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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 38-43 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A probability method is used to describe the processes of characteristic x-ray fluorescence excitation and absorption in a heterogeneous monolayer of particles. Based on this the analytical dependence of the characteristic x-ray peak intensity on the sizes and shape of particles, and the distribution of elements among the particles is inferred, for two kinds of spectrum excitation. Theoretical evaluations for applying boundaries of the ‘thin’ homogeneous layer model to a heterogeneous monolayer are given. The elements to be determined in unknown compositions are S, Fe and Pb.
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  • 2
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. v 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 3
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The total cross-sections for ionization of K, L and M shells in various atoms have been calculated using first-order perturbation theory and Hartree-Slater wave functions. For K shells, the hydrogenic wave functions have been used. The systematic changes across the Periodic Table are discussed and the results of a Bethe parametrization are also given.
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  • 4
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 78-82 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The significance of Auger transitions as spectral components in energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectra is demonstrated. As a summary of fundamental studies on radiative Auger effects the calculation of their energies and relative intensities is demonstrated. These theoretical deductions result in a suitable incorporation in least-squares techniques by coupling the Auger transitions to the corresponding photopeak originating from the same type of primary vacancy as a function of energy. The simplifications involved, and the removal of systematic misinterpretations and of high correlations of model parameters, are discussed.
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  • 5
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 126-133 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Qualitative microprobe analysis of sodian potassian hydroxonian meta-autunite failed to reveal any sodium, although nearly 3% was present. Potassium, magnesium and calcium were underestimated to a smaller extent in related natural and synthetic structures. The effect is due to the migration of these interlayer cations from the analysed region - almost instantaneously in the case of sodium - and a consequent decrease in count rates, under the influence of the space-charge resulting from the incident electron beam. Experiments with the autunites and with a soda-glass subjected to various coating treatments showed that the effect of charging can be dramatic. Such charging also occurs when alkali metals are not present, a fact which has important implications for all microprobe analyses.
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  • 6
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 142-145 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In a geochemical exploration project, about 25 000 stream-sediment samples have been analysed. In a new multi-element technique, 36 elements have been determined by a combination of various methods. Optical spectroscopy with are and ICP excitation and wavelength- and energy-dispersive XRFS were used. An XRFS method is presented which allows the analysis of the fraction with particle diameter 〈 0. 18 mm for up to 30 elements with high precision over a large matrix range. The basic idea is to use a large number of reference samples with very different compositions for the calculation of the calibration line.
    Notes: Im Rahmen des österreichischen Rohstoff-Forschungsprojektes Geochemische Basisuntersuchung von Bach- und Flußsedimenten wurden mehr als 25 000 Proben einer Multielementanalytik auf 36 Elemente unterzogen. Neben optischer Spektroskopie mit Kohlebogen- und induktiv gekoppelter Plasmaanregung gelgangten wellenlangen- und energie-dispersive XRFS zum Einsatz. Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es ermoglicht, die Analyse der Fraktion mit einem Korndurchmesser 〈0.18 mm auf bis zu 30 Elemente rnit hoher Genauigkeit bei einer breiten Streuung des Matrixbereiches durchzufiihren. Der Grundgedanke dabei ist, eine große Zahl von gut analysierten Referenzproben verschiedenster Zusammensetzung fiir die Eichung heranzuziehen.
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  • 7
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 44-45 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dead time of a Philips PW 1410 x-ray fluorescence spectrometer with a photon detector has been calculated employing intensities of first- and second-order reflections. The spread of the values obtained can be considered very satisfactory in the light of the experimental difficulties inherent in this method.
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  • 8
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 16-22 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In connection with progress in the creation of differential and so-called differential methods of concentration correction, work has been carried out on the ordering of equations. It has been shown that it is possible to create three principal, complete systems of so-called differential concentration correction equations by (1) using the Claisse method, (2) using the method of function expansion in a Taylor series and (3) using a special method discussed in this paper. These equations can be used instead of the classical concentration correction methods. Moreover, it has been proved that the respective procedures can be used in the creation of expressions which are the analogues of classical intensity correction equations.
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  • 9
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The methodology of direct hair analysis by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence was studied. The effect on the XRF result of having a non-homogeneous radial distribution of the analyte in a single hair strand and the macroscopic effects in a bundle of hairs were calculated to evaluate possible systematic errors. The detection limits were mapped as a function of the target thickness and surface fraction. It appeared that a 10 mg cm-2 sample thickness, i. e. a target with about four layers of hair strands, is recommended. The standard deviation of this simple direct analytical method is 6-19% for some important elements. Discrepancies with neutron activation analysis had a mean value of around 15%. About twelve elements can be determined simultaneously on a routine basis.
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  • 10
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 52-54 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The theoretical equations for primary, secondary and tertiary fluorescent x-ray intensities have been given by Shiraiwa and Fujino. However, their derivation is unsatisfactory in some respects. In this paper these problems are discussed and a more correct derivation is given.
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  • 11
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 12
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 23-26 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The problem of a simplified expression for the enhancement term of correction equations in XRF analysis was treated using the example of binaries. Attention was paid to up-to-date propositions of a solution to that problem and new cases of solutions were considered. Some common elements of these solutions were found and on the basis of a fundamental expression of enhancement effects a more general equation is given.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The performance of an energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) system for the analysis of silicate rocks was investigated in detail. Data are presented to demonstrate the selection of optimum excitation conditions for the major elements (Na-Fe), analysed on glass beads, and the trace elements (particularly the Rb-Nb group) analysed on powder pellets. Limitations in spectrum analysis due to overlap interferences are discussed and have largely been overcome using x-ray profile fitting software. The results show that when operated under optimum excitation conditions, ED-XRF spectrometry can routinely achieve a high degree of accuracy and precision in the analysis of a wide range of major and trace elements in silicate rocks. For many elements, 2s standard deviations are better than 2% relative. Limits of determination for many trace elements are in the range 4-10 ppm.
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  • 14
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 151-152 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method for determining the ash content of coal by measuring the x-ray fluorescence of Si, Al, Ca and Fe using a diffraction spectrometer is presented. The experiments were carried out on 72 samples of coal from different deposits. A mean standard deviation of the ash content of about 1. 65% was achieved.
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  • 15
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 172-179 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: PDIDENT is a collection of interactive computer programs which have been developed as aids for qualitative phase analysis of x-ray powder diffraction data. These FORTRAN IV programs are implemented on a DEC committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) data base is accessed by the programs along with user-created data. The data base (sets 1-32) along with all cross-index files requires 9 Mbytes of storage. The packing of the data base, use of cross-index files and the algorithms and utility of the PDIDENT programs are described.
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  • 16
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 192-194 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A set of experimental observations pertaining to Compton scattering of low-energy x-ray photons by matrices containing very light elements is reported.
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  • 17
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 182-186 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Application of the fundamental parameter method to the determination of film thickness by an EDX technique with a proportional detector was performed by considering that x-rays striking the detector were composed of the following kinds: (1) the analyte line of the film excited directly by the primary beam, (2) the analyte line of the film excited secondarily by scattered or characteristic x-rays from the substrate and (3) scattered and characteristic x-rays from the substrate which passed through the film to be analysed. The intensity of all these types were considered theoretically, and the film thickness was evaluated by fitting the theoretical intensity of the x-rays striking the detector to the experimental intensity, by use of an iteration process. In addition, the accuracy of the theoretical values of intensities excited secondarily was verified by comparison with the experimental values.
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  • 18
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 148-150 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The usability of glass disks prepared from blast furnace slag samples as a function of age in x-ray emission spectrometry was investigated. Glass disks were prepared by melting sample and flux mixtures (Li2B4O7-Li2CO3-La2O3, 100: 10: 5) in the ratio 1: 100 at 1100°C for 30 min. The glass disks were examined by the ISIJ test. X-ray spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy were applied directly after preparation and again after 6, 12 and 18 months. A change in the surface of the glass disk and a decrease in the Ca Kα, Si Kα and S Kα line intensities with time were observed.
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  • 19
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A study of the low-energy region (below 1. 5 keV) of energy dispersive x-ray spectra has been carried out. Firstly, because some counting systems do not provide a reliable dead time correction, a new method of dealing with the problem is given. Next, the effects of different positioning of the energy discriminator within the analyser circuitry are discussed with reference to the consequences for light element analysis. Electronic noise counts can present a problem for analysis of x-rays of less than 300 eV and a straightforward method for noise removal is described. Finally, an unexpected artifact in the spectrum below 500 eV is identified; its size is related to the total number of counts in the spectrum and a practical method of dealing with it is demonstrated. Once the above factors have been taken into account a low energy spectrum is produced, consisting solely of characteristic x-ray lines and a true continuum background.
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  • 20
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An x-ray method has been developed for the routine determination of many elements in iron ore concentrates. The combination of a glass disk technique, the α-coefficient method of correction and solution of linear equations yields a rapid and accurate method. The determination of eight elements was performed on different certified iron ore concentrates.
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  • 21
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. viii 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 22
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 23
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new formalism is proposed to correct with accuracy the matrix effects in x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. It has been deduced from Sherman's equations and includes a new algorithm between concentration and intensity, theoretically exact, and explicit expressions permitting the calculation of αij and ρij coefficients that correct for absorption and enhancement effects, respectively. In other words, the concept of correction coefficients is established on a solid theoretical basis. In the second part, it will be shown how to adapt this new formalism to practical situations. From an estimate of composition calculated by the Claisse-Quintin algorithm and an appropriate calibration, the new algorithm is used to refine the estimated composition for greater accuracy. This last approach is equivalent to the ‘fundamental parameters’ method but is presented in a simpler version adaptable to any mini-computer.
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  • 24
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 134-141 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Apart from their general importance, an accurate definition of spectral intensity distributions from x-ray tubes is required to support the development of mathematical matrix correction procedures for x-ray fluorescence analysis. Since a direct measurement is costly, time consuming and occasionally difficult, and a purely theoretical approach is not suitable for current utilization, a simple, readily adaptable calculation procedure is very desirable. Concerning the continuum or white radiation from the x-ray tube, such an evaluation was worked out by effecting (1) a modification to Kramers' law and (2) a refinement of the absorption correction regarding the absorption by the target itself. The new equation accounts very closely for the best known, carefully measured and corrected experimental distributions by Brown et al. and Loomis and Keith. Extended experiments are required to ensure systematization, and special steps are needed for the treatment of the characteristic radiation.
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  • 25
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 26
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The fine structure in the vicinity of the K absorption edge of cobalt in some cobalt biomolecular complexes has been studied using a bent crystal x-ray spectrograph of the Cauchois type. The average metal - ligand bond length in these complexes has been determined by applying Levy's theory.
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  • 27
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer method for the qualitative analysis of fluorescence spectra recorded with any analysing crystal and using any wavelength-dispersive x-ray spectrometer is described. Originally, the programs are designed for an Olivetti P 6066 computer without being on-line with the spectrometer. These programs may, of course, also be used with slight modifications with higher capacity and on-line computers, thus making the analysis easier and faster.
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  • 28
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. vi 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 29
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 51-51 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 64-68 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Three methods for the energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometric analysis of trace elements in silicate rock samples were compared. The comparisons were based on three new USGS reference samples, DNC-1, W-2, and BIR-1, and two established reference samples, G-1 and W-1. A loose powder sample preparation was used in the analysis of selected trace elements, including Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb and Ba. For one method, the ratio of analyte line intensity to either Compton or Compton and Rayleigh scatter intensity for a series of standards was used to construct calibration graphs. The other two methods involved fundamental parameter calculations which required a knowledge of the total sample compositions in order to perform the necessary matrix corrections. The results showed good accuracy for all three methods, but those obtained from the ratio-calibration graph method were slightly better than those from the other two methods.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. vi 
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  • 32
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. vii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 100-102 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thick-target yield of characteristic x-rays from a series of gold-silver binary alloys has been determined experimentally (relative to the yield from the pure elements) under proton bombardment, using proton energies of 1. 5, 2. 0 and 2. 5 MeV. The yield per unit concentration of gold or silver varies with alloy composition because of the progressively varying effects of proton stopping power (specific energy loss) and x-ray self-absorption in the target materials. Theoretical yields have been calculated using tabulated data for stopping power and x-ray absorption. When both of these effects are taken into account, agreement with experiment is satisfactory. These results can be made the basis of stopping power and self-absorption corrections in proton-induced x-ray emission analysis.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In Part 1, a new formalism was proposed to correct with accuracy the matrix effects in XRF analysis. In this paper it is shown how to adapt this new formalism to practical situations. From an estimate of composition calculated by the Claisse-Quintin algorithm and an appropriate calibration, the new algorithm is used to refine the estimated composition for greater accuracy. This last approach is equivalent to the ‘fundamental parameters’ method but is presented in a simpler version adaptable to any mini-computer.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. viii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 170-171 
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    Notes: X-ray spectrometry has been used to determine the pressure of krypton gas in high-pressure halogen auto lamps. The method employs a standard diffraction tube, a special collimator and a solid-state detector.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 166-169 
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    Notes: A theoretical evaluation of the efficiency of correction for the matrix absorption effect using Compton scattered x-rays in EDXRF analysis has been carried out for thick samples and for monoenergetic primary radiation. The limitations of this correction method and the procedure for the selection of the optimum excitation energy are presented.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 180-181 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Notes: Mass absorption coefficients can be calculated by this algorithm with programmable pocket calculators giving a standard deviation of about 5% when compared with McMaster's tables.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972) 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 1-1 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 3-14 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Notes: An attempt has been made to evaluate on the basis of simple physical theories the principal possibilities and limitations of the X-ray fluorescence method in determining both principal components and other alloying elements as well as impurities in relatively complex alloy systems. The text refers specifically to the analysis of copper-based alloys, but the principles are general ones and the arguments can easily be applied to other systems.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 15-21 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The equations for primary, secondary and tertiary excitation in XRFA have been modified in order to describe single- and multiple-scattering processes in XRSA. For different hydrocarbons, the corresponding ratios of coherently and incoherently scattered X-rays have been calculated and the reasons for the discrepancy of approximately 15 per cent between theory and experiment discussed.
    Notes: Es werden die Gleichungen fur die Primä, Sekundär- und Tertiäranregung bei der RFA verwendet, um aus Analogiebetrachtungen die Verhältnisse bei der Einfach-, Zweifach- und Dreifachstreuung quantitativ behandeln zu können. Der charakteristische Quotient aus körent und inkohärent gestreuter Intensität wird sodann fur verschiedene Kohlenwasserstoffe berechnet und mit den experimentell gefundenen verglichen. Die Ursachen für den etwa 15 Prozent betragenden Unterschied werden diskutiert.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 29-35 
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    Notes: In the general application of the X-ray spectrographic method, it is often difficult to obtain standards which closely approximate the unknown being analysed. One of the possible ways around this problem is to utilise a matrix correction procedure which does not, in principle, require large numbers of standard samples. One such method has been described by Birks and Criss and this paper describes the application of their program at the University of Florida where a wide variety of samples are encountered. Also discussed in the paper is the basis of the so-called ‘Fundamental Parameter’ method which has provided the means of analysing with great accuracy certain binary and tertiary alloys. It seems that the method holds considerable promise for the analysis of ore deposits and the prediction of inter-element effects.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 23-28 
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    Notes: The usefulness of the analysing crystal is generally governed by its angular dispersion and reflecting power. This is particularly so today where the increasing requirement for more speed and greater accuracy can often only be obtained by the availability of higher net intensities. Although the performance of the conventional X-ray spectrometer is satisfactory in the middle portion of the wavelength range, it lacks dispersion at the short wavelength end and sensitivity at the long wavelength end. For this reason, there is a continuing search for crystals which offer more angular dispersion in the 0.2 to 2 Å range and better reflecting power in the 5 to 20 Å region.This paper discusses results obtained with some of the newer analysing crystals which have become available during the past couple of years. These crystals include pyrolitic graphite, rubidium acid phthalate, sorbitol hexa-acetate, and the (420) and the (422) cuts of lithium fluoride.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 37-38 
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    Notes: An instrument is described which permits thin-layer chromatograms to be scanned in a commercial X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The detection of phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and iodine has been investigated, but the application of the instrument is not restricted to these elements, for which lower limits of detection of about 2 μg were found.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 39-41 
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    Notes: The preparation of pellets of powdered geological samples is a critical step in X-ray fluorescence analysis. A special die has been designed to produce smooth surfaces on extremely durable pellets and to provide a protective, hard outer ring and backing. The outer ring minimises the deterioration of the edge that has in the past limited the usable life of the pellet. Repetitive preparations have shown reproducibility and homogeneity to be within normal counting statistics.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 45-45 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 43-44 
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    Notes: One of the current problems in the application of the X-ray spectrometer is the training of operators in the use of instrumentation and techniques. One of the usual consequences of rapid expansion in the use of any instrumental procedure is the lack of general experience and expertise, and in this X-ray spectrometry is no exception. As a technique it has only recently been introduced into the syllabus of the appropriate university course of study and, at the present time, this only at a very few universities. Training in X-ray spectrometry has therefore become very much an extra-mural course of study and among the more successful groups to offer courses in the U.S.A. has been the State University of New York at Albany. The following short report by Professor Chessin gives an informal description of the background of his ‘Clinics’ and describes some of his experiences.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 46-46 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. A1 
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    Notes: The News and Events section is designed to provide readers with a comprehensive and up-to-the-minute current awareness service. It contains information on new instruments and equipment, changes in personel, etc. Further information concerning any item in these pages can be obtained by circling the relevant number on the reader service card. Any contributions which may be of interest to this section should be submitted to either the News and Events Editor  -  Colin Dann  -  at the publisher's London Office, or to any Regional Editor.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 47-47 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 49-50 
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    Notes: The calculator is an aid to identification of lines in X-ray emission spectra. It is designed to solve the well-known Bragg equation: nλ=2d sinθ Principal X-ray emission wavelengths (λ) of elements of atomic numbers Z=6 to 95 and lattice spacings (2d) of crystals commonly used in analysis are entered as data. The display of data is so arranged that line overlaps of the first and higher orders (n) of reflection can be seen at a glance for any spectrometer angle (θ or 2θ).
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 51-53 
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    Notes: Phosphorus has proved to be one of the most difficult elements to determine precisely in rocks by X-ray fluorescence analysis. This is partly because of its low concentration in rocks, and because of interference from Ca 2Kβ and its associated escape peak when using the common crystals PE or EDDT. The Ge (111) crystal does not give any second order reflection. A comparison of phosphorus determined in some geological materials using PE crystal and electronic discrimination, PE crystal and manual discrimination and Ge (111) crystal is given.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 59-68 
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    Notes: Sorbitol hexa-acetate (SHA) crystals are now available which, in comparison with those previously grown, are at least an order of magnitude better for the reflection of Mg Kα radiation. Although the new crystals are still only half as good, in terms of absolute peak intensity, as ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), freedom from background interferences and better long term reproducibility should make SHA a reasonably attractive alternative to ADP.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 55-58 
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    Notes: Single crystal boules of hexagonal α-AI2O3 (corundum) were grown by the Czochralski method. The resulting size and crystal quality are appropriate for use as X-ray monochromators. Eight corundum plates of various 2d spacings were fabricated and evaluated in both an X-ray diffractometer and emission spectrometer. The corundum data were compared with crystals of ADP, Si, CaF2, Ge, NaCl, LiF, quartz and topaz. For X-ray diffraction with Cu Kα the corundum (1014) cut is of highest intensity. It is about equal to all other crystals except NaCl (200) and LiF (200). The latter have respectively about 4 and 9 times the corundum intensity. In emissior spectroscopy at wavelengths of 0.1 to 0.5 Å, the corundum (0330) cut is superior to quartz (2023) and topaz (303). The intensity is 2 to 4 times higher for corundum. High resolving power can be attained by the corundum (1456) cut with 2d=1.660 Å. Data and applications are presented for this particularly useful crystal.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. A7 
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    Notes: Factors affecting the on-stream analysis of sulphide ore slurries have been investigated for a number of copper-zinc ores. Zinc, copper and iron were counted on streams of various solids contents, but, because of equipment limitations, sulphur was determined by calculation and the gangue, regarded as silica, by difference.Two simple correction factors were used: the ratio of Rayleigh scatter from the stream under investigation to that from water was found to vary as the cube root of the per cent solids in the stream, and the product of two ratios was adequate to relate the intensity of the characteristic radiation from streams of other solids contents to a 30 per cent stream which was used as a reference in this work. These factors made it possible to calculate the zinc, copper and iron in the solids fractions of ore slurries with an accuracy adequate for the control of sulphide ore beneficiation processes.No inter-element effects were noted, but a marked matrix effect made it necessary to use different correction factors and regression lines for the metals in ore concentrates and in heads and tails.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 81-81 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 93-98 
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    Notes: Rapidly recorded X-ray diffraction powder patterns from some metals and from rock salt have been obtained by using the energy sensitive Si (Li) semiconductor detector with the multichannel pulse height analyser. The measured energy resolution of the detector system was about 210 eV for Cu Kα radiation. A good agreement was obtained between observed and calculated positions and relative intensities of the diffraction lines.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 107-111 
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    Notes: New equations have been derived to describe the dependence of characteristic X-ray intensity on particle size in heterogeneous specimens. The formulae include the effects of continuous size distributions, a problem not covered in earlier theoretical work.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 99-106 
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    Notes: The use of non-dispersive X-ray fluorescenceanalysis as a general tool in chemical laboratories has developed rather slowly until recently. Most analysers have used radioactive isotopes as the means of excitation and these have been widely used in portable instruments and in on-line control applications. For general use wide element coverage is necessary, especially the ability to cover elements of lower atomic numbers. For the determination of these light elements a compact source - sample - detector geometry is essential. Early experiments in developing an on-line system showed the possibilities of one such compact arrangement and resulted in an instrument specifically designed for use in the chemical laboratory. Solid, liquid and powder samples can be examined for silicon and all heavier elements. Basically, sample excitation is by radioactive sources but the instrument was designed to accept also a miniature X-ray tube which provides higher sensitivity and precision. The measuring head with radioactive isotope or X-ray tube can be removed and mounted for remote use either for on-line applications or in an automatic sample presenter.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 125-125 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 119-123 
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    Notes: Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays is a relatively new but rapidly growing technique for X-ray fluorescence spectrometry offering simultaneous analyses of many elements with sensitivities to a few p.p.m. The digitally recorded spectra lend themselves to processing to remove background and interfering peaks. The net counts for each element can be converted to concentration using any of a variety of mathematical models for interelement effects. When proper specimen preparation is used, final accuracies of better than 1 per cent can be realised over much of the analytical range.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 83-92 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The so-called double concentration method, the principle of which is briefly recalled, has been applied to the accurate determination of major major and minor constituents, i.e. Fe2O3, MnO, TiO2, CaO, K2O, P2O5, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO and Na2O in silicate and related rocks. In such a case, this double measurement procedure allows inter-element effect correction with a theoretical relative accuracy of a few tenths of a per cent, and very careful preparation of the fused specimens and the reckoning of net intensities has allowed us to raise the practical precision to a comparable level. The results then obtained in an exploration study of fourteen standard rocks (seven from the Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, Nancy, and seven from the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington) seem very satisfactory in that they generally agree with the ‘recommended’ values to within ±1 per cent relative or eventually better. A few recommended or proposed values, as a rule in the range of very low concentrations, can even be disputed or improved.This simple and direct method which relieves us from resorting to any influence factors or fundamental parameters and computers is quasi-absolute and can be used with advantage not only for rock analysis and related compounds, but also, and with an even greater accuracy, for ore analysis as a whole.
    Notes: Nous avons appliqué la méthode de double concentration, dont nous rappelons brièvement le principe, à la détermination précise des constituants majeurs et mineurs, soit Fe2O3 MnO, TiO2, CaO, K2O, P2O5, SiO2, Al2,O3, MgO et Na2O, dans les roches silicatées ou apparentdées. Dans ce cas, la technique de la double mesure permet de corriger pour l'effet interélément avec une précision relative théorique de l'ordre de quelques dixièmes de pour cent et nous avons pu grâce des précautions particuliéres en ce qui concerne la préparation des “perles” vitri- fiées et la mesure des intensités nettes, porter la precision pratique à un niveau comparable. Une étude exploratoire alors menée sur quatorze roches étalons (dont sept du Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques de Nancy et sept de l'U.S. Geological Survey à Washington) nous a conduits à des résultats très satisfaisants, en ce sens qu'ils concordent généralement avec les valeurs “recommandées” dans la limite de ±1 pour cent, voire mieux, en valeur relative. Un petit nombre de valeurs recommandées ou proposées, dans le domaine des très faibles concentrations, peuvent même être contestées ou améliorées.Cette méthode simple et directe qui nous dispense d'avoir recours à toute espèce de coefficients d'influence ou de para- mètres fondamentaux, ainsi qu'aux machines, est quasi-absolue. On peut I'employer avec avantage non seulement pour l'analyse des roches et des composés similaires, mais aussi et même avec une précision encore accrue pour l'analyse des minerais en général.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 113-117 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Berry - Furuta - Rhodes model is used to derive formulae for the characteristic X-ray intensity in specimens of ‘non-infinite’ thickness, as a function of particle size both for discrete values and for continuous distributions, including the Junge distribution for aerosols. Significant simplifications in otherwise complex for mulae are obtained for a number of cases of practical importance, namely, thin specimens, monolayers and low or high packing fractions. The simplified working formulae consist of the equation for a thin, homogeneous specimen, multiplied by a grain size dependent factor. This factor is a function of fluorescent grain size only, so eliminating most inter-element effects. Practical applications of these cussed, with special reference to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of thin briquetted specimens and of aerosols collected on filters.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 125-125 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 126-126 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972) 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 127-127 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 129-141 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Major improvement in energy resolution in the last two years have made the Si(Li) X-ray energy analysis system a significant tool for X-ray spectroscopy. Its high detection efficiency, coupled with ability to analyse for all element simultaneously, has led to the development of several new techniques for X-ray analysis. This article reviews the present state of the technology for this instrument with respect to performance characteristics and operating principles. A brief reference to its more important applications is also included.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 147-150 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The characteristic LII,III X-ray emission bands of vanadium in pure metal and nitrides VN0.82 and VN are investigated with an electron microprobe. Results are discussed in relation to the theories proposed in the literature. Also presented is the vanadium LIII absorption spectrum from the pure metal; this spectrum is processed by the self-absorption method.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 143-146 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An X-ray spectrometric technique is described which enables nickel, gallium and germanium to be analysed in iron meteorites. It is important to know the concentration of these elements with sufficient accuracy in order to chemically classify iron meteorites. The spectrometer was calibrated against a set of ‘standard’ meteorites with well-established compositions.To obtain better accuracy, modification to the geometry were made to improve the peak to background ratio and eliminate machine background. This enabled nickel, gallium and germanium to be analysed with accuracies of ±0.05 per cent, ±4 p.p.m. and ±9 p.p.m. respectively for counting periods of 1 min for nickel and 10 min for gallium and germanium at the peak and background positions.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 151-154 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In X-ray fluorescence analyses, the matrix effects can be evaluated by computing appropriate coefficients. Utilising powder pellets of samples artificially prepared, a method for computing the matrix effects coefficient of H2O, Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, CaO, TiO2, Fe2O3 for the analytical lines of thirteen elements: vanadium, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, barium, lanthanum, cerium and lead is described. The computed coefficients have been used to analyse six international rock standards (the U.S. Geological Survey Standards: G-2, GSP-1, AGV-1, BCR-1, PCC-1, DTS-1).
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 161-162 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An explanation is offered for the appearance of parasitic reflections from LiF (220) analysing crystals. The reflections appear to stem from an unrestricted vertical divergence at the primary collimator allowing entry of reflections from planes other than that to which the crystal is cut. Careful orientation of the crystal boule before cutting would seem to offer the most convenient way of avoiding the problem.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 155-159 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Several procedures for X-ray fluorescence analysis of slag including acid solution and fusing methods are compared. For eliminating erros due to inter-element effects, heavy element addition and calculation methods are considered. Data of precision and accuracy are given for eleven different combinations. For routine operation fusing with borax and casting of a bead is recommended. Fusion in a semi-automatic bead production machine is time-saving, simple and more precise than manual operation and is described in some detail.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 165-167 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 163-164 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A description is given of the decrease in counting efficiency of a scintillation detector with time. The attenuation of an incident beam for various wavelengths was shown to be consistent with the observation that an amorphous layer had formed on the NaI crystal.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 1 (1972), S. 168-168 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 0049-8246
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The use of peak-to-background ratios has been suggested for the analysis of particles or rough surfaces as the peak-to-background ratio is assumed to be independent of geometry. The validity of this assumption is examined for flat specimens. It is shown that the peak-to-background ratio does not vary much with sample orientation but does vary with voltage, tending to a limit at high voltages. Methods of analysis using the peak-to-background ratio are proposed and the effects of fluorescence are discussed.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 49-49 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. vii 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 110-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method for spectral background evaluation in x-ray energy analysis is proposed, based on a simple model of background generation in the detector. This model assumes that photons, of a given energy, interacting with the detector have probabilities of generating background counts within lower energy windows. The usefulness of the method resides in the fact that it allows a background evaluation with different levels of complexity and accuracy. The method also permits accurate background calculation with samples of variable mass and composition, such as biological and environmental materials.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. v 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 159-165 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method is described for the quantitative analysis of bulk specimens without standards by using peak-to-local background ratios in energy-dispersive electron probe microanalysis. Theoretical transport investigations have been used to derive an expression for the absolute determination of (P/B) ratios. Accurate measurement of the background below a peak is carried out without an exact knowledge of the surface geometry of the specimens. The advantages of this method are discussed in comparison with other correction procedures and the efficiency is demonstrated by means of quantitative analysis of nine binary specimens and two steel specimens.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 1-1 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 46-48 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Reflexion Curves from gypsum and beryl crystals have been calculated using the dynamic theory of x-ray diffraction, assuming that the crystal is perfect, and taking into account the photoabsorption of incident photons by the crystal. The calculations were performed for two values of photon energy: 851 eV (Ni Lα emission) and 1098 eV (Ga Lα emission). The results are discussed comparatively.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984) 
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 60-63 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The intensity of an x-ray continuum had been generated theoretically for incident electron energies between 10 and 45 keV, radiated photon energies between 2 and 40 keV and over the whole range of atomic numbers (from Z = 1 to 100). For these cases a relatively simple expression was found which shows the dependence of continuous radiation on the atomic number, incident electron energy and radiated energy. In order to compare observed intensities with this expression, we have made corrections for self-absorption in the target, for loss of ionization due to backscatter and for absorption by the exit window of an x-ray tube. Our expression provides a better description of experimental observations than dose Kramers' equation.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 83-86 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Parts per billion amounts of heavy metal ions can be determined simultaneously by combining solvent extraction with microdroplet x-ray fluorescence measurement. The use of diisobutyl ketone as a solvent for the extraction of heavy metal ions with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate is effective for improving detection limits in x-ray analysis. A specially designed filter-paper is used as a sample medium in the microdropler x-ray fluorescence method and the volume of the droplets required for x-rey measurements is only 20-100 m̈l. The detection limits of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb ions are 15, 16, 8, 8, 13, 13, 40 ppb, respectively, for a 100-m̈l sample volume.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 91-97 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A computer program based on the use of Gaussian expressions for the x-ray distribution with depth [φ(ρz)curves] was tested on its usefulness for quantitative electron probe microanalysis. As the good results originally claimed for a similar program could not be reproduced initially, it was subjected to a detailed analysis. As a result, some modifications in the approach are proposed. Apart from increasing the speed of calculation considerably, the modified expressions provide a better insight into the delicate balance which has to exit between the relevant quantities involved. After a new optimization process the modified program was tested on about 450 published microanalyses. The results show that the φ(ρz) approach is indeed very promising as a narrow histogram with an r. m. s. value of 5. 4% could be produced. Finally, some suggestions are made for future improvements.
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    X-Ray Spectrometry 13 (1984), S. 99-99 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The backscatter region of an energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrum obtained by radioisotope photon excitation of a homogeneous, multi-element sample of any thickness is considered to be made up of a linear summation of several backscatter response spectra, each due to a constituent in the sample. A Monte Carlo computer program already developed for pure samples has been modified to generate these spectra and the results are compared with real spectra. The characteristic data used for each constituent in mixture and alloy samples, such as scattering cross-sections and Compton profiles, are those of pure elements. As for chemical-compound samples, an effective Compton profile is determined from a calibration graph and is used for all the constituent elements. It is shown that, for samples with unknown weight fractions, it is possible to generate the Ag Kα backscatter peaks dependent on such sample characteristics as density, thickness, approximate total cross-section determined from another calibration graph at the scattered photon energy and effective Compton profile. The unknown weight fractions for all the constituents, including those with very low atomic numbers, are then calculated by using the computer-simulated Ag Kα peaks for each constituent and a background spectrum as the standard library spectra of a linear least-squares program. The advantages and drawbacks of such a qualitative analysis together with future improvements are discussed.
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