxillary gland. A pair of small ganglia are accepted as internal evidence for the presence of a maxillular segment.The presence of three pair of schizocoeles in three consecutive segments is interpreted as evidence of homology with the Annelid coelome, with the possibility of further homologizing the excretory ducts with the segmental nephridia.
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    The changes in the central nervous system during the life history of the beetle, Passalus cornutus fabricius (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 503-521 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In early embryonic stages of Passalus there are, in addition to the brain and suboesophageal ganglion, three thoracic and ten abdominal ganglia; one ganglion to each body segment. Before hatching the tenth, ninth and eighth abdominal ganglia coalesce. During the three larval instars the terminal ganglion remains in the sixth abdominal segment and only minor changes occur. By the end of the third day of pupal life the adult form of the nervous system is practically assumed. All abdominal ganglia are fused into a single, solid, elongated ganglionic mass. Connectives have disappeared between meso- and meta-thoracic and between metathoracic and abdominal ganglia; and with exception of the brain, sub-oesophageal and prothoracic ganglia, the entire ventral chain has come to lie in the mesothorax. The peripheral nerves still arise from the ganglia and ganglionic mass in their same relative positions and still supply the same segments in which they were originally located.
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    Variation in bone length and limb proportions in the coot (Fulica americana) (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 599-607 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of measurements of the trunk region of the vertebral column and of the various segments of the wing and leg skeleton in sixty-four specimens (thirty-four males, thirty females) of Fulica americana shows that: The males average about 7% larger (longer) than females in all parts of the skeleton; the difference is uniform throughout the body. The coefficient of variability ranges from about 3.00 (humerus, et al.) to about 5.00 (hind toe). The correlation between lengths of parts is very high between different segments of the wing skeleton, or of the leg; it is somewhat less between homologous segments of the wing and leg; and it is still less between limbs and trunk. This decreasing order of correlation indicates an increasing order of independence of variability. The wing proportions in Fulica are those characteristic of the type of flight called flatterflug. The proportions of the leg are those of a bird moderately adapted for cursorial locomotion; the very long toes characterize a swimming bird.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051790101
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    Perinuclear microtubules in postnatal rat heart (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 179 (1984), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic microtubules can be divided into two subpopulations: (1) those adjacent to the nucleus (perinuclear), and (2) those distributed between the myofilament bundles (nonperinuclear). Previous observations (Cartwright and Goldstein, '83) indicate total cytoplasmic microtubule numeric density increases to a maximum at 5-9 days and decreases to the steady value of the adult muscle. We have examined the numeric density (mean numbers of microtubule profiles per μm2 cross-sectional area) of the perinuclear subpopulation and compared it to the numeric density of the total cytoplasmic microtubule population in postnatally developing rat papillary muscle ages 1, 3, 5, 9, 21, and 42 days, and adult. The perinuclear region was defined as the area around the nucleus which extends to the 0.273 μm from the nuclear envelope. The density of perinuclear microtubules did not change with postnatal development. Our study suggests that perinuclear microtubules are a separate and relatively stable subpopulation of the total population of cytoplasmic microtubules and may serve a function different from that of the more variable nonperinuclear microtubules.
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    Fine structure of antennal mechanosensilla of adult Rhodnius prolixus stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 19-28 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each antenna of both sexes of adult Rhodnius prolixus has approximately 570 mechanosensitive neurons that innervate five morphologic types of cuticular mechanosensilla: campaniform sensilla, tapered hairs, trichobothria, and type I and type II bristle sensilla. Each campaniform sensillum and tapered hair is presumably innervated by one mechanosensitive bipolar neuron and probably functions in proprioception. The campaniform sensilla being located at the base of the scape could monitor the position of the antenna. Tapered hairs are found at the distal margin of flagellar segment I and projecting laterally from the bases of the pedicel and scape. They probably provide information about the relative positions of the antennal segments. Seven trichobothrium are located on the pedicel and three on flagellar segment I. Each trichobothrium has a long filamentous hair inserted into the base of a socket that extends inwardly as a cuticular tube and is innervated by one bipolar neuron with a tublar body, a parallel arrangement of microtubules associated with electron-dense material. The trichobothria may respond to small variations in air currents.Type I bristles occur at the base of the antenna and are the most numerous type of mechanosensillum; an average of 452 occur on each antenna of females and 440 on males. The bristle is curved toward the antennal shaft and is serrated distally. Type II bristles are located distally and are the second most numerous type of mechanosensillum; an average of 88 were counted on each antenna of females and 94 on males. The type II bristle is straight with small, longitudinal, external grooves and projects laterally from the antennal shaft. Each type I and II bristle sensillum is innervated by a bipolar neuron whose dendrite is divided into an inner and outer segment. The outer segment is encased by a dendritic sheath which may be highly convoluted and distally contains a tubular body. Two sheath cells are associated with each sensillum. Both types of bristle sensilla have a tactile function.The tubular bodies of both types of bristle sensilla have a complex structure indicating that they are very sensitive. Variations in the amount and arrangement of the electron-dense material at the tip of the tubular bodies may reflect differences in viscoelastic properties that underlie functional characteristics.
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    Ultrastructure of the neuromuscular system of the polyp of Aurelia aurita L., 1758 (Cnidaria, scyphozoa) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 69-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structural study indicates that the neuromuscular system of stage I polyps of Aurelia aurita is exclusively ectodermal.The three major muscle fields are the radial muscles of the oral disc, the longitudinal muscles of the tentacles, and the muscle cords of the septae and the column; the muscle fields are in physical continuity at the peristomial pits and share a common innervation and type of myofibril. The myofibril is striated in the tentacle base, in the outer oral disc, and in the upper part of the muscle cord; it grades into a smooth muscle toward the tentacle tip, the mouth, and the lower part of the cord. There is a fourth field of longitudinal smooth muscle in the pharynx.The nervous system consists of an epithelial sensory cell in the tentacle and a single type of neuron found in the subepithelial layer of the tentacle, oral disc, and muscle cord. The lack of gap junctions suggests that there is no nonnervous conduction system. The subepithelial layer also contains three types of fibers and a type of soma which cannot be characterized as neuronal. The soma is identified as the “neurosecretory cell” described in Chrysaora. The absence of neuromuscular elements in the column and stolon distinguishes the Aurelia aurita collected from Washington, USA, from English polyps previously described.
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    Mechanics of blood-feeding in black flies (Diptera, simuliidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 125-144 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and interrelationships of the mouthparts and of the food canal and its accessory cephalic structures of the females of Simulium venustum are described through microscopic observations. The mouthparts that enter the would during feeding are the mandibles, maxillary laciniae, hypopharynx, and labrum and collectively form a “syntrophium.” The labium and labellar lobes, which do not enter the wound, ensheathe the syntrophium distally and must be retracted to allow biting.We present an interpretation of mouthpart function during biting that emphasizes how biting steps are accomplished and what sensory structures are used to monitor the process. Four phases of biting are identified: (1) initial penetration of the skin effected by the mandibles; (2) consolidation of mouthpart position involving anchoring the syntrophium into the wound by means of the barbed laciniae; (3) diet sampling and active feeding - food (blood) is pumped by three groups of muscles forming two functional pumps, one located in the cibarium, the other in the pharynx. These pumps are separated from each other and from surrounding regions of the food canal by valve muscles making the pumping process a complex and highly coordinated series of muscular contractions; and (4) mouthpart disengagement involving removal of the laciniae, thus releasing the syntrophium from the wound.
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    The external morphology of contact-chemoreceptive hairs of flies and the motility of the tips of these hairs (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 37-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external morphology of contact-chemoreceptive hairs (taste hairs) of six fly species, Calliphora vicina, Lucilia caesar, Musca domestica, Phormia terranovae, Sarcophaga carnaria and Stomoxys calcitrans, is described. The species can be distinguished by the differences between the patterns of taste hairs at the ventral side of their prothoracic tarsi. Taste hairs can be subdivided into morphological types, using the shape of the cuticle around the apical pore as criterion, even though this shape changes slightly on opening and closing of the pore. Light microscopical studies reveal that the nature and osmolarity of stimuli are decisive for the effect stimuli have on the shape of the top of the labellar hairs. The motions of the apical cuticle appear to be reversible.Gentle ultrasonic treatment preserves the shape of the cuticle of the top and the diameter of the pores on fluid stimulation. This technique makes it possible to study the effect of a previous stimulation on both tarsal and labellar hairs with the scanning electron microscope. It is supposed that stimuli can affect cuticular components around the pore, producing volume changes in that cuticle which alter the diameter of the pore.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051800201
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    Sexually dimorphic muscles in the forelimb of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 180 (1984), S. 297-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the breeding season, male anurans display clasping behavior by holding females with their forelimbs. This behavior is peculiar to males, and may require specializations in forelimb musculature. The present study revealed that five kinds of forelimb muscles were heavier in the male Japanese toad than in the female: the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), the flexor antibrachii medialis caput superius (FAMsup), the abductor indicis longus (AIL), the extensor carpi radialis caput superius (ECRsup), and the flexor antibrachii lateralis superficialis caput superius (FALSsup). In addition, one breast muscle, the coracoradialis (CR), was also heavier in males than in females. A quantitative analysis of muscle fibers processed for myosin ATPase activity showed that, in such “sexually dimorphic muscles” of the female, both fast (twitch) and slow (tonic) muscle fibers were of smaller diameter than in other forelimb muscles of both sexes (all male muscles plus “nondimorphic muscles” of the female). Moreover, both types of fibers were less numerous than in the corresponding muscles of the male. These results suggest that the “sexually dimorphic muscles” are used especially for clasping by the male and are degenerative or subnormal in the female. Slow muscle fibers were neither peculiar to, nor abundant in, these clasping muscles, although they may well be necessary for tonic and prolonged contractions of the forelimb muscles during clasping. The mechanism of sexual dimorphism may be a direct action of androgens on clasping muscles or an indirect action on clasping muscles via the innervating motoneurons.
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    Morphology of shell formation in eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 21-28 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Shells from eggs of the turtle Kinosternon flavescens were examined during different stages of development with light and scanning electron microscopy. Prior to initiation of the calcareous layer, organic spheres or cores appear on the outer surface of the shell membrane. Presumably, these cores nucleate deposition of the mineral layer of the eggshell. Growing shell units of the mineral layer are rounded and nodular in shape, crystallites of adjacent shell units do not interlock, and numerous spaces occur between shell units. As growth continues, most of the spaces between shell units are obliterated, and shell units become more elongate in form. The calcareous layer of partially shelled eggs resembles the calcareous layer of flexible-shelled eggs of emydids and chelydrids. Eggshells assume the morphology typical of rigidshelled chelonian eggs only at an advanced stage of shell formation. These observations indicate that rigid and flexible eggshells may form by fundamentally similar mechanisms, with length of shell growth being the primary determinant of whether shells are flexible or rigid.
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    The morphology of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom gland and reservoir (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 69-86 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hymenopteran venom glands are epidermal glands that have evolved from female accessory reproductive glands. In the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., the venom gland shows many of the fine structural features of primitive glands. A honey bee venom gland is a simple, long, thin, distally bifurcated structure, opening into an ovoid reservoir. Along most of the length of the gland are similar secretory units that have four major components (secretory cells, duct cells, ducts, and end apparatuses), except in the part of the gland proximal to the venom reservoir, where the secretory units resemble those around the venom reservoir. In the latter secretory units a funnel structure occurs between the duct (which is shorter than that of the secretory units of the gland) and the end apparatus. This funnel may be important in protecting the secretory cells around the reservoir from the cytolytic activity of the complex chemical mixture constituting the venom.
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    The feeding apparatus of the salamander Amphiuma tridactylum: Morphology and behavior (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 175-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical studies of cephalic bones and muscles combined with cine and high-speed videographic analyses of feeding demonstrate that Amphiuma tridactylum uses two distinct types of suction feeding. Small or relatively immobile prey generally elicit a stationary capture mode in which mouth opening precedes buccal expansion and there is no forward movement of the head of the salamander. Actively moving prey are captured by a rapid strike during which mouth opening and buccal expansion are synchronous and the extent of buccal expansion is greater than in stationary feeding. Differences between these feeding modes may be due to differences in the timing of contraction of the rectus cervicis muscle. Synchronous hyoid and mandibular excursions during the strike are probably generated by simultaneous contractions of the depressor mandibulae and rectus cervicis, whereas delay of hyoid excursions during stationary capture suggests sequential contraction of the depressor and rectus cervicis.
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    The nervous system of the tube-worm Chaetopterus variopedatus (Polychaeta) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 161-173 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Silver impregnation of serial histological sections of the tubeworm Chaetopterus variopedatus revealed the presence of a subepidermal nervous system. The anterior nervous system is delimited by the first 11 segments and comprises (1) two dorsolateral cerebral ganglia and lateral instead of ventral nerve cords which are widely separated and thus connected by unusually long commissures, (2) a pharyngeal ganglion in the fourth segment which is connected to the cerebral ganglia by pharyngeal nerves and constitutes along with the pharyngeal plexus a stomatogastric or enteric nervous system, and (3) small, presumably segmental ganglionic swellings along the lateral nerve cords from which emerge commissures and parapodial nerves. No subesophageal ganglion or periesophageal connective could be identified. The lateral nerve cords converge toward the midline in the 12th segment to form the posterior nervous system comprising a pair of ventromedian nerve cords with their repetitive segmental ganglia from which emerge numerous short commissures and three segmental nerves coursing toward the dorsal and ventral regions of parapods and toward the neuropod. Light and electron microscopic investigations of cerebral and segmental ganglia showed an arrangement of inner neuropile and of unipolar neuron somata at the periphery. The neuropile comprises numerous neurites ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 10 μm and making polarized or symmetrical synaptic junctions with each other. The pharyngeal ganglion consists of a similar neuropile and of a large mass of cell bodies which is traversed by an elaborate network of sinuses and harbors three types of neurosecretory cells in addition to the conventional neuron somata. These findings are interpreted in the framework of the highly specialized morphological features and habits of Chaetopterus, and the welldeveloped stomatogastric system is considered to be related to control of the feeding activities.
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    Allogeneic recognition in sponges: Development, structure, and nature of the nonmerging front in Ephydatia fluviatilis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Whenever individuals of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis belonging to different strains come into contact, they reject each other by building a nonmerging front. The present work describes the development, the structure, and the nature of the barrier secreted between two individuals. The observations reported give unequivocal data about the collagen nature of the incompatibility barrier. First, ultrastructural investigations reveal the presence of fibrils and microfibrils which are, respectively, typical of collagen and spongin. Second, incorporation of tritiated proline, a characteristic precursor of collagen and related products, is particularly intense in the front. The involvement of several cell types in the barrier formation is discussed. The allogeneic incompatibility reaction between E. fluviatilis individuals appears very close to the process of allograft chronic rejection that we formerly described for some marine sponges. Both phenomena are basically analogous to the process which fixes to and isolates the sponges from their substrate.
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    Motor units of the primary ankle extensor muscles of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana): Functional properties and fiber types (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 305-317 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Motor units of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and the single lateral gastrocnemius/soleus (LG/S) muscles of the opssum (Didelphis virginiana) were found to have uniformly slow contraction times relative to homologous muscles of the cat. Though a broad range of peak tetanic tensions was found among motor units from both muscles, most of the motor units were quite large relative to tension of the whole muscle. Comparison of the relative sizes of motor units showed that those of LG/S are significantly larger and slower than the units of MG. This suggests that the motor units of the two muscles may be differentially recurited during different behaviors.All of the MG and LG/S motor units were highly or moderately resistant to fatigue. Histochemical staining for NADH-diaphorase activity indicated consistently high levels of the enzyme in all of the fibers of both muscles. Apparently, all of the fast motor units consist of fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG)-type muscle fibers. Our data provide functional evidence that the types of myofibrillar ATPase demonstrated by Brooke and Kaiser ('70), are not necessarily correlated to physiological classification of fiber types as slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative/glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) (Peter et al., '72).Perhaps compartmentalization of muscle fiber types may be a first step in the separation of muscles into multiple heads during the evolution of specialization to diverse locomotor habits among the mammals.
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    Ultrastructure of the sensory epithelia of oral tube, fungiform sensory bodies, and terminal knobs of tentacles of Ovatella myosotis Draparnaud (Archaeopulmonata, Gastropoda) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 181 (1984), S. 333-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sensory epithelia of the oral tube, a fungiform body anterior to the tentacles and of the terminal knob of tentacles, were studied in Ovatella myosotis by electron microscopy. All three epithelia consist of columnar support cells, sensory cells, and, except in the oral tube, numerous goblet cells. The epithelia differ significantly in their apical differentiations. In the oral tube an outer layer is formed by irregularly bent villi of support cells completely embedded in a surface coat. Cilia and cytofila of the dendrites of sensory cells intertwine throughout the entire depth of the villous layer. In the fungiform sensory body some of the villi of support cells are singly branched. Their basal region is free of a surface coat. In this region cytofila and cilia of dendrites form a spongy layer, some cytofila extending into the surface coat. In the tentacular terminal knob the villi of the support cells branch dichotomously once or twice, a single villus thus ending with 2-4 tips. Only these terminal twigs are invested with the surface coat. The cytofila and dendritic cilia are confined to a broad spongy layer underneath. Three types of dendrites are present. They differ in their number of cilia, structure of basal bodies and occurrence in the three epithelia. Dendritic cytofila are most abundant in the tentacular terminal knob and least numerous in the oral tube. The observations are discussed with respect to corresponding epithelia in other pulmonates, the homology of the fungiform body, and possible functional correlates of structural features.
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    Histological and enzymatic studies on the renal tubules of some marine elasmobranchs (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 63-69 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Renal tubules in the dog shark, leopard shark, and red skate were examined histologically and analyzed histochemically for enzymes. Cells of the distal and collecting tubules exhibit extensive interdigitations and large intercellular spaces, suggesting that these tubules are sites of sodium reabsorption. Although Na-K-ATPase is very scarce to nonexistent in the distal and collecting tubules, very intense carbonic anhydrase activity in these segments indicates that they secrete large amounts of hyrogen ion and reabsorb sodium by H+/Na+ exchange process. Epithelial cells of the necks are not interdigitated, tightly join adjacent cells, and have low enzyme activities. They seem to be passively permeable to the water. Necks are attached to the distal tubules with scant intervening stroma. It seems likely that the stroma has a high osmotic pressure resulting from absorption of solutes in the distal tubules. Water may be reabsorbed from necks to stroma because of a concentration gradient of the solutes distributed between these sites.
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    Morphology of the intestine of prefeeding and feeding adult Lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L.: The mucosa of the diverticulum, anterior intestine, and transition zone (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 39-61 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopy were used to examine the morphology of the mucosa of the diverticulum, anterior intestine, and transition zone in prefeeding and spontaneously feeding adult lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L.). Absorptive (either types A or B), ciliated, and enteroendocrine cells are present in all regions but the diverticulum and anterior intestine also possess zymogen (secretory) cells. Type A absorptive cells are restricted to the diverticulum and the rostral one-third of the anterior intestine and are characterized by abundant mitochondria and an extensive smooth tubular network. Type B absorptive cells, in the remainder of the anterior intestine and the transition zone, possess small numbers of these organelles but in the transition zone also have inclusion bodies. During feeding, abundant lipid droplets and lipoprotein (VLDL) accumulate in the cytoplasm of both types of absorptive cells and in the lateral intercellular and the perivascular spaces. Lipid is present to a limited extent in ciliated cells and is encountered only rarely in enteroendocrine and zymogen cells. Although the animals are obligate sanguivores, there is little evidence of iron within these mucosal cells. It is suggested that intestinal efficiency displayed by this animal is due in part to ion transport in osmoregulation in type A cells, lipid absorption in types A and B cells, and digestion through enzymes in zymogen cells.
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    External and internal sexual dimorphism in leiognathid fishes: Morphological evidence for sex-specific bioluminescent signaling (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 71-83 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fourteen species of leiognathid fishes (Perciformes, Leiognathidae) from the Philippine Islands, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia, and Palau were examined for accessory secondary sexual dimorphism. Thirteen species exhibit either external dimorphism (a clear patch of skin on the flanks of males, a large clear patch of skin on the opercular margins of males, or a flank stripe in males) or internal dimorphism (large light organs in males) or both. Eight of the 14 species (and possibly as many as 11) exhibit both forms of sexual dimorphism. Two species show only internal light organ volume dimorphism, and one species shows neither external nor internal dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is thus very common in leiognathids. The externally dimorphic skin patches are closely associated with the internally dimorphic light organ system in seven species (and possibly as many as ten), indicating a potential for light emission through the clear patches. A bioluminescent signaling function by males is therefore suggested for the sexual dimorphism in leiognathids, which may play an important role in the schooling behavior as well as in species and sexual recognition of these coastal fishes.
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    Oral structures and their development in egg-brooding hylid frog embryos and larvae: Evolutionary and ecological implications (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 1-37 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Among egg-brooding hylid frogs there is much interspecific variation in the degree of development of the young at hatching. In certain species of Gastrotheca the eggs hatch into free-living tadpoles, whereas in others (and in the genera Amphignathodon, Cryptobatrachus, Stefania and Hemiphractus) the eggs hatch directly into frogs. We examined the oral anatomy of tadpoles and embryos of 22 species of egg-brooding hylids in order to determine the morphological differences between free-living larvae and embryos of species having direct development. All free-living Gastrotheca larvae are morphologically similar and have a large array of oral structures directly associated with a suspension feeding way of life. Among those egg-brooding hylids without free-living larvae there is a complete gradation from those with all of the free-living tadpole oral structures to those with none. Different lineages retain different vestiges of free-living larval morphology, suggesting that direct development has evolved multiple times among these frogs. All of the morphological patterns in the direct-developing embryos can be accounted for by simple truncation or acceleration of the normal tadpole developmental program. We explore the possibility that certain Gastrotheca species with tadpoles may have evolved from species that lack larval stages. The development of oral structures in egg-brooding hylids provides insight into the phylogenetic significance of these charactes in other groups of anurans. Most significantly they reinforce the idea that microhylids evolved from ranoidlike ancestors.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820201
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    Immunocytochemical study of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the eyestalks of the prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant) and some other Palaemonidae, in relation to variations in the blood glucose level (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: With the use of rabbit antisera against crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), it is possible to describe a distinct immunopositive reaction in a group of neurosecretory cells in the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ2 (MTGX2), in the MTGX-sinus gland tract, and in a considerable part of the sinus gland from several species of prawns belonging to the Palaemonidae. By introductory studies on the CHH system in Palaemon serratus, we can postulate a sequence in the activity cycle of the CHH-producing cells on the basis of differences in staining intensity of the immunoreaction and such morphometric parameters as cellular and nuclear diameter. By studying the CHH-producing system in combination with variations in the glucose level of the blood, an “inverse relationship” is observed between the number of immunoreactive cells and the blood glucose level during different periods of the year as well as during different stages of the molting cycle. A “shift in phase” of this correlation during the diurnal cycle suggests that several rhythmical phenomena may play a role in the regulation of glycemia in Crustacea.
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    Antennal receptors in the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala: II. Fine structure of the large pedicellar campaniform sensillum (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A large mechanosensory campaniform sensillum (LCS) is found close to the flagellum/pedicellus joint in the antennae of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala. The LCS possesses a single sensory cell, enveloping cells and a cuticular stimulus-conducting structure. The distal part of the sensory process is developed as a tubular body and is connected to the two parts of the stimulusconducting apparatus. The sensory cell is characterized by the complete absence of ciliary structures in the transition zone between dendrite and sensory process.
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    A three-dimensional muscle model: A quantified relation between form and function of skeletal muscles (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 95-113 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A three-dimensional muscle model with complex geometry is described and tested against experimental data. Using this model, several muscles were constructed. These muscles have equal optimum length but differ in architecture. The force exerted by the constructed muscles, in relation to their actual length and velocity of shortening, is discussed. Generally speaking, the constructed muscles with considerable pennation have great fiber angles, a great physiological cross section, a narrow active and steep passive length-force relation, and a low maximal velocity of shortening. The maximal power (force times velocity) delivered by the constructed muscles is shown to be almost independent of the architecture of the muscles. The steepness of the passive length-force relation is determined mainly by the shortest fibers within the group of constructed muscles, wheras maximal velocity of shortening and the width of the active length-force relation are determined mainly by the longest fibers.The validity of the three-dimensional muscle model with respect to some morphological and functional characteristics is tested. Length-force relations of constructed muscles are compared with the actual length-force relations of mm. gastrocnemii mediales and mm. semimembranosi of male Wistar rats. Moreover, actual fiber angle, fiber length, and muscle thickness of three mm. gastrocnemii mediales are compared with values found for constructed muscles. It is concluded that the three-dimensional muscle model closely approximates the actual muscle form and function.
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    Primary projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of sturgeon: Acipenser oxyrhynchus and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 125-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Horseradish peroxidase histochemical studies of afferent and efferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in two species of chondrostean fishes revealed medial, descending and ascending projections. Entering fibers of the trigeminal sensory root project medially to terminate in the medial trigeminal nucleus, located along the medial wall of the rostral medulla. Other entering sensory fibers turn caudally within the medulla, forming the trigeminal spinal tract, and terminate within the descending trigeminal nucleus. The descending trigeminal nucleus consists of dorsal (DTNd) and ventral (DTNv) components. Fibers of the trigeminal spinal tract descend through the lateral alar medulla and into the dorsolateral cervical spinal cord. Fibers exit the spinal tract throughout its length, projecting to the ventral descending trigeminal nucleus (DTNv) in the medulla and to the funicular nucleus at the obex. Retrograde transport of HRP through sensory root fibers also revealed an ascending bundle of fibers that constitutes the neurites of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, cell bodies of which are located in the rostral optic tectum. Retrograde transport of HRP through motor root fibers labeled ipsilateral cells of the trigeminal motor nucleus, located in the rostral branchiomeric motor column.
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    The nervous system in the hypostome of Pelmatohydra robusta: The presence of a circumhypostomal nerve ring in the epidermis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 153-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two types of nerve cells, sensory and ganglion cells, were identified in the epidermis of the hypostome of Pelmatohydra robusta by light and electron microscopy. In the study of distribution of these cells, the presence of a circumhypostomal nerve ring in the epidermis was revealed, although hydras have been considered to possess only a diffuse nervous system or socalled nerve net. The nerve ring, which encircled the hypostome, was constituted by several clusters of ganglion cells, thick bundles of many neurites connecting these clusters, and a small number of individual ganglion cells located along the bundles. In the nerve ring, some of the lamellae protruding from the ganglion cells were frequently myelinated and wrapped the cell bodies of neighboring ganglion cells, and other lamellae were arranged in concentric circles.
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    Morphology of the intestine of prefeeding and feeding adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus (L): The mucosa of the posterior intestine and hindgut (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 137-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The epithelium of the posterior intestine and hindgut of recently metamorphosed adult lampreys (Petromyzon marinus L.) prior to and during spontaneous feeding was examined using light and electron microscopy. These two regions differ slightly in their general morphology but possess the same mucosal cell types. Included are caveolated absorptive and mucous cells, which are not present in more cephalic regions of the intestine, and ciliated and enteroendocrine cells. During feeding, the caveolated cells undergo dramatic transformation in their structure, namely, through the acquisition of numerous heterophagic vacuoles. Due to their morphology and to the fact that there are low amounts of lipid, it is suspected that caveolated cells are primarily involved in the absorption of protein components from the ingested host blood and body fluids. Iron in caveolated cells may result from the degradation of ingested heme or reflect the excretion of bile products at this location in the intestine. Mucous cells are likely responsible for lubrication of the luminal surface and may be important as a stem cell for the mucosal epithelium.
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    An electron microscopic study on the type I pneumocyte in the cat: Postnatal morphogenesis (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation describes the morphogenesis of the type I pneumocyte from the neonatal stage to the age of 3 months. Cells lining subpleural air spaces were photographed from electron microscopic serial sections and a three-dimensional representation of each cell was obtained by transferring the contours of the cell membranes from micrographs to transparent plastic sheets which were then spaced to scale and stacked. The portion of the reconstructed cell surface taking part in the formation of the blood-airbarrier increased extensively in postnatal stages when compared with reconstructed cells of prenatal stages. Reconstructed cell-surface irregularities decrease during distension. A cytoplasmic plate seen in the last stage studied may represent a forming alveolar pore.
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    Models of tongue movement in the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 179-196 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three hypothetical models of tongue movement of the walrus during suction feeding are examined. These models encompass the entire range of simple tongue retraction movements possible by examining 1) movement of the tongue directly to the rear following the curvature of the palate, 2) to the rear and ventrally in a straight line, and 3) ventrally in a straight line. The percent of muscular force available from the hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus that could be applied toward retraction as predicted by each model is calculated. The resistance that the tongue would provide during retraction is calculated using projected tongue areas and is combined with the above data from the muscles to provide an estimate of the percent of the total available force that is needed to retract the tongue for each model. A separate examination of the direction of tongue-induced wear striations on the palatal and lingual aspects of the teeth is used to help support or reject the three models.The model where the tongue is moved directly to the rear is supported by studies of both muscle force and tooth wear. In the mammalian groups that were compared to the walrus, there is a great deal of interspecific variation in movements of the tongue during suction feeding; no two groups can be considered to have identical stereotyped tongue movements.
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    Displaced horizontal cells in the chick retina (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The retina of the chick contains retinal cells of a morphology very similar to that of the horizontal cells, but the perikarya, axons, and axon terminals lie in the inner plexiform layer. The discovery of this neuronal ectopia appears to support the idea that some horizontal and amacrine cells derive from a common, freely migrating cell.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820301
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    The cranial and cervical osteology of the european oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus L. (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cranial and cervical osteology of the European oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus L. is completely described from both whole skeletons and spirit specimens. Contrary to previous reports, the postorbital ligament shows variability in bifurcation and attachment, with the posterior branch, where present, attaching either to the suprameatic process or the zygomatic process. In addition, the quadrate ligament, which had been described as originating from the suprameatic process, appears instead to attach to the zygomatic process in some specimens. The caudal mandibular fenestra, earlier considered absent in oystercatchers, is present in all specimens examined. The cranium is additionally distinguished by a number of features which may be unique to oystercatchers. A fourth, previously unrecorded, division of the maxillopalatine strut is present, while the palatine process of the premaxilla is reduced to a thickening along the edge of the premaxillary process of the palatine. The distinctiveness of the oystercatcher cranium is particularly evident in the area of the quadratomandibular articulation, which possesses features potentially important for stabilizing the joint. A deep retroarticular notch is present, guiding a large medial jugomandibular ligament along the posterior margin of the articulation. A lateral mandibular tuberosity, which is received dorsally by an emargination of the jugal arch and quadrate, may act as an osteological brace, preventing posterior shifting of the closed mandible. The 15 cervical vertebrae are divided on the basis of structural criteria into three sections.
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    Mechanisms of hind foot reversal in climbing mammals (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 197-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many climbing mammals are able to reverse normal hind foot posture to effect the grip necessary to descend headfirst or to hang upside down. Such hind foot reversal is known in sciurids, procyonids, felids, viverrids, tupaiids, prosimians, and marsupials. The joint movements involved, however, have never been documented unequivocally although various interpretations (some contradictory) have been made. We report here radiographic data from species of the genera Didelphis, Felis, Nasua, Nycticebus, Potos, Sciurus, and Tupaia. In the six eutherians studied, three joints are involved, and there is a common pattern in the mechanism: crurotalar plantarflexion, subtalar inversion, and transverse tarsal supination. Hind foot reversal represents the development of an unusual degree of excursion at these joints, rather than the appearance of any new type of movement. In Didelphis the mechanism is quite different: a bicondylar, spiral tibiotalar joint is the principal site of inversion/abduction movements. This specialization is characteristic of didelphids and phalangerids, and occurs in the extinct multituberculates as well; it is not found in macropodids (which are like eutherians in crurotalar joint structure) or other marsupial families. This diversity in pedal structure and function is evidently the result of parallel evolution from the type of tibiotalar joint of cynodonts and early mammals. In Morganucodon the bulbous, hemispheroidal proximal surface of the talus bears two tibial facets. These facets are represented in didelphids and multituberculates as sulci, whereas in macropodids and eutherians they developed as the proximal and medial surfaces of the talar trochlea. Among living mammals, the primitive hemispheroidal joint is retained among monotremes as a ball and socket joint.
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    Variation and timing of the cranial ossification sequence of the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis (Amphibia, Discoglossidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 245-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sequence of appearance of the 17 different skull bones in the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, is described. Data are based primarily on samples of ten or 11 laboratory-reared specimens of each of 11 Gosner developmental stages (36-46) representing middle through late metamorphosis. Ossification commences as early as stage 37 (hind limb with all five toes distinct), but the full complement of adult bones is not attained until stage 46 (metamorphosis complete). Number of bones present at intermediate stages is poorly correlated with external morphology. As many as four Gosner developmental stages elapse before a given bone is present in all specimens following the stage at which it may first appear. The modal ossification sequence is frontoparietal, exoccipital, parasphenoid, septomaxilla, premaxilla, vomer, nasal, maxilla, angulosplenial, dentary, squamosal, quadratojugal, pterygoid, prootic, interfrontal, sphenethmoid, and mentomeckelian. Most specimens are consistent with this sequence, despite the poor correlation between cranial ossification and external development as assayed by Gosner stage.The timing of cranial ossification in Bombina orientalis differs in many respects from that described for two other, distantly related anurans, the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and the western toad (Bufo boreas). These include the total number and sequence of appearance of bones, and the timing of ossification relative to the development of external morphology. Interspecific variation may reflect differences in the timing of the tissue interactions known to underlie skeletal differentiation and evolution.
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    Ultrastructure of osmoregulatory organs in larvae of the brackish-water mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 257-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules, ileum, rectum, anal canal, and anal papillae of larvae of the mosquito Culiseta inornata was examined. The Malpighian tubules, rectum, and anal papillae have many of the ultrastructural features characteristic of ion transport tissues, i.e., elaboration of the basal and apical membranes and a close association of these membranes with mitochondria. The Malpighian tubules possess two cell types, primary and stellate. The larval rectum of C. inornata is composed of a single segment containing a homogenous population of cells. In this respect, the larval rectum of C. inornata is distinct from that of saline-water species of Aedes. The cells in the larval rectum of C. inornata, however, closely resemble those of one cell type, the anterior rectal cells, of the saline-water mosquito Aedes campestris with regard to cell and nuclear size, the percentage of the cell occupied by apical folds, and mitochondrial density and distribution. No similarities can be found between the rectum of C. inornata and the posterior segment of the saline-water Aedes, which functions as a salt gland. On this basis, we have postulated that the rectum of C. inornata does not function as a site of hyperosmotic fluid secretion. The ultrastructure of the anal papillae of C. inornata is consistent with a role in ion transport. The significance of these findings to comparative aspects of osmoregulatory strategies in mosquito larvae is discussed.
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    Morphology of the sternal and tergal glands producing the sexual pheromones and the aphrodisiacs among the cockroaches of the subfamily oxyhaloinae (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 279-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Among cockroaches in the subfamily of Oxyhaloinae, the adult males produce two essential and successively active chemical signals: the sex pheromone attracting females from a distance secreted by the sternal glands, and the aphrodisiac required for mating which is secreted by the tergal glands. The adult males of the seven species studied, Nauphoeta cinerea, Henschoutedenia flexivitta, Leucophaea maderae, Jagrehnia madecassa, Gromphadorhina portentosa, G. laevigata, and G. chopardi, possess well-developed sternal and tergal glands whose number varies according to the species and methods of mating (three to six sternal glands and four to seven tergal glands). These glands are basically composed of type three glandular units (glandular cell + duct cell) and type 2 cells (modified oenocytes) which exhibit no significant external cuticular modification except for tergite 2 of L. maderae. The extreme variance in development of these glands can be linked to sexual behavior. The hypothesis put forward here is that of a regressive evolution of the tergal glands, related to a modification of the role played by the aphrodisiacs which they secrete.
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    Morphology and histology of the alimentary tracts of ambassidae (Cuvier) (Teleostei) in relation to feeding (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology and histology of the alimentary tracts of three species of glassy perchlet; Ambassis productus, A. natalensis, and A. gymnocephalus from estuaries on the southeast coast of Africa were investigated. The anatomy of the digestive tracts in all three species was found to be similar. Well-developed dentition and pharyngeal teeth together with a distensible stomach and a low relative gut length (RGL) suggest a predatory and carnivorous habit for all three species.The relative gut lengths of Ambassis species from different estuarine systems are compared‥ Differences in RGL for A. productus and A. natalensis from the Kosi and St Lucia systems with fish from Mdloti estuary are discussed. It is suggested that decreased RGL for fish at Mdloti is attributable to decreased food availability and not to a lack in the calorific content of their diet.Histological investigation revealed the presence of the following regions: a pharynx; an oesophagus; a stomach differentiated into cardiac and pyloric regions; a duodenum or upper intestine; an ileum or lower intestine; and a rectum. Pyloric and rectal sphincters are present. The tunics of the above regions are described. The epithelium of the oesophagus contains taste buds and numerous mucus cells, and varies from stratified anteriorly to simple columnar posteriorly. The muscularis comprises dorsally and ventrally located inner muscle bundles and an outer circular layer. Both layers consist of striated fibres.Gastric glands are present in the mucosa of the cardiac stomach but are absent in the pylorus. Columnar absorbing cells and goblet cells are present in the epithelium of the upper and lower intestine. The rectum is distinguished from the intestine by the proliferation of mucous-secreting cells which are thought to aid defecation.
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    Growth and metamorphosis of the rectus abdominis muscle in Rana pipiens (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 317-337 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cross sections through the middle segment of the anuran rectus abdominis muscle were analyzed morphometrically at nine stage of development, from early larval life through full maturity. The numbers, sizes, and relative distributions of twitch and slow muscle fibers, newly differentiated fibers, degenerating fibers, and satellite cells were determined at each stage. The data indicate that the muscle increases slowly in size and fiber content during early larval life. New fibers appear to form primarily along the medial margin of the muscle. During mid-larval stages, when thyroid hormone levels are rising, new fibers form throughout the medial portion of the muscle. At a slightly later stage, fibers in the lateral region of the muscle begin to degenerate. Structurally normal presynaptic elements are present on both degenerating fibers and the empty basal laminae of fibers that had been removed by phagocytes. Both fiber formation and fiber loss slow during midmetamorphic climax, at the time when thyroid hormone levels reach a peak in anurans and begin to decline. Degenerating fibers appear within the body of the muscle at the end of metamorphosis. By the end of the second postmetamorphic month, neither degenerating nor newly differentiated fibers are present. The muscle continues to grow through adult life primarily by fiber hypertrophy.
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    Adrenergic innervation of the gills of brown and rainbow trout, Salmo trutta and S. gairdneri (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 307-316 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The adrenergic innervation of structures in the gills of brown and rainbow trout was studied with catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry.In the arterio-arterial vascular pathway, there was an innervation of the afferent and efferent lamellar arterioles, but the afferent and efferent filamental arteries and the secondary lamellae were devoid of any fluorescent nerve fibres. In S. trutta only, there was an additional innervation of the afferent and efferent branchial arteries and the base of the efferent filamental artery.The innervation of the arterio-venous vascular pathway was similar in both trout species. Many fluorescent nerve fibres were found on nutritive arterioles in the gill arch and interbranchial septum, and in the core of each filament between the surface epithelium and the wall of the filament venous sinus. No fluorescent nerve fibres were observed at the origins of the capillaries arising from the efferent filamental artery.The sympathetic nerve supply is provided to the gills mainly through the posttrematic nerve, with an occasional small contribution through the pretrematic nerve.The presence of adrenergic nerves in the gills is discussed in relation to the regulation of blood flow through the arterio-arterial and arterio-venous pathways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820306
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    Morphometric diffusing capacity and functional anatomy of the book lungs in the spider Tegenaria spp. (Agelenidae) (1984)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 182 (1984), S. 339-354 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The presence of both book lungs and a tracheal system in many spiders raises the question of the functional significance of this double respiratory system. The present physiological and morphometric study of the house spider (Tegenaria spp.) reveals that the diffusing capacity (Dto2) of the lungs alone suffices during rest and following exercise to meet measured rates of oxygen consumption (\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm.} $\end{document}o2) at driving pressures (ΔPto2) similar to those calculated for vertebrate lungs. During moulting ΔPto2 may rise to more than double the vertebrate values, implying the possible insufficiency of book lungs during this critical life phase. Resting \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 is greatest (92 mm3/h · g) during the early morning and lowest (66 mm3/h · g) near midday: during moulting \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 rises to 278.7 mm3/h · g. In spiders recovering from exercise \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm V}\limits^{\rm .} $\end{document}o2 is consistently greater than during rest: neither value is significantly reduced by blockage of the tracheal stigmas. Regression calculations of morphometric values for a hypothetical 100-mg Tegenaria yield a total lung volume of 0.578 mm3, a pulmonary surface area of 69.8 mm2, and a surface-to-volume ratio of 120.89 mm2/mm3. In spite of the similar thickness of the chitinous and hypodermal components of the air-hemolymph barrier (each ca. 0.2 μm in nonmoulting animals), the low permeability of chitin for oxygen makes this layer the greater barrier to diffusion. For a 100-mg specimen Dto2 is 3.5 mm3/h · torr: similar to that of a turtle (Pseudemys) on a gram-body weight basis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051820308
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    The centriole in the parthenogenetic and fertilized eggs of Habrobracon juglandisThis thesis has been accepted by the Graduate School of New York University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 49-89 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cyto-centrosomes containing centrioles but lacking asters originate de novo in great number throughout the ooplasm of Habrobracon eggs during the formation of the first maturation metaphase. These cyto-centrosomes apparently arise from accessory nuclei which are formed from granules extruded by the germinal vesicle. The accessory nuclei react negatively to the Feulgen nucleal test.Asters similar to those present in artificially parthenogenetic eggs appear around many of the cyto-centrosomes, thus forming cytasters. These are manifest only after the female pronucleus establishes an association with a cyto-centrosome, which thus becomes the nuclear centrosome.In the parthenogenetic egg the centriole of the nuclear centrosome is continuous from one cell generation to the next, whereas the centrioles of the cyto-centrosomes which are unassociated with nuclear material are not perpetuated and disappear during early cleavage.Concerning the origin of the first cleavage centrioles in fertilized eggs, evidence shows that in some ova it is entirely maternal, that is, from two cyto-centrosomes, one associated with the female pronucleus and occupying one pole of the first mitotic spindle, and the other associated with the male pronucleus and located at the opposite pole; while in other ova it is maternal-paternal; from two centrosomes, one the sperm centrosome which occupies one pole of the first cleavage spindle, and the other a cyto-centrosome associated with the female pronucleus and situated at the opposite pole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620105
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    Morphology of Campeloma rufum, a parthenogenetic snailContributions from the Zoölogical Laboratory of the University of Illinois, no. 517. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 243-261 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Collections of Campeloma rufum were made at all seasons of the year from the Salt Fork River at Homer Park, Illinois, for gross anatomical and histological studies. No males nor male reproductive cells were found, all individuals showing definite female structures. The gonad, found on the columellar surface of the digestive gland, shows ovarian cells. A U-shaped tube from the albumen gland to the uterus receives the oviduct near its proximal end. This duct leads into a glandular pocket, the shell gland, which in turn empties into the sac-like uterus. The uterus terminates near the edge of the mantle in a muscular vaginal tube. The previously undescribed kidney, a glandular, pyramidal organ, lies posterior and to the left of the upper end of the mantle cavity. The kidney possesses two orifices opening into the pericardium and ureter respectively. The ureter opens between the vagina and the anus. Intra-uterine young were observed during all seasons of the year varying progressively from small veliger to fully formed young. A later paper on oogenesis, will attempt to substantiate parthenogentic reproduction for C. rufum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620205
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    The embryology of the guinea pig. II. The polydactylous monster. A new teras produced by the genes PxPxThe material embodied in this paper forms part II of a doctoral thesis in zoology submitted to the faculty of The Unversity of Chicago. (1938)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 62 (1938), S. 299-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A detailed study of Wright's polydactylous monster (produced by a semi-dominant lethal gene) indicates that it belongs to a general type found also in rare human cases. The diagnostic characteristics are: clubbed feet and approximately double the usual number of digits, embryonic posture, microphthalmia and enlargement of the diencephalon, and missing tibia and telescoped sternum; all organ systems in the body except the genital and circulatory are grossly abnormal. The defects appear to be produced by an arrest of morphogenesis and an alteration of relative growth rates. It is indicated that a controlling center of digit formation exists on the lateral (postaxial) side of the foot, that skeletal and dermal structures are controlled by it, but that muscles are differentiated according to the area of the limb in which they lie. The gene itself is not atavistic, although its effects in the heterozygote have that appearance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050620207
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