ALBERT

Description: Endlicheria Nees (non Presl) in Linnaea 8 (1833), p. 37; id., Progr. (1833), p. 16; id., Syst. (1836), p. 365; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 321; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, 1350; Spach, Hist. nat. Végét. X (1841), p. 473; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 554; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, Dict. univ. (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd. (1846), p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 480 in adnot.; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 1201; Benth. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 111; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. Fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 197; Lemée, Dict. 2 (1929), p. 857; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 63; Kostermans in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 41; id. in Pulle, F1. Surin. 2 (1936), p. 327. – Goeppertia Nees, Syst, l.c., p. 354, 365 (non alibi nec aliis); Endl., Gen., l.c., p. 321, n. 2051; id., Ench., l.c., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332, 1350; Spach., l.c., p. 473; Steudel, l.c., p. 697; Reichb., Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2659; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281; Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1473; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 253; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Schauera Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. ed. 2 (1836), p. 202 in adnot. (non aliis nec alibi); Endl., l.c., p. 321; id., Ench., p. 197; Meissn., Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd., l.c., p. 537; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 503; Lemée, l.c., p. 1006. – Schaueria Nees ex Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281 (non aliis); Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pax, l.c., p. 122. – Ampelodaphne Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 81; id. in Fl. Bras, l.c., p. 167; Baillon, l.c., p. 473; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 n. 2812; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 24; Lemée, Dict., l.c., p. 210; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Aydendron Griseb. (non Nees), p.p. in Fl. Brit. W. Ind. isl. (1860), p. 284; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Mez, l.c. – Huberodaphne Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 4 (1925), p. 191; Lemèe, Dict., l.c., 3 (1931), p. 661. Type species: Endlicheria hirsuta Nees.

Description: This paper reports a palynological investigation of Lower Triassic rock salt samples from the eastern part of the Netherlands. Bisaccate pollen grains average 99 % in the spore-pollen complexes. Most important constituent is the group of non-striate pollen grains (about 91 %), whereas striate pollen grains occur only in a small number (about 8 %). 19 pollen species are recognized and described, of which 5 are new. Two new genera are described: Eridospollenites and Angustisulcites. The pollen assemblages are compared with Upper Permian and Lower Triassic assemblages from other localities.

Description: Abbayes, H. des: Lichens nouveaux ou intéressants du Vietnam (Rev. Bryol. & Lichénol. 32, 1963, 216-222, 1 pl.). Adams, H.H. & M.A. Reinikka: Calcareous Cypripediums of southern Asia (Orchid.) (Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 1963, 182-186).

Description: In papers and manuscripts on tropical phytography I find a growing tendency to ”overdo accuracy”, with the negative effect that accuracy is underdone. Tropical phytography operates, of necessity, at a different level of accuracy in details than does temperate botany, because the aim is wider and the materials and field knowledge scantier. But as often has been demonstrated, if the second and third storey are begun before the first storey has been completed, such a wing of the house of science is unfit for inhabitation. I see it therefore as the present task of the tropical botanist to finish the first storey of knowledge, and of accuracy, for all groups. With this in mind, some thought should be given to the following considerations. In the first place there is again a growing custom with several to incorporate so much (often unnecessary or unwanted) detail in descriptions to obscure the important and really distinctive characters. Everybody can understand that, whereas a herbarium botanist may often be very glad to have 30 specimens collected during 150 years, which is a fraction of a fraction of the millions of specimens of the sum of the populations growing in nature during that period, it is a vainless attempt to encompass on the basis of three dozen specimens the complete polymorphism in great detail. If one wants to make such elaborate descriptions, one should split them into a diagnostic description followed by additional measurements and characters of secondary value. This is a compulsory courtesy against those who will consult such elaborate descriptions. With more collections coming in it is clear that there will be always minor deviations from the additional descriptive part, but more rarely in the diagnostic part; in the latter case one is becoming alert.

Description: In chapter VII of his book ”Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo” Beccari records his ascent of Mount Poi (Poe, Pueh) in south-western Sarawak, and subsequently Poi has been cited as the type locality for a number of species described from his material. The purpose of this note is to put on record the fact that although Beccari ascended the Poi range, he did not climb Gunong Poi, as that name is used on modern maps, but a more south-easterly peak in the range, Gunong Berumput (Gunong Rumput). In August 1962 I collected on Gunong Beruraput with my colleague P.J.B. Woods: the choice of this peak rather than Gunong Poi itself was made on the advice of Mr B.E. Smythies, Conservator of Forests, who said he thought we should find it more interesting. On returning home I re-read Beccari’s book and realized immediately that we had virtually followed in his footsteps.

Description: Professor and Mrs Ernst Abbe spent May-August 1964 in Sarawak, making intensive collections of developing inflorescences of Fagaceae for morphological studies. Mr N. G. Bisset of Kuala Lumpur visited Sabah and Sarawak from April to July 1964. On several trips he collected resin samples of Dipterocarpaceae, and leaf and bark samples of Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Simaroubaceae, Gnetum, Gleichenia, Apocynaceae, Strychnos, Icacinaceae, and others, all for phytochemical investigation.

Description: Previous to the 4th UNESCO Expedition, Dr H. Sleumer of the Rijksherbarium made three trips together with Mr Tem Smitinand, first to Doi Chiengdao and Doi Suthep in the North (Aug. 15-21, 1963), then to the Khao Yai National Park in Central Siam (Aug. 28-29), then to Pha Nok Khao and Phu Krading South of Loie in NE. Siam (Sept. 8-11). The 4th UNESCO Training Expedition was conducted by Mr Tem Smitinand of the Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, and Dr H. Sleumer of the Rijksherbarium, the latter serving as only instructor. The 10 participants, from Vietnam (1), the Philippines (1), Malaya (2), Singapore (1), Indonesia (2) and Thailand (3) started from a base camp 44 km from the highway from Suratthani to Takuapa in the Peninsula on Sept. 19, 1963. They investigated the flora of 7 limestone hills in the region: Khao Phra Rahu, Khao Lek, Khao Wong, Khao Ne Dang, Khao Pak Chawng, Khao Lang Tao, Khao Dai Kuad, ranging in altitude from 180 to 500 m. Each of these hills had a few peculiar species which were not found on the other hills, although in general the flora, especially in the lower slopes, was the same; 156 herbarium numbers with duplicates were here collected.

Description: From the ”Procèes-Verbaux des Séances de l’Académie tenues depuis la fondation de l’Institut jusqu’au mois d’août 1835. Publ. conf. à une décision de l’Académie par M.M. les secrétaires perpétuels. Tomes 1-10, 1910-1922”, several publication dates of the parts of French works could be stated with more certainty. It is a pity, however, that no information whatsoever is given on the contents of the publications (i.c. fascicles). Bélanger, Ch. P., Voyage aux Indes-Orientales, etc. 1825-29. Botanique I. Phanérogames-Botanique II. Cryptogamie.

Description: J. J. Smith was born June 29th, 1867, at Antwerp, where his father was the director of the Netherlands’ Railway Post Office. In 1872 the family moved to Utrecht and in 1875 to Amsterdam. Smith spent his school days in the capital. His leisure hours were occupied by growing and sketching plants and tending such animals as mice and keeping an aquarium and a terrarium. His 10th birthday was celebrated by the establishment of a private herbarium, the first plant inserted being Bellis perennis. His years at secondary school were greatly influenced by the then teacher of Natural History, Dr J. C. Costerus, who advised Smith to look for a position in horticulture. Horticultural schools being not yet ”en vogue“, Smith got his education in this field at the Horticulturist’s Messrs Groenewegen & Co., Amsterdam. In these years the Orchids began to impress him and Smith spent his few free hours in making pictures of flowering species. The connection with Dr Costerus was continued. Together they looked after their herbaria and later on started to study teratologica, found in the Groenewegen gardens and greenhouses, a field in which both would publish several valuable papers later on. After having been working for his firm for 3½ years, Smith went to Kew where he stayed one year and afterwards to Brussels for completing his horticultural knowledge and skill. At Brussels he was working one year in the famous Orchid nursery of Messrs Linden, and then another year at the ”Jardin Botanique“.

Description: Pendant une tournée du chalutier ”De Lanessan“ de l’Institut Océanographique de Nhatrang (Annam) vers le récif Tizard¹) en avril 1936, une collection d’algues marines a été constituée, provenant des îlots Itu-Aba, Sand Caye et Nam Yit. La situation de ces îlots est environ 10° de latitude Nord et 114° de longitude Est. Qu’il me soit permis de remercier M. R. Serène de l’Institut Océanographique de l’Indochine à Cauda par Nhatrang, qui m’a confié l’étude de cette collection.

Description: In continuation of a previous publication by Lam, in which meiomery and pleiomery in male flowers of Canarium decumanum were described, the same phenomenon is now discussed concerning the fruits of C. Mehenbethene (176 of one single tree) and C. commune (1126 fruits mixed from more than one tree). An investigation of the material gave the following results: 1. C. commune and C. Mehenbethene are closely related; the latter may prove to be a polyploid of the former. Their areas are partly overlapping, but C. commune has its centre in the Moluccas, C. Mehenbethene in New Guinea and W. Polynesia. 2. A tendency to reduce the number of ovules and carpels in the ovary is assumed. By means of a statistical method (”phase index“) the position of either species in the phases of this regression is indicated. 3. From this, it is concluded that C. Mehenbethene represents a more advanced phase than C. commune and that therefore an eastward migration must be accepted. This agrees with other facts stated earlier, both in the Burseraceae and in other plant families of western origin. 4. In Canarium commune pleiomery is found in 2.3% of the fruits, meiomery in 0.45%, which agrees fairly well with the figures found earlier for the corolla and the androeceum of the male flowers of C. decumanum (0.9% and 0.3% respectively). 5. The desirability is expressed to investigate the following points: a. the ontogeny and the fertilization of ovaries and ovules in Canarium. b. cytological relations between related trees in the tropics, especially as far as they may supply indications towards migration tracks (cf. the work of Hagerup on Vaccinium [Hereditas 18, 1933]). c. the ”phase index“ of a number of related Canarium species. d. the exact distribution of some of the phases mentioned along those migration tracks which are both geologically and biogeographically supported (e.g. Sunda centre—Philippines, Philippines—Moluccas—New Guinea, New Guinea—Moluccas—Central Celebes, Malay Peninsula—Sumatra—Java, etc.).

Description: Im Jahre 1907 wurde ich als Botaniker der Gouvernements China-Plantagen in Tjinjiroean bei Pengalengan, West-Java, angestellt, wo ich bis 1916 arbeitete. Tjinjiroean liegt etwa 1566 m über dem Meere und hat ein sehr feuchtes Klima. Es war sehr interessant nachzugehen, welche aus der Ebene von Java und aus Europa eingeführten Pflanzen dort wachsen würden. Was würde der Einfluss des Klimas, der Meereshöhe, der Temperatur, u.s.w. auf die Pflanzen sein? In Tjinjiroean fand ich sogleich viele eingeführte Pflanzen, welche dort üppig wuchsen. In den Chinaplantagen fand ich Georginen und Tropaeolum majus L. verwildert; in meinem Garten blühte Richardia africana Kunth reichlich, bildete Früchte, welche wieder zahlreiche Pflanzen lieferten. Nur einige interessante Pflanzen werde ich hier weiter erwähnen.

Description: Een man, die zich nimmer op den voorgrond stelde en wiens naam toch in de geheele botanische wereld bekend is, moet wel heel wat in die wereld hebben gepresteerd. Zoo’n man is Dr J. J. Smith, die op 29 Juni 1937 zijn 70sten verjaardag viert. Zeventig jaar te worden is op zichzelf beschouwd geen verdienste, maar het geeft vrienden en vereerders zulk een mooie gelegenheid den jubilaris eens te toonen, hoe zeer men zijn werk waardeert!

Description: Het lijkt mij niet mogelijk een juisten indruk te krijgen van de beteekenis van J. J. Smith’s phytographisch werk voor den huidigen kweeker, zonder de belangrijkste phasen in de geschiedenis der Orchidophilie in Europa kort te schetsen, die aan dit werk zijn voorafgegaan. Deze geschiedenis heeft zich practisch geheel in Engeland afgespeeld. Dit machtige rijk, in zijn gouden eeuw onbetwist heerscher ter zee, had ter behartiging van zijne overzeesche belangen de beschikking over een kolossale handelsvloot. De bemanningen der schepen voerden van heinde en verre allerlei rariteiten mede, ook levende planten en dieren. Op deze wijze kwamen in de laatste helft der achttiende eeuw de eerste exotische Orchideeën binnen uit gebieden, die niet al te ver van Engeland af lagen: Jamaica, de Bahama-eilanden, Trinidad.

Description: Het is mij een bijzonder voorrecht, om uit het leven van Dr Smith eenige bijzonderheden te mogen vertellen, waarvan enkele wellicht minder algemeen bekend zijn. Deels heb ik de gegevens geput uit datgene wat van zijn levensloop bekend is, deels stammen ze uit mijn persoonlijk contact met Dr Smith, en de gelegenheid van dit jubileum lijkt mij bij uitstek geschikt om dezen te bescheiden werker in het licht te plaatsen waarin hij behoort te staan. In de beginjaren van mijn loopbaan als Hortulanus van ’s Lands Plantentuin was Dr Smith voor mij de groote vraagbaak, was hij de man die met zijn groote liefde voor en zijn uitgebreide kennis van den Plantentuin mij als het ware heeft ingewerkt en opgeleid.

Description: Some collections which I received recently, contain interesting addenda to former studies of the paleotropical Frullaniaceae (cf. especially “De Frullaniaceis VII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. I, 1930) and Lejeuneaceae Holostipae (esp. “De Frullaniaceis XVII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. IV, 1934).

Description: Durch die extremen Existenzbedingungen, welche die Mangroven als: Formation bestimmen, sollte man glauben, dass die ökologischen Probleme, die sich in dieser Hinsicht zeigen, leicht gelöst werden könnten, um so mehr, weil diese Pflanzengenossenschaft relativ arm an Arten ist. Dass dies jedoch nicht der Fall ist, möge hier im Hinblick auf die Verbreitung der Lumnitzera-Arten im Malaiischen Archipel mit einigen Beispielen gezeigt werden. Im Jahre 1924 habe ich kurz auf die Verbreitung von 3 Lumnitzera- Arten im genannten Gebiet hingewiesen ¹). Meine Absicht war, speziell auf die unerklärliche Erscheinung aufmerksam zu machen, dass L. littorea (Jack) Voigt das Küstengebiet rund um die Java See, im Gegensatz zu L. racemosa Willd., vermeidet, obwohl beide Arten nicht nur in, sondern auch ausserhalb des Malaiischen Archipels vorkommen, ja selbst zusammen in ziemlicher Nähe angetroffen werden. Bevor wir diese Erscheinung noch einmal näher betrachten, möchte ich an der Hand von beigefügter Karte (Fig. 1) das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet nachgehen. Dieses Gebiet liegt nahezu vollkommen innerhalb der Wendekreise der alten Welt ²): Die Mangroven, wozu Lumnitzera gehört, finden als selbständige Waldoder Gebüschformation ihre natürliche Begrenzung ungefähr auf den gleichen Breiten. Nur L. racemosa überschreitet grade an 2 Stellen die- Wendekreise: An der Ostküste von Afrika streckt sie sich südlich vom Steinbrockkreis bis in die Mangroven bei Durban aus, während sie nördlich vom Wendekreis des Krebses noch in dem Riu Kiu (Lu Tschu) Archipel, nördlich von Formosa vorkommt.

Description: De publicatie van dit deel is mogelijk gemaakt door den geldelijken steun van vele van Smith’s vrienden, wier handteekeningen zijn vereenigd in een album, dat hem is aangeboden tezamen met dit Jubileum-Supplement van „Blumea” en de speciale aflevering van het „Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg”. Het oude Menangkabausche echte gouddraadweefsel uit Kota Gadang, dat heeft gediend voor de banden van het album en van de voor Dr Smith bestemde exemplaren van „Blumea” en het „Bulletin”, dankt het Comité ad hoc aan Dr E. R. Jacobson te Bandoeng.

Description: The Salajar Islands strew the Flores Sea between Celebes and Flores. The group consists of no less than 73 smaller and larger islands. The principal islands are: Salajar or Tanadoang, Djampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, and Bonerate. A number of smaller islands form together the group of the so-called Tiger Islands, and to the south of them arc the very small, low Pasitaloe Islands. The Salajar group is situated between Long. 119°50’ E. and 121°30’ E. and between Lat. 5°36’ S. and 7°25’ S. See the map on p. 240. In May 1913, I was enabled to visit this territory, thanks to a financial allowance of the „Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien” (Society for the Promotion of the Scientific Investigation of the Netherlands Colonies), for short: „Treub Society”, and also of the „Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen” (Utrecht Provincial Society for Arts and Sciences). The publication of the present paper was enabled by financial support of the „Leidsch Universiteitsfonds” (Leiden University Fund). I beg to tender my best thanks for all this valuable support here.

Description: The first concept of the genus Crateva was published by Linnaeus, Gen. Pl. ed. 1 (1737) 113 (n.v.). Presumably there is little difference with the text in the Hortus Cliffortianus (1738) 484. The protologue (here abbreviated and translated from the latter work) contains the following elements.

Description: In Band V dieser Schriftenfolge, Seite 85—103, habe ich im Rahmen der Gyriniden-Fauna von Gesamt-Guiana die Taumelkäfer von Suriname erstmals im Zusammenhang behandelt. Dort finden sich auch die wichtigsten Literaturhinweise, weshalb auf deren Wiederholung in dieser Arbeit verzichtet wurde. Inzwischen wurden mir durch Dr D. C. GEIJSKES die Gyriniden des von ihm verwalteten “Stichting Surinaams Museum” in Paramaribo zu Bearbeitung anvertraut, welches Material weitere interessante Aufschlüsse in Hinsicht auf die bereits bekannten Arten ergab und zur Entdeckung von 3 bisher unbekannten Species führte. Hierdurch — und durch den Nachweis von G. pescheti, Nennform, bisher nur aus Franz. Guiana bekannt — erhöht sich die Anzahl der bis heute in Suriname festgestellten Formen auf 11.

Description: The genus Aphylla was proposed by DE SELYS in 1854, when he divided the Gomphoides Complex into the three genera Gomphoides, Aphylla and Cyclophylla (= Phyllocycla; Zoologica 33, Part 2, p. 62, 1948, Cyclophylla preoccupied). However, the differentiating venational characters drawn up by DE SELYS (1854), by DE SELYSHAGEN (1858), and by NEEDHAM (1940) for the genera Aphylla and Phyllocycla are not sharp, as was discussed by CALVERT in his description of Aphylla alia from Kartabo (Zoologica 33, part 2, p. 66-67, 1948). The males of the Surinam dragon flies which have been referred to the genus Aphylla differ from Phyllocycla in that the postero-lateral angles of the tenth abdominal segment are prolonged in a sharp point; the lateral margins of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments are not leaf-like but extremely reduced, to narrow strips; and the distal portion of vein A2 is not strongly convergent with vein A3 but diverges somewhat from it and from vein A1. I believe that these characters place beyond doubt the generic status of the Surinam material in question, which is represented in my collection by adults of three species. Of these species, one is Aphylla producta Selys 1854, already recorded as occurring in Surinam and one is the little known species Aphylla dentata Selys 1859, which has not previously been recorded from this country. The third species is closely allied to the latter and is apparently new; in the present paper it is described under the specific name simulata.

Description: Les Pénicillates de la famille des Lophoproctidés ont été signalés de plusieurs Antilles, de Trinidad et de la côte vénézuélienne. Abondants à la Jamaïque (matériaux inédits de P. F. BELLINGER, ils sont seuls représentés dans les récoltes faites au Surinam par le Dr. J. VAN DER DRIFT et nous en possédons aussi un exemplaire du Guatemala. La première mention est dûe à POCOCK (1894) qui décrit son Polyxenus longisetis de Moustique et St.-Vincent (petites Antilles du Vent). La diagnose est très sommaire et LOOMIS (1934 b), se fondant sur la grande longueur des antennes, suggère que l’espèce aurait dû être placée dans le genre Lophoproctus; auparavant (1934 a), LOOMIS avait rapporté à longisetis des spécimens de Cuba (Jatibonico) et de St.-Kitts (= St.-Christophe, petite Antille du Vent située au Nord du groupe), aveugles et pourvus d’antennes lophoproctidiennes. SILVESTRI (1903) décrit sommairement son Lophoproctus obscuriseta du Venezuela (Caracas).

Description: Nederland heeft reeds in het tertiaire tijdvak in een voortdurend dalend gebied der aardkorst gelegen. Ons land is in die tijden bijna onafgebroken door de zeeën overstroomd geweest. Zij hebben op onzen bodem hun slib en zand, benevens enkele skeletdeelen van mariene organismen doen bezinken, zoodat bijna alle opeenvolgende series dezer geologische formatie tot afzetting zijn gekomen, n.l. het Palaeoceen, het Eoceen, het Oligoceen, het Mioceen en het Plioceen. Deze afdeelingen zijn elk door eigen palaeontologische en petrografische eigenschappen gekenmerkt, waaruit de palaeoklimatologie en palaeogeografie voor elke afzonderlijke étage afgeleid kunnen worden. De mariene fossielen, die in de verschillende tertiaire étage’s zijn afgezet, hebben door de herhaalde trans- en regressie der steeds opeenvolgende overstroomingen veelal aan groote verweering blootgestaan. Uit de fossielinhoud der transgressielagen en basale conglomeraten blijkt, dat de haaientanden — dank zij hun resistentie — het grootste en vaak eenige contingent der nog specifiek te herkennen fossielen vormen. De determinatie nu der haaientanden werpt in sommige gevallen een nieuw licht op den ouderdom en herkomst van het materiaal uit de transgressielagen. Deze ouderdomsbepaling biedt op haar beurt waardevolle gegevens omtrent den ouderdom der boven- en onderliggende afzettingen. Een nauwkeurige determinatie der sterk verweerde tanden uit de transgressielagen werd alleen door vergelijking met Selachiersoorten, die elders in tertiaire afzettingen in situ voorkomen, mogelijk gemaakt. Voor elke tertiaire étage werden de petrografische en paleontologische gegevens, voorzoover zij bekend zijn uit de verslagen van het werk van de voormalige Rijks Geologische Dienst en uit andere publicatie’s, verwerkt. Tevens werd een studie gemaakt over alle in het Tertiair van Nederland voorkomende Selachiers. De uitkomsten van deze onderzoekingen betreffende de geologie van Nederland, werden steeds getoetst aan die van de waarnemingen in de aan Nederland grenzende gebieden van België en Duitschland. Uit het mariene Palaeoceen, dat op enkele plaatsen in ons land is aangeboord, is geen Selachiermateriaal bekend. Het klimaat is in dit tijdvak, in tegenstelling met de onmiddellijk voorafgaande krijtperiode, subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De palaeoceene zee heeft zich over bijna geheel Nederland uitgestrekt en heeft in open verbinding gestaan met de arctische wateren. Gedurende het eoceene tijdvak hebben opeenvolgende transgressies plaats gehad, die gesteenten van verschillende lithologische facies afgezet hebben. Sporadisch zijn ze in één boring aangetroffen. Aan de glauconitische zandsteen- en mergelhoudende kleilagen, die in de Peel aangeboord zijn, werd op grond van de algeheele aaneensluiting aan de belgische isopache lijnen, een eoceenen ouderdom toegeschreven. Daar eoceene afzettingen voornamelijk uit boringen bekend zijn, is weinig fossiel materiaal te verwachten. Het klimaat is hetzelfde gebleven als in het voorafgaande tijdvak. Geheel Nederland is wederom door de zee bedekt geweest, die in verbinding heeft gestaan met de noordelijke wateren. De oligoceene afzettingen kunnen in onder-, midden- en bovenoligoceene onderscheiden worden. Op de plaats, waar het Onderoligoceen op krijtafzettingen rust, zijn eenige afgesleten haaientanden gevonden. Deze soorten: Odontaspis (Odontaspis) cf. bronni en Odontaspis (Synodontaspis) gracilis wijzen op een herkomst uit krijtafzettingen. De onderoligoceene transgressie is niet zoo uitgebreid geweest als de voorafgaande. Verschillende deelen van Nederland hebben dus boven den zeespiegel gelegen. In Zuid-Limburg zijn fluviomariene afzettingen bekend. Er is in dezen tijd nog geen verbinding geweest met de mediterrane zee. Het Middenoligoceen vertoont verschillende facies. Het komt in enkele deelen des lands aan den dag en is ook in boringen aangetoond. In Overijsel komt aan de basis van de middenoligoceene zandafzettingen een transgressielaag voor, waarin vele rondgesleten phosphorieten, haaientanden en schelpen naast enkele goedbewaarde tanden voorkomen. De determinatie dezer geremanieerde tanden wijst op boveneoceene herkomst. De in situ afgezette tanden wijzen op een middenoligoceenen ouderdom der bovenliggende glauconiethoudende zanden. In Zuid-Limburg zijn in de transgressielaag aan de basis van de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen nog enkele haaientanden gevonden, die afkomstig zijn uit oudere oligoceene lagen. Een collectie Selachiertanden uit de septarienklei van Oost-Nederland werd nader beschreven. De middenoligoceene zee heeft zich over heel N.W.-Europa uitgestrekt en waarschijnlijk via het Mainzerbekken korten tyd met de mediterrane zee in verbinding gestaan. De zuidelijke invloed op de fauna is echter in N.W.-Europa niet meer merkbaar. Het Bovenoligoceen bestaat voornamelijk uit glauconiethoudende afzettingen, die in de Peel en Zuid-Limburg zijn aangetoond. Het klimaat is tijdens het geheele oligoceene tijdvak subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De zee heeft het geheele zuidelijk deel van ons land bedekt. Het Ondermioceen is in Nederland niet in mariene facies bekend. In Zuid-Limburg gaan de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen geleidelijk over in glauconiethoudende zanden. Op sommige plaatsen nu treedt in deze zandafzettingen een transgressielaag op, waarin steenkernen van Mollusca en afgesleten haaientanden voorkomen. Door determinatie dezer geremanieerde Selachierfauna kon een bovenoligoceene herkomst van dit materiaal worden aangetoond. Hieruit werd afgeleid, dat de onderliggende glauconiethoudende zanden van bovenoligoceenen en niet van middenoligoceenen ouderdom zijn, zooals door Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) wordt aangenomen. De hierboven liggende lagen zijn tijdens een jongere neogene transgressie afgezet en hebben een middenmioceenen, niet een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom. Dit zijn de eenige mariene middenmioceene afzettingen. Een typisch mariene middenmioceene fauna is echter nergens aangetroffen. Dat echter in de onmiddellijke omgeving fossielrijke middenmioceene afzettingen bestaan moeten hebben, werd met zekerheid bewezen uit de geremanieerde, typisch middenmioceene fauna, die in een jonger transgressieconglomeraat te Elsloo werd aangetoond. Naar boven toe treden in deze mariene middenmioceene zanden eenige bruinkoolhoudende lagen op, die onderbroken worden door witte zandafzettingen. Deze zijn van marienen oorsprong en zijn gevormd tijdens steeds herhaalde transgressie’s, waarbij an de basis een laag van afgeronde vuursteenen afgezet is. Door aan te nemen, dat deze zanden van middenmioceenen ouderdom zijn, werd aan de bruinkoollagen een midden- en bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) schrijven deze afzettingen echter een ondermioceenen ouderdom toe. Deze laatste ouderdomsbepaling berust op een vergelijking met het aangrenzende bruinkolengebied van Duitschland, waar een stratigrafische opeenvolging der lagen opgesteld is, die uitgaat van een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom der onderliggende glauconitische zanden. Eenzelfde klimatologische verhouding werd zoowel voor de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna als voor de flora uit de bruinkool geconstateerd; beiden wijzen op afzetting tijdens een tropisch klimaat. De middenmioceene zee heeft in een grooten bocht over het Zuiden van ons land en het Noorden van België geloopen. Deze heeft via het Nauw van Calais in verbinding gestaan met de mediterrane zee. Van de Selachierfauna, die in de verschillende gebieden tijdens deze middenmioceene transgressie is afgezet, werd een volledige overeenkomst met de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna vanuit het transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo aangetoond. Het Bovenmioceen komt in een onderste zandige en een bovenste glimmerrijke kleiafzetting voor, die bijna overal duidelijk te onderscheiden zijn. Molengraaff en van Waterschoot van der Gracht (1913) houden de onderste, meer zandrnke facies zoowel in het Peelgebied als in Oost-Nederland voor Middenmioceen. De uit deze afzettingen beschreven Selachierfauna heeft echter een typisch bovenmioceen karakter, en daarom werd aan deze afzettingen een bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. De bovenmioceene zee heeft een groote uitbreiding gehad. Het klimaat is subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. Het plioceen komt zoowel in mariene als in continentale facies voor. In Zuid-Limburg komt onder een dunne mariene onderplioceene zandlaag het bekende transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo voor. Omtrent den ouderdom dezer laag heerscht groot meeningsverschil. Door determinatie van de geremanieerde Selachierfauna uit dit conglomeraat werd een middenmioceene herkomst van het materiaal vastgesteld. Deze ouderdomsbepaling houdt dus in, dat de bovenliggende afzettingen jonger zijn dan het Middenmioceen. Door het feit, dat het mariene Bovenmioceen niet zoover zuidelijk reikt, als ook door de aanwezigheid van een tweede, geremanieerde plioceene Selachierfauna aan de basis der hierboven liggende glaueonietzanden, werd een onderplioceene ouderdom aan de Elsloolaag toegekend. Behalve het op vele plaatsen aangetoonde mariene Onderplioceen, zijn voornamelijk in Limburg kontinentale afzettingen aangetoond. Deze zelfde facies zijn in midden- en bovenplioceene afzettingen aangetoond. Gedurende het Plioceen heeft de zee zich steeds meer naar het Westen en Noorden teruggetrokken. Het klimaat is geleidelijk kouder geworden. Tertiaire Selachiertanden komen ook op secundaire vindplaats in diluviale afzettingen voor. Nog heden ten dage spoelen vele haaientanden door de erodeerende werking van rivieren of zee uit de oorspronkelijke vindplaats los. Door de determinatie der tanden werd in vele gevallen de herkomst van de fauna vastgesteld.

Description: During the field season of 1956 and 1957, an area in the NW part of the province la La Coruña was investigated. On the north the area is bounded by the Atlantic ocean, its southern boundary is formed by the roads: Beo-Malpica and Malpica-Buño. The Monte Neme forms the eastern limit of the mapped area. Formerly this area has been studied by Professor I. Parga-Pondal and L.T. Schoon. The results of these investigations served as a basis for this study. Along the coast a well exposed complete cross section through the Central complex can be studied. A part of the Lage formation is exposed at the ends of the cross section, viz. the augengneisses of the Cabo de San Adrian in the west and the migmatites of the Monte Neme in the east. Special attention has been paid to the basic intercalations, which frequently occur in the rocks of the Central complex. The characteristics of these intercalations served to elucidate the metamorphic history of the region. Their sensitivity to changes in temperature and pressure make them a much better metamorphic indicator, especially in microscopic study, than the acid rocks. The mineralogical composition of the latter is hardly affected by metamorphism; its main influence being apparent in structural changes of these rocks.

Description: The pollen content of bore-hole samples and mine sections from the coast and from the bauxite belt of British Guiana has been studied. The pollen zonation is shown in fig. 6 and diagram IV. The description of the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary pollen species is partly given in this article and partly in Van der Hammen, 1963; the Paleocene and Eocene species will be described in Leidelmeyer, 1965. The general picture obtained for the Guiana Basin, is summarized in three sections, one along the coast (fig. 18), one parallel to the Demerara River (fig. 24) and one parallel to the Berbice (fig. 25). The more detailed interpretation and correlation of the two deep coastal wells of Rose Hall and Shelter Belt is given in fig. 5. The situation in the bauxite areas is shown in fig. 17 and 20. The age of the bauxite (in the interval Lower Eocene to Lower Oligocene) corresponds to a hiatus in the coastal wells. Surprising is the thick Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) basal infill of the basin. The dating and correlation of the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of British Guiana is summarized in a stratigraphical table (fig. 26).

Description: This paper deals with the sedimentary structures and sedimentary petrography of the four lowermost formations of the Paleozoic as developed in the Northern part of the Province of León (Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). Three of the four formations have a detrital character, and one consists of dolomites and limestones. Mineralogically, the detrital formations are mature. Consequently the differences are small, but diagnostic. The source rocks will have been non-sedimentary. The Herreria Sandstone Formation is the oldest formation. Only its upper 200 metres are described here. This part consists of medium-grained quartzites with intercalations of shales, coarse quartzites, and conglomeratic beds. The detrital quartzes contain various kinds of inclusions and are often composite. Microcline, the common feldspar, is often kaolinized. Both minerals are secondarily enlarged. The source of the secondary quartz is duscussed; this quartz is held to have been supplied partially, and precipitated, form formational waters. The latter have the tendency to increase salinity, which lowers the silica solubility. The layers show predominantly a parallel lamination, but cross-lamination occurs as well. In two parts of the sequence the layers are wedge-shaped. The depositional environment is assumed to have been shallow, near the shore, with fluviatile influences. The Laucara Dolomite Formation can be subdivided into Dolomite s.l. and Griotte. The Lancara Dolomite s.l. contains dolomites, limestones, oolitic limestones, and breccias. The diagenetic process of grain growth transformed the original detrital texture of the limestones and dolomites. Dolomitization is assumed to have been postdepositional. Recrystallization due to mechanical stresses occurs as well. The oolitic limestones too are built up of various types of calcite in a textural sense. The time-relations between these types is discussed. These limestones contain authigenic quartzes, indicating high salinity of the environment. The Lancara Griotte consists of nodular limestones and shale layers with limestone nodules. The limestones are detrital in origin. The origin of the griotte is discussed: it is attributed to solutional processes. The depositional environment of the Lancara Dolomites s.l. is thought to be comparable to the recent Bahama Bank deposits. That of the Griotte is less distinct, but must have been shallow neritic. The red colour of the griotte may point to a warm, humid climate. The Oville Sandstone Formation is characterized by its clayey nature, high lime content, and the authigenic mineral glauconite. The micas show replacement by carbonates, a relatively unknown process. The origin and source of the glauconite is dealt with: cryptocrystalline aggregates are thought to have initially been clay, while the crystalline glauconites are altered micas. Of special interest are the slump structures. Since they are the result of a thixotropic behaviour of the sediments some rheological principles are briefly reviewed. It is also stated that internal slumping and convolute laminations are related in the sense that both are expressions of a false-body thixotropic state of the sediment. Such a state is to be expected within a certain range of moisture content: internal slumping occurs at the lowest values, convolute lamination at the highest values of the range. However, convolute lamination is observed more commonly in turbidity deposits because such deposits settle at higher rates than other sediments, consequently their moisture contents must have been higher. In this thin-bedded complex, parallel lamination dominates but small-scale cross-lamination is also present. Other sedimentary structures observed are load casts, pseudo-nodules and “Linsen” structures. The depositional environment is held to have been deltaic i.e. the formation represents a chain of deltas. The Barrios Quartzite Formation consists of quartzites with few shale beds and locally a conglomerate. The quartzes are limpid and do not contain inclusions. Composite grains are scarce. Feldspars are not kaolinized, only sericitized. The occurrence of the mica phengite is diagnostic. Most of the beds are wedge-shaped, which gives the formation a special appearance. Most beds have an slightly inclined lamination. Like the Oville deposits the Barrios sands are held to be deposits of a deltaic environment.

Description: Experiments are described in which artificial beaches were attacked by a combination of running waves parallel to the coast and superposed standing waves at right angles to the former. Beach cusps were formed only when a steep beach was eroded by the waves. Observations in nature are cited that appear to support the view that standing waves may be the cause of beach cusps, but further data are needed before a definite conclusion can be arrived at.

Description: SEDIMENTOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF EL BIERZO (NW SPAIN) The purpose of this investigation was to study sedimentation in an intramontane basin in its relation to the relief of the surrounding mountain area. El Bierzo, an intramontane basin in NE Spain, is partly filled by continental Tertiary sediments whose age is thought to be Vindobonian on the basis of comparison with those of the Duero basin. These deposits were analysed by sedimentological methods: determination of grain-size, grain roundness, pebble composition, mineralogy of the light and heavy fractions and of the clays (by x-ray). In some places the Tertiairy deposits overlie deeply weathered Paleozoic rocks, considered to be the C-horizon of paleosols of Tertiary age from which the red and more clayey A and B zones have disappeared. The latter, together with unweathered rocks, are thought to be the source material of the Tertiary beds. Five different facies have been distinguished in the Miocene deposits. In the SW there are red-brown conglomerates with pebbles consisting partially of shale (Las Médulas facies). The main mass of the basin sediments are mostly silts and clayey silts with some gravels, the sandy fractions again consisting mainly of shale fragments (Santalla facies). These deposits are therefore thought to derive from the the same source as those of Las Médulas and to represent the finer fractions which were transported farther. Near the borders of the basin there are some local grey calcareous deposits containing breccias that are assumed to have been formed near faults (Vega de Espinareda facies). On top of the beds in the Santalla facies there are again local conglomerates of a more yellow colour (Fresnedo facies). The Astorga-facies, lastly, forms a transition to the deposits of the Duero basin in the E; it contains red conglomerates as well as sands and silts. Among the clay minerals, illite usually predominates as in the source rocks, but in the stagnant waters of the basin centre montmorillonite was formed as well. Towards the E there is an increasing kaolinite content, and in one case a considerable amount of attapulgite was found. The heavy minerals are for the most part the common resistant species, with the addition of anatase (which occurs in lateritic soils) in the Astorga facies. These facts suggest that the Tertiary soil-forming processes were more intense (i.e. lateritic in type) in the eastern part than in the Bierzo basin proper. Sedimentation started when some parts of the Miocene relief, covered by a thick soil, began to rise and were partly eroded, and others subsided so as to form an area of sedimentation. Remains of the Early Miocene topography are preserved in various places as surfaces with low relief on which remainders of Tertiary deposits and deep weathering are found. The most important of these is the Brañuelas surface, a plateau separating the Bierzo from the Duero basin. This plateau must once have been covered by Miocene sediments, which means that the deposits of both areas were connected and that drainage took place towards the E. After the tectonic movements that affected the Bierzo basin towards the end of the Miocene, the connection was severed and the drainage direction was reversed to the W. Later, probably during the Villafranchian, pediments on the lower slopes of the uplifted mountain masses were covered by thin angular gravels(raña’s) and fanglomerates, and the erosion surfaces were remodelled. During the remainder of the Quaternary, five terrace levels were formed in the easily erocable deposits of the Bierzo, and the partial evacuation of the basin deposits was accomplished.

Description: In 1898 a shot-hole borer, identified as X. perforans (Woll.) appeared in an experimental plantation of sugar-cane varieties at Kagok, near Tegal, West Java. Zehntner, the Swiss entomologist on the staff of the Sugar-cane Experimental Station at Kagok, used the opportunity to study the borer extensively in the laboratory as well as in the field. The borer was already notorious at the time by its boring into the bung and staves of wine-casks in Madeira and beercasks in India, which caused leakages ²). Zehntner published the very important results of his investigations in an extensive paper written for the planters in the Dutch language, in 1900. A summary of this paper on ”De riet-schorskever” (the cane bark-borer) was inserted in an annual report for 1900. An excerpt of the paper, quoting some parts verbatim but wanting several of the most interesting biological details, appeared in 1906 in VAN DEVENTER’S volume on „De dierlijke vijanden van het suikerriet en hunne parasieten” (= The enemies of sugar-cane and their parasites).

Description: Woutera Sophie Suzanna van Benthem Jutting was born 6th February 1899 in Batavia, Island of Java, Netherlands Indies (now Djakarta, Djawa, Indonesia) from Dutch parents. Her father, Wouter Christiaan LL.D. (Leiden), then a member of the High Court of Justice in Batavia, had served his entire career in the Netherlands Indies. Her mother, Sophie Henriëtte Aegidia Bosch, was the daughter of a high-ranking civil officer in the Dutch colonial government. Tera’s father retired in 1900 and returned with his family to the Netherlands, settling first at Nijmegen and later at Heemstede near Haarlem. There, in 1915, Tera’s mother died from tropical spruw, then nearly always fatal. Her father died at Haarlem in 1933. From 1911 until 1916 Tera attended the secondary school for girls in Haarlem. Here she learnt very well modern languages and literature (Dutch, French, English, and German), political history and the history of art. The natural history lessons had her lively interest, and, having finished school, she wished to study biology at University level. Her father, however, did not consider that this could help a woman to gain financial independence and advised her to take up teaching. Tera followed her father’s advice and after nearly two years study she passed the required examinations, qualifying 30th April 1918 as a primary school teacher. She then decided to follow her preference for biology.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 11 species, belonging to different families, are listed in this paper. The materials, kindly supplied by Dr. K. U. Kramer and W. H. A. Hekking, and by Dr. W. A. E. van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink, were collected during their stay in Surinam, in 1960/1961 and 1958/1959 respectively. The chromosome counts are based on the study of roottip-mitoses. The roots were fixed in Karpechenko, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 15 µ, and stained according to Heidenhain’s haematoxylin method. The species are listed in the table.

Description: It is a well-known saying that first brains should come, then books, then bricks. As for Malesian botany, emphasis lies for a moment clearly on bricks. But however useful they are, and coming first in abundance at that, we firmly keep our conviction that they come last in importance. Much as we enjoy the building activities which are going on in botanical institutes, yet we will review the main events of the year in the rightful order. BRAINS. We lost two of our outstanding colleagues and friends, first died Dr Ch. Baehni, who in his capacity as the Director of the Geneva Herbarium, has done much to support and cooperate with our enterprise. Later died Dr K.B. Boedijn, one of the prominent members of a generation of mycologists who still had a comprehensive knowledge of fungus genera. This was why he was able to produce publications (of high quality) on so many different groups. After many years at the Bogor Herbarium, he kept until the last in close touch with the Rijksherbarium and flora Malesiana. We lost also Dr E.B. Copeland, to most botanists mostly known for his epoch-making work on ferns, and his account of the Philippine flora in particular. In addition he published in his Philippine period on fungi, plant physiology, rice, etc. He died at high age in California, where, after his Philippine period, he was at the Botany Department of Berkeley.

Description: Gazetteer to the Philippine Road map, compiled by M.Jacobs. Reprints of precursory papers, as far as available.

Description: Anacardiaceae. At the Rijksherbarium, Dr Ding Hou started the Flora Malesiana revision of this large and difficult family. Aquifoliaceae. At Harvard, Miss Dr H. H. Hu is revising Ilex.

Description: The genus Thuemenella Penz. & Sacc. is revised. The new combinations T. bicolor (Ell. & Ev.) Boedijn, T. cubispora (Ell. & Holw.) Boedijn, T. hirsuta (Ell. & Ev.) Boedijn and the new species T. hexaspora Boedijn are proposed. Descriptions are given of the families Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae. The genera of the former family are briefly discussed.

Description: The nomenclature of the perfect and imperfect stages of Mycosphaerella brassicicola (Duby) Lind. and Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & De Not. is discussed. The imperfect stages of these two parasites of Brassica spp. are often confused. Mycosphaerella brassicicola has a spermagonial stage with the characters of the form-genus Asteromella Pass. & Thüm. In phytopathological literature it is incorrectly known as a Phyllosticta species: P. brassicicola McAlp. A new combination for this stage is proposed: Asteromella brassicae (Chev.) Boerema & van Kesteren. The pycnidial stage of L. maculans is known in phytopathological literature as Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Desm. Its characters, however, are quite different from those of the type-species of the form-genus Phoma Sacc. As it agrees with the type-species of the form-genus Plenodomus Preuss, it is concluded that the correct name is Plenodomus lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Höhn.

Description: Much of the difficulty experienced by the modern systematic botanist is nomenclatorial. Though he may have a clear conception of a plant as a taxonomic unit, he is often at a loss to find out what it is as a legitimate nomenclatural entity. If a haphazard use of names is permitted, it will result in different botanists using the same name in a different sense, so that the names themselves, unaccompanied by a description, will give no definite denotation; that is, a name may become applicable to several independent taxonomic units. And if it is attempted to skip over these difficulties by creating a new name every time the legitimacy of a name of a plant is questioned, a usage may be established in virtue of which, on the one hand, very good names may be rejected on insufficient grounds, while, on the other, one and the same taxonomic group of plants will be known by different names to different botanists in different countries. Actually, some such state of affairs as this was common at one time in taxonomic botany, so that it came to be felt that personalities had a great deal to do with popularizing some names, however erroneous, as well as with rejecting quite good ones. In other words, there was a tendency to subordinate the naming of plants, or the validity and legitimacy of plant-names, to personal or national or provincial likes and dislikes, with the result that the scientific names were often less stable and precise in their application than the vernacular names. In order to obviate these drawbacks and to make the nomenclature of plants more precise and international, the new nomenclatorial Rules adopted as their basis the type- and the priority-concepts as the most important guiding principles in such matters. These Rules do not recognize personalities, but they oblige taxonomists to examine the claims of each plant-name for legitimacy on the merits of the names themselves, and not of the authors of the names, or of the authors of the works in which the names have been published. Thus at one stroke these two principles have, in nomenclatorial procedure, attempted to do away with all incentives for botanists to split themselves into different camps on a national basis or according to the sides taken by the heads of the particular institutions to which they belong.

Description: Botanists throughout the world and more especially those who have made a special study of the Natural Family Orchidaceae would desire to offer their congratulations and good wishes in person to Dr J. J. Smith on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. Since that privilege, however, is denied to so many of us, I desire on behalf of my British colleagues, and especially on behalf of the staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to offer to Dr. Smith our sincere thanks for the valuable work he has carried out on the Orchidaceae, Ericaceae and Euphorbiaceae, in particular of the Malayan region and more especially of the Dutch East Indies during the past thirty-five years; and to express the hope that he may long be spared to continue his valuable researches and enrich botanical literature from the vast stores of his accumulated knowledge and wide experience.

Description: Die bisher aufgestellten Orchideensysteme stimmen bis auf eine Ausnahme (L. C. Richard, 1817) in der Abtrennung der monandrischen Orchideen von den diandrischen überein. Dagegen ist bei der Gliederung der Monandrae verschieden verfahren worden. Das System von Lindley stellt hier die Beschaffenheit des Pollens voran; das von Reichenbach F. die Anheftung der Anthere; Bentham benutzt beides; Pfitzer geht von der Richtung der Pollinienverbindung mit dem Rostellum aus und verwendet dann vegetative Merkmale; das System von Schlechter schliesst sich an das von Pfitzer an, zieht aber wieder stärker den Pollen heran. Vergleicht man die Hauptgruppen dieser Systeme nach ihrem Inhalt, so ergibt sich, dass sie trotz der verschiedenen Ausgangspunkte sehr weitgehend übereinstimmen. Es bestehen nur zwei wesentlichere Abweichungen: einmal die verschiedene Aufteilung der von Schlechter als Kerosphaereae bezeichneten Gruppe (in Epidendreae und Vandeae bei Lindley-Bentham und in Acranthae und Pleuranthae bei Pfitzer- Schlechter; das läuft aber im Endergebnis nur auf die verschiedene Verteilung einiger weniger Gattungsgruppen auf die genannten Untergruppen der Kerosphaereae hinaus) und zweitens das Schwanken in der Unterbringung von ein oder zwei Gattungsgruppen bei den Polychondreae (Neottieae) oder Kerosphaereae.

Description: Dr J. J. Smith is best known by his studies about Orchidaceae. But since 1904 he published regularly in collaboration with Dr J. C. Costerus in the ”Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg“, the results of their researches in teratology of tropical plants. Some years ago, Dr J. J. Smith was so kind to ask me if I would like to continue their studies in tropical teratology; I accepted this invitation. Although botanists appreciate this part of the botanical science in more than one way, and although even the opinion about the definition of a monstrosity differs, it must be stated that what has been done by Costerus and Smith in this field of the botanical science, deserves our high appreciation as they have described and pictured for the first time a large number of tropical monstrosities.

Description: In conclusion, we propose the following nomenclatural alterations. For a good classification, the genus Vulpia is to be accepted as a member of the Festuceae. Various names of Vulpia are fixed according to our present rules of nomenclature, viz. V. bromoides (L.) GRAY, V. membranacea (L.) LINK, V. geniculata (L.) LINK, V. stipoides (L.) DUM. and V. Myurus (L.) GMELIN. For Vulpia ciliata the earliest valid epithet is taken and so this widely distributed species must bear the name of V. aetnensis TINEO, while its glabrous variety is named imberbis (Vis.) HENR.. Vulpia delicatula (LAG.) DUM. var. hirsuta HENR. and Vulpia geniculata (L.) LINK var. dasyantha HENR. are described as new varieties. Among the South American species the new combinations Vulpia eriolepis (DESV.) HENR., Vulpia australis (NEES) HENR. and Vulpia muralis (KUNTH) HENR. are proposed, moreover the endemic Vulpia Teneriffae (ROTH) HENR. is mentioned. The North American species are treated in connection with the parallel variations of the European Vulpias and the following new combinations are given, viz. Vulpia octoflora (PIPER) RYDBERG, var. hirtella (PIPER) HENR., V. sciurea (NUTT.) HENR., V. arida (ELMER) HENR., V. confusa (PIPER) HENR., V. Eastwoodae (PIPER) HENR., V. Grayi (ABRAMS) HENR. and V. Tracyi (HITCHC.) HENR..

Description: The present account of this genus follows the lines of that adopted for Flora Malesiana (ser. 11, 1, part 2, 1963). While studying Malesian species, I examined the types of those in neighbouring regions, to discover to what extent Malesian species were distributed further to the East and South-east. I found very few species with such extended distribution, but it was evident that the species of Australasia and the Pacific are closely related to those of Malesia. There has been no attempt at a full comparative survey of all the species of Cyathea over this vast area since Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis Filicum (2nd edition, 1874). Later accounts have been very summary, or confined to limited parts of the region, and there has been inconsistency as between dilferent accounts in the interpretation of some specific names, especially those originating with Forster. I have now examined type material of almost all species, and hope that I have resolved most of the discrepancies of interpretation. A few new species are also here described. Though the scales of the stipe provide characters by which any species may be placed in its subgenus, other characters are usually necessary for distinguishing individual species. Working from herbarium specimens, I find that the only way to distinguish clearly between species is to examine both indusia (if any) and scales on the lower surface of leaflets with a binocular dissecting microscope at a magnification of 25, and in the descriptions I have attempted to state concisely the distinctive characters of scales and indusia thus seen. The only previous authors who described scales at all carefully were Mettenius and Christensen. The indusia need even more careful examination than the scales. Some which have been described as cup-shaped are in fact hood-shaped, being open on the side towards the margin of the leaflet (e.g. C. cunninghamii); at the other extreme are indusia so small that they are covered by the ripe sporangia and so have sometimes been overlooked (e.g. in C. decurrens).

Description: This is a taxonomic revision of the genus Capparis in South and Southeast Asia, Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific. In this area, four sections are distinguished: 1. sect. Capparis, monotypic with C. spinosa, 2. sect. Sodada, monotypic with C. decidua, 3. sect. Monostichocalyx in a new circumscription containing most of the species formerly included in sect. Eucapparis, with about 65 species in the area under revision, 4. sect. Busbeckea, with 12—14 species in all. Of the 79 species recognized, 7 are new, viz. C. cataphyllosa, cinerea, koioides, monantha, pachyphylla, rigida, and rufidula, and 2 are elevated from varietal to specific rank, viz. C. annamensis (C. grandiflora var. annamensis Baker ƒ.) and C. pranensis (C. thorelii var. pranensis Pierre ex Gagn.). Of the 11 subspecies recognized under C. acutifolia, micracantha, and sikkimensis 9 are newly described or new in rank, like 3 out of the 8 varieties under C. loranthifolia, micracantha, and spinosa. Under C. brachybotrya, 2 formae have been maintained, under C. floribunda, is reduced. Three species, C. dielsiana with 2 varieties, C. longipes, and C. muelleriana, have been recorded as incompletely known besides. Chapters on characters and internal relationships, and plant-geographic remarks have been added. All type specimens are cited with the names based on them, the other collections only as far as they are important for the knowledge of the distribution. Notes dealing with deviating specimens, nomenclatural problems, related species in Africa, &c. are given under the taxa. Starting from the idea that solitary large flowers and a beaked ovary with relatively many carpels, the presence of empty spiny bract-like cataphylls at the base of a shoot, and straight thorns are primitive characters, an attempt has been made to devise a subdivision of Sect. Monostichocalyx into 7 tentative Groups to show their natural interrelationships and possible derivation. It is regarded as most likely, that the genus, as represented in the area under revision, originated in southern India/Ceylon and/or Gondwanaland, and migrated into Australia, and later through the Indo-Chinese Peninsula to the northwest and northeast, and into Malesia. An index to numbered collections has been added. Hypselandra Pax & Hoffm. (syn. Meeboldia Pax & Hoffm.) is reduced to Maerua. B.S. Sun’s new taxa from China are discussed in an appendix.

Description: A study of the taxonomy and chorology of the Bulgarian species of Euphorbia has led me to consider their phytogeography; this entailed a closer view on the main features of florogenesis and distribution of subg. Esula in Europe. There are two problems concerned, viz. the origin of the two sections Tulocarpa (Raf.) Prokh. and Murtekias Prokh. which contain the most primitive and ancient species of the subg. Esula and furthermore a consideration of their mutual relationships and the main trends of their evolution within the subgenus. The data on the distribution of the species examined in the present paper have been taken from the works of Boissier (1862, 1879), Halacsy (1904), Fiori (1925), Hegi (1925), Hayek (1927), Eig (1932), Prokhanov (1933, 1949), Ade & Rechinger (1938), Rechinger (1938,1943, 1952, 1960), Czeczott (1939), Losa Espagna (1946), Diapoulis (1948), Prodan (1953), Vindt (1953), and Köie & Rechinger (1954/55).

Description: Planta herbacea, caulibus gracilibus, scandentibus vel prostratis?, sparse patule pilosis, glabrescentibus. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolis 3—5 mm longis, sparse patule pilosis, lanceolata vel lineari-lanceolata vel interdum oblonga, (2.5—)5—7 cm longa, 6—10 mm lata, basi rotundata, apice acuta mucronulata, in marginibus adpresse pilosa, ceterum sparse pilosa vel glabra, nervis lateralibus utrinque 4—6 ascendentibus. Inflorescentiae axillares, pedunculatae, 1-florae; pedunculis 2—4(—6) cm longis, gracilibus, sparse patule pilosis vel glabris; pedicellis apicem versus incrassatis, verruculosis, 6—10 mm longis; bracteis minutis, subulatis. Sepala aequaba vel interiora subbreviora, 12—15 mm longa, exteriora 2 crassiuscula, ovato-lanceolata vel anguste ovata, apicem acutum versus attenuata vel acuminata, dorso verruculosa et sparse breviter pilosa, interiora 3 membranacea, oblonga, cuspidata, laevia et glabra vel sepalum tertium ad basin verruculosum. Corolla infundibuliformis, verisim. c. 2—2.5 cm longa, glabra, flava. Stamina inclusa, filamentis 6—7 mm longis, c. 2.5 mm supra basin corollae insertis, basi breviter pilosis, antheris maturis contortis, c. 3—3.5 mm longis. Discus annularis. Ovarium pilosum; stylo incluso, c. 8—10 mm longo, glabro. NEW GUINEA. W. New Guinea: Kebar Valley, Andjai, c. 600 malt., on grassland, rather common, herb, flowers yellow, 6-9-1959, V. W. Moll B. W. 9511 (L, type; LAE).

Description: Many plants are as a whole or in some characteristic features flabelliform. So it is easy to understand that botanists often used the word piпio or piпidiov as a component of plant names. It is rather astonishing, however, that this word, R(h)ipidion or R(h)ipidium occurs no less than five times as a generic name (including one nomen nudum). In the list of homonyms by Miss M. L. GREEN C.S. (Kew Bull. misc. Inf., 1935, p. 341—544) the word is not mentioned, though it is of importance for mycologists. It may seem curious that also OTTO KUNTZE, who was very keen on such cases, probably overlooked it. Only in the list of nomina conservanda (auct. R. MAIRE; Int. Rules Nomencl., Ed. III, 1935, p. 124) one of the cases was considered¹). Rhipidium CORNU, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 18, 1871, p. 58; Ann. Sci. nat. Bot., V, 15, 1872, p. 15. (Saprolegniaceae). Standard species: Rh. interruptum CORNU l.c. = Rh. continuum CORNU l.c. = Rh. europaeum VON MINDEN, Krypt. Fl. Brandenburg, V, 1915, p. 597 (1912). For the argument of typification, see VON MINDEN, l.c., p. 596.

Description: Das bearbeitete Gebiet grenzt im E an die Wasserscheide der Serio-und Dezzoflüsse zwischen dem Monte Vigna Vaga und dem Monte Scanapá. Auf diesem Bergkamm liegen die höchsten Gipfel: der Pizzo della Presolana, 2521 m, und der Monte Ferrante, 2426 m. Nach W reicht das Gebiet bis an den Kamm der Cima di Timogno und des Monte Vodala. Diese Grenze zieht sich nach S bis Rovetta in der Valle Gera und nach N bis in die Valle di Sedornia hin, wo unseres Gebiet mit dem von Weeda kartierten über etwa 2 km zusammenfällt. Die nördlichen und südlichen Grenzen werden von den Valli di Sedornia und Gera gebildet.

Description: Recently Dr. I. KRISTENSEN, Director of the Caribbean Marine-Biological Institute at Curaçao, kindly donated to the Leiden Natural History Museum a small collection of fishes he collected during a 1961 visit to Trinidad. These specimens proved to be of considerable interest, providing new distributional data and even including two species not listed in my previous review of the freshwater fishes of the island (1960), and induced me to prepare the present paper. The opportunity has been taken in this paper to correct some errors and omissions in the review. The species discussed here are numbered in accordance with my 1960 enumeration, the numbers 2a and 68a being additions.

Description: The area investigated comprises a 5 miles broad E-W belt mainly through the group of rocks called ”Complejo Antiguo” by professor Parga-Pondal (1956). The section runs roughly from the village of Lage on the west coast eastwards towards Carballo. The object was to detect the various relationships between the rocks of this group; more especially it is an attempt to elucidate the metamorphic history of this so-called Ancient complex in terms of a scheme of syn-, late- and post-kinematic metamorphic events.

Description: In the Lower Palaeozoic where true palynological microfossils become rare, much use can be made of other acid-resistant microfossils such as acritarchs and chitinozoans. This study gives some of the results of an investigation on the presence of acritarchs and chitinozoans in three essentially Lower Palaeozoic formations of the Province of León in northwest Spain, viz. the Formigoso, the San Pedro, and the La Vid Formations. They range from Upper Llandoverian to the middle part of the Emsian. The techniques used to prepare the samples are discussed. The vertical distribution of the most common acritarchs and chitinozoans in the region investigated are given, as well as the changes of frequency in the associations of some selected groups of acritarchs from a number of sections of the San Pedro and the La Vid Formations. Most formgroups show characteristic changes of frequency providing the possibility of detailed correlation within the formations. The most common forms of acritarchs and chitinozoans used for correlation purposes are described. A list of species may be found on pages 280 and 337. Most of these forms had not yet been recorded.

Description: A new species of Paullinia, viz. P. Bernhardi Uitt. was described on p. 774 of the last volume of this periodical. I have to add here another new species to this formerly monotypic section Cryptoptilon. The three species now known are all collected uncompletly. The flowers of the two Suriname ones are wanting; those of P. verrucosa Radlk. from British Guiana are known, but unfortunately only rather young fruits are found. A new diagnosis of this section is given here together with a key and the description of the new species. Sect. Cryptoptilon Radlk. in Engl. u. Prantl, Nat. Pfl. fam. III, 5 (1895), p. 304, fig. 156 IX; id., Monogr. Paull. (1895—96), p. 247, fig. 9; id. in Engler, Pflanzenreich IV, 165, p. 309 (1931).

Description: To study the immigration and spreading of the beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Netherlands during the young Holocene, three peat bogs were palynologically investigated in the eastern Netherlands and in the adjacent German area. For this purpose peat samples have been collected in the Korenburgerveen near Winterswijk, in a peat bog near Burlo (Germany) and in the Aamsveen south-east of Enschede. The analysis of the peat-samples proved, that extensive beech-forests existed in subatlantic times in the subcentreuropean flora district of the Netherlands. This is shown in the comparatively high Fagus-percentages in the pollendiagrams.

Description: This paper deals with the results of a microscopical analysis of the lignites of the miocene browncoal from the quarry “Anna” in the south of Limburg (Netherlands). They appeared to consist of 14 wood species, distributed over Conifers (6). Monocotyledons (1) and Dicotyledons (7). Four dicotyledonous woods were found for the first time and described here. Some conclusions about vegetation and climate are added.

Description: The reduction of Nelsonia campestris R.Br. to N. canescens (Lam.) Sprengl. was not justified; N. campestris is a species confined to Australia or, perhaps, to Australia and New Guinea; arguments are adduced against Bentham’s view that N. campestris would be a common tropical weed. Thunbergia arnhemica F. v. Müll. was erroneously sunk in Th. fragrans Roxb.; the latter is confined to India and Ceylon and Th. arnhemica to Australia. Ruellia acaulis R.Br., R. australis Cav., R. pumilio R.Br. and R. spiciflora F. v. Müll. ex Bth. are transferred to a new genus Brunoniella, which is confined to Australia.

Description: In this investigation special attention was paid to phytosociological aspects. The period in which the layers were formed could be dated as extending from the beginning of the Atlanticum to the present day. Radio-carbon dating is necessary, however, in order to obtain more precise results. It is not excluded that transgressions have influenced the succession. More investigations are necessary to complete our image of the holocene development of this area.

Description: As in my previous papers dealing with Myxomycetes collected by me in the Netherlands, here too the specimens dealt with are preserved either in my private collection, in that of the Botanical Museum and Herbarium of the State University, Utrecht (in the last-mentioned case the numbers are followed by a “U”), or in both. I am much indebted to Prof. Dr. G. W. Martin for sending me valuable specimens, and for his help, to the British Museum for the facilities accorded to me for studying its Myxomycete collections, and to Dr. R. Santesson of the Institute of Systematic Botany of the University of Uppsala for advice and the loan of valuable specimens.

Description: Specimens of a Didymium collected at Endegeest near Oegstgeest, a suburb of Leiden, on holly leaves, were put aside by Prof. Dr. W. K. H. Karstens as being near to Didymium squamulosum (Alb. & Schw.) Fries, but not identical with it. Some of the specimens were collected in August 1944 by Dr. S. J. van Ooststroom, whereas several other ones were collected in October of the following year by Prof. Karstens at the same locality; they are all very similar, and remarkable in the smooth white calcareous crust, which is distant from the membranous inner part of the peridium, and in the rather dark spores, which are nearly all encircled by a thin, sometimes fragmentary ridge. Comparison with a large number of specimens of D. squamulosum has convinced me that the specimens collected at Endegeest are indeed distinct from that species. LISTER, in a footnote to D. squamulosum (3rd ed. 1925, p. 118), mentions a form collected on holly leaves, but the description and figure prove that this is plainly D. squamulosum, and certainly not identical with the above mentioned specimens. The specimens from Endegeest are not identical with D. praecox de Bary either. The latter is described by Lister “as so inconstant that the name cannot be applied to mark even a variety”. However, D. praecox was described by Berlese in Saccardo (Syll. 1306) and by Massee (Mon. p. 223) (the two descriptions, probably based on that given by Rostafinsky, which was not seen by me, are practically identical) as possessing a double peridium. Study of a duplicate of de Bary’s type specimen in the Rabenhorst “Fungi Europaei” collection no. 367, 1861, preserved at the Rijksherbarium at Leiden (no. 910243-676), shows this to be D. squamulosum, as the crystalline lime crust closely adheres to the membranous inner layer of the peridium, a condition which is characteristic of this species; this is seen quite clearly at the time of dehiscence, as the two layers break away simultaneously. The spores were found by me to be 10-11 µ in diam., and not 8—9 µ, as they are said to be in Massee’s description (which, however, comes within the range allowed for the spores of this species by Lister and by Martin in their monographs, viz. 8-11 µ), and they are spinulose; some of the dark spinules are grouped in clusters, whereas the remaining ones are unevenly and sparingly scattered between these clusters. In the specimens collected at Endegeest the crystalline lime layer of the peridium, as stated above, is distinctly separated from the membranous inner layer, the latter, moreover, is often provided with light brown areolae, a feature which is seen also in D. nigripes and in D. melanospermum, but which I myself have not met with in D. squamulosum. However, Lister describes the inner peridium of the latter as “sometimes mottled with red-brown towards the base”; this, therefore, is a point which deserves further study. Other noteworthy points are that the spores of the new species are provided with a ridge and that the spinules are not arranged in clusters.

Description: De Candolle (1830) divided the genus Campanula into two large sections on basis of the presence or absence of calyx-appendages between the calyx-lobes. Boissier (1875) attached great value to the mode of dehiscence of the capsule, and divided the genus into two sections. None of the existing classifications seems to be a natural one. As cytological investigations and crossing experiments might give valuable information for a natural classification, it was decided to investigate: a. The classification of the species within the genus Campanula based on morphological, cytological, and genetic data. b. The variability of a number of species, based on cytological investigations and growing experiments carried out under uniform conditions. In Chapter I a survey is given of the most important literature on the classification of the genus Campanula. The cytological data, hitherto published, are listed in Chapter II. 77 species were studied cytologically, the chromosome numbers of plants of 729 different localities were counted. At the end of Chapter II some drawings of the somatic chromosomes of a number of species are given. The integration of cytological and morphological data is given in Chapter III. It appeared that, beside some rare chromosome numbers (2n = 24, 26, 28, 36, 56, 58), also some cytological series exist, each of which has its own basic number: x = 8, 10, 15, 17. Within each series the species usually show a great morphological resemblance. Also species studied by other authors show a combination of morphological and cytological characters corresponding with the correlations in the species which were studied by the present author. There are many reasons justifying the supposition that Sugiura, who reported many chromosome numbers, did not correctly identify the plants on which the chromosome count was based. In Chapter IV a survey of the results of the crossing experiments is given. The features pointing to relationship (dealt with in Chapter III) were tested by the crossing experiments. Some species with basal and apical dehiscence of the fruit are crossable. Hybrids were obtained from crosses between some species with and without calyx-appendages. Species belonging to different subsections of Fedorov’s system turned out to be crossable. In view of these facts the classifications given by de Candolle, Boissier and Fedorov cannot be regarded as natural. With the exception of species belonging to the x = 15- and the x = 17-series it was impossible to cross species belonging to different cytological series. From the selfpollination experiments the conclusion may be drawn that self-fertilization is a rarely occurring phenomenon in the genus Campanula. Most species investigated turned out to be self-sterile. Insect pollination is the rule, self-pollination the exception. As only 40-50 % of the total number of species of the genus Campanula have been investigated cytologically as well as morphologically, only a provisional division of the genus Campanula into a number of groups was given (Chapter V). These 7 groups are regarded as natural, but neither their interrelationship nor the relation of some of these groups to other genera of the family Campanulaceae is clear yet. At the end of Chapter V theories on the evolution of the chromosome numbers are discussed. The author gives an opinion differing from the one given by Böcher on the origin of some chromosome numbers. In Chapter VI a survey is given of the results of experimental cultivations of a great number of plants of 9 polymorphic species.

Description: The genus Pandanus is a very large one, now with 654 accepted species, and many more are being discovered. It occurs in the tropics from Hawaii to West Africa, and Malesia is especially rich in species. As many herbaria contain a large percentage of specimens so incomplete that they are unidentifiable and worthless, instructions for collecting are desirable.

Description: Baas Becking, L. G. M. (1895-1962) V.J. Koningsberger, Jaarb. Ned. Ak. Wet. (1962-1963) 1-7 + portr. Backer, C. A. (1874-1963)

Description: The Netherlands’ Indies are part of those humid tropical regions where innumerable species of orchids either may hang down, sometimes in large numbers, from the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs or grow terrestrially in woods or elsewhere. Nevertheless, to every naturalist who takes the trouble of ascertaining the attitude of the native population towards the orchid-family, it at once becomes clear that up to this very moment most of these plants have only succeeded in obtaining a very modest place in the domestic life and even in the interest of the natives. The beauty of the flowers of so very many species seems never or hardly at all to have been observed by them. This is so much the more noteworthy because in other cases the native has usually invented a name, if not a use, for most plants in his surroundings, even for the rarest and most unimportant ones. As regards orchids this has never happened. These plants seem never to have played any part in religious ceremonies and in the numerous myths they are mentioned at best by a few words. On none of the old monuments they are immortalized; even on ornaments of a later date one usually seeks in vain for these plants or their flowers. How is this aloofness of the natives towards such an important part of the flora of their country to be accounted for? Orchids never were of much use either in domestic life or in the domain of medicinal science. Only with the arrival of the Europeans or, more correctly speaking, not before a very short time ago, some interest for orchids was raised with the natives. But this took, practically, only place in imitation of the foreigner, especially when the natives began to see that money was to be made in the orchid-trade. Here and there this unnatural predilection has already lead to consequences of alarming dimensions, because it has not rarely effected the complete or partial extermination of valuable species in regions where formerly they grew copiously. Nevertheless a change in the native denomination of orchids can hardly be observed. All these plants are simply called Anggrèk or Angkrèk and, as a rule, it is not deemed necessary to add a specific name. Only very few orchids can really boast of such a name; most of them remain anonymous. The names Angkrèk panèli and Angkrèk lotjis, Spatulotjis or Spatuklotis are mere corruptions of Vanilla and Spathoglottis. Angkrèk bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis) and Anggrèk matjan (Vanda tricolor), though both composed of genuinely native words, do not seem to be quite original, though this case is not identical with the two former ones; these names seem only translations of the Dutch names Maan-orchidee (Moon-orchid) and Tijger-orchidee (Tigerorchid). Yet some specific denominations exist, as a rule with some unimportant addition to the word Anggrèk or Angkrèk, e.g. běněr (bětul) = true; beureum (mèrah) = red; bodas (putih) = white; konèng (kuning) = yellow; gědè (běsar) = big; leutik (kětjil) = small, and such-like which, as a matter of fact, have little to do with the notion of species. Very often they only seem to have been invented by plantcollectors wishing to content troublesome interrogators by some plausible answer. Finally there exist some poetic names, for the greater part of very recent date, of which it is likewise difficult to ascertain whether they are really true ones or came into existence by European influences. From the foregoing, in my opinion, it sufficiently appears that the natives hardly knew how to distinguish plants of this group which, in our eyes, is so very interesting. Once more, how is this fact to be accounted for? He who knows better is, of course, free to say so, but to me this enigmatical aloofness of the natives towards orchids seems to prove that these plants do not interest him in any way. The same case presents itself with most Europeans as regards funguses, mosses, algae a.s.o., groups of plants growing in our immediate environment, unsurveyable to many, which seem not to stir our imagination. I cannot find any other explanation of the fact. Notwithstanding what I have said herebefore it may be of interest to shortly discuss which value part at least of the native population of Java sets to orchids, not exclusively regarding the very small economic worth of a few ones but especially with a view to the denomination of the diverse species. Most of the popular names mentioned beneath have proved to be of recent date. Hence they are not yet universally used; often they are of local value only; sometimes they were invented by cunning plant collectors for the benefit of their employers. Nevertheless they are worthy of being registered, with discrimination of course and spelled in the right way. By doing so we may in future attain a better surveyable and more reliable denomination of orchids than could be made now. Everyone who is acquainted with the love felt by the natives for nature and with their extensive knowledge of the multitude of forms shown by the flora of their surroundings, knows quite well how important it is, and will ever be, to judiciously exchange thoughts with them. The native likes to hoax those who do not understand him and it leaves him quite cool whether by his conduct the European thinks to have found one reason more of storming furiously against the traditional irreliability of native information about plants and plant-names. He has had to swallow severer reproaches than the annihilating opinion of incompetent persons. The fault does not lie exclusively with the natives nor entirely with the Europeans but is caused by the lack of a universally acknowledged classification of the popular names in existence. My treatise aims at contributing my mite to a correct valuation of the notions of both parties. Therefore, let us not begin with stumbling over the numerous brand-new plant-names met with at present everywhere but let us express the hope that, once sifted, they will prove useful enough to enable one to find his way in the Indian flora. Wherefore should we hesitate to register names unknown up to now, because they are not yet generally used throughout the island? If ever, then now surely the time has come to take a broad view of this matter, now that the interest shown for orchids by the different races of the population is rapidly increasing, though modern fashion may play a great part in pushing it forward.

Description: Pennisetum sagittatum HENR. nov. spec. — Perenne. Culmi erecti, superne ramosi, ramis implicatis, plus quam 1 m alti, teretes, inferne circa 1 cm crassi, glaberrimi, minute striatuli, straminei, internodia superne violascentia, culmi apicem versus plus minusve angulati, nodi tumidi nigrescentes; vaginae compressae, internodiis breviores, striatae, inferiores sparse pilosae, pilis e basi tuberculato nigro, hiantes, mox a culmo solutae, superne sensim angustatae involutae, sensim in petolium longum attenuatae et loco ligularum in auriculis ad 4 mm longis productae, ligula breviter ciliata; petiolus foliorum longitudine varians, petioli inferiores saltem ad 10 cm longi, superiores sensim decrescentes, summi brevissimi vel nulli et tunc folia sessilia, compressi, 1.5 mm crassi, superne canaliculati; laminae inferiores foliorum petiolatorum valde sagittatae, lobis ad 2.5 cm longis, obtusis, apice incrassatis, nervis sigmoideis, ut in figura demonstravit, laminae propriae inferiores e basi plus quam 1 cm lati, sensim late lanceolatae, circa 25 cm longae, in medio circa 2.5 cm latae, superne sensim angustatae et longe setaceo-acuminatae, multinervosae, supra virides, nervo mediano lato stramineo praeditae, glabrae, subtus pallide glaueae, minute adpresse puberulae, laminae superiores sensim decrescentes, summae haud sagittatae sed e basi rotundato lineari-lanceolatae, eae ramorum 6—8 cm longae, 1 cm vel minus latae. Inflorescentiae e ramorum lateralium erumpentes longe tenuiter pedunculatae, pedunculo subangulato striato, vix ½ mm crasso, panicula subsimplex, angusta, ad 6 cm longa cum spiculis vix 5 mm lata, rhachis angulosus, subflexuosus, spiculae solitariae vel subbinae, sessiles, a basi setis paucis gerentes, setae scabrae, spiculis aequilongae. Spiculae circa 4 mm vel paulo plus longae, circ. 1 mm latae, lineari-lanceolatae, valde asperulae, gluma Ia uninervia, triangulari-rhomboidea vix 1 mm longa, hyalina, gluma IIda spiculam circa 2/3 aequans, sub-7-nervis, nervis parallelis, lateralibus haud percurrentibus, gluma IIIa (lemma sterilis) valde asperula, 5-nervia, spiculam aequans, subobtusa apice angustata et leviter emarginata, in axilla epaleata vel paleam lineari-lanceolatam circa 2 mm longam 3 nervatam inferne glabram superne puberulam fovens, gluma IVa (lemma fertilis) 3-nervata vel leviter 5-nervata, nervis duabus minutis intermixtis, longitudine spiculam, inferne glabra, superne asperula, apice angustata leviter subinvoluta, palea aequilonga, antherae 3 cum filamentis brevissimis circa 2 mm longae, sagittatae. Caryopsis ignota. Bolivia. La Florida (Sur Jungas) 1700 m. s. m. planta perennis 2— 3 m altitudine. 4 fébr. 1932 leg. L. R. PARODI no. 10069. Typus speciei in Herb. Lugd. Bat. sub no. 933.48—180.

Description: Towards the end of February 1936 we received living specimens of this species, which is hitherto known only from Japan, China, the Indochinese Peninsula und Himalaya, collected in West Java, Preanger Residency, by Mr H. W. Kluit, employé of the plantation Ardjoena, section Karang-Toemaritis. The specimens are exactly matched by those of Eastern Asia and were immediately recognized. This isolated locality far from the specific area needs some comment. It is situated between a tea garden and a bamboo thicket at ca 1250 m altitude, in slight shadow. According to the information kindly supplied by Mr Kluit, the plant has been known to him for several years, but has only recently produced flowers. He showed it to numerous visitors and planters but nobody had ever seen this species before. The coolies also knew the species only from this locality, as well as some old natives well acquainted with forest plants. The native name djoekoet hanjir (Sund.) is derived from the strange smell of blood produced by the leaves. The natives even believe in the local legend that the plant has proceeded from the flesh and blood of a man who was killed by a tiger on the same spot. On account of the smell there has been some trouble with the coolies in charge of weeding. As is known from outside Malaysia, the plant is very persistent in a place if once settled, which quality it owes to the long and branched rhizomes, which easily produce buds, and occur to one foot depth. This ecology enables the plant to appear as a common weed in Japan near settlements.

Description: The bulbils of Dioscorea sansibarensis fall at maturity and are carried away from the parent plant, if at all, by water: they rest through the Dry season; and germinate when the soil under them is able to supply moisture. The new plant, is thrust into the surface of the soil and there shaped by its geotropic responsiveness. Its tuber is the result of a more or less one-sided enlargement of the first internode of the axis: it is perennial and its greatest growth becomes annular. The annual stems, which rise from the tuber are produced cymosely, each from the lowest axil of its parent axis; and, by arrest of internodes between them, all are sessile on the tuber. Thus crowded they are unable to grow in positions which are theirs theoretically and are accommodated by a certain amount of fluidity in the growth of the top of the tuber. D. sansibarensis must be excluded from the section Opsophyton because its tubers are more specialized organs than its bulbils, as well as on differences in the male inflorescences.

Description: Unter obenstehendem Titel fange ich die Veröffentlichung einer Reihe mykologisch-systematischer Beobachtungen an, zu welchen ich zum grössten Teil durch das Studium des von mir auf meiner Reise in Niederländisch Ost Indien (1936) gesammelten Materials veranlasst wurde. Zu dieser Reise wurde ich durch ein von der „Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen“ in Amsterdam verliehenes Stipendium im Stande gesetzt. Ich reiste und sammelte auf Java und Enggano (S.W. Küste von Sumatra). Die Expedition nach letztgenannter Insel wurde von dem „Indisch Comité voor wetenschappelijke Onderzoekingen“ und von dem „Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap“ mit unterstützt. Ich beschränke jedoch diese Notizen nicht auf malayische Arten oder Gattungen, erstens weil das bei der geringen Kenntnis der Verbreitung tropischer Pilze kein zweckmässiges Prinzip wäre und zweitens weil ich auch aus anderen Gegenden oft wertvolles Material erhalte über welches sich systematisch wichtige Bemerkungen machen lassen.

Description: The genus Acoridium is characterized by an extraordinary history. The original species, A. tenellum, a native of the Philippine Islands, was described at length from a fruiting specimen in 1843 by Nees von Esenbeck and referred to the Philydraceae. This treatment was prompted by the aspect of the plant, its vegetative structure and the mature seedcapsule adnate on the upper part of the elongated, sedge-like leaf. In 1843, Endlicher (Mant. Gen. Pl. Suppl. 3:59) transferred the genus from the Philydraceae to the doubtful genera of the Burmanniaceae. Until 1879, Acoridium remained a puzzling and inadequately understood concept, and then Boeckler [Flora 62 (1879) 158] placed it in the Cyperaceae, assigning to it a position between Scirpus and Eleocharis, depending entirely for his interpretation on the fruiting type preserved in the Berlin Herbarium ¹). In 1880, Bentham and Hooker referred Acoridium to the genera dubia vel exclusa at the end of their treatment of the Cyperaceae in their ”Genera Plantarum” (3: 1043). This was the situation toward the close of the nineteenth century when Mr C. B. Clark of the Kew Herbarium, after a careful study of the type specimen, concluded that it was not a member of the Cyperaceae. With the hope that its identity might be established, he submitted the type specimen to Mr R. Allen Rolfe who was engaged in critical research among Philippine plants. Fortunately Rolfe was a keen orchidologist. He recognized the plant as being equivalent to a doubtful Philippine orchid which had been erroneously referred to Ceratostylis gracilis Bl. by Andrés Naves (in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3, Nov. App. 245). However, Rolfe was unable to establish the identity of the doubtful species, because for this purpose flowerless specimens were quite inadequate. At about this time botanical exploration of the Philippines was progressing rapidly as a result of the American occupation of the Islands following the Spanish War of 1898, and A. Loher, a man with a deep interest in orchids, submitted to Rolfe, among other specimens, flowering plants that where clearly referable to Acoridium tenellum. Then it became clear that Acoridium was congeneric with Platyclinis, an orchid genus of long standing and of some horticultural prominence. But as Acoridium antedated Platyclinis, Rolfe accepted it and renamed some thirty-two species of Platyclinis [Orch. Rev. 12 (1904) 219], and over night as it were, from obscurity and uncertain rank Acoridium became a living concept, properly placed in the Orchidaceae. Almost simultaneously with Rolfe’s nomenclatorial revision in 1904, J. J. Smith, the eminent orchidologist of Buitenzorg, with characteristic thoroughness, published his monographic studies of Platyclinis and Dendrochilum (Uebersicht der Gattung Dendrochilum Bl., in Recueil des Travaux bot. Néerl.), merging these genera and reducing Platyclinis to synonymy. As Dendrochilum had been established by Blume in 1825, Rolfe’s new combinations under Acoridium passed into synonymy. Beginning in 1904 (the year in which Rolfe reduced Platyclinis and J. J. Smith monographed Dendrochilum), my interest in the question was being constantly stimulated by a steady stream of Philippine species which were coming in for identification from the Bureau of Science at Manila. In 1908, I published a complete treatment of the Philippine species of Dendrochilum known up to that time and gave my reasons for adopting the view that Acoridium and Platyclinis should be recognized as generic sections. But in restudying the whole matter thirteen years later, with an abundance of material to guide my conclusions, I reëstablished Acoridium as a valid genus, assigning to it those species which had been set apart as a section under Dendrochilum with Acoridium tenellum as the sectional type.

Description: The genus Rutidea was founded by De Candolle in 1807 on a West African plant. Twenthy-three years later in the ”Prodromus“ (IV, p. 495, 1830) he tentatively admitted a second species: it was based on a plant from Penang which he had seen in Blume’s herbarium, where it was labelled ”Rutidea? mollis Bl.“. Subsequently several other species have been added, but as none of them were Asiatic, it was, perhaps, no wonder that Bentham and Hooker f. in their ”Genera Plantarum“ (II, 1, p. 116, 1873) made no mention whatever of Blume’s plant, and regarded the genus as confined to tropical Africa. Hiern, who in the ”Flora of tropical Africa“ gave an excellent description of the genus, and enumerates ten species from tropical Africa, said that it is known from Madagascar also, but he too omitted every reference to its occurrence in Asia. Lemée (Dict. d. Pl. Phan. V, p. 903, 1934) also declares that the genus, which now comprises 25 species, is confined to tropical Africa and Madagascar¹). Blume’s plant was more fully described by Miquel in his ”Ecloge Rubiacearum Archipelagi Indici“ Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. IV, p. 256, 1869). It is not mentioned, however, in Hooker’s ”Flora of British India“. Boerlage’s remarks on it in his ”Handleiding“ (II, 1, pp. 107 et 142, 1891) also passed unnoticed; at least neither King and Gamble’s ”Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula“ nor Ridley’s ”Flora of the Malay Peninsula“ contain any reference to the plant. This want of recognition is all the more remarkable as the original diagnosis published by De Candolle did not contain anything which would have justified its exclusion from the genus. It is true that Miquel’s more detailed analysis describes the seed as ”sectione transversa semilunale introrse valde concavum“, which sounds ominous, as the seed of Rutidea is globose, but he adds ”nondum maturum“, and it might be possible, therefore, that the unusual form was but a passing stage in its development.

Description: The group of the Dematiaceae is well represented in the Netherlands Indies. Species belonging to genera of a wide distribution, are equally found predominating in temperate regions. Only a rather small number of our dematiaceous fungi seem to be restricted to tropical countries. The species to be discussed in this paper is one of them and as far as I can judge is not only undescribed, but even the type of a new form-genus.

Description: The composition of the 2nd part of this work corresponds to that of the 1st, but, because it deals with only one class, the Monocotyledons, the whole could be more homogeneous. The Monocotyledons are systematically and anatomically less profoundly examined than the Conifers and the Dicotyledons, and for that reason it might be expected that phytochemistry could offer more often a solution in difficult taxonomical questions than in the above mentioned taxa. Unfortunately the phytochemical knowledge of the ca. 40 families of Monocotyledons has appeared to be so scant that it was impossible to base a comparison of the taxa on the chemical constituents. Only in a few cases there appeared to be clear chemical relations or differences, e.g. in the taxa of the Liliaceae – Amaryllidaceae complex. As in the first part of this book the author followed the view of Von Wettstein regarding the circumscription of the families, except for instances where chemistry favoured the splitting into smaller ones, as one can find so often in Hutchinson’s “Families of Flowering Plants”. For this reason Von Wettstein’s large families in the Helobiae have been accepted against the smaller concepts in this group by Hutchinson; reversely, Hutchinson has partly been followed in that the Liliaceae-Dracaenoideae together with the Amaryllidaceae-Agavoideae, occur combined as Agavaceae. Subfam. Amaryllidoideae (Allioideae excepted) has been considered as a separate family Amaryllidaceae, because of the occurrence of alkaloids in this group and the total absence of this constituent in the other taxa of the former Amaryllidaceae s.l.

Description: Among recent collections from the evergreen forests of Mysore State in southern India, material was found of Capparis cleghornii Dunn which had only been known from the original collection made by Cleghorn in 1846 and from a Stocks specimen from “Kanara”. Further scrutiny of fresh collections from the type locality established the identity. Mr M. Jacobs of the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, who is engaged in a study of die genus, informed us that little material was known and that he never had seen a fruit. The original description by Dunn is quite brief. A more detailed description is given below, based on living material which accounts for the larger sizes of the parts than are found in dried specimens. A considerable amount of collections have been made and a number of duplicates have recendy been distributed to the Herbaria at Kew, Leyden, Paris, Berlin, and Geneva. Capparis cleghornii Dunn, Kew Bull. (1916) 61, descr.; in Gamble, Fl. Madras 1 (1915) 46, nomen; Blatter, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 31 (1927) 905. — Fig. 1.

Description: Any community of plants is characterized in four main ways — by a definite floristic composition, by definite life-forms, by a definite structure and by a definite habitat or environment. Of these four characters, floristic composition is the most important in defining a plant community in any particular locality. It is a commonplace fact that many parts of the world may show communities of higher plants identical in life-form, structure and habitat but differing widely in their floristic composition. By utilising the three last named characters of a plant community we can group our unit biocoenoses into larger groups.

Description: The species numbers refer to those given in the author’s previous revisions, cited at the genus. An a, b, or c number indicates the relationship of a new species.

Description: Frutex. Rami subteretes, lanato-tomentosi. Folia 4-verticillata, apice ramulorum congesta, ad axillas pilis sericeis isabellinis c. 1½ cm longis fasciculatis instructa; periolus c. ¾ cm longus, supra canaliculatus, lanatus; lamina obovato-oblonga, 5½-7 cm longa, 2½—3 cm lata, chartacea, in vivo verosimiliter convexa, margine recurvata, supra breviter tomentosa, subtus lanato-tomentosa, apice acuta, margine apicem versus minute serrata, basi cuneata parumque attenuata, costa supra parum canaliculata, subtus prominente, nervis utrinque 10—12 tenuibus supra prominulis subtus invisibilibus. Inflorescentiae axillares breviter pedunculatae, glomeratae, pauciflorae, bracteis sat magnis, floribus sessilibus. Flores 14 mm longi. Calyx heterosepalus, lobo dorsali anguste deltoideo, acuto, 2½ mm longo, lobis ceteris ovatis, rotundato-obtusis, lobo ventrali 1 mm longo, lobis lateralibus ¾ mm longis, omnibus extus sicut ovarium sat dense, intus sparsius pilosis. Corolla 12 mm longa, tubo 6 mm longo, intus lanato, lobis intus in parte basali sparse pilosis, extus praeter dimidio inferiore tubi excepto lanato-tomentosa; loborum margines membranacei, in superiore dimidio parte lati et crispi, in dimidio inferiore angusti ciliisque nonnullis dentibusque penicillatis instructi. Stamina 6 mm longa, glabra, filamentis filiformibus, antberis oblongis 1 mm longis, connectivo apice truncato ibique apiculato. Stylus 7 mm longus, in inferiore dimidio pilis lanatis nonnullis, infra indusium sat dense ciliis longis rigidis patentibus obsitus. BORNEO. Sabah: Ranau District, Mt Tambuyokon 15 miles NE. of Kinabalu peak, W. Meijer SAN 22818 type), fl. July 1961, alt. 2500 m, common shrub on summit ridge, in subalpine vegetation on serpentine.

Description: § 1. Plastic deformation of solid matter under high confining pressures has been insufficiently studied. Jeffreys 1) devotes a few paragraphs to deformation of solid matter as a preface to his chapter on the isostasy problem. He distinguishes two properties of solid matter with regard to its behaviour to external forces: the Rigidity and the Strength. The rigidity being the resistance to elastic stresses, the strength the resistance to shearing forces. The strength has been surpassed when a differential force results in a permanent deformation. Therefore the strength equals the differential pressure necessary to effect shearing or plastic deformation.

Description: Nachdem das Luganer Porphyrgebiet von den Leidener Geologen Kuenen, de Sitter, Harloff, und Doeglas geologisch kartiert wurde, schien es erwünscht dieses Gebiet auch chemisch gründlicher zu untersuchen. Denn nach den alten Analysen von v. Fellenberg (Lit. 10) wurden nur noch von Jakob zwei Analysen der Luganer Gesteine gemacht.

Description: Through the kindness of Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK the author was enabled to study a number of samples from localities in the tidal zone of several West Indian islands. Previously, by courtesy of Dr. T. MORTENSEN, abundant material from some deepwater samples collected off Santa Cruz, Virgin Islands, could be studied, the foraminifera dentata of which were described in 1956. The latter material mainly consisted of dredged samples from a depth of 500 fathoms (17.5°N and 64°W), and contained a typical deep-sea fauna. Comparison of MORTENSEN’s and HUMMELINCK’s samples shows marked differences; these may be of importance, as the deep-sea samples and the shallow-water samples are from the same Caribbean area.

Description: About the middle of the eighteenth century, the question whether the corals originally known only from collections of curiosities were animal, vegetable, or mineral was definitely decided in favour of the first of these categories (MARSILLI 1786). During the second half of the eighteenth and the entire following century, the former Lithophyta, as a subdivision of the Anthozoa, were an object of study for anatomists, taxonomists and, particularly in the nineteenth century, palaeontologists.

Description: A short time ago I described a new foraminiferal genus from the Tertiary of Borneo 1). I gave this genus the name of Heterospira. Mr. P. H. Oehser of Washington drew my attention to the fact that E. Koken as early as 1896²) had used the name Heterospira for a genus of triassic gastropoda from Hallstatt. Therefore according to the international rules of zoölogical nomenclature, the name Heterospira for a foraminiferal genus being a homonym has to be rejected.

Description: The following notes have been written during the preparation of the account of the Bignoniaceae for Pulle’s Flora of Suriname, and deal with the more important identifications and namechanges which have been made while the work was in progress. Previous studies on the Guiana representatives of this family appeared in the Kew Bulletin for 1932, pp. 18-28; 81-93. The Suriname material in the Herbaria of Utrecht, Leyden, Brussels and Göttingen has been sent on loan to Kew, and the writer has had the opportunity of studying the whole of the Tropical American Bignoniaceae at Kew, the British Museum, Paris and Geneva; while other specimens have been lent by the Herbaria of Berlin-Dahlem, Munich, Uppsala and Copenhagen. To the authorities of all these institutions he wishes to tender his best thanks; while he is especially indebted to Mr. J. Bausch, of Holland, for his kindness in preparing a number of slides of pollen-grains.

Description: Since the first “Additions and Emendations” (Acta Bot. Neerl. 11: 35-36, 1962) to my “List of Myxomycetes collected in the Netherlands” (Acta Bot. Neerl. 10: 80-98, 1961) were published, further study and collecting have necessitated some more changes.

Description: From soil analyses it appears that Centaurium littorale grows in a saline habitat. From the ecological viewpoint Centaurium littorale is a halophyte. This agrees with information in the literature. The salt concentration fluctuates. In spring low concentrations occur. This is important for the germination of Centaurium littorale. From a field experiment it appeared that rosette-plants of Centaurium littorale can withstand high concentrations of NaCl, but that seedlings die under such conditions.

Description: Mr S. Savage, F.L.S., formerly the Linnean Society’s Librarian and Assistant Secretary, has now completed the catalogue of the Herbarium of the Society’s first President, Sir James Edward Smith, which contains nearly 20,000 sheets. The MS. consists of over 1400 foolscap pages and includes a preface, a list of 83 contributors and over 500 collectors. Pacific Botanists 1963. Mr E. H. Bryan Jr composed this very useful booklet which gives reference to c. 1250 persons, arranged both by names with full address and by an interest index. Mimeographed at the Pacific Scientific Information Centre, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.

Description: Brenan, J.P.M.: The value of Floras to underdeveloped countries (Impact 13, 1963, 122-246). An excellent justification of the composition of tropical Floras with special stress on their usefulness for mankind. This essay should be in the hands of all administrators in these countries, for the matter and its presentation is easily understandable to educated non-botanists. It appears to me that the use for scientific botany, taxonomy and plant geography should have had more attention; in these more pure branches of botany, underdeveloped countries should also have their share. -- v. St.

Description: 1. Scarcity of fruit setting. In some Malesian plants from the rain-forest it is striking that fruit setting on the inflorescence is very late. Many flowers, sometimes hundreds, are produced without ever setting fruit and the entire inflorescence may finally bear but very few fruits situated at the end of a stalk which is often densely covered with bracts. This suggests a discrepancy of correlation between vegetative and reproductive growth which appears unbalanced. Such a balance can easily be upset artificially, by removing the ovaries of flowers after anthesis. I remember having this demonstrated in our private garden with a cultivated foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, which grew so long that I had to use a chair to stand on for reaching the top of the raceme which became thinner and thinner, but still went on producing flowers until the frost in end November put an end to the experiment. By then the raceme was about two metres long.

Description: In my work on the Malay Peninsula, I included such plants as were known from the districts of North Kedah, Perlis and Setul. Botanically however, the Malayan flora ceases at a line running from a little north of Kedah peak Lat. 6.5, to Kota Bahru in North Kelantan Lat. 6.10. It is in fact approximately the termination of the Granitic Mountains as shown in SCRIVENOR’S Map of the Geology of Malaya. North of this line there is a remarkable sudden change in the flora (with also a change of climate and soil) from the Malayan to Indo-Chinese. More than 60 genera of typical Malay plants entirely disappear, and many more are represented by a single species which has crossed the line, and disappears in Tenasserim. Among these plants are the Durioneae, Lowiaceae, Schismatoglottis, Homalomena, Cyrtandra, Neuwiedia, Plocoglottis, Leptaspis and most of Palms. A few plants from southern Siam and Cambodia have invaded the north of the Peninsula chiefly on the East side where the soil is most suitable. It is quite clear that the Peninsula was separated from the Tenasserim—Siam region through the Isthmus of Kra at no very distant period of time and was thus an island. The whole of the Peninsula (Malaya) contains about 52.000 square miles, and is about 485 miles long and 200 miles wide in its widest part. It consists of a mass of mountains usually rising to 5.000 feet alt., with two, Gunong Tahan and Gunong Kerbau 7.000 feet alt., and is fringed on the west coast by lowlands with mangrove bordering the sea, and on the East coast with sandy plains. Except on the latter the whole country is covered by dense forest, the tallest trees being 180 feet tall so that on looking over it from an elevated point, nothing can be seen but the tops of the trees.

Description: The large number of African orchids belonging to the group Monopodiales, the so-called ”Angraecoid Orchids“, constitute a puzzling assemblage of which the main lines of classification are still uncertain. Several well-defined minor groups can, however, be readily distinguished, the most striking of which are such genera as Cyrtorchis Schltr., Aerangis Schltr. (sensu stricto) and Tridactyle Schltr. Among the less welldefined but nevertheless reasonably natural groupings is the genus Rhipidoglossum. This genus was described by Schlechter in his comprehensive treatment and revision of the Angraecoid orchids in 1918. He separated four genera, including Rhipidoglossum, from the remainder on account of the presence of a foot to the column. This character, which appears to be of value in the delimitation of Asiatic genera belonging to the Monopodiales, is, however, of less use in classifying the African genera. Several pairs of closely allied species occur in which one species is with and the other without a foot to the column. On the whole those genera constantly possessing a column-foot can he easily characterised by other more obvious features. Rhipidoglossum, on the other hand, is clearly very closely allied to Diaphananthe in which the column foot is absent or very weakly developed. Indeed the theoretical delimitation of these two genera rests on the presence or absence of a callus in the mouth of the spur, the callus being absent in Rhipidoglossum. At the same time the two genera show different ranges of variation in habit and in floral structure, although the species at the various points of contact closely resemble some of those in the other genus. For instance, the stem is usually elongated in Rhipidoglossum whereas it is short with a rosette type of growth in Diaphananthe. D. bidens, however, which is typical in other respects, has much elongated stems. There is, on the other hand, a tendency towards shortening of the stem in some species of Rhipidoglossum. Secondly, in Diaphananthe the pollinia, although always provided with distinct stipites, usually share a common viscidium. There are also, however, a number of species in which two separate viscidia are found, this feature being general in Rhipidoglossum. The column in the two genera is very similar, and the rostellum is of the same general type.

Description: The genus Rhodamnia, founded by W. JACK (Malayan Miscellanies 1822) on the common Malayan R. cinerea, find its greatest development in the Australian and Papuan regions. DIELS (in LAUTERB., Beitr. Fl. Papuasien, V, ex ENGL., Bot. Jahrb. LVII, 360, 1922) recognizes five species, with a doubtful sixth, in New Guinea. I believe at least seven distinct species occur in Australia. In the present account of the Australian members of the genus, two new species are described, and a complete description of one, previously only known from sterile material is given.

Description: I have hesitated some time over the title of the present paper. The alternative was something like: ”WALLACE versus ZOLLINGER“ or ”The ”idea of a demarcation line through Malaysia, a limiting factor towards ”the progress of biogeography“. However, the first being too agressive, and the second too melodramatic ,the one found in the heading was chosen. The above introductory lines mean to put the reader at once face to face with the nucleus of what I will discuss here: the question how ZOLLINGER’S ”Karte der Flora Malesiana“ of 1857 was apparently almost entirely forgotten, although it well deserves to come under the eyes of modern biogeographers, for the sake of the honour of its author and of the priority of his work.

Description: In 1898 Koorders and Valeton ¹) considered the three species of Miquel’s genus then known as Aphanomyrtus rostrata Miq. Sumatra (and Java?), A. octandra Koord. & Val., Java, and A. camphorata Val., the latter described from a plant cultivated in the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, its origin unknown. The three recognized species were well illustrated. They gave an amplified description of Miquel’s genus, calling attention to the fact that it had been erroneously reduced to the very different Baeckea. They did not then realize that the genus Pseudoeugenia Soort. (1885) was a synonym of Aphanomyrtus Miq. Nine years later Valeton ²) again considered the genus, having recognized the identity of Pseudoeugenia Scortechini (1885) with Aphanomyrthus Miquel (1855), and making the reduction of the former. He recognized four species, A. rostrata Miq. (Pseudoeugenia singaporensis King), Sumatra, Banka, and the Malay Peninsula; A. tetraquetra (Miq.) Val. (Jambosa tetraquetra Miq., Aphanomyrtus octandra Koord. & Val., A. octandra var. tetraquetra Koord. & Val.); A. skiophila (Duthie) Val. (Eugenia skiophila Duthie, Pseudoeugenia perakiana Soort.), Penang and the Malay Peninsula, but of which he saw no material (credited also to Sumatra by Ridley); and A. camphorata Val. cultivated at Buitenzorg, Java. Valeton reconsidered the genus in 1907 because of his belief that the Koorders & Valeton paper of 1898 was not generally available to botanists, for in the meantime King (1901) had redescribed Aphanomyrtus rostrata Miq. as Pseudoeugenia singaporensis. Both papers were apparently overlooked by Ridley, for in his Flora of the Malay Peninsula (1922) he still retained the two Malay Peninsula species under Pseudoeugenia, as P. perakiana Scort. and P. singaporensis King; and in 1927 described a third species, P. tenuifolia Ridl., from the Peninsula. In the meantime Greves had recognized Miquel’s genus and described A. Forbesii Greves from Sumatra, which seems to be a synonym of A. tetraquetra (Miq.) Val., and Lauterbach described another species, Aphanomyrtus alata Lauterb., from New Guinea; the last species probably belongs in some other genus.

Description: I have already published in the Malayan Orchid Review, 1936, pp. 104—109, a brief account of two artificial hybrids in the genera Arachnis and Renanthera, and since then have had flowers of a third for examination. The account already written is of a semipopular nature, intended chiefly for orchid-growers, and a more detailed description with some remarks on the botanical aspects of the question appear to be worth publishing. The three hybrids concerned are Arachnis flosaeris X A. Hookeriana, Arachnis Hookeriana X Renanthera coccinea and Arachnis Hookeriana X Renanthera Storiei. All three were raised at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. The first is of interest because the hybrid is practically identical with Arachnis Maingayi, which has been described as a natural species. The intergeneric hybrids are the first of their kind to be described, and the way in which the different generic characters interact in the formation of the lip of their hybrids is of great interest. First hybrids between orchid species are usually closely intermediate between the two parents, but where the characters contrast strongly, as in the midlobe of the lip of the genera concerned, a strictly intermediate condition is not possible.

Description: Among the old plant collections in book-form, in the Leyden National Herbarium, there are two large volumes, containing a number of well preserved Ceylon plants. These plants are said to have been collected by PAUL HERMANN in the latter half of the 17th century. PAUL HERMANN¹), afterwards Professor of Botany at the University of Leyden, resided in Ceylon as an ”Ordinary and First Physician“ of the Dutch East Indian Company during the years 1672—1679. Several particularities on his life and on the collections made by him, are to be found in LINNAEUS’S Flora Zeylanica (6), in TRIMEN’S paper entitled ”Hermann’s Ceylon Herbarium and Linnaeus’s Flora Zeylanica“ (8), in BOULGER’S study on the history of Ceylon botany (2) and in ARDAGH’S note on HERMANN’S herbarium (1). During his residence in Ceylon HERMANN collected the herbarium, which is now in the possession of the Department of Botany of the British Museum of Natural History, London. The history of this herbarium has been described in TRIMEN’S paper (8). This was not the only collection he made, for on page 131 of TRIMEN’S paper we find that ”Besides the herbarium under consideration, Hermann formed another whilst in Ceylon, which he sent to ”J. Commelin at Amsterdam. It was from this collection (combined with ”that made by J. Hartog, which was sent from Ceylon to Voss, Curator ”of the Amsterdam Gardens) that J. Burman, Commelin’s successor, com”piled his ‘Thesaurus Zeylanicus’.“ On page 132 TRIMEN mentions still other collections: ”Hermann also sent specimens to other botanists of ”the time, especially to Gronovius“ (the latter fact must be incorrect, for as BOULGER (2) rightly states GRONOVIUS was only five years old at HERMANN’S death in 1695). These ”other botanists“ may have been BREYNE and PLUKENET (see ARDAGH’S note [1]). It is possible that one of the ”sets“ came in some way into the possession of the Leyden University and is now in the Leyden Herbarium. However, there is a possibility that, after HERMANN’S death in 1695, a part of his plants, were left at Leyden.

Description: Epipogium roseum is a tropical, holosaprophytic orchid; it lacks chlorophyll, and its colour on the whole is pale yellow, occasionally somewhat brown. The flowers are also pale yellow, sometimes with pink dots on the lip. The flowering plant consists of a tuber and an inflorescence, roots are lacking. When the flowering is over and the fruits have dehisced, the plant dies. It grows in densely shaded places, rich in humus, in virgin forests, secondary woods, and in bamboo wildernesses. The plant is of frequent occurrence in the so-called forest-garden in the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg and in the lower parts of the mountain forest near Tjibodas, up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea-level. For many years this plant has held my attention. Burgeff used the photographs I made up to 1928 and part of the material I collected in his publication (1932, p. 77). Groom (1895—97, p. 149) and Burgeff gave extensive descriptions of the anatomy and development, so that I may be brief as to these points. The tuber is flattened dorsi-ventrally, otherwise more or less cylindrical, and may be from 3 to 8 cm long, the transverse section being from 1 tot 2½ cm. On the outer side this tuber is ringed, but the bracts have developed but slightly. At the apical end develops a large bud, from which will grow up the inflorescence. The latter rises above the ground with a nodding top, and in this stage (see Fig. 1) the plant is very similar to a Monotropa Hypopitys L. that has just come up. Because of this nodding top Blume (Bijdr. 1825, p. 416) called it Galera nutans.

Description: Among the Nyctaginaceae the genus Pisonia is the only one that has produced an appreciable number of species outside the New World. Some of these have very wide areas in the Pacific and along the borders of the Indian Ocean, others occupy smaller areas, mostly m eastern Malesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. In Australia there are three species, in the north the circumtropical P. aculeata L., in the north and east P. umbellifera Seem, and P. grandis R. Br. In Africa there is only one circumtropical species in the eastern coastal parts, viz. P. aculeata L., further in the Malesian area two widely distributed Old World species, viz. P. umbellifera Seem, and P. grandis R. Br. occur. This revision contains a brief taxonomic discussion of the infrageneric subdivision. Calpidia, Ceodes, and Rockia are merged with Pisonia. In all 13 species are distinguished, for which keys, synonymy, and typification are provided. Of the five extra-Malesian species a description is given. Four new combinations have been made. I have to express my thanks to the Directors of the Herbaria at Florence, Paris, Singapore, Utrecht, and the Curator of Collections, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, for the privilege of examining their collections. Besides, I have to thank Dr R. Melville of Kew and Dr H. Heine of Paris, for providing valuable information, to Mr M. Jacobs for considerable help and criticism, and to Dr van Steenis for supervising and editing this work.

Description: In 19491 pointed attention to the fact that the annonaceous generic name Oxymitra (Bl.) Hook. f. & Th., Fl. Ind. (1855) 145, is a later homonym of the ricciaceous genus Oxymitra Bischoff ex Lindenb., Syn. Hepat. Eur. (1829) 124. Cf. Bull. Bot. Gard. Buitenzorg ser. III, 17: 458. As the name of the hepatic genus is still in use it seemed to me impossible to suppress it and consequently I proposed a new generic name for the annonaceous genus, viz. Friesodielsia, without making any new combinations under that name.

Description: 1. The genus Didelotia Baill. occurs in W. and Central Africa (Sierra Leone to Congo). Here 8 species are recognized. 2. The monotypic genera Toubaouate Aubrev. et Pellegr. and Zingania Chev. remain incorporated in Didelotia. 3. A new species, D. idae Leon., Old. & de Wit is described. 4. A key to the species is given; they are described, annotated, and illustrated.

Description: Single female specimens of dragon flies are often difficult to identify owing to the fact that, when they are known at all, the descriptions are incomplete and mostly lack the essential figure of the genitalia. The following are descriptions of the unknown females of five species, the males of which have been known for the last eighteen to fifty years. They are all complete with figures of the genitalia. The material from which the descriptions have been made has been accumulated during many years of collecting. I am indebted to Mr. J. BELLE, Paramaribo, who was kind enough to place at my disposal, for description, some of the unknown females collected by himself.