ALBERT

Description: Endlicheria Nees (non Presl) in Linnaea 8 (1833), p. 37; id., Progr. (1833), p. 16; id., Syst. (1836), p. 365; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 321; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, 1350; Spach, Hist. nat. Végét. X (1841), p. 473; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 554; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, Dict. univ. (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd. (1846), p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 480 in adnot.; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 1201; Benth. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 111; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. Fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 197; Lemée, Dict. 2 (1929), p. 857; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 63; Kostermans in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 41; id. in Pulle, F1. Surin. 2 (1936), p. 327. – Goeppertia Nees, Syst, l.c., p. 354, 365 (non alibi nec aliis); Endl., Gen., l.c., p. 321, n. 2051; id., Ench., l.c., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332, 1350; Spach., l.c., p. 473; Steudel, l.c., p. 697; Reichb., Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2659; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281; Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1473; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 253; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Schauera Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. ed. 2 (1836), p. 202 in adnot. (non aliis nec alibi); Endl., l.c., p. 321; id., Ench., p. 197; Meissn., Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd., l.c., p. 537; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 503; Lemée, l.c., p. 1006. – Schaueria Nees ex Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281 (non aliis); Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pax, l.c., p. 122. – Ampelodaphne Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 81; id. in Fl. Bras, l.c., p. 167; Baillon, l.c., p. 473; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 n. 2812; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 24; Lemée, Dict., l.c., p. 210; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Aydendron Griseb. (non Nees), p.p. in Fl. Brit. W. Ind. isl. (1860), p. 284; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Mez, l.c. – Huberodaphne Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 4 (1925), p. 191; Lemèe, Dict., l.c., 3 (1931), p. 661. Type species: Endlicheria hirsuta Nees.

Description: Anaueria Kosterm. in Chronica Botanica IV, 1 (1938), p. 14. Arbores brasilienses foliis sub-oppositis. Flores hermaphroditi ex-involucrati paniculati; tepalis sex tribus exterioribus minoribus. Stamina novem quorum sex exteriora fertilia filamentis in annulum ovarium cingentem connatis antheris liberis bilocellatis sub-introrsis; tria interiora sterilia staminodialia sub-aequilonga. Ovarium subglobosum tubo planiusculo insertum, stylo obtuso brevi stigmate inconspicuo. Staminodia seriei quartae nulla. Bacca magna ellipsoidea pedicello vix elongate cylindrico tepalis non incrassatis persistentibus insidens.

Description: J. J. Smith was born June 29th, 1867, at Antwerp, where his father was the director of the Netherlands’ Railway Post Office. In 1872 the family moved to Utrecht and in 1875 to Amsterdam. Smith spent his school days in the capital. His leisure hours were occupied by growing and sketching plants and tending such animals as mice and keeping an aquarium and a terrarium. His 10th birthday was celebrated by the establishment of a private herbarium, the first plant inserted being Bellis perennis. His years at secondary school were greatly influenced by the then teacher of Natural History, Dr J. C. Costerus, who advised Smith to look for a position in horticulture. Horticultural schools being not yet ”en vogue“, Smith got his education in this field at the Horticulturist’s Messrs Groenewegen & Co., Amsterdam. In these years the Orchids began to impress him and Smith spent his few free hours in making pictures of flowering species. The connection with Dr Costerus was continued. Together they looked after their herbaria and later on started to study teratologica, found in the Groenewegen gardens and greenhouses, a field in which both would publish several valuable papers later on. After having been working for his firm for 3½ years, Smith went to Kew where he stayed one year and afterwards to Brussels for completing his horticultural knowledge and skill. At Brussels he was working one year in the famous Orchid nursery of Messrs Linden, and then another year at the ”Jardin Botanique“.

Description: Pendant une tournée du chalutier ”De Lanessan“ de l’Institut Océanographique de Nhatrang (Annam) vers le récif Tizard¹) en avril 1936, une collection d’algues marines a été constituée, provenant des îlots Itu-Aba, Sand Caye et Nam Yit. La situation de ces îlots est environ 10° de latitude Nord et 114° de longitude Est. Qu’il me soit permis de remercier M. R. Serène de l’Institut Océanographique de l’Indochine à Cauda par Nhatrang, qui m’a confié l’étude de cette collection.

Description: In continuation of a previous publication by Lam, in which meiomery and pleiomery in male flowers of Canarium decumanum were described, the same phenomenon is now discussed concerning the fruits of C. Mehenbethene (176 of one single tree) and C. commune (1126 fruits mixed from more than one tree). An investigation of the material gave the following results: 1. C. commune and C. Mehenbethene are closely related; the latter may prove to be a polyploid of the former. Their areas are partly overlapping, but C. commune has its centre in the Moluccas, C. Mehenbethene in New Guinea and W. Polynesia. 2. A tendency to reduce the number of ovules and carpels in the ovary is assumed. By means of a statistical method (”phase index“) the position of either species in the phases of this regression is indicated. 3. From this, it is concluded that C. Mehenbethene represents a more advanced phase than C. commune and that therefore an eastward migration must be accepted. This agrees with other facts stated earlier, both in the Burseraceae and in other plant families of western origin. 4. In Canarium commune pleiomery is found in 2.3% of the fruits, meiomery in 0.45%, which agrees fairly well with the figures found earlier for the corolla and the androeceum of the male flowers of C. decumanum (0.9% and 0.3% respectively). 5. The desirability is expressed to investigate the following points: a. the ontogeny and the fertilization of ovaries and ovules in Canarium. b. cytological relations between related trees in the tropics, especially as far as they may supply indications towards migration tracks (cf. the work of Hagerup on Vaccinium [Hereditas 18, 1933]). c. the ”phase index“ of a number of related Canarium species. d. the exact distribution of some of the phases mentioned along those migration tracks which are both geologically and biogeographically supported (e.g. Sunda centre—Philippines, Philippines—Moluccas—New Guinea, New Guinea—Moluccas—Central Celebes, Malay Peninsula—Sumatra—Java, etc.).

Description: Im Jahre 1907 wurde ich als Botaniker der Gouvernements China-Plantagen in Tjinjiroean bei Pengalengan, West-Java, angestellt, wo ich bis 1916 arbeitete. Tjinjiroean liegt etwa 1566 m über dem Meere und hat ein sehr feuchtes Klima. Es war sehr interessant nachzugehen, welche aus der Ebene von Java und aus Europa eingeführten Pflanzen dort wachsen würden. Was würde der Einfluss des Klimas, der Meereshöhe, der Temperatur, u.s.w. auf die Pflanzen sein? In Tjinjiroean fand ich sogleich viele eingeführte Pflanzen, welche dort üppig wuchsen. In den Chinaplantagen fand ich Georginen und Tropaeolum majus L. verwildert; in meinem Garten blühte Richardia africana Kunth reichlich, bildete Früchte, welche wieder zahlreiche Pflanzen lieferten. Nur einige interessante Pflanzen werde ich hier weiter erwähnen.

Description: Een man, die zich nimmer op den voorgrond stelde en wiens naam toch in de geheele botanische wereld bekend is, moet wel heel wat in die wereld hebben gepresteerd. Zoo’n man is Dr J. J. Smith, die op 29 Juni 1937 zijn 70sten verjaardag viert. Zeventig jaar te worden is op zichzelf beschouwd geen verdienste, maar het geeft vrienden en vereerders zulk een mooie gelegenheid den jubilaris eens te toonen, hoe zeer men zijn werk waardeert!

Description: Het lijkt mij niet mogelijk een juisten indruk te krijgen van de beteekenis van J. J. Smith’s phytographisch werk voor den huidigen kweeker, zonder de belangrijkste phasen in de geschiedenis der Orchidophilie in Europa kort te schetsen, die aan dit werk zijn voorafgegaan. Deze geschiedenis heeft zich practisch geheel in Engeland afgespeeld. Dit machtige rijk, in zijn gouden eeuw onbetwist heerscher ter zee, had ter behartiging van zijne overzeesche belangen de beschikking over een kolossale handelsvloot. De bemanningen der schepen voerden van heinde en verre allerlei rariteiten mede, ook levende planten en dieren. Op deze wijze kwamen in de laatste helft der achttiende eeuw de eerste exotische Orchideeën binnen uit gebieden, die niet al te ver van Engeland af lagen: Jamaica, de Bahama-eilanden, Trinidad.

Description: Het is mij een bijzonder voorrecht, om uit het leven van Dr Smith eenige bijzonderheden te mogen vertellen, waarvan enkele wellicht minder algemeen bekend zijn. Deels heb ik de gegevens geput uit datgene wat van zijn levensloop bekend is, deels stammen ze uit mijn persoonlijk contact met Dr Smith, en de gelegenheid van dit jubileum lijkt mij bij uitstek geschikt om dezen te bescheiden werker in het licht te plaatsen waarin hij behoort te staan. In de beginjaren van mijn loopbaan als Hortulanus van ’s Lands Plantentuin was Dr Smith voor mij de groote vraagbaak, was hij de man die met zijn groote liefde voor en zijn uitgebreide kennis van den Plantentuin mij als het ware heeft ingewerkt en opgeleid.

Description: Some collections which I received recently, contain interesting addenda to former studies of the paleotropical Frullaniaceae (cf. especially “De Frullaniaceis VII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. I, 1930) and Lejeuneaceae Holostipae (esp. “De Frullaniaceis XVII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. IV, 1934).

Description: Durch die extremen Existenzbedingungen, welche die Mangroven als: Formation bestimmen, sollte man glauben, dass die ökologischen Probleme, die sich in dieser Hinsicht zeigen, leicht gelöst werden könnten, um so mehr, weil diese Pflanzengenossenschaft relativ arm an Arten ist. Dass dies jedoch nicht der Fall ist, möge hier im Hinblick auf die Verbreitung der Lumnitzera-Arten im Malaiischen Archipel mit einigen Beispielen gezeigt werden. Im Jahre 1924 habe ich kurz auf die Verbreitung von 3 Lumnitzera- Arten im genannten Gebiet hingewiesen ¹). Meine Absicht war, speziell auf die unerklärliche Erscheinung aufmerksam zu machen, dass L. littorea (Jack) Voigt das Küstengebiet rund um die Java See, im Gegensatz zu L. racemosa Willd., vermeidet, obwohl beide Arten nicht nur in, sondern auch ausserhalb des Malaiischen Archipels vorkommen, ja selbst zusammen in ziemlicher Nähe angetroffen werden. Bevor wir diese Erscheinung noch einmal näher betrachten, möchte ich an der Hand von beigefügter Karte (Fig. 1) das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet nachgehen. Dieses Gebiet liegt nahezu vollkommen innerhalb der Wendekreise der alten Welt ²): Die Mangroven, wozu Lumnitzera gehört, finden als selbständige Waldoder Gebüschformation ihre natürliche Begrenzung ungefähr auf den gleichen Breiten. Nur L. racemosa überschreitet grade an 2 Stellen die- Wendekreise: An der Ostküste von Afrika streckt sie sich südlich vom Steinbrockkreis bis in die Mangroven bei Durban aus, während sie nördlich vom Wendekreis des Krebses noch in dem Riu Kiu (Lu Tschu) Archipel, nördlich von Formosa vorkommt.

Description: De publicatie van dit deel is mogelijk gemaakt door den geldelijken steun van vele van Smith’s vrienden, wier handteekeningen zijn vereenigd in een album, dat hem is aangeboden tezamen met dit Jubileum-Supplement van „Blumea” en de speciale aflevering van het „Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg”. Het oude Menangkabausche echte gouddraadweefsel uit Kota Gadang, dat heeft gediend voor de banden van het album en van de voor Dr Smith bestemde exemplaren van „Blumea” en het „Bulletin”, dankt het Comité ad hoc aan Dr E. R. Jacobson te Bandoeng.

Description: ROXBURGH described in his Flora in the year 1820 a very curious annual grass and placed it in the genus Eleusine as E. verticillata ROXB.. This grass has spikelets which agree in many characters with those of the genus Eleusine, especially as to the rugose grain with a caducous pericarp, but differing from Eleusine in the up to 20-flowered spikelets and in the lemmas with a three-cuspidate summit. The many-flowered spikelets give the plant more the habit of an Eragrostis and under this genus a specimen was mentioned by WALLICH in his Catalogue. There are in the characters of the spikelets many other differences with the genus Eleusine and with Eragrostis. KUNTH and STEUDEL, indeed placed the plant under Leptochloa and there are still other opinions about this plant. An advancement in this matter was the opinion of LINDLEY, who published in the year 1836 a new genus Acrachne WIGHT et ARN., in the second edition of his ”Natural System of Botany“, p. 381, based upon ROXBURGH’s Eleusine verticillata, The name Acrachne was already given by WIGHT et ARNOTT as Acrachne eleusinoides, a nomen in WIGHT, Cat. no. 1760. This name was placed by STEUDEL in the year 1854 under E. verticillata ROXB., a name also accepted by NEES. The name Acrachne, although based upon a species which was validly published, was, however, not described by LINDLEY and the combination A. verticillata was not made by LINDLEY. At that time the genus Acrachne was therefore not valid.

Description: Referring to the identification of BRASS 5219 from Papua as a representative of the Verbenaceous Faradaya chrysoclada K. SCHUM. by E. BEER and H. J. LAM (Blumea 2, 1936, 225), Dr C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, the monographer of the Malaysian Bignoniaceae drew our attention to the possibility that this identification might be incorrect. It was suggested that the specimen and also all specimens hitherto known as Faradaya chrysoclada might be Bignoniaceous and might belong to Deplanchea tetraphylla (R. BR.) V. STEENIS, as all other Faradayas known are lianas, whereas F. chrysoclada was reported to possess the tree habit, as the Deplancheas. We therefore asked on loan the materials of both species from the Herbarea at Berlin (B) and Kew (K), that from Berlin including the type specimen of Faradaya chrysoclada. Our thanks are due to the directors of the Herbaria of Berlin and Kew for kindly lending us the material desired.

Description: The Salajar Islands strew the Flores Sea between Celebes and Flores. The group consists of no less than 73 smaller and larger islands. The principal islands are: Salajar or Tanadoang, Djampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, and Bonerate. A number of smaller islands form together the group of the so-called Tiger Islands, and to the south of them arc the very small, low Pasitaloe Islands. The Salajar group is situated between Long. 119°50’ E. and 121°30’ E. and between Lat. 5°36’ S. and 7°25’ S. See the map on p. 240. In May 1913, I was enabled to visit this territory, thanks to a financial allowance of the „Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien” (Society for the Promotion of the Scientific Investigation of the Netherlands Colonies), for short: „Treub Society”, and also of the „Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen” (Utrecht Provincial Society for Arts and Sciences). The publication of the present paper was enabled by financial support of the „Leidsch Universiteitsfonds” (Leiden University Fund). I beg to tender my best thanks for all this valuable support here.

Description: This is the first contribution to a series of papers dealing with the Convolvulaceae of Malaysia (Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippines and New Guinea). As far as possible the contributions will be published in accordance with the systematical arrangement of the genera. For a survey on this arrangement I refer to HAULIER'S fundamental work on this matter published in 1893 in the 16th volume of ENOLER'S Botanische Jahrbücher, entitled: ”Versuch einer natürlichen Gliederung der Convolvulaceen auf morphologischer und anatomischer Grundlage“. After all genera will have been published, a determination key will be added, based on the genera of the area under consideration, in which I hope to take especially account of the characters of the Malaysian species. Meanwhile the key published by HAULIER in the above mentioned paper can be provisionally used. On account of the structure of the pollen grains the Convolvulaceae as a whole can be subdivided, as has been proposed by HAULIER, into two groups, viz. the Psiloconiae with smooth pollen grains and the Echinoconiae with spinose ones. The former of these groups contains seven tribes, viz. 1. Cuscuteae, 2. Wilsonieae (not in Malaysia), 3. Dichondreae, 4. Dicranostyleae, 5. Poraneae, 6. Erycibeae and 7. Convolvuleae. Of the six genera worked out here, Cuscuta belongs to the Cuscuteae, Dichondra to the Dichondreae, Evolvulus, Bonamia and Neuropeltis to the Dicranostyleae and Porana to the Poraneae. For the limitation and description of the tribes see HALLIER l.c. and in ENGLER’S Botanische Jahrbücher, Vol. XVIII, 1894, p. 92, under Prevostea.

Description: Years ago I intensively studied the grasses of the tribe of the Maydeae. The results of my investigations were published in an article ”A contribution to the knowledge of the Indian Maydeae“, issued in the ”Mededeelingen van ’s Rijks Herbarium“ no. 67 (1931). In this paper the grasses of this tribe from the Old World were treated and especially the various genera were characterized according to their caryopses. The curious form and the place of the hilum of the caryopsis were accepted as characters of high importance to distinguish and to establish the various genera, and it was especially the genus Polytoca, which was more sharply defined by the place of the hilum, the lower margins of the grain enclosing a cavity at the bottom of which is found the hilum. In the genus Chionachne such a cavity is not present and the hilum is found at the back of the grain. I accepted 4 species of the genus Chionachne. One of them, viz. Ch. Koenigii (SPRENGEL) THWAITES, is rather widely distributed from British India and Ceylon to Tonkin and from Celebes to Queensland. Ch. biaurita HACKEL is endemic in the Philippines and Ch. semiteres (BENTH.) HENR. was only observed in the Deccan Peninsula and Burma. The fourth species was mentioned by me from Queensland as being Chionachne Sclerachne BAILEY. The type of BAILEY was not represented in the Kew Herbarium and I saw only a fragment from a plant collected by F. v. MUELLER, which I accepted as being BAILEY’s species. DOMIN mentioned from Queensland only Polytoca cyathopoda (F. v. M.) BAILEY and not having seen DOMIN’s plant I had only to accept that the identification was correct. Recently Mr. HUBBARD from the Kew Herbarium could examine DOMIN’s plant and found that it belonged to the genus Chionachne.

Description: The Charophyta of the Netherlands have been hitherto almost neglected. As far as I know only the following papers are dealing with the matter: VAN DEN BOSCH, R. B., in Ned. Kruidk. Archief 1, 1846, p. 100, p. 289. “II 1851 p. 225. both preliminary works to Prodromus Florae Batavae II, 2, 1853, p. 186—189. DE VRIES, H., Flora van Nederland, in Alg. Statist, v. Ned. I, 8, 1870, p. 39.

Description: Nederland heeft reeds in het tertiaire tijdvak in een voortdurend dalend gebied der aardkorst gelegen. Ons land is in die tijden bijna onafgebroken door de zeeën overstroomd geweest. Zij hebben op onzen bodem hun slib en zand, benevens enkele skeletdeelen van mariene organismen doen bezinken, zoodat bijna alle opeenvolgende series dezer geologische formatie tot afzetting zijn gekomen, n.l. het Palaeoceen, het Eoceen, het Oligoceen, het Mioceen en het Plioceen. Deze afdeelingen zijn elk door eigen palaeontologische en petrografische eigenschappen gekenmerkt, waaruit de palaeoklimatologie en palaeogeografie voor elke afzonderlijke étage afgeleid kunnen worden. De mariene fossielen, die in de verschillende tertiaire étage’s zijn afgezet, hebben door de herhaalde trans- en regressie der steeds opeenvolgende overstroomingen veelal aan groote verweering blootgestaan. Uit de fossielinhoud der transgressielagen en basale conglomeraten blijkt, dat de haaientanden — dank zij hun resistentie — het grootste en vaak eenige contingent der nog specifiek te herkennen fossielen vormen. De determinatie nu der haaientanden werpt in sommige gevallen een nieuw licht op den ouderdom en herkomst van het materiaal uit de transgressielagen. Deze ouderdomsbepaling biedt op haar beurt waardevolle gegevens omtrent den ouderdom der boven- en onderliggende afzettingen. Een nauwkeurige determinatie der sterk verweerde tanden uit de transgressielagen werd alleen door vergelijking met Selachiersoorten, die elders in tertiaire afzettingen in situ voorkomen, mogelijk gemaakt. Voor elke tertiaire étage werden de petrografische en paleontologische gegevens, voorzoover zij bekend zijn uit de verslagen van het werk van de voormalige Rijks Geologische Dienst en uit andere publicatie’s, verwerkt. Tevens werd een studie gemaakt over alle in het Tertiair van Nederland voorkomende Selachiers. De uitkomsten van deze onderzoekingen betreffende de geologie van Nederland, werden steeds getoetst aan die van de waarnemingen in de aan Nederland grenzende gebieden van België en Duitschland. Uit het mariene Palaeoceen, dat op enkele plaatsen in ons land is aangeboord, is geen Selachiermateriaal bekend. Het klimaat is in dit tijdvak, in tegenstelling met de onmiddellijk voorafgaande krijtperiode, subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De palaeoceene zee heeft zich over bijna geheel Nederland uitgestrekt en heeft in open verbinding gestaan met de arctische wateren. Gedurende het eoceene tijdvak hebben opeenvolgende transgressies plaats gehad, die gesteenten van verschillende lithologische facies afgezet hebben. Sporadisch zijn ze in één boring aangetroffen. Aan de glauconitische zandsteen- en mergelhoudende kleilagen, die in de Peel aangeboord zijn, werd op grond van de algeheele aaneensluiting aan de belgische isopache lijnen, een eoceenen ouderdom toegeschreven. Daar eoceene afzettingen voornamelijk uit boringen bekend zijn, is weinig fossiel materiaal te verwachten. Het klimaat is hetzelfde gebleven als in het voorafgaande tijdvak. Geheel Nederland is wederom door de zee bedekt geweest, die in verbinding heeft gestaan met de noordelijke wateren. De oligoceene afzettingen kunnen in onder-, midden- en bovenoligoceene onderscheiden worden. Op de plaats, waar het Onderoligoceen op krijtafzettingen rust, zijn eenige afgesleten haaientanden gevonden. Deze soorten: Odontaspis (Odontaspis) cf. bronni en Odontaspis (Synodontaspis) gracilis wijzen op een herkomst uit krijtafzettingen. De onderoligoceene transgressie is niet zoo uitgebreid geweest als de voorafgaande. Verschillende deelen van Nederland hebben dus boven den zeespiegel gelegen. In Zuid-Limburg zijn fluviomariene afzettingen bekend. Er is in dezen tijd nog geen verbinding geweest met de mediterrane zee. Het Middenoligoceen vertoont verschillende facies. Het komt in enkele deelen des lands aan den dag en is ook in boringen aangetoond. In Overijsel komt aan de basis van de middenoligoceene zandafzettingen een transgressielaag voor, waarin vele rondgesleten phosphorieten, haaientanden en schelpen naast enkele goedbewaarde tanden voorkomen. De determinatie dezer geremanieerde tanden wijst op boveneoceene herkomst. De in situ afgezette tanden wijzen op een middenoligoceenen ouderdom der bovenliggende glauconiethoudende zanden. In Zuid-Limburg zijn in de transgressielaag aan de basis van de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen nog enkele haaientanden gevonden, die afkomstig zijn uit oudere oligoceene lagen. Een collectie Selachiertanden uit de septarienklei van Oost-Nederland werd nader beschreven. De middenoligoceene zee heeft zich over heel N.W.-Europa uitgestrekt en waarschijnlijk via het Mainzerbekken korten tyd met de mediterrane zee in verbinding gestaan. De zuidelijke invloed op de fauna is echter in N.W.-Europa niet meer merkbaar. Het Bovenoligoceen bestaat voornamelijk uit glauconiethoudende afzettingen, die in de Peel en Zuid-Limburg zijn aangetoond. Het klimaat is tijdens het geheele oligoceene tijdvak subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De zee heeft het geheele zuidelijk deel van ons land bedekt. Het Ondermioceen is in Nederland niet in mariene facies bekend. In Zuid-Limburg gaan de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen geleidelijk over in glauconiethoudende zanden. Op sommige plaatsen nu treedt in deze zandafzettingen een transgressielaag op, waarin steenkernen van Mollusca en afgesleten haaientanden voorkomen. Door determinatie dezer geremanieerde Selachierfauna kon een bovenoligoceene herkomst van dit materiaal worden aangetoond. Hieruit werd afgeleid, dat de onderliggende glauconiethoudende zanden van bovenoligoceenen en niet van middenoligoceenen ouderdom zijn, zooals door Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) wordt aangenomen. De hierboven liggende lagen zijn tijdens een jongere neogene transgressie afgezet en hebben een middenmioceenen, niet een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom. Dit zijn de eenige mariene middenmioceene afzettingen. Een typisch mariene middenmioceene fauna is echter nergens aangetroffen. Dat echter in de onmiddellijke omgeving fossielrijke middenmioceene afzettingen bestaan moeten hebben, werd met zekerheid bewezen uit de geremanieerde, typisch middenmioceene fauna, die in een jonger transgressieconglomeraat te Elsloo werd aangetoond. Naar boven toe treden in deze mariene middenmioceene zanden eenige bruinkoolhoudende lagen op, die onderbroken worden door witte zandafzettingen. Deze zijn van marienen oorsprong en zijn gevormd tijdens steeds herhaalde transgressie’s, waarbij an de basis een laag van afgeronde vuursteenen afgezet is. Door aan te nemen, dat deze zanden van middenmioceenen ouderdom zijn, werd aan de bruinkoollagen een midden- en bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) schrijven deze afzettingen echter een ondermioceenen ouderdom toe. Deze laatste ouderdomsbepaling berust op een vergelijking met het aangrenzende bruinkolengebied van Duitschland, waar een stratigrafische opeenvolging der lagen opgesteld is, die uitgaat van een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom der onderliggende glauconitische zanden. Eenzelfde klimatologische verhouding werd zoowel voor de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna als voor de flora uit de bruinkool geconstateerd; beiden wijzen op afzetting tijdens een tropisch klimaat. De middenmioceene zee heeft in een grooten bocht over het Zuiden van ons land en het Noorden van België geloopen. Deze heeft via het Nauw van Calais in verbinding gestaan met de mediterrane zee. Van de Selachierfauna, die in de verschillende gebieden tijdens deze middenmioceene transgressie is afgezet, werd een volledige overeenkomst met de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna vanuit het transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo aangetoond. Het Bovenmioceen komt in een onderste zandige en een bovenste glimmerrijke kleiafzetting voor, die bijna overal duidelijk te onderscheiden zijn. Molengraaff en van Waterschoot van der Gracht (1913) houden de onderste, meer zandrnke facies zoowel in het Peelgebied als in Oost-Nederland voor Middenmioceen. De uit deze afzettingen beschreven Selachierfauna heeft echter een typisch bovenmioceen karakter, en daarom werd aan deze afzettingen een bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. De bovenmioceene zee heeft een groote uitbreiding gehad. Het klimaat is subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. Het plioceen komt zoowel in mariene als in continentale facies voor. In Zuid-Limburg komt onder een dunne mariene onderplioceene zandlaag het bekende transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo voor. Omtrent den ouderdom dezer laag heerscht groot meeningsverschil. Door determinatie van de geremanieerde Selachierfauna uit dit conglomeraat werd een middenmioceene herkomst van het materiaal vastgesteld. Deze ouderdomsbepaling houdt dus in, dat de bovenliggende afzettingen jonger zijn dan het Middenmioceen. Door het feit, dat het mariene Bovenmioceen niet zoover zuidelijk reikt, als ook door de aanwezigheid van een tweede, geremanieerde plioceene Selachierfauna aan de basis der hierboven liggende glaueonietzanden, werd een onderplioceene ouderdom aan de Elsloolaag toegekend. Behalve het op vele plaatsen aangetoonde mariene Onderplioceen, zijn voornamelijk in Limburg kontinentale afzettingen aangetoond. Deze zelfde facies zijn in midden- en bovenplioceene afzettingen aangetoond. Gedurende het Plioceen heeft de zee zich steeds meer naar het Westen en Noorden teruggetrokken. Het klimaat is geleidelijk kouder geworden. Tertiaire Selachiertanden komen ook op secundaire vindplaats in diluviale afzettingen voor. Nog heden ten dage spoelen vele haaientanden door de erodeerende werking van rivieren of zee uit de oorspronkelijke vindplaats los. Door de determinatie der tanden werd in vele gevallen de herkomst van de fauna vastgesteld.

Description: In het voorjaar van 1937 werd mij vanwege het Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie te Leiden voorgesteld in aansluiting aan mijn, toen reeds beëindigd, geologisch onderzoek ten Oosten van de Serio, ook het gebied terzelfder hoogte ten Westen van de Serio, te gaan bewerken. Ten einde de hieraan verbonden onkosten voor reis en verblijf en een gedeelte der publieatiekosten te kunnen bestreden, deed ik een beroep op de Stichting „Molengraaff-fonds” te Delft. Dit beroep is niet tevergeefsch geweest.

Description: Experiments are described in which artificial beaches were attacked by a combination of running waves parallel to the coast and superposed standing waves at right angles to the former. Beach cusps were formed only when a steep beach was eroded by the waves. Observations in nature are cited that appear to support the view that standing waves may be the cause of beach cusps, but further data are needed before a definite conclusion can be arrived at.

Description: Van geen zijner geestesproducten heeft Goethe zoo weinig genoegen beleefd als van zijn „Versuch über die Metamorphose der Pflanzen”. Toen de verhandeling in 1790 na langdurige studie gereed was, weigerde de uitgever GÖSCHEN, met wien Goethe sinds vele jaren in relatie stond, haar te laten drukken, zoodat de schrijver naar een anderen uitgever moest gaan zoeken. In zijn verzameling van natuurwetenschappelijke studies, in 1817 uitgegeven met den titel „Zur Naturwissenschaften überhaupt, besonders zur Morphologie”, waarin de metamorphoseleer is herdrukt, beschrijft Goethe op de hem eigene olympische manier de lotgevallen van „Handschrift” en „Druckschrift” en beklaagt hij zich bitter over de koelheid van het publiek, maar nog meer over het gebrek aan inzicht en begrip van zijn wetenschappelijke tijdgenooten, die na 27 jaar nog geen van allen de draagwijdte van de metamorphosehypothese hebben begrepen. Van het publiek zegt hij „Das Publikum stutzte; denn nach seinem Wunsche sich gut und gleichförmig bedient zu sehen, verlangt es von jedem, dass er in seinem Fache bleibe”. De vrienden, aan wie Goethe indertijd presentexemplaren van zijn boekje had toegezonden, komen er slechter af: „Ueberdies waren die Aüszerungen meiner Freunde keineswegs von schonender Art, und es wiederholte sich dem vieljährigen Autor die Erfahrung dass man gerade von verschenkten Exemplaren, Unlust und Verdruss zu erleben hat. Kommt jemanden ein Buch durch Zufall, oder durch Empfehlung in die Hand, er liest es, kauft es auch wohl, überreicht ihm aber ein Freund, mit behaglicher Zuversicht, sein Werk, so scheint es als sey es darauf abgesehen ein Geistes-Uebergewicht aufzudringen. Da tritt nun das radicale Böse in seiner hässlichsten Gestalt hervor, als Neid und Widerwille gegen frohe, eine Herzensangelegenheit vertrauende Personen”. Deze uiting van Goethe kwam mij in de gedachte, toen ik overwoog, of ik het verbouwde en vergroote instituut met eenige plechtigheid en feestelijkheid in gebruik zou nemen, dan wel, of dit met stille trom zou moeten geschieden. Zonder bij iemand van de hier aanwezigen „Neid und Widerwille” te veronderstellen en in de overtuiging, dat een zoo onbelangrijke gebeurtenis niet in staat kan zijn het „Radicale Böse” bij u aan de oppervlakte te brengen, kan ik het niet van mij afzetten, dat er eenige overeenkomst is tusschen het met „behaglicher Zuversicht” overhandigen van een gedrukt geestesprodukt en het rondzenden van uitnoodigingen om aanwezig te zijn bij het in gebruik nemen van een niet zeer belangrijke verbouwing. Aanvankelijk kwam het mij voor, dat ik u met mijn „Herzensangelegenheit” niet moest lastig vallen.

Description: The present publication is intended to be a monograph on the family of Burmanniaceae. It is divided into three parts: General Part, Critical Part and Taxonomical Part. The first part, General Part, contains general remarks on the taxonomy, distribution and use of the family. The second part, Critical Part, contains general and geobotanical remarks on the genera of the family, whereas the third part, the Taxonomical Part, gives the determination keys to the tribes, subtribes, genera, sections, subsections and species, the description of these groups with literature, distribution and the indications of the types. New varieties, species and larger groups are described in the taxonomical part in foot-notes.

Description: Die erste Mitteilung über die Möglichkeit des Vorkommens fossiler Azolla im niederländischen Boden rührt von J. LORIé her, der im Jahre 1905 bei der Beschreibung von Bohrproben die Entdeckung von Makrosporangien von Azolla filiculoides Lam. in einer dünnen Torfschicht unter Vogelenzang erwähnte (Lit. 1). Da aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach zur Zeit dieser Bohrung im Jahre 1887 Azolla schon in grosser Menge in der Umgebung wuchs, hielt LORIé es nicht für ausgeschlossen, dass rezente Makrosporangien in den Torf geraten wären. Der diesbezügliche Teil der angeführten Arbeit lautet: „Van eenig belang is de laag hard en droog veen, XIV, tusschen 61.1 en 61.4 M.—A.P., waaruit bij het slibben eenige zeer kleine voorwerpjes werden afgescheiden, klaarblijkelijk van plantaardigen oorsprong. Prof. Went te Utrecht had de goedheid ze voor mij te onderzoeken en ze te bestemmen als „mikrosporen met massulae van Azolla filiculoides”. Overblijfselen van het geslacht Azolla waren tot nog toe alleen bekend uit tertiair en carbon en tot voor korten tijd behoorden de beide soorten „caroliniana" en „filiculoides” niet tot onze of de Europeesche flora. Zij zijn als zoodanig eerst, tusschen 1880 en 1890, in ons land opgetreden, na uit den Hortus Botanicus te Leiden te zijn ontsnapt. Het juiste jaar is niet meer met zekerheid uit te maken, daar het geval eerst werd bemerkt, toen de plantjes zich op groote schaal hadden vermenigvuldigd. Zeer waarschijnlijk is het verder, dat zij in 1887 reeds in groote hoeveelheid leefden in den omtrek van Vogelenzang, zoodat de mogelijkheid niet is uitgesloten, dat zij toevallig in het veenmonster zijn verdwaald. In October 1904 heb ik daaromtrent een onderzoek Ingesteld. De boring is verricht bij de tuinmanswoning, gelegen aan eenen kleinen straatweg, op den westrand der binnenduinen, waarop Casa Nova is gelegen. Vlak daarbij is eene gegraven put, welker water veel ijzer bevatte, wat aanleiding tot de boring heeft gegeven. Aan de andere zijde van den straatweg, op ± 25 M. afstand, is eene sloot. die meestal droog is, doch, tijdens het werk, wel water kan bevat hebben. Aan dezelfde zijde van den straatweg, naar het N. toe, op ongeveer 150 M., is eene breede sloot of vaart, waarin ik veel Azolla vond. Deze is gegraven voor het afzanden der binnenduinen en was in 1887 aldaar nog niet aanwezig. Volgens den tuinman is aanvankelijk bij het werk geen water gebruikt, later wel, doch heeft men daartoe eene korte nortonbuis in den grond geslagen. Het is dus niet mogelijk na te gaan op welke wijze de overblijfselen van Azolla in het monster veen zijn gekomen, toch blijft de zaak voorshands twijfelachtig. Ware de boring vóór het jaar 1880 verricht, dan zoude men met recht Azolla tot de NederlandsChe fossielen uit het (interglaciale?) Diluvium mogen rekenen.” Im Jahre 1919 beschrieb J. VAN BAREN einen Fund in der Nähe von Oosterbeek, der zu Zweifel weniger Veranlassung gab (Lit. 2). VAN BAREN berichtet darüber folgendes: „In Januari 1911 ontving ik van den directeur van Johanna-Hoeve, den Heer P. M. Burgers, een monster klei uit een boring, op dat landgoed verricht door de firma J. de Boer, toenmaals te Leeuwarden. Deze klei geleek in al haar eigenschappen op de uit Drente, Friesland en Groningen bekende potklei. Zij bestond voor 53.2% uit deeltjes, kleiner dan 0.01 mM.; voor 35.6% uit deeltjes van 0.01—0.05 mM.; voor 6.0% uit deeltjes van 0.05—0.1 mM. en voor 5.2% uit deeltjes van 0.1—2 mM. Het % zand bedroeg dus 11.2%. De klei was kalkloos en het grofste zand bestond uit kwarts, lydiet, zandsteen, kwartsiet, mikroklien en houtresten (veel eik). Daarnaast kwamen talrijke, met de loupe duidelijk herkenbare, op eikels gelijkende voorwerpjes voor, waaraan, doch slechts microscopisch herkenbare, op ankers gelijkende aanhangsels zaten. Mevrouw J. v. d. Sleenv. Bork, assistente van Prof. Nierstrasz te Utrecht, was zoo vriendelijk deze voorwerpjes aan een nader onderzoek te onderwerpen, waarbij zij ze herkende als „macrosporen met massulae en glochidiën” van het hierboven genoemde watervarentje. Op mijn verzoek maakte zij tevens de twee hierbijgevoegde afbeeldingen, welke hier gereproduceerd worden, opdat hare aanwezigheid in kleilagen later niet door andere onderzoekers over het hoofd gezien zal kunnen worden. Nu rees de palaeontologisch belangrijke vraag, of de Azolla in deze klei „toevallig” of fossiel voorkwam. Naar mijn meening bewijst het volgende, dat wij Azolla hier als een fossiel uit het Pleistoceen kunnen beschouwen. In de eerste plaats toch komt Azolla thans niet in de omgeving van Oosterbeek voor, zoodat verontreiniging van het boormateriaal uitgesloten is; in de tweede plaats vindt men hier de overblijfselen van Azolla in een circa 8 M. dikke, zwarte kleilaag, liggend onder 30 M. fluviatiel zand en rustend op 7 M. grof zand, waaronder dan weer een halve M. zwarte klei volgt, waarin Azolla wel niet zoo veelvuldig voorkomt als daarboven, maar toch niet geheel ontbreekt.”

Description: Much of the difficulty experienced by the modern systematic botanist is nomenclatorial. Though he may have a clear conception of a plant as a taxonomic unit, he is often at a loss to find out what it is as a legitimate nomenclatural entity. If a haphazard use of names is permitted, it will result in different botanists using the same name in a different sense, so that the names themselves, unaccompanied by a description, will give no definite denotation; that is, a name may become applicable to several independent taxonomic units. And if it is attempted to skip over these difficulties by creating a new name every time the legitimacy of a name of a plant is questioned, a usage may be established in virtue of which, on the one hand, very good names may be rejected on insufficient grounds, while, on the other, one and the same taxonomic group of plants will be known by different names to different botanists in different countries. Actually, some such state of affairs as this was common at one time in taxonomic botany, so that it came to be felt that personalities had a great deal to do with popularizing some names, however erroneous, as well as with rejecting quite good ones. In other words, there was a tendency to subordinate the naming of plants, or the validity and legitimacy of plant-names, to personal or national or provincial likes and dislikes, with the result that the scientific names were often less stable and precise in their application than the vernacular names. In order to obviate these drawbacks and to make the nomenclature of plants more precise and international, the new nomenclatorial Rules adopted as their basis the type- and the priority-concepts as the most important guiding principles in such matters. These Rules do not recognize personalities, but they oblige taxonomists to examine the claims of each plant-name for legitimacy on the merits of the names themselves, and not of the authors of the names, or of the authors of the works in which the names have been published. Thus at one stroke these two principles have, in nomenclatorial procedure, attempted to do away with all incentives for botanists to split themselves into different camps on a national basis or according to the sides taken by the heads of the particular institutions to which they belong.

Description: Botanists throughout the world and more especially those who have made a special study of the Natural Family Orchidaceae would desire to offer their congratulations and good wishes in person to Dr J. J. Smith on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. Since that privilege, however, is denied to so many of us, I desire on behalf of my British colleagues, and especially on behalf of the staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to offer to Dr. Smith our sincere thanks for the valuable work he has carried out on the Orchidaceae, Ericaceae and Euphorbiaceae, in particular of the Malayan region and more especially of the Dutch East Indies during the past thirty-five years; and to express the hope that he may long be spared to continue his valuable researches and enrich botanical literature from the vast stores of his accumulated knowledge and wide experience.

Description: Die bisher aufgestellten Orchideensysteme stimmen bis auf eine Ausnahme (L. C. Richard, 1817) in der Abtrennung der monandrischen Orchideen von den diandrischen überein. Dagegen ist bei der Gliederung der Monandrae verschieden verfahren worden. Das System von Lindley stellt hier die Beschaffenheit des Pollens voran; das von Reichenbach F. die Anheftung der Anthere; Bentham benutzt beides; Pfitzer geht von der Richtung der Pollinienverbindung mit dem Rostellum aus und verwendet dann vegetative Merkmale; das System von Schlechter schliesst sich an das von Pfitzer an, zieht aber wieder stärker den Pollen heran. Vergleicht man die Hauptgruppen dieser Systeme nach ihrem Inhalt, so ergibt sich, dass sie trotz der verschiedenen Ausgangspunkte sehr weitgehend übereinstimmen. Es bestehen nur zwei wesentlichere Abweichungen: einmal die verschiedene Aufteilung der von Schlechter als Kerosphaereae bezeichneten Gruppe (in Epidendreae und Vandeae bei Lindley-Bentham und in Acranthae und Pleuranthae bei Pfitzer- Schlechter; das läuft aber im Endergebnis nur auf die verschiedene Verteilung einiger weniger Gattungsgruppen auf die genannten Untergruppen der Kerosphaereae hinaus) und zweitens das Schwanken in der Unterbringung von ein oder zwei Gattungsgruppen bei den Polychondreae (Neottieae) oder Kerosphaereae.

Description: Dr J. J. Smith is best known by his studies about Orchidaceae. But since 1904 he published regularly in collaboration with Dr J. C. Costerus in the ”Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg“, the results of their researches in teratology of tropical plants. Some years ago, Dr J. J. Smith was so kind to ask me if I would like to continue their studies in tropical teratology; I accepted this invitation. Although botanists appreciate this part of the botanical science in more than one way, and although even the opinion about the definition of a monstrosity differs, it must be stated that what has been done by Costerus and Smith in this field of the botanical science, deserves our high appreciation as they have described and pictured for the first time a large number of tropical monstrosities.

Description: This publication is based on herbarium, materials which were kindly placed at the author’s disposal by the Directors of the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Garden (B), the Leiden National Herbarium (L), the Herbarium of the Utrecht University (U), and the Herbarium of the Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Museum (BD), for whose kind help the author wishes to render his best thanks.

Description: In conclusion, we propose the following nomenclatural alterations. For a good classification, the genus Vulpia is to be accepted as a member of the Festuceae. Various names of Vulpia are fixed according to our present rules of nomenclature, viz. V. bromoides (L.) GRAY, V. membranacea (L.) LINK, V. geniculata (L.) LINK, V. stipoides (L.) DUM. and V. Myurus (L.) GMELIN. For Vulpia ciliata the earliest valid epithet is taken and so this widely distributed species must bear the name of V. aetnensis TINEO, while its glabrous variety is named imberbis (Vis.) HENR.. Vulpia delicatula (LAG.) DUM. var. hirsuta HENR. and Vulpia geniculata (L.) LINK var. dasyantha HENR. are described as new varieties. Among the South American species the new combinations Vulpia eriolepis (DESV.) HENR., Vulpia australis (NEES) HENR. and Vulpia muralis (KUNTH) HENR. are proposed, moreover the endemic Vulpia Teneriffae (ROTH) HENR. is mentioned. The North American species are treated in connection with the parallel variations of the European Vulpias and the following new combinations are given, viz. Vulpia octoflora (PIPER) RYDBERG, var. hirtella (PIPER) HENR., V. sciurea (NUTT.) HENR., V. arida (ELMER) HENR., V. confusa (PIPER) HENR., V. Eastwoodae (PIPER) HENR., V. Grayi (ABRAMS) HENR. and V. Tracyi (HITCHC.) HENR..

Description: Herba pusilla, saprophytiea, 10—13 cm alta. Radices ignotae. Caulis simplex, erectus, teres, glaber, succulentus. Folia 3—8, squamas simulantia, lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, glabra, acuta vel acuminata, 2—6 mm longa, uninervia, nervo prominente. Folia basalia rosulata nulla. Bracteae plm. 5 mm longae, ovatae, acutae. Flores 5—9, albi-purpurascentes, 9— 12 mm longi, erecti, pedicellati, in cincinnos geminos conferti. Limbus succulentus, 6-lobatus, lobis exterioribus tribus, 1.5—2 mm longis, erectis, in alabastris et floribus junioribus margine involutis, triangularibus, obtusis; in floribus perfectis orbiculatis et margine evolutis; lobis interioribus erectis, crassis, glandulosis, ovatis vel obovatis vel orbiculatis, obtusis vel rotundatis vel retusis, quam exteriores brevioribus, 0.25—1 mm longis. Tubus perigonii trigono-cylindricus, 4—5 mm longus, 6-nervius. Alae perianthii subnullae, in costas angustas reductae. Antherae sessiles, lobis interioribus oppositae sed profundius insertae, connectivis triangularibus, apice bicristatis, cristis curvatis. Stylus crassus, trifurcatus, ramis apice stigmate praeditis, appendiculo membranaceo rotundato pendulo. Stylus cum stigmatibus 4—4.5 mm longus. Ovarium obovoideum vel ellipsoideum, 3—4 mm longum, triloculare. Ovula numerosa, ovoidea vel ellipsoidea. Type: Malay Archipelago, Enggano (Res. Benkoelen, Sumatra), forest near Boea-boea, 100 m alt., fl. Juno 8, 1936, leg. W. J. LÜTJEHARMS n. 4437. Cotype: id., fl. June 14, 1936, leg. W. J. LÜTJEHARMS n. 4736.

Description: Many plants are as a whole or in some characteristic features flabelliform. So it is easy to understand that botanists often used the word piпio or piпidiov as a component of plant names. It is rather astonishing, however, that this word, R(h)ipidion or R(h)ipidium occurs no less than five times as a generic name (including one nomen nudum). In the list of homonyms by Miss M. L. GREEN C.S. (Kew Bull. misc. Inf., 1935, p. 341—544) the word is not mentioned, though it is of importance for mycologists. It may seem curious that also OTTO KUNTZE, who was very keen on such cases, probably overlooked it. Only in the list of nomina conservanda (auct. R. MAIRE; Int. Rules Nomencl., Ed. III, 1935, p. 124) one of the cases was considered¹). Rhipidium CORNU, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr., 18, 1871, p. 58; Ann. Sci. nat. Bot., V, 15, 1872, p. 15. (Saprolegniaceae). Standard species: Rh. interruptum CORNU l.c. = Rh. continuum CORNU l.c. = Rh. europaeum VON MINDEN, Krypt. Fl. Brandenburg, V, 1915, p. 597 (1912). For the argument of typification, see VON MINDEN, l.c., p. 596.

Description: The genus Sarcosperma was excluded from the Sapotaceae by the first-named writer in 1925, the group being considered as of family rank. In 1926 the same author published a concise and fragmentary revision of the monotypic order, in which two new Malaysian species were described. The continental species, however, were merely quoted from literature. To this a key was added. As since then more material has been collected, it seemed desirable to give a new revision of this small but interesting order. For this purpose materials have, at our request, kindly been sent on loan to the Rijksherbarium (L) ¹) from the following institutions: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew — K. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin — B. Musee d’Histoire Naturelle, Phanérogamie, Paris — P. Botanical Garden, New York — NY. U.S. National Museum, Division of Plants, Washington — W. Gray Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.), U.S.A. — H. Botanical Institute, Coll. of Agriculture, Sun Yatsen University, Canton — Ca.

Description: Das bearbeitete Gebiet grenzt im E an die Wasserscheide der Serio-und Dezzoflüsse zwischen dem Monte Vigna Vaga und dem Monte Scanapá. Auf diesem Bergkamm liegen die höchsten Gipfel: der Pizzo della Presolana, 2521 m, und der Monte Ferrante, 2426 m. Nach W reicht das Gebiet bis an den Kamm der Cima di Timogno und des Monte Vodala. Diese Grenze zieht sich nach S bis Rovetta in der Valle Gera und nach N bis in die Valle di Sedornia hin, wo unseres Gebiet mit dem von Weeda kartierten über etwa 2 km zusammenfällt. Die nördlichen und südlichen Grenzen werden von den Valli di Sedornia und Gera gebildet.

Description: A new species of Paullinia, viz. P. Bernhardi Uitt. was described on p. 774 of the last volume of this periodical. I have to add here another new species to this formerly monotypic section Cryptoptilon. The three species now known are all collected uncompletly. The flowers of the two Suriname ones are wanting; those of P. verrucosa Radlk. from British Guiana are known, but unfortunately only rather young fruits are found. A new diagnosis of this section is given here together with a key and the description of the new species. Sect. Cryptoptilon Radlk. in Engl. u. Prantl, Nat. Pfl. fam. III, 5 (1895), p. 304, fig. 156 IX; id., Monogr. Paull. (1895—96), p. 247, fig. 9; id. in Engler, Pflanzenreich IV, 165, p. 309 (1931).

Description: In Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire the most common species of Agave is A. vivipara. Although the variability is rather great, this species is nearly always easily recognizable. In Aruba, however, in two localities agaves are found, namely A. Rutteniae and A. arubensis, which differ from A. vivipara in their generative parts only. The A. Cocui, which occasionally occurs in Curaçao and Bonaire, but which has probably been introduced from the coast of Venezuela, differs from these species, both in shape and size. A. Boldinghiana, which is found here and there on alle three islands, is in herbarium material not always easily distinguished from the above named species, in the field it is always easily recognizable. A. Karatto, which is frequently cultivated as a living hedge in Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, has very little in common with the other agaves growing there; this species occurs also in St. Eustatius and the neighbouring islands and it seems probable that it was introduced from there in former times, when there was a more lively trade between these islands. On the Venezuelan Continent there probably is only one species of Agave, A. Cocui, which, however, shows a wide range of variability in the form of the terminal spine. In Trinidad and Chacachacare A. evadens occurs; possibly it may be found on the neighbouring part of the continent as well. On the Venezuelan Islands, A. vivipara is known from Blanquilla and Los Hermanos, A. Cocui from Los Frailes and Los Testigos. The common agave of Margarita, which I determined as A. vivipara, resembles a special form of A. Cocui growing on the continental coast opposite. Although it seems not possible to differentiate them clearly, yet, for the time being, it does not seem advisable to unite these two species.

Description: For the group of plants treated in the “Compendium” I have used the name Spermatophyta. WETTSTEIN in his “Handbuch” remarks that this name is incorrect because in botany the word “sperma” is used for spermatozoids, and from the name Spermatophyta it might be concluded that by it “plants with spermatozoids” were meant. WETTSTEIN’s objection is not to be taken seriously however. Nobody will ever think of translating the name Gymnospermae by “plants with naked spermatozoids”! I did not like to use the name Phanerogamae for the group since the corresponding name “Cryptogamae” has lost all meaning. “Anthophyta” cannot be used, because the Pteridospermae have no flowers and it would even be advisable to use the term “Flower” only with regard to Angiospermae. The classic division into Gymnospermae and Angiospermae has been given up. The Pteridospermae are fundamentally different from the Gymnospermae e.g. by the form of their leaves and by the absence of a strobilus. I consider them equal in rank to the subdivision Gymnospermae. The same may be said of the group which formerly under the name Gnetales or Gnetinae used to be considered as a subdivision of the Gymnospermae, but which, in my opinion, are even farther removed from the Gymnospermae than the Pteridospermae. They have obtained here the rank of a new subdivision under the name Chlamydospermae. I have distinguished therefore four subdivisions of the Spermatophyta namely Pteridospermae, Gymnospermae, Chlamydospermae and Angiospermae.

Description: The Netherlands’ Indies are part of those humid tropical regions where innumerable species of orchids either may hang down, sometimes in large numbers, from the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs or grow terrestrially in woods or elsewhere. Nevertheless, to every naturalist who takes the trouble of ascertaining the attitude of the native population towards the orchid-family, it at once becomes clear that up to this very moment most of these plants have only succeeded in obtaining a very modest place in the domestic life and even in the interest of the natives. The beauty of the flowers of so very many species seems never or hardly at all to have been observed by them. This is so much the more noteworthy because in other cases the native has usually invented a name, if not a use, for most plants in his surroundings, even for the rarest and most unimportant ones. As regards orchids this has never happened. These plants seem never to have played any part in religious ceremonies and in the numerous myths they are mentioned at best by a few words. On none of the old monuments they are immortalized; even on ornaments of a later date one usually seeks in vain for these plants or their flowers. How is this aloofness of the natives towards such an important part of the flora of their country to be accounted for? Orchids never were of much use either in domestic life or in the domain of medicinal science. Only with the arrival of the Europeans or, more correctly speaking, not before a very short time ago, some interest for orchids was raised with the natives. But this took, practically, only place in imitation of the foreigner, especially when the natives began to see that money was to be made in the orchid-trade. Here and there this unnatural predilection has already lead to consequences of alarming dimensions, because it has not rarely effected the complete or partial extermination of valuable species in regions where formerly they grew copiously. Nevertheless a change in the native denomination of orchids can hardly be observed. All these plants are simply called Anggrèk or Angkrèk and, as a rule, it is not deemed necessary to add a specific name. Only very few orchids can really boast of such a name; most of them remain anonymous. The names Angkrèk panèli and Angkrèk lotjis, Spatulotjis or Spatuklotis are mere corruptions of Vanilla and Spathoglottis. Angkrèk bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis) and Anggrèk matjan (Vanda tricolor), though both composed of genuinely native words, do not seem to be quite original, though this case is not identical with the two former ones; these names seem only translations of the Dutch names Maan-orchidee (Moon-orchid) and Tijger-orchidee (Tigerorchid). Yet some specific denominations exist, as a rule with some unimportant addition to the word Anggrèk or Angkrèk, e.g. běněr (bětul) = true; beureum (mèrah) = red; bodas (putih) = white; konèng (kuning) = yellow; gědè (běsar) = big; leutik (kětjil) = small, and such-like which, as a matter of fact, have little to do with the notion of species. Very often they only seem to have been invented by plantcollectors wishing to content troublesome interrogators by some plausible answer. Finally there exist some poetic names, for the greater part of very recent date, of which it is likewise difficult to ascertain whether they are really true ones or came into existence by European influences. From the foregoing, in my opinion, it sufficiently appears that the natives hardly knew how to distinguish plants of this group which, in our eyes, is so very interesting. Once more, how is this fact to be accounted for? He who knows better is, of course, free to say so, but to me this enigmatical aloofness of the natives towards orchids seems to prove that these plants do not interest him in any way. The same case presents itself with most Europeans as regards funguses, mosses, algae a.s.o., groups of plants growing in our immediate environment, unsurveyable to many, which seem not to stir our imagination. I cannot find any other explanation of the fact. Notwithstanding what I have said herebefore it may be of interest to shortly discuss which value part at least of the native population of Java sets to orchids, not exclusively regarding the very small economic worth of a few ones but especially with a view to the denomination of the diverse species. Most of the popular names mentioned beneath have proved to be of recent date. Hence they are not yet universally used; often they are of local value only; sometimes they were invented by cunning plant collectors for the benefit of their employers. Nevertheless they are worthy of being registered, with discrimination of course and spelled in the right way. By doing so we may in future attain a better surveyable and more reliable denomination of orchids than could be made now. Everyone who is acquainted with the love felt by the natives for nature and with their extensive knowledge of the multitude of forms shown by the flora of their surroundings, knows quite well how important it is, and will ever be, to judiciously exchange thoughts with them. The native likes to hoax those who do not understand him and it leaves him quite cool whether by his conduct the European thinks to have found one reason more of storming furiously against the traditional irreliability of native information about plants and plant-names. He has had to swallow severer reproaches than the annihilating opinion of incompetent persons. The fault does not lie exclusively with the natives nor entirely with the Europeans but is caused by the lack of a universally acknowledged classification of the popular names in existence. My treatise aims at contributing my mite to a correct valuation of the notions of both parties. Therefore, let us not begin with stumbling over the numerous brand-new plant-names met with at present everywhere but let us express the hope that, once sifted, they will prove useful enough to enable one to find his way in the Indian flora. Wherefore should we hesitate to register names unknown up to now, because they are not yet generally used throughout the island? If ever, then now surely the time has come to take a broad view of this matter, now that the interest shown for orchids by the different races of the population is rapidly increasing, though modern fashion may play a great part in pushing it forward.

Description: Pennisetum sagittatum HENR. nov. spec. — Perenne. Culmi erecti, superne ramosi, ramis implicatis, plus quam 1 m alti, teretes, inferne circa 1 cm crassi, glaberrimi, minute striatuli, straminei, internodia superne violascentia, culmi apicem versus plus minusve angulati, nodi tumidi nigrescentes; vaginae compressae, internodiis breviores, striatae, inferiores sparse pilosae, pilis e basi tuberculato nigro, hiantes, mox a culmo solutae, superne sensim angustatae involutae, sensim in petolium longum attenuatae et loco ligularum in auriculis ad 4 mm longis productae, ligula breviter ciliata; petiolus foliorum longitudine varians, petioli inferiores saltem ad 10 cm longi, superiores sensim decrescentes, summi brevissimi vel nulli et tunc folia sessilia, compressi, 1.5 mm crassi, superne canaliculati; laminae inferiores foliorum petiolatorum valde sagittatae, lobis ad 2.5 cm longis, obtusis, apice incrassatis, nervis sigmoideis, ut in figura demonstravit, laminae propriae inferiores e basi plus quam 1 cm lati, sensim late lanceolatae, circa 25 cm longae, in medio circa 2.5 cm latae, superne sensim angustatae et longe setaceo-acuminatae, multinervosae, supra virides, nervo mediano lato stramineo praeditae, glabrae, subtus pallide glaueae, minute adpresse puberulae, laminae superiores sensim decrescentes, summae haud sagittatae sed e basi rotundato lineari-lanceolatae, eae ramorum 6—8 cm longae, 1 cm vel minus latae. Inflorescentiae e ramorum lateralium erumpentes longe tenuiter pedunculatae, pedunculo subangulato striato, vix ½ mm crasso, panicula subsimplex, angusta, ad 6 cm longa cum spiculis vix 5 mm lata, rhachis angulosus, subflexuosus, spiculae solitariae vel subbinae, sessiles, a basi setis paucis gerentes, setae scabrae, spiculis aequilongae. Spiculae circa 4 mm vel paulo plus longae, circ. 1 mm latae, lineari-lanceolatae, valde asperulae, gluma Ia uninervia, triangulari-rhomboidea vix 1 mm longa, hyalina, gluma IIda spiculam circa 2/3 aequans, sub-7-nervis, nervis parallelis, lateralibus haud percurrentibus, gluma IIIa (lemma sterilis) valde asperula, 5-nervia, spiculam aequans, subobtusa apice angustata et leviter emarginata, in axilla epaleata vel paleam lineari-lanceolatam circa 2 mm longam 3 nervatam inferne glabram superne puberulam fovens, gluma IVa (lemma fertilis) 3-nervata vel leviter 5-nervata, nervis duabus minutis intermixtis, longitudine spiculam, inferne glabra, superne asperula, apice angustata leviter subinvoluta, palea aequilonga, antherae 3 cum filamentis brevissimis circa 2 mm longae, sagittatae. Caryopsis ignota. Bolivia. La Florida (Sur Jungas) 1700 m. s. m. planta perennis 2— 3 m altitudine. 4 fébr. 1932 leg. L. R. PARODI no. 10069. Typus speciei in Herb. Lugd. Bat. sub no. 933.48—180.

Description: Towards the end of February 1936 we received living specimens of this species, which is hitherto known only from Japan, China, the Indochinese Peninsula und Himalaya, collected in West Java, Preanger Residency, by Mr H. W. Kluit, employé of the plantation Ardjoena, section Karang-Toemaritis. The specimens are exactly matched by those of Eastern Asia and were immediately recognized. This isolated locality far from the specific area needs some comment. It is situated between a tea garden and a bamboo thicket at ca 1250 m altitude, in slight shadow. According to the information kindly supplied by Mr Kluit, the plant has been known to him for several years, but has only recently produced flowers. He showed it to numerous visitors and planters but nobody had ever seen this species before. The coolies also knew the species only from this locality, as well as some old natives well acquainted with forest plants. The native name djoekoet hanjir (Sund.) is derived from the strange smell of blood produced by the leaves. The natives even believe in the local legend that the plant has proceeded from the flesh and blood of a man who was killed by a tiger on the same spot. On account of the smell there has been some trouble with the coolies in charge of weeding. As is known from outside Malaysia, the plant is very persistent in a place if once settled, which quality it owes to the long and branched rhizomes, which easily produce buds, and occur to one foot depth. This ecology enables the plant to appear as a common weed in Japan near settlements.

Description: The bulbils of Dioscorea sansibarensis fall at maturity and are carried away from the parent plant, if at all, by water: they rest through the Dry season; and germinate when the soil under them is able to supply moisture. The new plant, is thrust into the surface of the soil and there shaped by its geotropic responsiveness. Its tuber is the result of a more or less one-sided enlargement of the first internode of the axis: it is perennial and its greatest growth becomes annular. The annual stems, which rise from the tuber are produced cymosely, each from the lowest axil of its parent axis; and, by arrest of internodes between them, all are sessile on the tuber. Thus crowded they are unable to grow in positions which are theirs theoretically and are accommodated by a certain amount of fluidity in the growth of the top of the tuber. D. sansibarensis must be excluded from the section Opsophyton because its tubers are more specialized organs than its bulbils, as well as on differences in the male inflorescences.

Description: Unter obenstehendem Titel fange ich die Veröffentlichung einer Reihe mykologisch-systematischer Beobachtungen an, zu welchen ich zum grössten Teil durch das Studium des von mir auf meiner Reise in Niederländisch Ost Indien (1936) gesammelten Materials veranlasst wurde. Zu dieser Reise wurde ich durch ein von der „Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen“ in Amsterdam verliehenes Stipendium im Stande gesetzt. Ich reiste und sammelte auf Java und Enggano (S.W. Küste von Sumatra). Die Expedition nach letztgenannter Insel wurde von dem „Indisch Comité voor wetenschappelijke Onderzoekingen“ und von dem „Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap“ mit unterstützt. Ich beschränke jedoch diese Notizen nicht auf malayische Arten oder Gattungen, erstens weil das bei der geringen Kenntnis der Verbreitung tropischer Pilze kein zweckmässiges Prinzip wäre und zweitens weil ich auch aus anderen Gegenden oft wertvolles Material erhalte über welches sich systematisch wichtige Bemerkungen machen lassen.

Description: The genus Acoridium is characterized by an extraordinary history. The original species, A. tenellum, a native of the Philippine Islands, was described at length from a fruiting specimen in 1843 by Nees von Esenbeck and referred to the Philydraceae. This treatment was prompted by the aspect of the plant, its vegetative structure and the mature seedcapsule adnate on the upper part of the elongated, sedge-like leaf. In 1843, Endlicher (Mant. Gen. Pl. Suppl. 3:59) transferred the genus from the Philydraceae to the doubtful genera of the Burmanniaceae. Until 1879, Acoridium remained a puzzling and inadequately understood concept, and then Boeckler [Flora 62 (1879) 158] placed it in the Cyperaceae, assigning to it a position between Scirpus and Eleocharis, depending entirely for his interpretation on the fruiting type preserved in the Berlin Herbarium ¹). In 1880, Bentham and Hooker referred Acoridium to the genera dubia vel exclusa at the end of their treatment of the Cyperaceae in their ”Genera Plantarum” (3: 1043). This was the situation toward the close of the nineteenth century when Mr C. B. Clark of the Kew Herbarium, after a careful study of the type specimen, concluded that it was not a member of the Cyperaceae. With the hope that its identity might be established, he submitted the type specimen to Mr R. Allen Rolfe who was engaged in critical research among Philippine plants. Fortunately Rolfe was a keen orchidologist. He recognized the plant as being equivalent to a doubtful Philippine orchid which had been erroneously referred to Ceratostylis gracilis Bl. by Andrés Naves (in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3, Nov. App. 245). However, Rolfe was unable to establish the identity of the doubtful species, because for this purpose flowerless specimens were quite inadequate. At about this time botanical exploration of the Philippines was progressing rapidly as a result of the American occupation of the Islands following the Spanish War of 1898, and A. Loher, a man with a deep interest in orchids, submitted to Rolfe, among other specimens, flowering plants that where clearly referable to Acoridium tenellum. Then it became clear that Acoridium was congeneric with Platyclinis, an orchid genus of long standing and of some horticultural prominence. But as Acoridium antedated Platyclinis, Rolfe accepted it and renamed some thirty-two species of Platyclinis [Orch. Rev. 12 (1904) 219], and over night as it were, from obscurity and uncertain rank Acoridium became a living concept, properly placed in the Orchidaceae. Almost simultaneously with Rolfe’s nomenclatorial revision in 1904, J. J. Smith, the eminent orchidologist of Buitenzorg, with characteristic thoroughness, published his monographic studies of Platyclinis and Dendrochilum (Uebersicht der Gattung Dendrochilum Bl., in Recueil des Travaux bot. Néerl.), merging these genera and reducing Platyclinis to synonymy. As Dendrochilum had been established by Blume in 1825, Rolfe’s new combinations under Acoridium passed into synonymy. Beginning in 1904 (the year in which Rolfe reduced Platyclinis and J. J. Smith monographed Dendrochilum), my interest in the question was being constantly stimulated by a steady stream of Philippine species which were coming in for identification from the Bureau of Science at Manila. In 1908, I published a complete treatment of the Philippine species of Dendrochilum known up to that time and gave my reasons for adopting the view that Acoridium and Platyclinis should be recognized as generic sections. But in restudying the whole matter thirteen years later, with an abundance of material to guide my conclusions, I reëstablished Acoridium as a valid genus, assigning to it those species which had been set apart as a section under Dendrochilum with Acoridium tenellum as the sectional type.

Description: The genus Rutidea was founded by De Candolle in 1807 on a West African plant. Twenthy-three years later in the ”Prodromus“ (IV, p. 495, 1830) he tentatively admitted a second species: it was based on a plant from Penang which he had seen in Blume’s herbarium, where it was labelled ”Rutidea? mollis Bl.“. Subsequently several other species have been added, but as none of them were Asiatic, it was, perhaps, no wonder that Bentham and Hooker f. in their ”Genera Plantarum“ (II, 1, p. 116, 1873) made no mention whatever of Blume’s plant, and regarded the genus as confined to tropical Africa. Hiern, who in the ”Flora of tropical Africa“ gave an excellent description of the genus, and enumerates ten species from tropical Africa, said that it is known from Madagascar also, but he too omitted every reference to its occurrence in Asia. Lemée (Dict. d. Pl. Phan. V, p. 903, 1934) also declares that the genus, which now comprises 25 species, is confined to tropical Africa and Madagascar¹). Blume’s plant was more fully described by Miquel in his ”Ecloge Rubiacearum Archipelagi Indici“ Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. IV, p. 256, 1869). It is not mentioned, however, in Hooker’s ”Flora of British India“. Boerlage’s remarks on it in his ”Handleiding“ (II, 1, pp. 107 et 142, 1891) also passed unnoticed; at least neither King and Gamble’s ”Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula“ nor Ridley’s ”Flora of the Malay Peninsula“ contain any reference to the plant. This want of recognition is all the more remarkable as the original diagnosis published by De Candolle did not contain anything which would have justified its exclusion from the genus. It is true that Miquel’s more detailed analysis describes the seed as ”sectione transversa semilunale introrse valde concavum“, which sounds ominous, as the seed of Rutidea is globose, but he adds ”nondum maturum“, and it might be possible, therefore, that the unusual form was but a passing stage in its development.

Description: The group of the Dematiaceae is well represented in the Netherlands Indies. Species belonging to genera of a wide distribution, are equally found predominating in temperate regions. Only a rather small number of our dematiaceous fungi seem to be restricted to tropical countries. The species to be discussed in this paper is one of them and as far as I can judge is not only undescribed, but even the type of a new form-genus.

Description: Any community of plants is characterized in four main ways — by a definite floristic composition, by definite life-forms, by a definite structure and by a definite habitat or environment. Of these four characters, floristic composition is the most important in defining a plant community in any particular locality. It is a commonplace fact that many parts of the world may show communities of higher plants identical in life-form, structure and habitat but differing widely in their floristic composition. By utilising the three last named characters of a plant community we can group our unit biocoenoses into larger groups.

Description: L'exploration assidue des terrains cénozoïques de l'Insulinde a permis de recueillir, en ces dernières années, des restes de Crustacés Décapodes en assez grand nombre. Déposées dans diverses institutions scientifiques tant aux Pays-Bas qu'aux Indes Orientales Néerlandaises et aussi en Suisse, les collections me furent confiées pour étude par mes collègues et amis: Messieurs les Professeurs B. G. Escher et I. M. van der Vlerk, tous deux du Rijks Geologisch-Mineralogisch Museum, à Leyde, et J. H. P. Umbgrove, de la Technische Hoogeschool, à Delft; Monsieur le Dr. W. BERXouiJii, du Musée d'Histoire naturelle, à Bâle.

Description: § 1. Plastic deformation of solid matter under high confining pressures has been insufficiently studied. Jeffreys 1) devotes a few paragraphs to deformation of solid matter as a preface to his chapter on the isostasy problem. He distinguishes two properties of solid matter with regard to its behaviour to external forces: the Rigidity and the Strength. The rigidity being the resistance to elastic stresses, the strength the resistance to shearing forces. The strength has been surpassed when a differential force results in a permanent deformation. Therefore the strength equals the differential pressure necessary to effect shearing or plastic deformation.

Description: Nachdem das Luganer Porphyrgebiet von den Leidener Geologen Kuenen, de Sitter, Harloff, und Doeglas geologisch kartiert wurde, schien es erwünscht dieses Gebiet auch chemisch gründlicher zu untersuchen. Denn nach den alten Analysen von v. Fellenberg (Lit. 10) wurden nur noch von Jakob zwei Analysen der Luganer Gesteine gemacht.

Description: During my stay in Spain a rock was found in the surroundings of Ronda, wherein Cycloclypeus was met with by the side of other foraminifera. The scarcity of our knowledge about the occurrence of this genus in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, induced me to collect in different parts of Spain, more material wherein Cycloclypeus might occur, especially Oligocene and Miocene rocks. The inducement became even stronger, when a publication by Tan Sin Hok about the genus Cycloclypeus Carpenter, demonstrated the value this genus has for stratigraphy. The results obtained during the examination of the samples, induced me to deviate from my original intention, of giving a survey of the development of the foraminifera-containing Oligocene in some parts of Spain and to try and follow the way indicated by the provisional results. To do so it proved to be desirable to involve other material in this examination.

Description: A short time ago I described a new foraminiferal genus from the Tertiary of Borneo 1). I gave this genus the name of Heterospira. Mr. P. H. Oehser of Washington drew my attention to the fact that E. Koken as early as 1896²) had used the name Heterospira for a genus of triassic gastropoda from Hallstatt. Therefore according to the international rules of zoölogical nomenclature, the name Heterospira for a foraminiferal genus being a homonym has to be rejected.

Description: In de zomers van de jaren 1935 en 1936 werd door mij een gebied, gelegen aan de linkerzijde van de Serio, geologisch bewerkt. Dit gebied omvat de meest westelijke toppen en kammen van de Presolanaberggroep. Het behoort vrijwel geheel tot het stroomgebied van de Serio. Terzelfder tijd werkte W.A. Visser in het oostelijk aangrenzend terrein. De resultaten van zijn onderzoek heeft hij alreeds gepubliceerd. J. Weeda bewerkte reeds vroeger het Boven-Serio-dal en het is op zijn verzoek geweest, dat ik mijn onderzoekingen in noordelijke richting heb uitgebreid tot in het Valle Sedornia. Om deze reden bedekken onze kaarten gedeeltelijk elkaar. Ofschoon vanuit de talrijke grootere dorpen, gelegen in het Valle Seriana en in het Valeggia, een groot deel van het onderzochte terrein kon worden bewerkt, moest toch vele weken gekampeerd worden om ook het oostelijk deel te kunnen onderzoeken. Degenen, die enkele van deze kampementen met mij hebben medegemaakt, dank ik nogmaals voor de vele prettige uren met hen aan het kampvuur doorgebracht.

Description: The investigation of geological structures due to folding led de Sitter to form an opinion on the mechanical problems involved (Bibl. 7). His principal contention is that in simple cases the relative movements of particles with respect to eachother during deformation leading to a fold, have been purely concentric. During such concentric deformation all layers maintain their original thickness and length over the whole profile. All differential movements of neighbouring particles are parallel and therefore concentric. Towards the core of the anticlines and deeper down in the crust the geometrical relations, as construction will show, necessitate a deviation from this principle and either thrusting or plastic thickening of the rocks must take place. The concentric habit for larger units will therefore be partly lost. The most satisfactory treatment of this problem would be a mathematical analysis of the principal normal stresses in a fold, applied to measured properties of the rocks involved. We are still far removed from this ideal solution. De Sitter therefore requested Kuenen to co-operate in an experimental investigation that was intended to elucidate some of the mechanical features of folding and to test the convictions won from the study of folds in nature. The actual experiments were carried out by Kuenen in his laboratory at Groningen. By frequent intercourse, however, de Sitter took an active part in guiding the research. This report embodies the more relevant results. Theoretical considerations have been reduced to a minimum in order to give, as far as possible, an unbiased exposition of the experimental data. Before entering on a description of the experiments some terms and conceptions that will find frequent use must first be discussed. By stress and strain are meant respectively: force per unit surface and deformation in terms of relative displacement.

Description: Dr. Kuiper and Dr. Nieuwenkamp collected remarkable, etched pieces of dark glass, strongly resembling tektites, in Patagonia. Dr. Ph. H. Kuenen director of the geological institute of the Rijksuniversiteit at Groningen kindly put them at our disposal for investigation. They are now in the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie of Leiden. The chemical analysis and the optical examination showed that these objects are not tektites, but pebbles of volcanic glass. From Palembang pebbles of obsidian are known, which might be taken for tektites by a layman in these matters, but not by an expert. These pebbles were collected by Prof. Dr. B. G. Escher in 1917 in South-Palembang, Boorterrein Soengei Taham near Moeara Enim, on account of their interesting sculpture. They were analysed together with the well-known obsidian from Goenoeng Kiamis near Garoet (collected by Escher in 1929) and were found to bear much resemblance in chemical respect.

Description: In the spring of 1937 I started the identification of a very large collection of marine mollusca from the plio-pleistocene Kendeng beds West of Soerabaja (Java). Though the whole material had already been arranged systematically and the greater part of the species had been identified provisionally by Dr. R. IJzerman, who very kindly placed his useful Ms. notes at my disposal, the revision of the entire material will certainly take several years. I therefore resolved to publish the results successively, the more so, as I am not sure that I shall remain in the condition to carry on these investigations. The greater part of the present mollusca was collected by members of the staff of Geological Survey of the Netherland-Indies at Bandoeng (Java) during the exploration of the Kendeng region. This part was entrusted to me by professor Dr. L. M. R. Rutten of Utrecht after Dr. IJzerman had to give up his yet incomplete study of it. I am very much indebted to professor Rutten for his allowance to study this precious collection and for the constant interest he has shown in my work.

Description: The following notes have been written during the preparation of the account of the Bignoniaceae for Pulle’s Flora of Suriname, and deal with the more important identifications and namechanges which have been made while the work was in progress. Previous studies on the Guiana representatives of this family appeared in the Kew Bulletin for 1932, pp. 18-28; 81-93. The Suriname material in the Herbaria of Utrecht, Leyden, Brussels and Göttingen has been sent on loan to Kew, and the writer has had the opportunity of studying the whole of the Tropical American Bignoniaceae at Kew, the British Museum, Paris and Geneva; while other specimens have been lent by the Herbaria of Berlin-Dahlem, Munich, Uppsala and Copenhagen. To the authorities of all these institutions he wishes to tender his best thanks; while he is especially indebted to Mr. J. Bausch, of Holland, for his kindness in preparing a number of slides of pollen-grains.

Description: LINDAU in his monograph of the family in the first edition of ENGLER & PRANTL distinguished four subfamilies: Nelsonioideae, Mendoncioideae, Thunbergioideae and Acanthoideae. The first three subfamilies afterwards were united by VAN TIEGHEM and separated from the Acanthaceae under the name Thunbergiaceae. WETTSTEIN agreed with VAN TIEGHEM in so far that he too accepted a nearer affinity between the first three subfamilies, but instead of regarding the whole as a family distinct from the true Acanthaceae he considered them as a subfamily Thunbergioideae, reducing the three subfamilies of LINDAU to tribes. In this way, however, he had, apparently unwittingly, returned to the standpoint taken in by NEES, whose Anechmatacantheae and Echmatacantheae correspond exactly with WETTSTEIN’s Thunbergioideae and Acanthoideae. The difference between the various systems lies therefore in the rank assigned to the groups for which LINDAU used the names Nelsonioideae, Mendoncioideae and Thunbergioideae. They agree with each other in considering these groups as fundamentally distinct from what we might call the typical Acanthaceae or, in LINDAU’s nomenclature, the Acanthoideae.

Description: La flora de cactos de las islas situadas entre Trinidad y la península de La Goajira comprende trece especies silvestres, aparte del género Melocactus: Pereskia Guamacho, Opuntia caribaea, O. curassavica, O. Wentiana, O. elatior, Rhipsalis cassutha, Hylocereus Lemairei, Acanthocereus pentagonus, Lemaireocereus griseus, Cephalocereus lanuginosus, Cereus repandus, C. margaritensis, C. margaritensis var. micracanthus y Mammillaria simplex. Doce especies son aborígenes de las islas venezolanas y ocho de las islas neerlandesas. Con exclusión de Tortuga, las islas venezolanas no poseen especies que no se encuentren en el continente. Margarita, con las islas situadas más hacia el star, Los Frailes, Los Testigos y Blanquilla, poseen cinco especies: Pereskia Guamacho, Opuntia caribaea, Cereus margaritensis y su var. micracanthus, Rhipsalis cassutha, Hylocereus Lemairei, que no se han encontrado en ninguna de las otras islas, aunque ciertamente se podía esperar encontrar las tres primeras especies tambien ahí, teniendo en cuenta que el medio ambiente es el mismo. Las islas holandesas, por el contrario, muestran cierta diferenciación: el Cereus repandus se presenta solo en Curasao, Aruba y Bonaire; Opuntia curassavica, fuera de esas localidades, no se encuentra sinó en Tortuga. La especie que más se acerca al Cereus repandus es Cereus margaritensis; como el pariente más próximo de Opuntia curassavica se puede considerar Opuntia repens, que se presenta en Puerto Rico y las Islas Vírgenes.

Description: Aiouea Aublet, Hist. Guian. I (1775), p. 310; III, t. 120; Scopoli, Introductio Hist. nat. (Pragae 1777), p. 107, n. 277; Lamarck, Encyclop. méthod. I (1783), p. 72 (Ajúvea); Poiret, Encycl., Suppl. I (1890), p. 274, III (1893), p. 317; Illustrat. Genr. II, p. 395 et 367, t. 360; Jussieu, Genera (1789), p. 80 (Ajovea) (ed. Usteri 1791, p. 90); Schreber, Genera I (1789), p. 259; St. Hilaire, Exposit. fam. nat. I (1805), p. 190 (Ajovea); Hedwig, Genera (1806), p. 226, n. 920 (Aiovea); Sprengel, Anleit. Kenntn. Gewächse II (1817), p. 339 (Aiovea); Steudel, Nomenclator ed. 1 (1821), p. 23 (Aiouea) et p. 467 (Auiouea); ed. 2, I (1841), p. 46 (Ajuvea et Aiovea); II, p. 16 (Ajouea) et p. 398 (Aiouvea); Presl, Rostlinar (1825), p. 30 et 63; Jussieu, Diction. 25 (1825), p. 349; Schultes, Systema VII, 1 (1829), p. XII (Aiuvea); Bartling, Ordines nat. (1830), p. 112 (Ajovea); Nees ab Esenbeck, Laur. Expos. (Vratislaviae 1833), p. 16; id., Systema Laurin. (1836), p. 362 (Ajouea); Endlicher, Genera (1837), p. 320, n. 2050; id., Enchir. (1841), p. 197 (Ajovea); Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, n. 1844; Spach, Hist. Véget. Phaner. X (1841), p. 472; Meissner, Genera I (1841), p. 326 (Aiouea), II, p. 238 (Ajouea); Lindley, Veget. Kingd. (1846), p. 537 (Ajovea); Lem. in Orbigny, Dict, univers. VII (1846), p. 259; Reichenbach, Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2660 (Ajovea); Meissner in D.C., Prodrom. XV, 1 (1864), p. 82; id. in Martius, Fl. Brasil. V, 2 (1866), p. 169; Gmelin, Systema (1867), p. 574; Baillon, Hist. Plant. II (1870), p. 471 (Aiouea); Pfeiffer, Nomencl. I (1873), p. 90 (Aiouea; Aiovea); Bentham in Benth. et Hook., Genera III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 (Ajouea); Pax in Engler-Prantl, Pfl. fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 121; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Garten Berlin V (1889), p. 28; dalla Torre et Harms, Genera (1900—07), p. 178, n. 2803; Post et Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 15 (Aiouea; Aiovea; Ajuvea; Ajuea); Lemée, Diction. I (1929), p. 130; Benoist in Arch. Botan. V (1931), p. 62; Brooks in Kew Bulletin 1933, p. 211; Kostermans in Pulle, Fl. Surinam. II (1936), p. 311. – Apivea Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1 (1821), p. 25; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 38; Lemée, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130. Ehrhardia Scopoli, Introductio Hist. nat. (Pragae 1777), p. 107, n. 277; Lindley, Veg. Kgd., l.c., p. 537 (Ehrhartia); Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, l.c., p. 293; ed. 2, l.c., p. 544; Meissner, Gen., l.c. II, p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. 2 (1874), p. 1173; Bentham in Benth. et Hook., l.c., p. 153 (Ehrardia); Durand, Index, l.c., p. 348; Pax in Engler-Prantl, Pfl. fam., l.c., p. 121 (Ehrardia); dalla Torre et Harms, Gen., l.c., p. 178 (Ehrhardia); Lemée, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130 (Ehrhardtia). — Colomandra Necker, Elem. botan. II (1790), p. 142, n. 831; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, l.c., p. 212; ed. 2, p. 398; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362; Meissner, Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. I (1873), p. 826; Durand, l.c., p. 348; Bentham, l.c., p. 153; Pax, l.c., p. 121; Mez in Jahrb., l.c., p. 28; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Lemée, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130; Post et Kuntze, Lexicon, l.c., p. 136. – Douglasia Schreber (nec aliis), Genera (1791), p. 809, n. 1761; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, p. 284 (Douglassia); ed. 2, l.c., p. 526; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362 (Duglassia); Lindley, Veg. Kgd., l.c., p. 537 (Douglasia); Meissner, Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82 (Douglassia); id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169 (Douglasia); Bentham in Benth. et Hook., Gen., l.c., p. 153 (Douglassia); Durand, l.c., p. 348 (Douglassia); Pax, l.c., p. 121; Mez in Jahrb., l.c., p. 28; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 185; Lemée, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130. Type species: Aiouea guianensis Aubl.

Description: In my work on the Malay Peninsula, I included such plants as were known from the districts of North Kedah, Perlis and Setul. Botanically however, the Malayan flora ceases at a line running from a little north of Kedah peak Lat. 6.5, to Kota Bahru in North Kelantan Lat. 6.10. It is in fact approximately the termination of the Granitic Mountains as shown in SCRIVENOR’S Map of the Geology of Malaya. North of this line there is a remarkable sudden change in the flora (with also a change of climate and soil) from the Malayan to Indo-Chinese. More than 60 genera of typical Malay plants entirely disappear, and many more are represented by a single species which has crossed the line, and disappears in Tenasserim. Among these plants are the Durioneae, Lowiaceae, Schismatoglottis, Homalomena, Cyrtandra, Neuwiedia, Plocoglottis, Leptaspis and most of Palms. A few plants from southern Siam and Cambodia have invaded the north of the Peninsula chiefly on the East side where the soil is most suitable. It is quite clear that the Peninsula was separated from the Tenasserim—Siam region through the Isthmus of Kra at no very distant period of time and was thus an island. The whole of the Peninsula (Malaya) contains about 52.000 square miles, and is about 485 miles long and 200 miles wide in its widest part. It consists of a mass of mountains usually rising to 5.000 feet alt., with two, Gunong Tahan and Gunong Kerbau 7.000 feet alt., and is fringed on the west coast by lowlands with mangrove bordering the sea, and on the East coast with sandy plains. Except on the latter the whole country is covered by dense forest, the tallest trees being 180 feet tall so that on looking over it from an elevated point, nothing can be seen but the tops of the trees.

Description: The large number of African orchids belonging to the group Monopodiales, the so-called ”Angraecoid Orchids“, constitute a puzzling assemblage of which the main lines of classification are still uncertain. Several well-defined minor groups can, however, be readily distinguished, the most striking of which are such genera as Cyrtorchis Schltr., Aerangis Schltr. (sensu stricto) and Tridactyle Schltr. Among the less welldefined but nevertheless reasonably natural groupings is the genus Rhipidoglossum. This genus was described by Schlechter in his comprehensive treatment and revision of the Angraecoid orchids in 1918. He separated four genera, including Rhipidoglossum, from the remainder on account of the presence of a foot to the column. This character, which appears to be of value in the delimitation of Asiatic genera belonging to the Monopodiales, is, however, of less use in classifying the African genera. Several pairs of closely allied species occur in which one species is with and the other without a foot to the column. On the whole those genera constantly possessing a column-foot can he easily characterised by other more obvious features. Rhipidoglossum, on the other hand, is clearly very closely allied to Diaphananthe in which the column foot is absent or very weakly developed. Indeed the theoretical delimitation of these two genera rests on the presence or absence of a callus in the mouth of the spur, the callus being absent in Rhipidoglossum. At the same time the two genera show different ranges of variation in habit and in floral structure, although the species at the various points of contact closely resemble some of those in the other genus. For instance, the stem is usually elongated in Rhipidoglossum whereas it is short with a rosette type of growth in Diaphananthe. D. bidens, however, which is typical in other respects, has much elongated stems. There is, on the other hand, a tendency towards shortening of the stem in some species of Rhipidoglossum. Secondly, in Diaphananthe the pollinia, although always provided with distinct stipites, usually share a common viscidium. There are also, however, a number of species in which two separate viscidia are found, this feature being general in Rhipidoglossum. The column in the two genera is very similar, and the rostellum is of the same general type.

Description: The genus Rhodamnia, founded by W. JACK (Malayan Miscellanies 1822) on the common Malayan R. cinerea, find its greatest development in the Australian and Papuan regions. DIELS (in LAUTERB., Beitr. Fl. Papuasien, V, ex ENGL., Bot. Jahrb. LVII, 360, 1922) recognizes five species, with a doubtful sixth, in New Guinea. I believe at least seven distinct species occur in Australia. In the present account of the Australian members of the genus, two new species are described, and a complete description of one, previously only known from sterile material is given.

Description: I have hesitated some time over the title of the present paper. The alternative was something like: ”WALLACE versus ZOLLINGER“ or ”The ”idea of a demarcation line through Malaysia, a limiting factor towards ”the progress of biogeography“. However, the first being too agressive, and the second too melodramatic ,the one found in the heading was chosen. The above introductory lines mean to put the reader at once face to face with the nucleus of what I will discuss here: the question how ZOLLINGER’S ”Karte der Flora Malesiana“ of 1857 was apparently almost entirely forgotten, although it well deserves to come under the eyes of modern biogeographers, for the sake of the honour of its author and of the priority of his work.

Description: In 1898 Koorders and Valeton ¹) considered the three species of Miquel’s genus then known as Aphanomyrtus rostrata Miq. Sumatra (and Java?), A. octandra Koord. & Val., Java, and A. camphorata Val., the latter described from a plant cultivated in the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, its origin unknown. The three recognized species were well illustrated. They gave an amplified description of Miquel’s genus, calling attention to the fact that it had been erroneously reduced to the very different Baeckea. They did not then realize that the genus Pseudoeugenia Soort. (1885) was a synonym of Aphanomyrtus Miq. Nine years later Valeton ²) again considered the genus, having recognized the identity of Pseudoeugenia Scortechini (1885) with Aphanomyrthus Miquel (1855), and making the reduction of the former. He recognized four species, A. rostrata Miq. (Pseudoeugenia singaporensis King), Sumatra, Banka, and the Malay Peninsula; A. tetraquetra (Miq.) Val. (Jambosa tetraquetra Miq., Aphanomyrtus octandra Koord. & Val., A. octandra var. tetraquetra Koord. & Val.); A. skiophila (Duthie) Val. (Eugenia skiophila Duthie, Pseudoeugenia perakiana Soort.), Penang and the Malay Peninsula, but of which he saw no material (credited also to Sumatra by Ridley); and A. camphorata Val. cultivated at Buitenzorg, Java. Valeton reconsidered the genus in 1907 because of his belief that the Koorders & Valeton paper of 1898 was not generally available to botanists, for in the meantime King (1901) had redescribed Aphanomyrtus rostrata Miq. as Pseudoeugenia singaporensis. Both papers were apparently overlooked by Ridley, for in his Flora of the Malay Peninsula (1922) he still retained the two Malay Peninsula species under Pseudoeugenia, as P. perakiana Scort. and P. singaporensis King; and in 1927 described a third species, P. tenuifolia Ridl., from the Peninsula. In the meantime Greves had recognized Miquel’s genus and described A. Forbesii Greves from Sumatra, which seems to be a synonym of A. tetraquetra (Miq.) Val., and Lauterbach described another species, Aphanomyrtus alata Lauterb., from New Guinea; the last species probably belongs in some other genus.

Description: I have already published in the Malayan Orchid Review, 1936, pp. 104—109, a brief account of two artificial hybrids in the genera Arachnis and Renanthera, and since then have had flowers of a third for examination. The account already written is of a semipopular nature, intended chiefly for orchid-growers, and a more detailed description with some remarks on the botanical aspects of the question appear to be worth publishing. The three hybrids concerned are Arachnis flosaeris X A. Hookeriana, Arachnis Hookeriana X Renanthera coccinea and Arachnis Hookeriana X Renanthera Storiei. All three were raised at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. The first is of interest because the hybrid is practically identical with Arachnis Maingayi, which has been described as a natural species. The intergeneric hybrids are the first of their kind to be described, and the way in which the different generic characters interact in the formation of the lip of their hybrids is of great interest. First hybrids between orchid species are usually closely intermediate between the two parents, but where the characters contrast strongly, as in the midlobe of the lip of the genera concerned, a strictly intermediate condition is not possible.

Description: Among the old plant collections in book-form, in the Leyden National Herbarium, there are two large volumes, containing a number of well preserved Ceylon plants. These plants are said to have been collected by PAUL HERMANN in the latter half of the 17th century. PAUL HERMANN¹), afterwards Professor of Botany at the University of Leyden, resided in Ceylon as an ”Ordinary and First Physician“ of the Dutch East Indian Company during the years 1672—1679. Several particularities on his life and on the collections made by him, are to be found in LINNAEUS’S Flora Zeylanica (6), in TRIMEN’S paper entitled ”Hermann’s Ceylon Herbarium and Linnaeus’s Flora Zeylanica“ (8), in BOULGER’S study on the history of Ceylon botany (2) and in ARDAGH’S note on HERMANN’S herbarium (1). During his residence in Ceylon HERMANN collected the herbarium, which is now in the possession of the Department of Botany of the British Museum of Natural History, London. The history of this herbarium has been described in TRIMEN’S paper (8). This was not the only collection he made, for on page 131 of TRIMEN’S paper we find that ”Besides the herbarium under consideration, Hermann formed another whilst in Ceylon, which he sent to ”J. Commelin at Amsterdam. It was from this collection (combined with ”that made by J. Hartog, which was sent from Ceylon to Voss, Curator ”of the Amsterdam Gardens) that J. Burman, Commelin’s successor, com”piled his ‘Thesaurus Zeylanicus’.“ On page 132 TRIMEN mentions still other collections: ”Hermann also sent specimens to other botanists of ”the time, especially to Gronovius“ (the latter fact must be incorrect, for as BOULGER (2) rightly states GRONOVIUS was only five years old at HERMANN’S death in 1695). These ”other botanists“ may have been BREYNE and PLUKENET (see ARDAGH’S note [1]). It is possible that one of the ”sets“ came in some way into the possession of the Leyden University and is now in the Leyden Herbarium. However, there is a possibility that, after HERMANN’S death in 1695, a part of his plants, were left at Leyden.

Description: Epipogium roseum is a tropical, holosaprophytic orchid; it lacks chlorophyll, and its colour on the whole is pale yellow, occasionally somewhat brown. The flowers are also pale yellow, sometimes with pink dots on the lip. The flowering plant consists of a tuber and an inflorescence, roots are lacking. When the flowering is over and the fruits have dehisced, the plant dies. It grows in densely shaded places, rich in humus, in virgin forests, secondary woods, and in bamboo wildernesses. The plant is of frequent occurrence in the so-called forest-garden in the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg and in the lower parts of the mountain forest near Tjibodas, up to an altitude of about 1500 m above sea-level. For many years this plant has held my attention. Burgeff used the photographs I made up to 1928 and part of the material I collected in his publication (1932, p. 77). Groom (1895—97, p. 149) and Burgeff gave extensive descriptions of the anatomy and development, so that I may be brief as to these points. The tuber is flattened dorsi-ventrally, otherwise more or less cylindrical, and may be from 3 to 8 cm long, the transverse section being from 1 tot 2½ cm. On the outer side this tuber is ringed, but the bracts have developed but slightly. At the apical end develops a large bud, from which will grow up the inflorescence. The latter rises above the ground with a nodding top, and in this stage (see Fig. 1) the plant is very similar to a Monotropa Hypopitys L. that has just come up. Because of this nodding top Blume (Bijdr. 1825, p. 416) called it Galera nutans.

Description: Description of type specimen: Haplolobus celebicus, nov. spec. — Arbor altiuscula; ramuli subgraciles, circiter 0.4—0.7 diam., lenticellati, vetustiores (in sicc.) lenticellis plus minusve rugosi, alabastro terminali minuto pulverulento, ceterea glabri; medulla compacta aresinosa. Folia glabra estipulata, (1½—) 2½— 3½(—4½)-jugata; petioli teretes lenticellati, ima basi supra vix deplanati, basi nodisque rhachidis vix articulati, 6.5—9.5 cm longi, rhachidis partes interjugales 2.8—5.5 cm longae, medulla nonnullis fasciculis resiniferis magnis percursa; foliola chartacea, in sicc. viridiuscula, ovata vel ovato-oblonga ad oblongo-lanceolata, basi plus minusve inaequalia rotundata ad acuta, marginibus integra, apice breviter obtuse subabrupte acuminata, 9—15—21 cm longa, 4—6—8.5 cm lata, petioluli 1.3—2.7, terminales 3.5—6 cm longi, acumen 0.5—1.5 cm longum; nervi secundarii cum costa media subtus in sicc. paulo prominentes, supra paulo sulcati, utrinque (6—)8—11, angulo eirciter (50°—)70°—80° de costa adscendentes, praecipue margines folii versus curvati, margine 0.2—0.4 cm distante ea subparalleli, diminuentes, apice folii tantum arcuatim conjuncti; nervi tertiarii pertenues, transversi, sinuosi, pauci, prope costam ea perpendiculares, cum reticulatione laxa in sicc. utrinque conspicui. Inflorescentiae (♀ ignotae) ♂ axillares, multiflorae, glabrae, e ima basi late paniculato-ramosae, rami 10—22 cm longi, penultimi cymosi, cymulae ultimae 3-florae, interdum ramulorum apicibus alabastro vegetativo suffultis ¹); bracteae perminutae deltoideae. Flores (♀ ignoti) ♂ glabri, minuti, alabastris globosis, 0.1—0.15 cm diam., pedicelli pergraciles 0.05— 0.15 cm longi, apicum versus dilatati, ebracteolati. Calyx 3-fidus, circ. 0.1 cm altus, sepala brevia late deltoidea. Petala 3 oblongo-ovoidea, 0.15— 0.2 cm longa, tenuia, apice minute inflexo-incrassata, subimbricata. Stamina 6 monodynamia glabra; filamenta filiformia basi libera; antherae ovoideo-oblongae. Discus crassus 6-undulatus. Ovarii rudimentum stigmate 3-lobo brevi suffultum triloculare sterile haud vel vix e disco exsertum. The second specimen known possesses fruits, according to which the description may be augmented as follows: Leaves as in type specimen, rather broad, the acumen of the leaflets up to 2 cm long. Infrutescences branched from the very base, glabrous, about 10 cm long. Fruiting calyx hardly enlarged. Fruit ovoid or slightly oblique, glabrous, the apex subacute, 1.2—1.6 cm long, 0.7— 1.1 cm in diam.; pericarp thin, the pyrenes and the septa extremely thin; seed solitary (the two other cells being sterile), ovoid, the cotyledons thick, entire and plano-convex.

Description: BLUME published Viscum monilliforme first with a short diagnosis in his ’Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië“ 13 (1825) p. 667, and later he gave a figure of it in his ”Flora Javae“, plate 25 (1851?). In the ”Bijdragen“ we read: VISCUM MONILLIFORME, Bl. V: caule aphyllo inferne teretiusculo, ramulis artieulatis ancipitibus, articulis nudis, floribus verticillatis sessilibus (aff. V. opuntioidi). Crescit: in arboribus circa Buitenzorg vulgatissimum. Floret: omni tempore. Nomen: Mangando.

Description: The herbarium specimens upon which this publication is based were placed at the author’s disposal by the Directors of the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens (B) and the Leiden National Herbarium (L), to whom the author expresses his best thanks for their kind help.

Description: Among the grasses, preserved at the Rijksherbarium, one of the most valuable collections is certainly that of the well-known agrostologist and collector, B. BALANSA. It contains not only the types of the grasses, described by himself, but also very beautiful material, received by him from his contemporaries. All his European and Oriental grasses, those collected by him in New Caledonia, Tonkin and Java, besides a rich material from his travels in Paraguay and Argentina, are represented in this collection together with a beautiful set of ARECHAVALETA’s grasses form Uruguay. The material is in extraordinarily good condition and was very completely collected by him. I could already describe many novelties from this collection. One of these is particularly interesting on account of questions of geographical distribution. Various botanists have called attention to the fact that there is a rather striking concurrence in the floras of Argentina and some of the southern States of North America and it was STANDLEY who pointed this out, giving a list of analogous species from both countries. It is true that in some cases grasses of the southern States of North America occur in Argentina too. I have already had the opportunity to emphasize this, but generally speaking the coincidence of grasses of both parts of the earth mentioned here, is not so very large if we study the plants more intensively. What I mean is this: in many cases and at first sight, or studying the principal features, a resemblance is very striking, especially also as to the habit and the more prominent characters. But on comparing such plants from North America with the corresponding plants from Argentina, it appears in most of the cases that the two species are not identical. Argentina species of the so very difficult genus of Setaria certainly closely resemble some species from Mexico or the southern Unites States, but in my opinion, they do not belong to the same species. It was especially the genus Aristida which, after an exhaustive study, gave me a better idea of these so-called ”succedaneous“ species. As, however, such Argentina species of Aristida differed in a great many minor points from the North American representatives of this group, it was impossible to consider them as really identical and I was so convinced of their specific distinction that I did not hesitate to accept them as new species. It is not difficult to find in other genera of grasses similar convergencies which, in reality, do not exist. Resemblance is only relating to the general habit and the external or easily visible characters, but a great many minor, but very constant and not less striking characters are to be found, through which we are justified to consider them as different species.

Description: Ixora engganensis BREM., n. spec, ad sectionem Otobactrum et ad seriem Longitubarum pertinens, I. paludosae valde affinis, sed foliis acuminatis, basi obtusis, inflorescentia laxiore, corollae lobis longioribus et stylo longius exserto ab ea distinguenda. Arbuscula. Rami veteriores cortice griseo-brunneo opaco, hand distincte fisso vestiti. Folia ordinaria petiolo 8—12 mm longo munita; lamina oblonga 9.5—16 cm longa et 3.5—6 cm lata, apice acuminata et mucronata, basi obtusa, herbacea, utrimque subopaca, costa basin versus impressa, nervis utroque latere costae 8—10 tenuioribus, venulis tenuissimis. Stipulae triangulares in aristam vagina longiorem exeuntes, axilla pilosae. Folia suprema brevius petiolata an subsessilia, ovato-oblonga, basi rotundata an subcordata. Inflorescentia laxe corymbosa, puberula, e floribus eirc. 75 composita. Pedunculus 9—12 cm longus, puberulus, internodio usque ad 2.5 cm longo foliis brevissime petiolatis, oblongis, usque ad 3 cm longis et 1 cm latis munito praecessus. Ramuli infimi 2.2—4.4 cm longi. Flores laterales triadum pedicellis 3 mm longis instruct; flores centrales sessiles. Bracteae angustissime triangulares; infimae 2 mm longae; aliae peripheriam versus gradatim breviores. Bracteolae 0.5 mm longae. Ovarium glabrum. Calyx tubo subnullo, lobis late triangularibus 0.5 mm longis. Corolla alba tubo 2.3 cm longo, extus intusque glabro, lobis lineari-oblongis 8.5 mm longis et 2 mm latis, utrimque glabris, acutis, reflexis, margine revolutis. Filamenta 2 mm; antherae 4 mm longae, acutissime exeuntes. Styli pars exserta stigmatibus 1.2 mm longis comprehensis 5 mm longa.

Description: Taxonomy is static, its symbols are therefore two-dimensional, representing 1. differences or resemblances and 2. diversity (eventually are also area). Phylogeny is dynamic and its symbols are three-dimensional, representing 1. Time, 2. differences or resemblances and 3. diversity (eventually also migration). The term ”genorheithrum“ is proposed for a ”stream of potentialities“ as a phylogenetic unit in the Time. Taxonomic units are cross-sections through genorheithra, the boundaries of which are discontinuities of various kinds. A new discontinuity originates, as a rule, from a great number of potentialities (not from a single [pair of] parents). This implies the probability of polytopy as a common phenomenon, and also the supposition of a minimum of genetic property, below which a discontinuity is not viable. Natural extinction may be largely due to the loss of potentialities. — Corresponding reasonings may be applied to Biogeography, which may be static (floristics and faunistics) or dynamic (migrations). Taxonomic units are represented here by areas, the rate of extension of which may be a function of the number of potentialities. The forces, influencing the motion of any point of an area boundary are briefly summarized in a table, demonstrating tho embarrassing complexity of WILLIS’ statistical methods. In addition, the ”law of BEYERINCK“ is formulated anew on a broader basis. Disappearing of areas may be due to two causes: extinction of the units (loss of potentialities), or dissolution into new units (areas). The minimum of potentialities mentioned finds a geographic analogon in the law of the minimum area, established by PALMGREN.

Description: The construction of block diagrams is a very lengthy procedure if use be not made of one of the apparatuses described in Lit. 1 and 3. The non-mechanical construction can be effected in various ways: 1. By constructing a large number of parallel profiles, which are drawn usually in isometric projection where the length in the direction of the profiles, the distance between them, and the vertical scale remain similar. Cf. fig. 1a and 1c (the vertical scale of fig. 1c is increased to twice its size).

Description: Den Anlass zu der vorliegenden Arbeit bildete eine Sammlung neogener und quartärer Echiniden, welche von Herrn Dr. J. Cosijn bei Modjokerto (Java) gesammelt wurden und mit deren Bearbeitung mich im Frühjahr 1932 Herr Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk, Konservator am „Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie” zu Leiden, beauftragte. Diese Sammlung wurde schon bald Anlass zu einer Revision der in Leiden befindlichen fossilen Echiniden des Indischen Archipels. Ausserdem erwies es sich als wünschenswert, auch die Echiniden der Selenka-Trinil-Expedition aus dem Geologisch-Palaeontologischen Museum der Universität Berlin einer Neubearbeitung zu unterziehen. Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Janensch möchte ich an dieser Stelle meinen verbindlichsten Dank aussprechen für das Ausleihen und Uebersenden dieser Sammlung. Nach und nach wurden auch sämtliche noch nicht bearbeitete Echiniden aus Leiden und aus dem Mineralogisch-Geologischen Institut der Rijksuniversiteit zu Utrecht in die Arbeit miteinbezogen; für die Ueberlassung der letzteren danke ich Herrn Prof. Dr. L. M. R. Rutten. Herr Prof. Dr. J. H. F. Umbgrove überliess mir freundlichst alle indischen Echiniden aus der Sammlung des „Instituut voor Mijnbouwkunde der Technische Hoogeschool"""" zu Delft, Später bot sich mir die Gelegenheit, eine Sammlung des „Dienst van het Mijnwezen” zu Bandoeng, Java, durch Herrn Prof. Rutten zur Bearbeitung zu erhalten; die meisten Echiniden dieser Sammlung entstammen dem gleichen Gebiet wie die von Herrn Dr. Cosijn. Durch freundliche Vermittlung von Herrn Dr. L. Bairstow erhielt ich schliesslich noch einige Echiniden aus dem „Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History)” zu London zur Ansicht. Inzwischen befasste sich in Zürich Herr Prof. Dr. A. Jeannet mit einer grossen Sammlung fossiler indischer Echiniden, für deren Inhalt nach p. 1—2 seiner Arbeit (1935) verwiesen sei. Die Publikation über die regulären Echiniden dieser Sammlung erschien Ende 1935. Im Januar 1936 machte mir dann Herr Prof. Jeannet den Vorschlag, mir die Bearbeitung der Irregularia dieser Sammlung zu überlassen, soweit dieselben noch nicht von ihm selbst besorgt war. Da ich dann Herrn Prof. Jeannet bat, das Studium einiger regulären Echiniden aus den Leidener und Delfter Sammlungen auf sich nehmen zu wollen, entstand schliesslich eine gemischte Arbeit, an der Herr Prof. Jeannet beteiligt ist mit Opechimus, Martinechinus, ? Microcyphus spec. Nr. 1, Javanechinus, Echinocyanus sp., Fibularia rhedeni, Clypeaster blumenthali Nr. 1, Echinodiscus lesueuri Nr. 5, 6, Jacksonaster herklotsi Nr. 3, Pliolampas javanus Nr. 1, Echinolampas depressus Nr. 2. Auch verdanke ich ihm viele wichtige Anweisungen bezüglich anderer Arten, während andererseits einige seiner Beschreibungen stellenweise von mir erweitert wurden¹).

Description: In 1928, when studying the genus Pellatispira 1), I found some sections of the foraminifer described below in a limestone from S.E. Borneo (no. 1446 B. 414). The foraminifer resembles Pellatispira in many respects, but the distal part of the test shows a different structure, consisting of a double arrangement of median chambers on either side of an equatorial system of pores. Because the material was insufficient I put it aside. Some time afterwards a more intense study was made possible, as another limestone from S.E. Borneo (no. 1408 B. 404) was crowded with the same interesting species. It was, however, not before now that I had the opportunity of finishing this study and to publish the results. I now describe this foraminifer as Biplanispira absurda. In the mean time I met with a foraminifer, which too possesses a single coil of median chambers in the central part of the test, but a double arrangement of median chambers on either side of an equatorial system of pores in the distal part of the test.

Description: In this paper a series of experiments is described relating to the deformation of the earth's crust by horizontal compressive stress. A floating model crust is compressed in most cases, after a slight dent has been run across it to represent a geosyncline. When materials of the correct order of strength are used, the crust buckles down below the model geosyncline forming a root at the lower surface of the crust. At no time in this process is a topographic depression formed at the surface that exceeds the depth of deep-sea troughs as compared to the thickness of the earth's crust. Other possibilities suggested by the experiments are that the crust may break through and overthrust and that a broad geosyncline will surmount a more complicated form of root. It was also found that the direction of compressive stress need not be at right angles to the course of the geosyncline to produce a root and that an orogenetic belt need not be more plastic than the remainder of the crust, but that the contents of the geosyncline must have less aggregate strength than a layer of the crust itself of the same thickness, as they would otherwise disappear down into the root. These experiments illustrate and clarify the theories of crustal buckling evolved by Vening Meinesz to account for the anomalies of gravity in the East Indies and by Bucher from geological data. In the second part of this paper an attempt is made to explain the recent isostatic history of the East Indies on the basis of the buckling hypothesis. The chief aim is to show that the anomalies may date back to the miocene orogenetic phase, and that the recent vertical movements can be looked upon as a slow adjustment to regain isostatic equilibrium. Geological Laboratory, Groningen.

Description: In 1935 Dr. Ch. Harloff presented a number of metamorphic rocks from Loh-Oelo to the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie of Leyden. One of the most remarkable rocks is a boulder that Harloff discovered in the bed of the Kali Trenggoeloen. The exceptional mineralogical composition rendered a chemical analysis of this rock of importance.

Description: Referring to the identification of BRASS 5219 from Papua as a representative of the Verbenaceous Faradaya chrysoclada K. SCHUM. by E. BEER and H. J. LAM (Blumea 2, 1936, 225), Dr C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, the monographer of the Malaysian Bignoniaceae drew our attention to the possibility that this identification might be incorrect. It was suggested that the specimen and also all specimens hitherto known as Faradaya chrysoclada might be Bignoniaceous and might belong to Deplanchea tetraphylla (R. BR.) V. STEENIS, as all other Faradayas known are lianas, whereas F. chrysoclada was reported to possess the tree habit, as the Deplancheas.\nWe therefore asked on loan the materials of both species from the Herbarea at Berlin (B) and Kew (K), that from Berlin including the type specimen of Faradaya chrysoclada. Our thanks are due to the directors of the Herbaria of Berlin and Kew for kindly lending us the material desired.

Description: In conclusion, we propose the following nomenclatural alterations. For a good classification, the genus Vulpia is to be accepted as a member of the Festuceae. Various names of Vulpia are fixed according to our present rules of nomenclature, viz. V. bromoides (L.) GRAY, V. membranacea (L.) LINK, V. geniculata (L.) LINK, V. stipoides (L.) DUM. and V. Myurus (L.) GMELIN. For Vulpia ciliata the earliest valid epithet is taken and so this widely distributed species must bear the name of V. aetnensis TINEO, while its glabrous variety is named imberbis (Vis.) HENR.. Vulpia delicatula (LAG.) DUM. var. hirsuta HENR. and Vulpia geniculata (L.) LINK var. dasyantha HENR. are described as new varieties. Among the South American species the new combinations Vulpia eriolepis (DESV.) HENR., Vulpia australis (NEES) HENR. and Vulpia muralis (KUNTH) HENR. are proposed, moreover the endemic Vulpia Teneriffae (ROTH) HENR. is mentioned. The North American species are treated in connection with the parallel variations of the European Vulpias and the following new combinations are given, viz. Vulpia octoflora (PIPER) RYDBERG, var. hirtella (PIPER) HENR., V. sciurea (NUTT.) HENR., V. arida (ELMER) HENR., V. confusa (PIPER) HENR., V. Eastwoodae (PIPER) HENR., V. Grayi (ABRAMS) HENR. and V. Tracyi (HITCHC.) HENR..

Description: BLUME published Viscum monilliforme first with a short diagnosis in his \xe2\x80\x99Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indi\xc3\xab\xe2\x80\x9c 13 (1825) p. 667, and later he gave a figure of it in his \xe2\x80\x9dFlora Javae\xe2\x80\x9c, plate 25 (1851?).\nIn the \xe2\x80\x9dBijdragen\xe2\x80\x9c we read: VISCUM MONILLIFORME, Bl. V: caule aphyllo inferne teretiusculo, ramulis artieulatis ancipitibus, articulis nudis, floribus verticillatis sessilibus (aff. V. opuntioidi). Crescit: in arboribus circa Buitenzorg vulgatissimum. Floret: omni tempore. Nomen: Mangando.

Description: The Charophyta of the Netherlands have been hitherto almost neglected. As far as I know only the following papers are dealing with the matter: VAN DEN BOSCH, R. B., in Ned. Kruidk. Archief 1, 1846, p. 100, p. 289. \xe2\x80\x9cII 1851 p. 225. both preliminary works to Prodromus Florae Batavae II, 2, 1853, p. 186\xe2\x80\x94189.\nDE VRIES, H., Flora van Nederland, in Alg. Statist, v. Ned. I, 8, 1870, p. 39.

Description: The present publication is intended to be a monograph on the family of Burmanniaceae. It is divided into three parts: General Part, Critical Part and Taxonomical Part.\nThe first part, General Part, contains general remarks on the taxonomy, distribution and use of the family. The second part, Critical Part, contains general and geobotanical remarks on the genera of the family, whereas the third part, the Taxonomical Part, gives the determination keys to the tribes, subtribes, genera, sections, subsections and species, the description of these groups with literature, distribution and the indications of the types. New varieties, species and larger groups are described in the taxonomical part in foot-notes.

Description: Anaueria Kosterm. in Chronica Botanica IV, 1 (1938), p. 14.\nArbores brasilienses foliis sub-oppositis. Flores hermaphroditi ex-involucrati paniculati; tepalis sex tribus exterioribus minoribus. Stamina novem quorum sex exteriora fertilia filamentis in annulum ovarium cingentem connatis antheris liberis bilocellatis sub-introrsis; tria interiora sterilia staminodialia sub-aequilonga. Ovarium subglobosum tubo planiusculo insertum, stylo obtuso brevi stigmate inconspicuo. Staminodia seriei quartae nulla. Bacca magna ellipsoidea pedicello vix elongate cylindrico tepalis non incrassatis persistentibus insidens.

Description: The Salajar Islands strew the Flores Sea between Celebes and Flores. The group consists of no less than 73 smaller and larger islands. The principal islands are: Salajar or Tanadoang, Djampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, and Bonerate. A number of smaller islands form together the group of the so-called Tiger Islands, and to the south of them arc the very small, low Pasitaloe Islands. The Salajar group is situated between Long. 119\xc2\xb050\xe2\x80\x99 E. and 121\xc2\xb030\xe2\x80\x99 E. and between Lat. 5\xc2\xb036\xe2\x80\x99 S. and 7\xc2\xb025\xe2\x80\x99 S. See the map on p. 240.\nIn May 1913, I was enabled to visit this territory, thanks to a financial allowance of the \xe2\x80\x9eMaatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien\xe2\x80\x9d (Society for the Promotion of the Scientific Investigation of the Netherlands Colonies), for short: \xe2\x80\x9eTreub Society\xe2\x80\x9d, and also of the \xe2\x80\x9eProvinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen\xe2\x80\x9d (Utrecht Provincial Society for Arts and Sciences). The publication of the present paper was enabled by financial support of the \xe2\x80\x9eLeidsch Universiteitsfonds\xe2\x80\x9d (Leiden University Fund). I beg to tender my best thanks for all this valuable support here.

Description: The herbarium specimens upon which this publication is based were placed at the author\xe2\x80\x99s disposal by the Directors of the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens (B) and the Leiden National Herbarium (L), to whom the author expresses his best thanks for their kind help.

Description: Years ago I intensively studied the grasses of the tribe of the Maydeae. The results of my investigations were published in an article \xe2\x80\x9dA contribution to the knowledge of the Indian Maydeae\xe2\x80\x9c, issued in the \xe2\x80\x9dMededeelingen van \xe2\x80\x99s Rijks Herbarium\xe2\x80\x9c no. 67 (1931). In this paper the grasses of this tribe from the Old World were treated and especially the various genera were characterized according to their caryopses. The curious form and the place of the hilum of the caryopsis were accepted as characters of high importance to distinguish and to establish the various genera, and it was especially the genus Polytoca, which was more sharply defined by the place of the hilum, the lower margins of the grain enclosing a cavity at the bottom of which is found the hilum. In the genus Chionachne such a cavity is not present and the hilum is found at the back of the grain. I accepted 4 species of the genus Chionachne. One of them, viz. Ch. Koenigii (SPRENGEL) THWAITES, is rather widely distributed from British India and Ceylon to Tonkin and from Celebes to Queensland.\nCh. biaurita HACKEL is endemic in the Philippines and Ch. semiteres (BENTH.) HENR. was only observed in the Deccan Peninsula and Burma. The fourth species was mentioned by me from Queensland as being Chionachne Sclerachne BAILEY. The type of BAILEY was not represented in the Kew Herbarium and I saw only a fragment from a plant collected by F. v. MUELLER, which I accepted as being BAILEY\xe2\x80\x99s species. DOMIN mentioned from Queensland only Polytoca cyathopoda (F. v. M.) BAILEY and not having seen DOMIN\xe2\x80\x99s plant I had only to accept that the identification was correct. Recently Mr. HUBBARD from the Kew Herbarium could examine DOMIN\xe2\x80\x99s plant and found that it belonged to the genus Chionachne.