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  • Artikel  (8)
  • Soil enzymes  (8)
  • Springer  (8)
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  • Artikel  (8)
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  • Springer  (8)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Short-term assay of soil urease activity using colorimetric determination of ammonium (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 68-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Soil enzymes ; Urease ; Determination of ammonium ; Storage conditions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A rapid assay for soil urease in the absence of bacteriostatic agents has been developed. The method comprises incubation of soil with an aqueous or buffered urea solution, extraction of ammonium with 1 N KCl and 0.01 NHCl and colorimetric NH4 + determination by a modified indophenol reaction. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and stability of the coloured complex formed. Measurements obtained by this method showed that no change in urease activity occurred when field-moist samples of soils were stored at −20°C for as long as 5 months. Air-drying of field-moist soil samples may lead to an increase in urease activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257924
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of long-term residue management on soil enzyme activities in relation to soil chemical properties of a wheat-fallow system (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Residue management ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Manure ; Burning ; Soil enzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Soil enzyme activities (acid and alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, urease and amidase) were determined (0- to 20-cm depth) after 55 years of crop-residue and N-fertilization treatment in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow system on semiarid soils of the Pacific Northwest. All residues were incorporated and the treatments were: straw (N0), straw with fall burn (N0FB), straw with spring burn (N0SB), straw plus 45 kg N ha−1 (N45), straw plus 90 kg N ha−1 (N90), straw burned in spring plus 45 kg N ha−1 (N45SB), straw burned in spring plus 90 kg N ha−1 (N90SB), straw plus 2.24 T ha−1 pea-vine residue and straw plus 22.4 T ha−1 of straw-manure. Enzyme activities were significantly (P〈0.001) affected by residue management. The highest activities were observed in the manure treated soil, ranging from 36% (acid phosphatase) to 190% increase in activity over the control (N0). The lowest activities occurred in the N0FB (acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase and β-glucosidase) and N90 treated soils (alkaline phosphatase, amidase and urease). Straw-burning had a significant effect only on acid phosphatase activity, which decreased in spring burn treated soil when inorganic N was applied. Urease and amidase activity decreased with long-term addition of inorganic N whereas the pea vine and the manure additions increased urease and amidase activity. There was a highly significant effect from the residue treatments on soil pH. Arylsulfatase, urease, amidase and alkaline phosphatase activities were positively correlated and acid phosphatase activity was negatively correlated with soil pH. Enzyme activities were strongly correlated with soil organic C and total N content. Except for acid phosphatase, there was no significant relationship between enzyme activity and grain yield.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257667
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microenvironments of soil microorganisms (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 189-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Soil microorganisms ; Microenvironment ; Rhizobacteria ; Spatial distribution ; Soil enzymes ; Plant debris ; Carbohydrates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Ultrastructural studies of soil micro-organisms and the microenvironments surrounding them are reviewed. Soil microfauna, and bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, fixed and embedded in situ, were examined by electron microscopy (both transmission and scanning). In some cases ultrastructural histochemistry was used to detect and identify the organic matter with which microorganisms were associated and to examine the polymeric microbial materials (enzymes, extracellular polysaccharides) they produced. Although some small organisms (0.3 μm diameter) occurred singly in dense fabrics of clay or humified organic matter, larger bacteria occurred in rhizospheres, in small colonies in the larger micropores or associated with substantial deposits of organic matter (faecal pellets, carbohydrate-rich plant cell-wall debris). Whereas rhizospheres had mixed microbial populations, individual microvoids in the bulk soil usually contained only one type of micro-organism. Following chloroform treatment, microorganisms were found only in mucigel deposits or deep in the interiors of micropores, suggesting that these constitute protected sites where microorganisms survive temporarily adverse conditions. Soil microfauna and fungi were mainly confined to the larger voids. Although some live hyphae occurred in the outer regions of aggregates, hyphae deep within soil fabrics were usually devoid of cytoplasmic organelles. Faecal pellets, plant tissues and cell-wall remnants comprised the most frequent, larger organic masses, while the most common micron- and submicron-sized organic matter consisted of fibrous or amorphous humified matter. Unequivocal detection of enzymes was limited to the surface of microorganisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260816
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of fractionation on the enzymatic state and behaviour of enzyme activities in different structural soil units (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 4 (1987), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Kinetics ; pH activity curves ; Soil enzymes ; Structural soil units ; Thermal stability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The behaviour and state of soil catalase, dehydrogenases, urease and proteases associated with different soil structural fractions were studied. Assays of the enzymatic sensitivity to pH variation, thermal stability and the calculation of kinetics constants of Michaelis were performed. The results indicated that catalase and urease activity in these soils seem to be of the same type, because the activities presented a similar behaviour in the soil fractions studied. However, their state appeared different in each group of soil units. Dehydrogenases showed a similar state and behaviour while proteases were in a different state and behaviour in each soil fraction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256989
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The micro-edaphon in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed dryland cornfields near Vienna (Austria) (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 3 (1987), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Ecofarming ; Protozoa ; Nematodes ; Community structure ; Soil enzymes ; Humus ; R. Steiner
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The micro-edaphon (testate amoebae, ciliates, nematodes), the activity of some soil enzymes (catalase, urease, saccharase), the CO2 release, and a few abiotic factors (humus, bulk density, pH, soil moisture) were analysed in two ecofarmed (biodynamic method of R. Steiner) and two conventionally farmed dryland cornfields situated close together. The arithmetic means of four sampling occasions show many marked differences, but few of them can be guaranteed with a high statistical probability, most likely due to the low sample size. However, means and significant differences invariably show that the ecofarmed plots have a greater number of organisms, a greater CO2 release, and greater enzymatic activities than the conventionally managed fields. One reason for this could be the humus content, which is significantly higher in the ecofarmed plots. No pronounced differences could be detected in species diversity and species richness. A preliminary comparison with “organically-biologically” and conventionally farmed fields under Atlantic climatic conditions shows differences in an order of magnitude similar to that found in the present study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260578
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Numerical characterization of forest soils using biological and biochemical properties (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Soil pH ; Moisture content ; Oxygen uptake ; Soil enzymes ; Numerical characterization ; Forest soils ; Principal component analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary To find if surface soils could be grouped by their biological and biochemical properties, soil samples (0–5 cm) were collected at 4-week intervals for 56 weeks from 48 woods in and around the English Lake District, and pH, loss-on-ignition (LOI), moisture content, oxygen uptake, and cellulase and phosphatase activities were measured. Results expressed on a loss-on-ignition basis were more informative than those on an oven-dry basis. In a principal component analysis of each property over the 14 samplings, the first component values represent “smoothed” between-plot differences; other components identify plots which behave differently from the majority at certain times. Analysis of variance showed very highly significant differences between plots for all the properties. pH and loss-on-ignition showed the smallest, but significant, differences between samplings. On a loss-on-ignition basis, the only significant correlations between first component values, and between plot means, were phosphatase with oxygen uptake and cellulase with pH. It is concluded that no individual physiological property can be used as a measure of soil bioactivity, which supports the conclusions of other authors. None of the principal component analyses of individual or combined properties showed any evidence of the existence of distinct clusters of plots. On a loss-on-ignition basis, a priori groups based on (1) pH 〈 3.8, (2) pH 3.8 – 5.0 and (3) pH 〉 5.0, showed no significant difference in moisture content. However, oxygen uptake was significantly lower in (1) than in (2). Cellulase activity was significantly greater in (3) than in (1) and (2). Phosphatase activity was significantly lower in (1) than in (2), and there appeared to be a peak at pH 3.8 – 5.0.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264348
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Extractability of cellulases in forest litter and soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 322-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Litter decomposition ; pH ; Sodium salts ; Soil enzymes ; Cellulases ; Exo-1,4-ß-ß-glucanase ; Endo-1,4-ß-glucanase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Cellulases in forest litter and soil occur in both bound and extractable forms. The proportion of total bound endocellulase activity (not extractable) increases during decomposition, whereas the proportion of bound exocellulase activity remains fairly constant. The proportions of bound enzymes differ among litter types with different chemical compositions. The proportion of bound activity is higher in mineral soil than in litter. We also investigated the effects of anion type (NaCl versus Na2SO4), concentration and pH on the extractability of cellulases and protein in two horizons of two forest soils. The extractability of cellulases increases as pH increases from 3.5 to 5.6. Anion type and concentration did not have consistent effects on extractability. However, there was a trend for higher extractability by sulfate than by chloride and with increasing salinity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261021
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of smoke exposure on soil enzyme activities and nitrification (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Nitrification ; Phosphatase ; Dehydrogenase ; Aerosol ; Soil thickness ; Soil enzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Soil was exposed to red phosphorous/butyl rubber (RP/BR) aerosols at various relative humidities in a recirculating environmental wind tunnel. Soil microbial and enzymatic activities were measured immediately after exposure and periodically thereafter for 56 days. The nitrification potential was significantly reduced in soil amended with ammonium sulfate and exposed to RP/BR smoke, and could be related to a decline in soil pH. The rate of nitrate formation in unamended soil with time was also reduced, but by 57 days postexposure, concentrations were similat to those of unexposed controls in all but the thinnest soil lense. Soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities were sensitive to RP/BR smoke and in some treatments no activity was detected. The measured activities did not recover within the 56-day postexposure period and in some cases declined. Soil lense thickness was the greatest factor controlling the degree of RP/BR effects, indicating that injury to soil microbial and enzymatic activities may be surficial. Deposition of smoke particles increased with increasing relative humidity, which had a significant impact on the activities measured.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261024
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