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  • ASTROPHYSICS  (578)
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  • 1
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    Biocore experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The Apollo 17 biological cosmic ray experiment to determine the effect of heavy cosmic ray particles on the brain and eyes is reported. The pocket mouse was selected as the biological specimen for the experiment. The radiation monitors, animal autopsy and animal processing are described, and the radiation effects on the scalp, retina, and viscera are analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 2
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) onboard the Apollo 17 orbiting spacecraft was used to measure emissions from the lunar atmosphere. The UVS and calibration are discussed along with the lunar atmosphere observations and lunar albedo measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelimin. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 3
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    The nature of interplanetary heavy ions with 0.1 less than E less than 40 MeV/nucleon (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The populations of interplanetary particles were studied by examining the energy spectra in a cosmic ray detector placed in the shade, facing away from the sun. Suprathermal ions of solar origin, and low-energy galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 4
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    Quiet time energy spectra of heavy nuclei from 20 to 400 keV/amu (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Glass track detectors were exposed to cosmic rays on the moon from December 11 to 13, 1972, during a period of relatively quiet sun activity as inferred from satellite proton counters. From 80 to 400 keV/amu, the differential flux of heavy cosmic ray nuclei decreases roughly as E to the -2nd power; this result together with the greater flux from the solar than the antisolar direction identify these nuclei as solar in origin.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 5
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    Theory of microwave and X-ray emission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: The behaviour of the nonthermal electrons created at the impulsive phase of flares has been deduced from the microwave impulsive bursts and hard X-ray burst by many researchers. There is almost no doubt of the emission mechanisms that radio emissions are due to gyrosynchrotron emission and hard X-rays are collisional bremsstrahlung. However, there remain three controversial problems. One is whether the emission sources of the microwave impulsive burst and hard X-ray burst are common or not. Another is whether the injection of the nonthermal electrons into the source is impulsive or continuous. The other is the relation among the nonthermal electrons, soft X-rays, EUV flash, H-alpha kernels, and white light flares. These three problems are not independent of each other.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 179-187
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  • 6
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    Energetic particles as a source of flare energy (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: The production of solar flares by the reservoir of energy generated by sunspot magnetic fields is discussed. Electrons play an important part in the flare process since high energy electrons are responsible for X-ray and radio emission. The energy required in the form of protons trapped in sunspot magnetic fields to produce large solar flares is analyzed. A trigger mechanism is described where the particles can be rapidly dumped into the chromosphere when fast electrons are produced by Coulomb collisions and through pion production by the highest energy protons.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 12-18
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  • 7
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    High Energy Phenomena on the Sun Symposium - summary and outlook (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: A brief summary of the symposium is presented along with an outlook for developments in solar physics.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 625-630
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  • 8
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    Regular pulsations from the solar corona (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: Meter-wave pulsations observed at Culgoora are discussed. The characteristics of recorded pulsation events are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 589-593
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  • 9
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    Modulation of solar cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: Consideration is given to whether the modulation of low energy solar cosmic ray nuclei between the sun and earth can be so extreme that the fluxes observed at 1 AU imply (1) that the cosmic ray energy density in the solar atmosphere is comparable to the thermal energy density, and/or (2) that the cosmic ray intensity is sufficient in the solar atmosphere to produce detectable fluxes of secondary particles such as low energy positrons. It was found that such large modulation is compatible with observations, provided that the modulation occurrence is confined within a solar envelope lying within approximately 0.2 to 0.3 AU of the sun. There is, however, no compelling observational evidence to require that the modulation is this large.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 418-438
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  • 10
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    Decay time of type 3 solar bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: Type 3 solar bursts observed by OGO-5, below 600 kHz, were analyzed. Decay times were measured, and collisional decay times were computed for distances out to 1 AU. By fitting power functions to the computed and observed decay times, and using local plasma hypothesis, it was found that the ratio rho of computed observed values varies with heliocentric radial distance according to a power function rho = 3r to the 0.7th power, assuming fundamental emission, and rho = 2r to the 0.7th power, assuming second harmonic emission.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 537-539
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  • 11
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    Soft X-ray flare spectra (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: Large solar flares produce intense soft X-ray emission, indicating the existence of high temperature plasmas that coexist in time with the plasmas responsible for the normally observed brightenings in H-alpha. The time behavior of the X-ray flux, as revealed, for example, by ion chamber detectors on the series of Solrad monitoring satellites, appears to roughly mimic the intensity-time behavior of the H-alpha flare, insofar as start times, times of maximum flux, and approximate decay times are concerned. In recent years, soft X-ray spectra of both active regions and solar flares have been obtained by instruments flown on spacecraft such as the Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) series. The disbursing elements used were Bragg crystals, and in the 8 Angstrom region the resolution is typically approximately 1200. This paper discusses the observed characteristics of X-ray flare spectra and spectroscopic diagnostics for determining electron temperatures, electron densities, and departures from ionization equilibrium within the soft X-ray emitting plasma.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 262-275
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  • 12
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    Theory of solar microwave bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: The theory of solar microwave bursts is discussed in terms of gyrosynchrotron emission and absorption in a magnetoactive plasma and other absorption processes by the background medium. Simplified formulas for all turnover frequencies are given. Above about 2 GHz the most likely absorption processes for large bursts are free-free absorption and gyrosynchrotron self-absorption. The former process is capable of producing flux densities which are flat or slowly varying functions of frequency. The latter process sets absolute upper limits on the intensities of microwave bursts, which at a given frequency, depend only on the magnetic field in the source region.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 188-197
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  • 13
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    Probabilities for the peak flux and fluence of energetic solar protons incident on interplanetary spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-22
    Beschreibung: Energetic protons injected into interplanetary space in solar particle events can interfere with spacecraft operations and experiments and can cause permanent degradation of some components. For future long term interplanetary and planetary missions, techniques were developed which use solar particle event data from 1956 through 1970 to predict the probability of exceeding any value of peak proton intensity or mission proton fluence. Dependences on proton energy (near 10 to 100 MeV), heliocentric distance, and phase of the solar cycle are included. The techniques are described and applied to the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 mission.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 37-44
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  • 14
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    Biostack experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The Apollo 17 biostack experiment to establish the biological efficiency of individual heavy nuclei particles of galactic cosmic radiation are reported. The experiment theory, interaction of heavy nuclei particles with biologic matter, and the total dose of cosmic ionizing radiation are discussed along with the radiation effects of heavy nuclei on Artemia salina eggs, and Bacillus subtilis.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 15
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    Gamma ray spectrometer experiment, NaI(Tl) detector crystal activation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: Preliminary results are presented of data on the extent of the cosmic ray-induced activity obtained by a sodium iodide thallium-activated crystal flown onboard the Apollo 17 command module. Qualitative identification is reported for the following: Na-24, I-123, I-124, I-125, I-126, and Xe-127.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 16
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    Measurements of heavy solar wind and higher energy solar particles during the Apollo 17 mission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-11
    Beschreibung: The lunar surface cosmic ray experiment, consisting of sets of mica, glass, plastic, and metal foil detectors, was successfully deployed on the Apollo 17 mission. One set of detectors was exposed directly to sunlight and another set was placed in shade. Preliminary scanning of the mica detectors shows the expected registration of heavy solar wind ions in the sample exposed directly to the sun. The initial results indicate a depletion of very-heavy solar wind ions. The effect is probably not real but is caused by scanning inefficiencies. Despite the lack of any pronounced solar activity, energetic heavy particles with energies extending to 1 MeV/nucleon were observed. Equal track densities of approximately 6000 tracks/cm sq 0.5 microns in length were measured in mica samples exposed in both sunlight and shade.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 17
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    A storm of type 3 bursts observed by RAE-1 in August 1968 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: Curves of the number of type 3 bursts as a function of time are presented for six fixed frequencies (2.8, 1.65, 1.31, 0.995, 0.700, and 0.54 MHz). The curves peak at approximately 0500 UT August 20, 1968, and are symmetrical on both sides. Sakurai (1971) has shown that this time correlates well with the CMP of the McMath Region 9597. The maximum rate of bursts is approximately 150 per hour at the higher frequency of 2.8 MHz. Over 20,000 bursts were counted during the 15-day period from August 13 to August 27 when the active region was visible to the earth. A least-squares normal curve has been fitted to the observational data and calculations of variance and standard deviation are given.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 552-557
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  • 18
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    Flare-induced MHD disturbances in the corona - Moreton waves and type 2 shocks (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: The propagation in the corona of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbance possibly emitted at the explosive stage in the initial phase of a flare is considered. The behavior of the MHD fast-mode wavefront, whose source is located at the flare, is calculated by using eiconal-characteristic method in the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) realistic models of coronal magnetic field and density for the days of some particular flare events. It is shown as the result that the peculiar behavior of Moreton's surface wave and the peculiar appearance in the shape and position of the type 2 burst sources can be consistently understood by considering the refraction, focussing, and formation of shocks of MHD fast-mode disturbance in the actual distribution of Alfven velocity in the corona. Moreton waves seem to appear only when the flare explosion happens to occur at the edge of an active region and faces a low-Alfven-velocity region lying on the surface. The wave, which is initially emitted isotropically is refracted into a direction in which the condition for down-refraction holds to allow chromospheric reentrance of disturbance.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 577-588
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  • 19
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    Solar flare observations and solar flare models (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: The use of solar flare models based on specific and detailed observations of solar flares is discussed. A process for determining the validity of various solar models is analyzed. The process relegates the infall-impact model for flares to a secondary role in high energy solar events. The strictly thermal infall-impact model cannot lead to temperatures greater than five million degrees K. Another process is needed to explain the high energy aspects of solar flares which are related to temperatures equal to or greater than 10 to the 7th power degrees K, nonthermal X-ray and radio emissions, white light flares, high energy particles from the sun, and gamma ray producing particles in the sun.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 19-25
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  • 20
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    Plasma column changes at small solar elongations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-27
    Beschreibung: The differenced range versus integrated Doppler (DRVID) technique was used to study charged particle changes in the ray path between earth and Mariner 9. For plasma activity near the sun, DRVID data were obtained from August 10 to October 24, 1972, surrounding the Mariner 9 superior conjunction on September 7. If the records are viewed in terms of range change or range change rate, the day-to-day fluctuations in these quantities mask the changes expected due to the varying solar elongation. Thus, while the steady-state total electron content varies by a factor of 4, the columnar content changes show no systematic variations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 471-472
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  • 21
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    Apollo orbital geochemistry: Gamma rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Lunar gamma ray spectra obtained during Apollo-15 and -16 flights show a natural radioactivity due to potassium, thorium, and uranium as well as a cosmic ray induced activity in the lunar surface due to high neutron interactions produced by (p,n) reaction in the lunar surface. The radioactivity is at a low in the highlands on the backside of the moon; most of the radioactivity is confined to the Oceanus Procellarum/Mare Imbrium region and to the Van de Graff area on the lunar backside.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 132-135
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  • 22
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    Apollo orbital geochemistry: X-rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Aluminum/silicon and magnesium/silicon concentration measurements along Apollo-15 and -16 lunar groundtracks by X-rays show that the highlands are very rich in aluminum, and that mare basalts cover large areas.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 127-131
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  • 23
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    Low-intensity optical emissions from the interstellar medium (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Spectrometric scans of faint optical emissions from interstellar gas are reported. Systematic variations along the galactic plane in both the intensity and radial velocity of the galactic H alpha suggest that the diffuse emission is strongly associated with three nearby galactic spiral arms.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 88-91
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  • 24
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    The study of solar flares during the next sunspot maximum (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Scientific goals and the instrumentation package for the OSO-K/solar flare mission are reported. The problem of determining origin and energetics of solar flares is considered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 63-68
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  • 25
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    Spatial structure of a two-phase solar flare observed in the EUV by OSO-7 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Soft X-ray and hydrogen alpha observations on the structure of a solar flare show the typical flare behavior - a rapid rise to maximum and a gradual exponential decay, with good time correlation between the soft X-rays and H alpha. The emission is identified by Fe XI ion, and the emitting region is contoured on EUV maps.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 54-57
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  • 26
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    Solar flare produced pulsations in meter and X-ray wavelengths (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: The mechanism responsible for the modulation of synchrotron radiation in the meter wave range by a solar flare is examined. The proposed explanation is based on the interaction of a flare generated shock front with a magnetic flux tube extending out into the corona over the flare. As the shock wave propagates through the flux tube, Alfven waves are developing and travelling up the tube toward each other, thereby accelerating electrons and protons by the Fermi mechanism and thus filling the top of the flux tube with energetic electrons. Radial oscillations develop as the shock front becomes parallel to the magnetic field direction and the intensity of the synchrotron radiation is modulated by these oscillations. An OSO-5 experiment detected a hard X-ray burst associated with the flare that produced modulated radio emission and X-ray modulations that are attributed to density fluctuations in the X-ray bursts.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 49-53
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  • 27
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    Ground-based flare studies at Sacramento Peak (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: The structure of an isolated solar flare point observed by vacuum telescope and multichannel spectrophotometer is considered. The tiny bright spot in H alpha photos lasted less than 30 seconds and coincided with a Type-III solar burst; a soft X-ray burst peaked at the time of this event. The small scale structure of the flare point exhibited in miniature the characteristics of a true flare event.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 58-62
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  • 28
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    Observations of solar cosmic rays at 2 AU (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Solid state low-energy telescopic observations on solar and galactic cosmic rays from 2 AU outward by satellites are evaluated. Plots of solar events leading to large injections of particles from the sun show that low energy slower protons arrive first by many hours before the higher energy protons, and that the higher energy particles are falling off more rapidly.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 38-44
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  • 29
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    Radial gradients of galactic cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Variation of the cosmic ray intensity as a function away from the sun and its radial derivative is studied by plotting satellite cosmic ray measurements against sea level neutron monitor data. Results show that the solar modulation cavity extends well beyond 2 AU and that irregularities in the sun's magnetic field are carried outward radially by the solar wind, thus sweeping low energy cosmic rays out of the solar system and at the same time cooling cosmic rays reaching the earth.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 45-48
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  • 30
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    Progress in the measurement of high-energy galactic cosmic ray electrons (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Cosmic ray electron measurements by individual threshold detector elements show that about 30 percent of observed electron-like galactic cosmic showers are really proton initiated events. The cosmic electron spectrum at about 10 GeV exhibits a consistent dropoff in intensity leading to a best fit at a power law of spectral index -3.2; a break in the spectrum should occur above 10 GeV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 24-28
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  • 31
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    Modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays over the present solar cycle (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Explorer satellite observations of modulations in the cosmic ray spectrum during the entire period of the solar cycle show intensity variations in the proton and alpha modulated spectra. A positive correlation between plasma density and variation in cosmic ray intensity is found that breaks during the transition period when higher energy intensity is decreasing as the solar activity increases. It is suggested that the alpha particles lead the proton particles during transition periods and thus make the lag time shorter for high rigidity near the solar maximum and the solar minimum.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 34-37
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  • 32
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    The first integrated interplanetary electron spectrum (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Observations of a quiet-time interplanetary electron component in the 20 keV to 2 MeV energy range are reported. The measurements fill in the gap between the highest-energy known solar wind and the lowest-energy previously observed electron populations, and connect for the first time the entire solar-quiet interplanetary electron spectrum over a dynamic range of nearly 10 to the 12th power in energy.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 29-33
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  • 33
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    Atmospheric secondary gamma radiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: A theoretical model in the form of a three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculation is developed that starts with known cosmic ray flux at the top of the atmosphere and follows particles as they interact with the atmosphere for a schematic representation of how atmospheric secondary gamma rays are produced. The model predicts atmospheric secondary gamma radiation as a function of altitude, energy, and zenith angle.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 16-19
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  • 34
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    Primary and secondary nuclei in high-energy cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Charge and particle trajectory measurements during a balloon-borne experiment observing the composition of cosmic rays, are interpreted by plotting differential intensities of various nuclei of both primary and secondary origin above 3 GeV/nucleon. The large spectral difference between carbon plus oxygen and iron is confirmed in the difference between their secondary products. This large difference cannot be explained as being solely due to propagation effects and it is concluded that preferential acceleration of heavy nuclei due to a source effect is present.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 20-23
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  • 35
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    Positron annihilation radiation from neutron stars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-03-26
    Beschreibung: Balloon observations of a low energy flux line at 2 x 0.001 photons cm/2 s/1 from the galactic center region around 470 keV are interpreted as the positron annihilation radiation that occurs on the surface of old neutron stars and is redshifted by their gravitational fields. An astrophysical model is formulated to explain the observed flux that provides for about 0.2 neutron stars per 3 x 10 to the 49th power cubic meters assuming that the disk thickness is about 1.5 x 10 to the 19th power meters.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 9-11
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  • 36
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    The chromospheric association of the metric type 3 bursts - implications concerning the acceleration of solar electrons and the active streamers (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: In two recent papers it was shown that the metric type 3 emission is closely related to a transient perturbation seen in absorption in the H alpha line. In addition, this perturbation sometimes triggers a flare, sometimes not. This can explain why the type 3 have a poor H alpha flare correlation rate and still are a typical flash phase emission when flare-associated. The characteristics are summarized of the new association proposed. It is assumed that 10 to 100 keV electrons are accelerated in connection with a particular kind of transient H alpha absorbing feature. For as yet undetermined reasons, this process would often, but not always, result in a more efficient acceleration coincident with the early phase of the optical flare. The possibilities that this process could lead occasionally to long lasting subrelativistic particle emissive region are explored.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 615-622
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  • 37
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    Time profile of type 3 bursts in decameter and hectometer range (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: The following new hypothesis is proposed. The decay time of plasma waves is much shorter than the time scale of type 3 bursts especially at low frequencies. Accordingly, the time variation of radio flux at a given frequency merely corresponds to the flux of fast electrons passing through the corresponding plasma layer.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 573-576
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  • 38
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    Type 2 and type 3 burst theory (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: The present state of the theory of type 3 bursts is reviewed by dividing the problem into the exciting agency, radiation source, and propagation of radiation between the source and the observer. In-situ measurements indicate that the excitors are electron streams of energy about 40 keV which are continuously relaxing. An investigation of neutralization of an electron stream indicates that n sub s is much less than 100,000 n sub e, where n sub s is the stream density and n sub e the coronal electron density. In situ observations are consistent with this result. An analysis of propagation of electrons in the current sheets of coronal streamers shows that such propagation at heights greater than 1 solar radius is impossible. The mechanisms for radiation are reviewed; it is shown that fundamental radiation at high frequencies (approximately 100 MHz) is highly beamed in the radial direction and that near the earth second harmonic radiation must be dominant. Because of beaming of the fundamental at high frequencies, it can often be quite weak near the limb so that the second harmonic is dominant. In considering propagation to the observer, the results of scattering of radiation are discussed. The present state of the theory of type 2 bursts is reviewed in the same manner as type 3 bursts.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 558-572
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  • 39
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    Further results on cooling mechanisms for soft X-ray flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: Analysis of data from the soft X-ray proportional counter spectrometer on OSO-4 has been continued along the lines of earlier work. It was noticed that the time profiles of X-ray counts from the OSO-4 instrument's 1 to 3 Angstrom detectors for two events showed a very rapid initial decay after maximum, followed by a much more slowly falling section. At least in the case of the larger of the two events, the change of slope seems quite definitely to be discontinuous. Temperatures and emission measures for both flares have been derived, by fitting an emission function to eight-channel count histograms which form the output of the 1 to 3 Angstrom detectors, analyzed into eight energy intervals by pulse-height analysis. The computer program is described. It employs temperature and continuum emission measures in the Culhane-Acton formula and the flux in the 6.7 KeV iron-line feature as free parameters, adjusting them by small amounts in successive iterations until the original historgram is approximately reproduced. A chi-squared is used to examine the agreement between histograms and terminates the iteration accordingly. Account is taken of the proportional counters' energy resolution in the fitting process.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: High Energy phenomena on the Sun; p 276-282
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  • 40
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    Nuclear gamma rays from solar flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-05
    Beschreibung: The theory of gamma-ray line emission from solar flares is reviewed and revised. It is shown that the line emissions at 0.5, 2.2, 4.4, and 6.1 MeV are due to positron annihilation, deuterium deexcitation following neutron capture on hydrogen, and the deexcitation of excited states in carbon and oxygen. From the observed relative line intensities it is possible to determine the spectrum of accelerated protons in the flare region. This spectrum is found to be very similar to that of charged particles from the flare observed near earth. The total number of protons at the sun is deduced from the observed absolute line intensities for various interaction models.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 301-314
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  • 41
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    X-ray spectral features of the Crab Nebula and NP0532 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec
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  • 42
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    Expansion pattern of flare-associated disturbances near the earth's orbit during October 23 to November 4, 1968 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A series of solar flares accompanying type II and type IV radio bursts were observed while the active region McMath No. 9740 was on the solar disk. Most of these flares were also associated with solar cosmic rays and SSC geomagnetic storms. The expansion pattern of these disturbances near the earth's orbit is considered. This pattern appears to be useful for studying the propagation of interplanetary shock waves which are generated by solar flares.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec. 3
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  • 43
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    X ray analysis of balloon-collected particles erroneously considered as an October influx into the lower stratosphere (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Individual particles were analyzed on the collection screens in a Jeolco scanning electron microscope using a Kevex Li-drifted silicon energy dispersive X ray detector. It was found that the bulk of the stratospheric samples studied comes from explosive squib devices. It is pointed out that this finding does not invalidate the extensive results obtained by Bigg et al. (1970, 1971) in previous sampling experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 20
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  • 44
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    K alpha line emission during solar X-ray bursts (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The expected flux of K alpha line emission from sulfur, argon, calcium, and iron is calculated during both thermal and nonthermal solar X-ray events. Such emission is shown to be weak during the course of most of the nonthermal hard X-ray bursts that Kane and Anderson (1970) have observed. If Compton backscattering is significant at high energies, the flux is reduced still further for disk flares, but it is noted that the strong, near-limb burst of June 26 would have produced about 100 photons /sq cm/sec of sulfur and iron K alpha emission. The impulsive hard X-ray bursts may in general be too short-lived for much K alpha emission. It may be noted that sulfur K alpha emission in particular depends sensitively on the lower-energy limit of the nonthermal electron spectrum, assuming such a sharply defined boundary exists. During soft X-ray bursts, when temperatures of a few 10 to the 7th power K are obtained, K alpha emission from certain iron ions, specifically Fe XVIII-XXIII, may be important.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 32; Sept
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  • 45
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    Effects of solar wind composition, anisotropy, and streaming on ordinary mode electromagnetic instability (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The stability of the low-frequency waves propagating transverse to the magnetic field of a plasma composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles with anisotropic electron and ion temperatures is explored. The threshold for the ordinary mode instability and the growth rates have a very strong dependence on the electron temperature anisotropy but have a comparatively weaker dependence on the ion temperature anisotropy, on the relative abundance of helium to hydrogen, and on the relative streaming of two ion species. The threshold for the instability of these low-frequency waves is (m sub e/m sub p) to the 1/2 power times smaller than the one corresponding to high-frequency waves; however, for a relative abundance of helium to hydrogen up to 20% for the relevant known magnetic fields, particle densities, temperatures, and drifts, the solar wind remains below the threshold for this instability.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Dec. 1
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  • 46
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    Variations of the relative abundances of He, /C, N, O/ and Fe-group nuclei in solar cosmic rays and their relationship to solar particle acceleration (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 31; July 197
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  • 47
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    Jupiter's radiation belts - Can Pioneer 10 survive (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Recent calculations suggest that three of the Galilean satellites are very effective in limiting the fluxes of energetic electrons and protons diffusing inward from Jupiter's outer magnetosphere. Electron and proton densities with and without lunar effects are plotted as functions of the distance from the center of the planet in units of Jupiter radii. Both electrons and protons in the model come from the solar wind. The trajectory of Pioneer 10 in magnetic coordinates is examined and the period of greatest danger to the spacecraft is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Science; 182; Dec. 7
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  • 48
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    Pioneer-10 measurements of the differential and integral cosmic-ray gradient between 1 and 3 astronomical units (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Nov. 1
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  • 49
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    Celestial diffuse gamma radiation above 30 MeV observed by SAS-2 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Dec. 15
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  • 50
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    SAS-2 observations of gamma rays from the galactic plane (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Dec. 15
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  • 51
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    Expansion pattern of helium-enriched shells associated with solar flares (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The dependence of the thickness of the helium-enriched shell on the longitudinal position of the parent flares is considered along with the large-scale configuration of the expanding shell in interplanetary space. It is found that shock waves, magnetic bottles, and helium-enriched shells appear to expand eastwards of the meridian plane which crosses the flare region. It seems that the formation of the observed pattern of the shells is influenced by the interplanetary magnetic field between the sun and the earth.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec. 3
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  • 52
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    The diffuse X-ray spectrum from 14 to 200 keV as measured on OSO-5 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Evaluation of OSO-5 measurements of the energy spectrum of the diffuse component of the cosmic X-ray flux in the energy range from 14 to 200 keV. A detailed description is given of the X-ray detector employed and of the method of selection and pulse-height analysis of X-ray events. The method employed in eliminating noncosmic X-ray contributions to the total counting rate is discussed. The final energy spectrum is found to be best fitted by a power law which is in essential agreement with that obtained from OSO-3 by Schwartz et al. (1970), in spite of what is regarded as an erroneous correction procedure used by them. In particular, it is suggested that the break in the energy spectrum at 40 keV which they reported may have been produced by an erroneous correction for the radioactivity induced in the detector during each passage through the intense charged-particle fluxes in the South Atlantic Anomaly.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Nov. 15
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  • 53
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    Primary cosmic ray electrons above 10 GeV - Measurements using a thick detector (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A balloon-borne measurement of the cosmic ray electron spectrum from 10 to 200 GeV is reported in which two new techniques have been used to remove proton background contamination. First, the depth of the spectrometer was more than 40 radiation lengths, the equivalent of more than 3 mean free paths of material, enabling hadronically and electromagnetically induced cascades to be differentiated for a subset of the data. Second, electromagnetic cascade starting points were determined to within plus or minus 0.1 radiation lengths on the basis of a calibration with electrons from 5.4 to 18 GeV at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, greatly reducing the chances for a proton to simulate an electron. The resulting spectrum, when fitted with a power law, is quite steep, -3.2 plus or minus 0.1, but the fit to a power law is marginal.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 54
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    A short-lived chromospheric flare-point with a lifetime of 20 seconds and rise and fall times of 5 seconds (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: We have observed a chromospheric brightening in the H alpha and Ca II K lines with a diameter of about 1 arc second. The time structure of this event, obtained with a relative resolution of 1 second, shows the rise time to be 4 seconds, the lifetime (FWHM) to be 20 seconds, and the decay time to be 5 seconds. This imposes new constraints on flare-point models. These restrictions can be accommodated easily by either an infall-impact flare model or a model invoking the precipitation of high-energy particles from the corona.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Nov. 1
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  • 55
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    Noble gas concentrations and cosmic ray exposure ages of eight recently fallen chondrites (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Abundances and isotopic compositions of He, Ne, Ar, and Xe have been measured in eight recently fallen chondrites. Ratios of concentrations of cosmic ray-produced He-3, Ne-21, Ne-22, and Ar-38 indicate that all eight samples experienced less than average cosmic ray shielding. He-3 and Ne-21 exposure ages were calculated using shielding corrected chondritic production rates and the measured Ne-22/Ne-21. Exposure ages calculated from Na-22/Ne-22 and Al-26/Ne-21 ratios and constant relative production rates show a bias between the two ages due to variations in Na-22/Al-26. Arguments are presented that this bias is due to irradiation hardness differences, and therefore the use of constant values for both the Na-22/Ne-22 and Al-26/Ne-21 production ratios is not permitted.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 37; Nov. 197
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  • 56
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    Results on the energy dependence of cosmic-ray charge composition (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Results of measurements by a balloon-borne ionization spectrometer of the energy dependence of high-energy cosmic-ray charge composition. The results presented are greatly improved over those obtained earlier by Ormes et al. (1971) by the use of a multidimensional charge analysis with more efficient background rejection, and a more accurate energy determination. Complex couplings between the charge, energy, and trajectory information were taken into account and are discussed. The spectra of individual elements up to oxygen and of groups of nuclei up through iron were measured up to almost 100 GeV per nucleon. The energy spectrum of the secondary nuclei, B + N, is found to be steeper than that of the primary nuclei, C + O, in agreement with Smith et al. (1973). The most dramatic finding is that the spectrum of the iron nuclei is flatter than that of the carbon and oxygen nuclei by 0.57 plus or minus 0.14 of a power.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Nov. 15
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  • 57
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    Solar flare line emission between 6 A and 25 A (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A list of emission lines in the spectra of solar flares between 6 and 25 A has been compiled using data obtained with a KAP crystal spectrometer on the OSO-5 satellite. The emission lines have been classified according to their sensitivity to flare activity. This classification provides a method for discriminating between iron in high stages of ionization (Fe XX-Fe XXV) and lower stages (Fe XVII-Fe XIX), the lines of which are both present in the same spectral region during flares. Identifications consistent with these classifications are proposed. Anomalous intensities in the spectra of Fe XVII and Fe XX are pointed out, and implications of the observations for models of the X-ray emitting regions are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Solar Physics; 31; July 197
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  • 58
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    Consistency of cosmic-ray source abundances with explosive nucleosynthesis (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Certain results regarding the ratio of cosmic-ray sources (CRS) and Solar System abundances are the same as those obtained from explosive nucleosynthesis. Such a model is consistent with the fact that in the Solar System Mg, Si, and Fe are believed to be produced by explosive nucleosynthesis, whereas C and O are mainly products of other processes. The model considered explains the carbon-to-oxygen ratio in the cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 246; Nov. 26
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  • 59
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    Neutral-pion-decay gamma rays from the Galaxy and the interstellar gas content (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Knowledge of the total gamma-ray production rate per H atom from the decay of neutral pions produced in interstellar cosmic-ray interactions is essential for determining the possible amount of interstellar H2. This production rate is recalculated here using the latest accelerator data on neutral pion production in p-p interactions up to about 1500 GeV. A simple but accurate approximation used here resolves the past disagreement over the magnitude of this rate. An upper limit is obtained of (1.51 plus or minus 0.23) times 10 to the -25th power/sec, consistent with the observed upper limit of 1.6 times 10 to the -25th power/sec.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Oct. 15
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  • 60
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    X-ray spectra of young supernova remnants (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Einstein solid-state-spectrometer (SSS) spectra are presented for the Crab Nebula, Cas A, SN 1006, the Tycho SNR, and the Kepler SNR. The history of X-ray observations of SNRs is reviewed; the SSS instrument is briefly characterized; a reduction technique which accounts for all background sources in the 0.5-4.5-keV band is applied; and the physical models of SNRs constructed to reproduce the refined spectra are discussed. The limitations of the modeling methods and the need for further observations, especially of localized regions, are indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 61
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    Magnetic topology and the heating of extended chromospheres (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: New data indicate that red giants are surrounded by geometrically thick chromospheres of several stellar radii extent. Such chromospheres occur among stars which apparently lack coronae. Maintenance of this extended warm region may require non-compressional wave heating of a magnetic character, and this may provide a crucial clue to the mechanism of rapid mass loss from red giant stars.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 62
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    A note on the oxygen gradient in NGC 628 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Kitt Peak 2.1-m telescope and Intensified Image Dissector Scanner have been used to gather spectrophotometric data in the 3600-5200 A spectral region for five H II regions in the spiral galaxy NGC 628. The Pagel et al (1979) technique was then applied to determine the relative number abundances of O to H in each of the H II regions. An examination of the abundance values obtained as a function of the radial coordinate yields an O gradient of -0.05 + or - 0.03 dex/kpc.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 95; 986-988
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    Testing for a cosmological influence on local physics using atomic and gravitational clocks (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The existence of a possible influence of the large-scale structure of the universe on local physics is discussed. A particular realization of such an influence is discussed in terms of the behavior in time of atomic and gravitational clocks. Two natural categories of metric theories embodying a cosmic infuence exist. The first category has geodesic equations of motion in atomic units, while the second category has geodesic equations of motion in gravitational units. Equations of motion for test bodies are derived for both categories of theories in the appropriate parametrized post-Newtonian limit and are applied to the Solar System. Ranging data to the Viking lander on Mars are of sufficient precision to reveal (1) if such a cosmological influence exists at the level of Hubble's constant, and (2) which category of theories is appropriate for a descripton of the phenomenon.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields, 3rd Series (ISSN 0556-2821); 28; 1822-182
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  • 64
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    Observations of NGC 7027 from 5.2 to 7.5 microns - The detection of Ni II and additional dust features (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: NGC 7027 was observed with a multichannel grating spectrometer from 5.2 to 7.5 microns at a spectral resolving power of 120-200. Two new dust emission features are resolved at 5.62 and 6.95 microns, and for the first time the Ni II fine-structure line at 6.64 microns is detected. It is shown that a single molecular dust constituent might account for six of the nine observed dust features between 2 and 14 microns. The strength of the Ni II line indicates either that Ni is not depleted in the neutral gas, or that the line is formed at high density.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; 666-670
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  • 65
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    A new calibration of the extragalactic distance scale using Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Visual absolute magnitudes of classical Cepheids, metal-poor RR Lyrae stars and short-period type II Cepheids have been determined with very high precision by combining a large number of old and new astrophysical data. Five independent methods (four observational and one theoretical) have been successfully used: (1) secular and statistical parallaxes; (2) moving-group parallaxes; (3) cluster main-sequence fitting; (4) the Baade-Wesselink method and its modifications; and (5) light-curve and velocity-curve fitting (the theoretical method). With these five adopted methods, the zero point of the galactic and extragalactic distance scale can be set on a relatively firm and self-consistent basis. Classical Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars now provide essentially identical distances to nearby galaxies: the distance modulus to the Large Magellanic Cloud is 18.5 and to the Small Magellanic Cloud is 18.8, both with an uncertainty of 0.1. The distance to the center of our Galaxy is 8.6 plus or minus 0.5 kiloparsecs. The major uncertainty in these values lies in the correction for interstellar extinction.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; 20-30
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  • 66
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    On the line profile coefficient for stimulated emission (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: It is pointed out that the line profile coefficients for spontaneous and stimulated emission are identical in low-intensity radiation fields. In more intense radiation fields, however, the stimulated emission profiles in the radiative transfer equation and in the rate equations for the atomic level populations may differ from each other, owing to their different physical nature. A seeming discrepancy between the stimulated emission profiles of the usual semi-classical aproach and a recent quantum mechanical approach by Cooper et al. (1982), which should also be valid for intense 'broadband' fields, is discussed and shown to have negligible consequences for low-intensity radiation fields.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 127; 1, Oc; 224-226
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  • 67
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    Observational tests of baryon symmetric cosmology (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Observational evidence for Baryon symmetric (matter/antimatter) cosmology and future observational tests are reviewed. The most significant consequences of Baryon symmetric cosmology lie in the prediction of an observable cosmic background of gamma radiation from the decay of Pi(O)-mesons produced in nucleon-antinucleon annihilations. Equations for the prediction of the gamma ray background spectrum for the case of high redshifts are presented. The theoretical and observational plots of the background spectrum are shown to be in good agreement. Measurements of cosmic ray antiprotons and the use of high energy neutrino astronomy to look for antimatter elsewhere in the universe are also addressed. Previously announced in STAR as N83-10996
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 68
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    Large-scale anisotropy at centimeter wavelengths (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Intrinsic effects in the case of large-scale anisotropy measurements could possibly provide much information about the early universe. Techniques for experimental investigations at centimeter wavelengths are discussed, taking into account the basic problem to measure the difference in the radiation temperature form two directions in the sky with an accuracy of better than 0.0001 K. The largest anisotropy in the 2.7 K background radiation is a dipole distribution, most of which is due to the sun's velocity with respect to the radiation frame. It is pointed out that two very recent results how good agreement with older dipole data. A cooled 3 mm mixer radiometer and a 1.2 cm maser radiometer were flown in balloon. The results of a search for evidence of a quadrupole distribution in the 2.7 K radiation are also reported.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 69
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    Interacting binary stars - Freaks or rosetta stones (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Attention is given to semidetached binaries of the Algol type and to related interacting systems, such as Beta Lyrae and the W Serpentis stars. A brief description is given of observational problems. The basic properties of the Algol variables are satisfactorily explained by means of evolutionary models that assume considerable mass transfer between the components. It is pointed out that ultraviolet spectra obtained with the IUE satellite corroborate the view that the present subgiant secondary component was initially the more massive star and that it has been stripped of a large fraction of its mass so that the deep layers affected by CNO processing are now denuded. It is believed that the present-day 'classical' Algols must have undergone a phase of rapid mass transfer in the past and that Beta Lyrae and the W Serpentis stars are probably closer to that stage than ordinary Algols. Around the accreting star a complex structure is formed, and an induced stellar wind may blow a large part of the transferred matter out of the system.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Journal (ISSN 0035-872X); 77; 283-304
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  • 70
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    Searches for gamma ray emission from radio pulsars (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Searches were made for pulsed high energy (E greater than 35 MeV) gamma radiation from 43 pulsars using the SAS-2 data base and radio parameters. No positive results were found, and the upper limits are consistent with the concept that gamma ray production efficiency increases with increasing apparent age. Two limits suggest that efficiency cannot be a simple function of apparent age beyond 1,000,000 years. Previously announced in STAR as N83-24463
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 127; 1, Oc
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  • 71
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    What causes the buoyancy reversal in compressible convection? (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The problem posed by the existence of a negative buoyancy work region at the top of cellular type convection in a deeply stratified superadiabatic layer (Massaguer and Zahn, 1980) is addressed. It is approached by studying two-dimensional cellular compressible convection with different physical parameters. The results suggest that a large viscosity, together with density stratification, is responsible for the buoyancy reversal. The numerical results obtained are analyzed. It is pointed out, however, that in an astrophysical situation a fluid involved in convection will generally have very small viscosity. It is therefore thought unlikely that buoyancy reversal occurs in this way.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 95; 2, Se; 453-457
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  • 72
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    On a vibronic origin for the diffuse band spectrum (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Duley (1982) has proposed that many of the diffuse interstellar bands in the wavelength interval 542-677 nm arise from vibronic transitions of Cr (3+) ions in MgO grains. No explanation has been offered for the fact that as many as 85 of the possible 108 transitions of this system have not been observed in the interstellar medium. Moreover, the relative intensities of the diffuse bands which are observed appear to be inconsistent with their assignment. It is therefore concluded that this model is not consistent with the observations.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 95; 1, Se
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  • 73
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    A note on the composition and structure of interstellar grains (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The plausibility of relatively pure diatomic oxide crystals forming in the expanding atmospheres of cool stars is commented on, and the likelihood of SiO grains condensing is discussed on the basis of laboratory nucleation experiments. Results of annealing experiments are used to consider the further evolution of silicon oxide and silicate grains. The evidence shows that SiO solids form only when SiO condenses directly onto surfaces, and that the probability of pure crystalline SiO grains forming is rather small.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 95; 1, Se
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  • 74
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    Planetary nebulae and stellar evolution (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Newly defined characteristics of planetary nebulae (PN) derived from analysis of a photometric survey of 57 PN are reported. The data were combined with measurements of 27 other PN made since 1918 and were found to indicate core masses ranging from 0.55-1.0 solar mass. N/O elemental abundance ratios observed were correlated with the planetary nuclei masses, and were in direct proportion. IUE data on PN that overlapped a large part of the survey indicated that the PN in the galactic disk are more massive than PN in the halo. It is suggested that PN evolve into white dwarfs, a hypothesis supported by astrometric solutions for three nearby visual binaries featuring white dwarfs with well-determined masses. It is noted, however, that PN with masses exceeding one solar mass have been sighted in the Magellanic Clouds.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 305; 670
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  • 75
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    Two new possible planetary nebulae (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Two new possible planetary nebulae have been identified using the Parker, Gull, and Kirshner (1979) emission-line survey of the galactic plane. Both objects exhibit very strong forbidden O III lambda 5007 line emission, a symmetrical morphology, and a faint blue central star.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 95; 614-618
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  • 76
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    Ultraviolet observations of M1-2 (= VV 8) (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: First IUE spectrograms of the peculiar emission-line object M1-2 (= VV 8) are presented. In the wavelength region 1150-3200 A this object is characterized by emission lines superposed on a moderately strong continuum. Some ultraviolet and optical properties of M1-2 are discussed in the context of symbiotic stars and protoplanetary and planetary nebulae. An E(B-V) extinction of 0.37 mag is obtained from the ratio of the He II flux at 1640 and 4686 A and is compared with values derived from other parameters. The ultraviolet observations suggest that M1-2 is a young, high-density planetary nebula of excitation class 5 or 6 with characteristics similar to IC 4997.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 275; 628-635
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    The origin of the Gum nebula (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Obsrvations and theoretical investigations of the Gum nebula (GN) since about 1971 are reviewed. Direct observations of the GN, the Vela X supernova remnant (SNR), the Vela pulsar, and other stars in or near the GN are discussed with those of related phenomena such as the radio loops and known SNRs; the emphasis is on studies of the interstellar absorption lines, the evidence for hot gas in the GN, and the extended diffuse emission. The four basic models proposed for the GN are considered: a fossil Stromgren sphere, an old SNR, an H II region, or a superbubble. The GN physical parameters predicted by each model are listed in a table and compared. A minimum explanation which attributes the 36 x 36-deg filamentary structure and the 125-pc radius structure to the action of the stellar winds from Zeta Pup and Gamma-2 Vel (and perhaps the effect of a Vel X supernova explosion 20,000 years ago) is found most appropriate, at least until the questions of the net expansion rate of the GN (about 20 km/sec or about zero?) and the existence of the diffuse emission beyond the filamentary structure are resolved by observations.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Comments on Modern Physics, Part C - Comments on Astrophysics (ISSN 0146-2970); 10; 1-14
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  • 78
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    Electron velocity distributions near interplantary shocks (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Previous work on electron heating mechanisms operating at the supercritical earth's bow shock is extended to the generally lower Mach number interplanetary shocks. This is done by studying electron velocity distributions observed both upstream and downstream of interplanetary shocks observed by ISEE 3 between August 1978 and December 1979. It is found that perpendicular heating accompanied by little or no parallel heating occurs at the weaker shocks but that parallel heating is dominant for the stronger shocks. When perpendicular heating is dominant, downstream velocity distributions are for the most part Gaussian at low energies (core) and Lorentzian at high energies (halo). When parallel heating is dominant, however, these distributions are flat-topped at low energies, having power law extensions to higher energies. At the weaker shocks, the observations are consistent with electron heating resulting from conservation of the magnetic moment, whereas at the stronger shocks the heating is quite similar to that observed at the earth's bow shock.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9949-995
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  • 79
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    Sharp shortward-shifted features in the spectra of O subdwarfs (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Preliminary inspection of archival high-dispersion ultraviolet spectra obtained by the International Ultraviolet Explorer reveal sharp shortward-shifted features in the spectra of O subdwarfs. In three examples presented here, BD + 75.325 deg, HD 128220 B, and BD + 28.4211 deg, stable, multiple, discrete shortward-shifted components of the N V, C IV, and Si IV resonance doublets are seen. The available data suggest that some of these features are persistent, being relatively stable in velocity and intensity over at least 9 months. It is tentatively suggested that the mechanism, or mechanisms, producing these discrete features operates universally in hot stars, from luminous O and B stars down through the O subdwarfs to include the hot white dwarfs. If true, this has important ramifications for current knowledge of mass loss in hot stars.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; L87-L91
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  • 80
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    Images in the rocket ultraviolet - The starburst in the nucleus of M83 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Ultraviolet images of the SAB(s)c I-II galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) obtained with a rocketborne telescope in broad bandpasses centered at 1540 A and 2360 A show a bright resolved nuclear source which accounts for approximately 20 percent of the flux of the galaxy in both bandpasses. Low-resolution International Ultraviolet Explorer spectra of this source reveal an energy distribution similar to that of the starburst nucleus of NGC 7714. Strong blueshifted absorption lines can be interpreted as evidence for a nuclear wind powered by supernovae. Observations from UV, X-ray, optical, and far-infrared bandpasses are consistent with a starburst approximately one-sixth as strong as that in M82. A scaling of the M82 models of Rieke et al. (1980) predicts that the nucleus of M83 contains 10 to the 6th - 3 x 10 to the 7th solar masses in young stars and has a supernova rate of approximately 0.01 per yr.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; L53-L56
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  • 81
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    X-ray observations of LMC X-3 with the monitor proportional counter aboard the HEAO 2 Einstein observatory - A comparison with Cygnus X-1 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A comparison is presented of the black hole candidates LMC X-3 and Cygnus X-1 based on Einstein observations of LMC X-3 with the monitor proportional counter. A spectral analysis shows LMC X-3 to be more like the typical bright galactic X-ray source than Cygnus X-1. A search for periodic pulsations over a period range from 0.2 ms to over 1000 s set upper limits at the 90 percent confidence level of the order of 10 percent. An analysis of the aperiodic variability of LMC X-3 shows none of the shot noise behavior characteristic of Cygnus X-1. The absence of distinctive X-ray properties common to both sources suggests that the identification of black hole candidates on the basis of X-ray properties similar to Cygnus X-1 (or LMC X-3) is not reliable.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; L65-L69
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  • 82
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    Stellar evolution in N-body simulations of disk galaxies. I (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Kalnajs (1972, 1976) Omega models of global mass and velocity distributions are employed in the present two-dimensional N-body simulation, which allows for a spectrum of particle masses, stellar explosions, explosion remnant interactions with an interstellar medium, and the creation of new stars from the gas. Two sequences of runs using the Omega values of 0.8 and 0.9 examine the separate and combined effects of particle mass distribution, the gravitational influence of an interstellar gas distribution on the N-body particles, and stellar evolution, allowing for stellar explosions and star formation from the gas. It is found that both Omega values' nonequilibrium results dramatically change when evolution is allowed to occur. These results call for more realistic coupled N-body and evolution simulations in order to improve the understanding of disk galaxy evolution.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; 595-610
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  • 83
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    The (an)isotropy of the X-ray sky (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An assessment is made of the extent to which the study of the isotropy of the X-ray sky has contributed to the present understanding of the structure of the universe at moderate redshifts. It is, of course, the anisotropic character of the sky flux that is valuable in this context. Although it is not currently possible to undertake measurements with the precision and small solid angles that are typically achieved in the microwave range, the comparatively crude limits from the X-ray fluctuations place limits on the largest scale structure of the universe. After indicating the nature of measurements made, with the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment, of the X-ray sky and its anisotropies, it is shown how these place limits on the origin of the X-ray sky and on any large scale structure of the universe.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 84
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    The e(+)-e(-) annihilation line and the cosmic X-ray background (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The possibility that the processes responsible for the cosmic X ray background (CXB) would also produce an a positron-electron annihilation feature is examined. Under the assumption that these processes are thermal, the absence of a strong electron-positron annihilation feature places constraints on the compactness (L/R ratio) of these sources. Observations favor sources of small compactness ratio.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 85
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    Comments concerning magnetic fields as a possible cause of rapid, irregular variability of early-type stars (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: It is noted that it is helpful to divide the atmosphere of an early-type star into two parts: a photosphere and a mantle. The photosphere can be modeled satisfactorily by normal model-atmosphere procedures. When modeling the mantle, one must take account of the deposition of nonradiative heat and momentum and one should recognize that the mantles of hot stars do not appear to be uniform or spherically symmetric. Five areas of discrepancy between classical theory and observation are noted and a possible way of modeling the mantles of early-type stars is outlined. The model consists of arcades of magnetic loops which form helmet-type structures in the equatorial band of the star, and of coronal-hole-type structures emmanating from weak unipolar regions which are chiefly distributed at polar latitudes.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Hvar Observatory, Bulletin (ISSN 0351-2651); 7; 1, 19
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  • 86
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    Observational knowledge about the physical properties of O stars (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Information about the effective temperatures, radii, and masses of O-type stars is presented. It is argued that rapid variations in the amount of light from O stars and the spectral distribution are a result chiefly of changes which occur in the envelope of the star. The stability of the photospheric layers of O stars against convection is reviewed and it is noted that late O stars and early B stars have a convection zone in the deeper parts of the photosphere. This convection zone is due to the second ionization of helium. Evidence is reviewed that most of the line-profile changes seen for O stars are generated by changes in the physical state of the mantle of the star, that is of the outer atmosphere where the deposition of non-radiative energy and momentum controls the physical state of the atmosphere. The physical state of the mantle may change in response to changes in the upper envelope of a star with a different time constant than the photosphere does.
    Schlagwort(e): ASTROPHYSICS
    Materialart: Hvar Observatory, Bulletin (ISSN 0351-2651); 7; 1, 19; 1-15; Di
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  • 87
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    Steepening of nonlinear waves in the solar wind. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Two shock-like structures (i.e., abrupt step-like increases in number density, bulk speed, and proton temperature) were found in the data from Mariner 5 at 0.98 AU on June 26 and at 0.85 AU on Aug. 29, 1967. The thickness of these 'structures' determined from the magnetic field data was more than 1000 proton Larmor radii. They were also observed by Explorer 33, 34, and 35 at 1 AU, where the thicknesses were much smaller than in the Mariner 5 data. It is suggested that these two structures were nonlinear magnetoacoustic waves that were in the processes of steepening. It is further suggested that shocks would be formed just beyond 1 AU. These structures were not associated with corotating streams, but they could be associated with impressive solar events in which a flare was followed by type 2 and type 4 radio emission and a rare chromospheric wave.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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    Acceleration of heavy ions by radiation pressure. (1973)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The possible acceleration of heavy ions by the resonance scattering of radiation near bright stellar objects is examined. Planck spectra are assumed. At any radiation temperature, heavy-ion energies are found to be limited by aberration and Doppler effects. Photoionization is found to limit maximum radiation temperatures and energies for each ion. Collisional ionization by ambient electrons and ions may further limit heavy-ion energies. Because of these limitations, the production of the more energetic cosmic rays by this mechanism appears to be very improbable. If supernova radiation temperatures are high enough, they may produce heavy ions with energies up to several hundreds of MeV per nucleon. O and B stars appear to be able to accelerate certain heavy ions to 200 and 80 MeV per nucleon, respectively.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Sept. 1
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  • 89
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    X-ray spectrum of Cassiopeia A - Evidence for iron line emission. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: A sensitive measurement by rocket-borne detectors of the X-ray flux from Cas A has revealed a steep continuum and a broad spectral feature in the region where line radiation from iron nuclei would be expected. The flux in this feature is 0.0122 plus or minus 0.0017 photons per sq cm per sec. The presence of broad iron lines is consistent with a model in which about 13 MeV-per-nucleon iron nuclei charge exchange with surrounding interstellar oxygen and other heavy atoms. The model suggests that a substantial fraction of the energy from the outburst has gone into low-energy cosmic rays which produce the observed H II region surrounding the remnant.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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  • 90
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    High-energy X-ray spectra of five sources. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: On October 15-16, 1970, we carried out balloon X-ray observations from Australia at energies above 15 keV. We present the high-energy X-ray spectra of three sources discovered by us, GX 301-2, GX 304-1, and GX 1 + 4. The data suggest that these high-energy sources correspond to the sources 2U 1223-62, 2U 1258-61, and 2U 1728-24 respectively. We also present the spectra for two additional sources, GX 5-1 (2U 1757-25) and GX 3 + 1 (2U 1744-26). The average intensity of the highly variable source GX 301-2 was observed to be as great as Tau X-1 in the energy range 15-50 keV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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  • 91
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    Interplanetary gas. XIX - Observational evidence for a meridional solar-wind flow diverging from the plane of the solar equator. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
    Format: text
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  • 92
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    A density scale for the interplanetary medium from observations of a type II solar radio burst out to 1 astronomical unit. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 183; July 1
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  • 93
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    Development of moving type IV solar radio bursts and relation to expanding magnetic bottles from flare regions. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 243; May 21
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  • 94
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    Ultrahigh energy photons, electrons, and neutrinos, the microwave background, and the universal cosmic-ray hypothesis. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science; 20; Jan. 197
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  • 95
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    Short-term temporal studies of the X-ray emission from Cassiopeia A, Tycho, and Scorpius X-1. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal; 180; Mar. 1
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  • 96
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    Solar gamma ray lines observed during the solar activity of August 2 to August 11, 1972. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature; 241; Feb. 2
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  • 97
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    Charge dependence of the energy spectra of cosmic rays. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Discussion of spectral data for Li, Be, B, C, N, and O from measurements of cosmic ray particle charges, trajectories and energies by a balloon-borne ionization spectrometer floated for 16 hr. It is concluded that the source spectra of heavy nuclei are flatter than those of lighter nuclei and the acceleration of the heavier nuclei is preferential in cosmic rays from the same source.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 241; Jan. 29
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  • 98
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    Diffuse cosmic gamma rays - Present status of theory and observations. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Theoretical interpretations are proposed for recent positive diffuse gamma-ray flux findings with energy measurements up to the 100 MeV range. Several models of isotropic gamma ray production are considered. Diagrams are plotted to compare the observed background spectrum with (1) an electron bremsstrahlung model, (2) a two-component model involving neutral pion production and decay in cosmic-ray interactions at redshifts up to 100, and (3) a theoretical model involving matter-antimatter annihilation. New results on the diffuse flux from the galaxy are viewed as supporting the pion-decay origin hypothesis for gamma-radiation above 100 MeV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 241; Jan. 22
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  • 99
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    Cosmic soft gamma-ray bursts and the stellar super-flare hypothesis (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: Possible alternatives to the supernovae theory on the orgin of cosmic ray bursts are examined. In particular, the possibility that these outbursts are simply giant versions of the X-ray burst typically seen in solar flares is investigated. It was suggested that the outbursts are caused by the bresstrahlung of electrons accelerated to high energies in a stellar flare event.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Goddard Contrib. to the Los Alamos Conf. on Transient Cosmic Gamma and X-ray Sources; 13 p
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  • 100
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    Are the recently observed soft gamma-ray bursts from stellar superflares. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-16
    Beschreibung: The gamma-ray bursts reported by Klebesadel et al. (1973) are considered. It is suggested that these outbursts are simply giant versions of the X-ray bursts typically seen in solar flares. The time scale, mean photon energy, and energy spectrum shape for both the solar and nonsolar bursts are found to be strikingly similar. However, the nonsolar bursts that have been observed have a much greater intrinsic intensity than their solar counterparts.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature Physical Science; 245; Oct. 1
    Format: text
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