ALBERT

Description: Some rain and savanna forests of western Suriname (Corantijn R., Winana Creek; Upper Marataka R.; Upper Nickerie R;) were studied and their composition was compared with that of forests of other parts of Suriname and Guyana. The savanna forests of western Suriname proved to be much related to Guyanan ( Walabaand Dakama-) savanna forests as described by Davis & Richards (1934) and Fanshawe (1952). On the other hand, there was less relationship as regards rain forests of western Suriname when compared with ones of Guyana and other parts of Suriname, except for the Demerara greenheart forest of the Upper Marataka R., which was closely related to the Demerara greenheart forests of Guyana as described by Davis & Richards (1934). In addition an upland rain forest was studied near Blanche Marie falls, Upper Nickerie R., which proved to be very much like that of the Stofbroekoe Mts., eastern Suriname, as described by Schils (1960). Species/area curves for some rain and savanna forests are given. The geographical distribution of some common western Surinam tree species was studied; of the seventeen species studied one was endemic for Suriname. An annotated list of all species of trees and palms occurring in the explored areas is provided.

Description: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Description: Beim Studium einer Anzahl in Peru gesammelter Convolvulaceen, welche die Direktionen des Botanischen Gartens und Museums in Berlin—Dahlem und des Field Museums in Chicago mir freundlichst zur Bearbeitung überliessen, fanden sich einige neue Arten, deren Beschreibung ich hier nebst kritischen Bemerkungen folgen lasse.

Description: The samples of the genus Calypogeia in the dutch institutional herbaria and private collections, those of C. arguta excluded, have been re-identified, according to the revision of the Swiss Calypogeias by Bischler (1957); distribution maps are given for all the taxa. More exact circumscriptions are given of several differentiating characters which were already established by previous authors. In C. fissa and C. sphagnicola the areolation of the leaves appeared to be a new differentiating character: in C. fissa the cells in the middle of the leaf show a great variation in length, whereas in C. sphagnicola the cell size is uniform. These differences are shown in histograms. C. muelleriana appeared to be restricted to the diluvial parts of the country, whereas C. fissa is common on both alluvium and diluvium; c. neesiana, C. sphagnicola and C. trichomanis are very rare, so that no clear geographical distribution can be given.

Description: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.

Description: Cyperus ruderalis Uitt. nov. spec. Annuus, viridis, culmis caespitosis, complanatis, raro trigonis, striatis, apicem versus modice setulosis, 6—10 cm longis, 1—1,5 mm latis, basi 0—2-foliatis. Foliis culmo multo brevioribus vel subaequilongis, 1,5—2,5 mm latis. Umbella simplex vel interdum mediocriter composita, 4—11-radiata, radiis 2,5 (0—3) cm longis, involucri foliis quattuor, uno usque ad 7 cm longo, secundo umbellam superante, tertio subaequante, quarto multo minore. Spiculis 2—3 mm, fructiferis usque ad 5 mm longis, 1,5 vel basi 2 mm latis, turgidis, densissime 10—30-fasciculatis, involucelli foliis squamiformibus ovatis vel oblongis, concavis, subcarinatis, carina setulosa, obtusis vel acutis, multinerviis, margine membranaceis, spiculis aequilongis. Rhachilla lata, flaccida, foveolata, exalata. Glumae dense imbricatae, patentes, late triangulares vel circulares, apice rotundatae, obtusissimae, nervo vix dorso excurrente, concavae, hand carinatae, virides, margine pellucidae, sub-3-nerviae, 1 mm longae. Stamen unicum, anthera oblonga, obtuse mucronata. Nux obovato-ellipsoidea, trigona, mucronata dimidio glumae aequilonga. Stylus nuce aequilongus ramis tribus e gluma exsertis.

Description: Dalbergia and Machaerium are two distinct genera. The former genus Ecastophyllum is a distinct entity in the genus Dalbergia. The former genus Drepanocarpus differs from Machaerium only in certain pod characters and is considered as congeneric with it.

Description: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Description: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Description: The present paper, the fifth¹) in this series, is a continuation of the documented list of chromosome numbers of Angiospermae occurring in the Netherlands. In this paper 49 species and two hybrids are listed. Some species show variation in chromosome number, as was concluded after comparison of our results with those of other authors [cf. the lists published by Löve and Löve (1961); Cave et al. (1956-1964); Ornduff (1967, 1968, 1969); Solbrig and Gadella (1970); Moore (1970)]. Some notes on 14 species and two hybrids are given.

Description: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Description: The circular which was enclosed in Bulletin 24 has received full attention of our readers and a large number of cards were received. The large majority favours the continuation of our annotated bibliography as it is, not cutting off references on the Australian and Pacific floras, and not discarding the references on the Cryptogams. A review of Mr. Ferguson’s Index is given on p. 1912. October 21, 1970, Foundation Flora Malesiana existed twenty years. This anniversary was marked by a small festivity in the Rijksherbarium. Although curtailed financially since January 1958, it has kept its promise to promote all studies encompassing progress of the botany and plant geography of the Malesian subcontinent. It is gratifying that with the distinct tendency of the rehabilitation of the economical and political situation in Indonesia during the last few years, science in general, and biology in particular, are getting a new impetus. Amongst others through international agreement and co-operation, two master organisations have been set up, SEAMEC and BIOTROP, the latter being the centre of biological studies and education allotted to Bogor. It is clear that this focus will be a great stimulant and will sponsor biological activity. It was particularly pleasant to learn from Professor Sarwono and Dr. Didin, chairman and secretary of LIPI respectively, that this general scientific rehabilitation scheme included assistance towards the Flora Malesiana Foundation. Although the scientific elaboration of Flora Malesiana has been transferred as a major work project to the Rijksherbarium, a necessity since 1958, there are various desiderata left, amongst others contributions from Indonesian systematists. Unfortunately, the net result of Dr. Kostermans’s efforts to have promising Indonesian students thoroughly trained and prepared to share the tremendous task still before us, is meagre. Two of them, Dr. Soegeng and Dr. Didin, are occupied with very responsible and very necessary but largely administrative tasks, Dr. Prijanto died unexpectedly, and Dr. Soepadmo spends his time largely on educational matters. Clearly something must be done and we trust that in the near future creative work by Indonesian systematists can be resumed. We shall, I sincerely hope, overcome, and the future carries certainly very promising features for a more intense co-operation. And disinterested loyal co-operation is the very basis of ensuring achievement. It is with immense satisfaction that I see this perspective of a bright future ahead.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae – b) Fungi & lichenes – c) Bryophytes – d) Pteridophytes – e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: During an ecological study of fungi of the tidal mudflats in Kuwait, a Sporothrix species has been recorded twice, in 1977 and 1980. It differs from other species of the genus (de Hoog, 1974, 1978) in several characters and is here described as a new species. A comparison with similar species of the genus is added.

Description: De in Nederland waargenomen soorten van Taraxacum uit de sectie Spectabilia Dahlst. zijn: T. anglicum Dahlst., T. euryphyllum (Dahlst.) Christ., T. hygrophilum v. S., T. johannis-jansenii v. S. en T. nordstedii Dahlst. Op de kaartjes is hun verspreiding weergegeven, in hoofdzaak berustend op gegevens van na 1950 (fig. 1, a—d). Zou men de oudere gegevens daaruit weglaten, zo zou het beeld dat de kaartjes bieden niet noemenswaard worden beïnvloed. Bij de steeds verder schrijdende cultuurmaatregelen worden deze, op natuurlijke standplaatsen groeiende soorten ernstig bedreigd. Volledigheidshalve zij vermeld dat nog twee nieuwe soorten uit deze sectie te zijner tijd in de Acta Botanica Neerlandica zullen worden gepubliceerd: T. duvigneaudii v. S. (Gouda-Waddinxveen) en T. zevenbergend v. S. (Hijzen bij Moergestel en Houtakker bij Tilburg).

Description: In 1960 I made a preliminary analysis of the floristic distribution of the native Phanerogam genera of the Pacific islands, which amounted to 1511 genera in all. The aims of the present work have been to record these more accurately and more critically in detail, especially with regard to native versus introduced, to complete the survey with new records from new explorations made during the interval, and to evaluate new taxonomic literature on Pacific genera. The present list amounts to a total of 1666 genera, as far as known in July 1969, listed in an Appendix. The floristic relationships of the Pacific islands and the surrounding continental areas are established and a hierarchical subdivision of the flora of the Pacific islands based on demarcations in it is made. Furthermore a nomenclatural stabilization of the names and ranks of the subdivisions is attempted. Chapter IV, 3. An attempt was also made to find factual data on the correlation between distribution and means of dispersal. Chapter IV, 4. Secondary aims were to review earlier attemps towards a subdivision of the Pacific flora (Chapter II), two other secondary purposes to see whether traces of the historic plant-geography of the Pacific flora are still reflected in the present flora (Chapter V), and finally to compare geographic subdivisions and other data from non-Phanerogam taxa, mostly animals, with floristics. Chapter VI. Chapter III is devoted to an explanation and a discussion of the methods employed. Arguments are given why only Phanerogams have been considered and why only native genera have been used for computing results. Chapter III, 1—2. Arguments are given for employing the genus as a working unit. It is shown that the genus is much less susceptible to variability in taxonomic concepts than either the species or the family. Besides it is comparatively easy to establish the distribution of a genus fairly reasonably from literature. Chapter III, 3. Chapter III, 4 is devoted to a discussion on the sources of information on which this work is based, comprising i.a. literature, herbarium collections and personal information. Many errors are contained in the first two of these and it cannot be avoided that some mistakes have not been detected. Also, the island groups have been investigated with a varying degree of intensity. The island groups in the Pacific are taken as geographic units of which there are 36. The surrounding land masses are divided into 12 main areas. Chapter III, 5. Of each genus occurring in any of the 36 Pacific unit areas the full distribution is traced. See Appendix. From a comparative study of generic ranges, it has appeared that they exhibit a restricted number of recognizable patterns, 17 of which have been distinguished. These I have called distribution types in this work. Chapter III, 6. The choice of geographic unit areas introduces a certain element of arbitrariness. Each island group can then be characterized by its set of distribution types: the distribution types spectra. It is also possible to calculate floristic relationships or resemblance between the island groups, for which a number of methods are discussed and evaluated. It appears that basically all methods lead to more or less similar conclusions. Chapter III, 9. As a test for the validity of the conclusions based on the distribution of all genera, similar calculations were performed on 345 revised or otherwise well-known taxa. Although the percentages of the distribution types are slightly different the general conclusions are corroborated. Chapter III, 7. In addition, an attempt has been made to find whether there is a correlation between the distribution and the means of dispersal of these revised or otherwise well-known taxa. Chapter III, 8. One of the most important results of this work is the census of Pacific genera. See Appendix. By using the method of distribution types spectra, demarcation knots and other methods it has been possible to find demarcations and to define phytochores. The main demarcation is that between the New and Old World floras. A hierarchy is set up of subdivisions which is illustrated in fig. 35 and tabulated in table 6. It appears that a strong demarcation exists between the islands on the American side of the Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) and the western islands. Hawaii and SE. Polynesia form the easternmost frontier of the OldWorld flora. This conclusion was reached almost unanimously by all phytogeographers, one of the earliest being Engler after whom I have proposed to name this demarcation: Engler’s line. In the W. Pacific Bonin in the north and New Zealand and adjacent islands in the south show a sharp demarcation from the rest, Bonin forming part of the E. Asiatic region, and New Zealand forming a distinct subregion of the Australian. New Caledonia cannot be satisfactorily placed. It shows relations with New Guinea, Queensland and the Pacific in about equal measure. Besides it abounds in endemics, some of which are highly peculiar in various aspects. The remaining part of the Pacific shows an essentially Malesian character, decreasing in strength from west to east. The New Hebrides with Fiji, Samoa and Tonga form a subprovince as does SE. Polynesia, Hawaii is considered a separate province of the Malesian subregion. Unlike the islands west of Engler’s line the American Pacific islands show very little mutual floristic alliance, but they all have a characteristic American flora. Comparisons with subdivisions and demarcations of other groups of organisms show that often, but not always, the same barriers are respected by unrelated groups. My data give certain indications about the past but no attempt has been made to correlate the conclusions with contemporary geological theories. The regularity of distribution patterns, the close floristic alliance among the islands west of Engler’s line independent of their distance from each other, combined with the fact that dispersal spectra show no clear correlation between distribution and ‘dispersibility’, suggests an old relictual character of the flora rather than a young one built up by random long-distance dispersal. This applies especially to the W. Carolines, the Melanesian islands, Lord Howe I. and New Zealand, i.e. islands more or less within the Andesite line, which are much richer and contain many poor dispersers. For Hawaii also a better accessibility in the past seems indicated. The regular decrease in the number of taxa in proportion to their distance from source areas is discussed. An attempt is made to explain the phenomenon. A tentative conclusion is reached that impoverishment and other phenomena attributed to oceanic islands are not restricted to these. A large scale comparative study of continental and island floras is needed.

Description: In January 1971 Dr. Simon Jan van Ooststroom, senior botanist of the Rijksherbarium, retired on reaching the age of 65, having been on the staff since November 1934. Though this event will to a certain extent change, but not interrupt, his work, it is nevertheless worth commemorating, as he has so many contacts at home and abroad, all of whom have profited from his wide knowledge which he shared freely. He was born in Rotterdam in 1906, where he received his primary and part of his secondary education. He completed the latter in Schiedam and entered the University of Utrecht in 1924. He became the assistant of Prof. Dr. A. Pulle in January 1927. By chance he became interested in the genus Evolvulus and this led him to compose an excellent world monograph of this genus for which he was awarded his doctor’s degree in 1934 and which furthermore caused a life-long interest in the bindweed family, on which he became a most reliable authority, especially for the Indo-Australian region. Many papers emanated from these studies, culminating in his treatment (assisted by Dr. R. D. Hoogland) of the family in Flora Malesiana (1953).

Description: Among the collections of Knema acquired by the Rijksherbarium since the publication of my new account of the genus Knema, in Blumea 25, 1979: 321 — 478, a few specimens caused problems with the identification, and at closer examination these yielded facts of interest which are published here. Some specimens represented stages not yet known, for instance fruits, or male flowers, while other specimens meant a significant range extension of the species. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. For easy reference, the sequence and numbers of the species presently treated correspond with the numbers as used in the account of 1979. The new species bear the number of the species after which they appear in the general key of 1979, with the addition ‘-bis’.

Description: The early development (ontogeny) of the carpels of 20 species belonging to 8 apocarpous families was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that on the floral apex a circular or a convex meristem develops into an obliquely ascidiate primordium by unequal growth of its periphery. By further unequal growth it develops into a young carpel. The terminal mouth of a cup becomes the lateral cleft of a carpel. The different forms of the young carpels in different species are defined by the varying degree of development of the adaxial region of the initial meristem and/or its margin on the side of the floral apex. This hypothesis is theoretically evaluated.

Description: A peculiar structural detail, occurring during the development of ovules, seems to have passed almost unnoticed till the present day. It concerns the distal rim of either the outer or the inner integument, which appears to be slightly lobed in the ovules of several unrelated plants. In a recent note (1970) I called attention to this feature. It is known from Juglans and Platycaria (Warming, 1878; Leroy, 1955; Boesewinkel and Bouman, 1967), where the single integument is two-lobed. Warming mentioned two more cases, namely Lagarosiphon and Symplocarpus; however, I cannot confirm his observations from dried material. I noticed it myself in Scyphostegia horneensis, in Caloncoba welwitschii, and in Sterculia alexandri. In these three species the lobes occur at the rim of the outer integument. To these can now be added Hernandia peltata. However, in that species the lobes occur at the rim of the inner integument.

Description: The stomata as occurring on the fronds of the sporophytes of a large number of Polypodiaceae s.s. (Filicales) are investigated. A number of different stomatal types is recognised, (newly) described, and their ontogeny investigated. The different types of stomata are discussed in relation to their possible significance for tracing phylogenetic relationships in the Polypodiaceae following a cladistic analysis.

Description: The new scheme of classification presented in this paper is based on the examination of all species in the family Thelypteridaceae which I have been able to trace in the Old World. I have gradually compiled a list of about 700 names (basionyms) and have examined type or other authentic material of all but a small proportion; and in the course of study of specimens in many herbaria I have noted about another 50 species which appear to be undescribed. I have attempted to re-describe all the previously-named species, noting characters not mentioned in existing descriptions, especially the detailed distribution of hairs and glands, including those on the body and stalk of sporangia, and characters of spores. It is probable that there remain some published names, not yet detected by me, which refer to species of the family, but I think there are not many. I have also made a study of all generic and infrageneric names which are typifiable by species of Thelypteridaceae, and in doubtful cases I have tried to clarify and fix the typification. As already reported in the second paper of this series (Blumea 18: 195—215), I have had the help of Dr. U. Sen and Miss N. Mittra in examining anatomical and other microscopic characters of some type species, and hope to present further information of this kind later.

Description: Until now three species of apetalous Hamamelidoideae have been reported from Taiwan (Li, 1963): Distylium gracile Nakai, Distylium racemosum Sieb. & Zucc., and Sycopsis formosana (Kanehira) Kanehira & Hatusima (close to or identical with S. sinensis Oliver). A list of the specimens of the Herbarium of the National Taiwan University, Taipei (TAI), kindly sent by Prof. Ch. E. DeVol (Oct. 3, 1970), contains the same three species.

Description: A world-revision of Arthraxon Beauv. ( Gramineae) is presented. Three wide-spread species, A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, A. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst., and A. lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. are very variable and have caused the description of a great number of taxa, most of which are here reduced to synonomy. There are now 7 species and 9 varieties; for 6 of the latter new combinations are proposed. No new taxa are described.

Description: In April 1969 I paid a visit to Ceylon for a week, allowing me to study for the first time the collections of the Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya (PDA), including Thwaites type specimens. My stay was made possible through the Smithsonian Flora of Ceylon Project. The study of Thwaites’ type material revealed some new facts affecting the synonymy of Ochna jabotapita L. and O. obtusata DC. It had previously come to my attention that materials distributed as O. moonii Thw. under number C.P. 1224 belonged to either O. obtusata (BM, BO) or O. lanceolata Spreng. (K, P) (see also the note on page 26 of my revision). I subsequently found that all three species of Ochna in Ceylon were represented on the sheet in PDA, obviously bearing Thwaites’ holotype. From this and accompanying sheets it is clear that the material belonging to O. jabotapita should in fact be designated as the holotype of Thwaites’ species. Consequently, the whole paragraph under O. moonii on page 30 of my revision should be transferred from the synonymy of O. obtusata to that of O. jabotapita. The phrase ‘excl. syn. O. quarrosa L. sensu Moon = O. jabotapita L. ’should be deleted. The type should be referred to as C.P. 1224 p.p. (PDA p.p. holo).

Description: A massive, expensive book, principally an atlas of small botanical drawings (line drawings, c. 10 by 6 cm, two to a page), each provided with the Latin and vernacular name, a concise 2—4 line descriptive note, and the use of the plant. A similar text is added in Japanese. Most pictures are reproduced at ½ nat. size. Species are arranged alphabetically within the families which are in turn arranged according to the Englerian system. Only Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are included. Prof. Corner is responsible for checking the names and the brief descriptive notes. The pictures were drawn by Prof. Watanabe during World War II for the Japanese Military Administration at the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Two volumes of these drawings were already published in small octavo in 1945 at Singapore, one on Medicinal Plants, the second on Edible Plants. A selection of some 200 plates was also later published by Prof. H. B. Gilliland in his ‘Common Malayan Plants’ in 1958 (University of Malaya Press, Singapore). The present work embraces all pictures made by Prof. Watanabe, many unpublished before, with addition of a number not made at Singapore, amongst them several of rare parasitic and saprophytic species from Borneo and Celebes, Pandanus from New Guinea, and other interesting odds, even from Japan, the Bonins, etc.

Description: A key is given to 7 species, 6 of which occur in Malesia. Of each the basionyms and a restricted synonymy are given, besides notes on their distribution. Rotala diversifolia Koehne, hitherto only known from Thailand, appears to occur in several localities in Malesia. A new combination, R. catholica (Cham. & Schlechtend.) B. van Leeuwen, is proposed for the American R. dentifera (A. Gray) Koehne, introduced in Luzon.

Description: Differt a typo praesertim columna valde abbreviata, tantum 8 mm. longa, bene torta, aristis brevioribus, circa 25 mm. longis; glumae inaequilongae, inferior 8—10 mm. longa, acuta, superior 13—14 mm. longa, subobtusa, gluma fertilis laevissima, callo acuto 1½ mm. longo, ad 5. mm. longa. Central South Australia: without precise locality, collected bij H. J. HILLIER, no. 46. Type in the Kew Herbarium, presented in 1906.

Description: Il est évident qu’un pays boréal comme la Hollande ne pourrait être riche en Phalloïdées. Dans l’Europe entière même on n’a trouvé qu’un très petit nombre d’espèces, et l’on peut dire pour cause que les Phalloïdées sont une famille surtout méridionale sinon tropicale. Dans la littérature on trouve environ 6 (ou 7) espèces mentionnées pour l’Europe [p. e. LLOYD, 25c, p. 72], Parmi celles-ci quelques unes sont limitées à la région méditerranéenne, quelques autres ne sont signalées que çà et là comme des trouvailles plus ou moins accidentelles ou rares. Deux espèces seules se rencontrent régulièrement en quantité plus considérable et en plusieurs endroits de l’Europe centrale et occidentale. Aussi ne faudrait-il pas la peine de consacrer une étude spéciale aux Phalloïdées des Pays-Bas, s’il n’était arrivé qu’une des Phalloïdées les plus rares de l’Europe a été trouvée déjà deux fois en Hollande. D’autre part il y a sur les Phalloïdées des Pays-Bas des renseignements qui appartiennent sans doute aux plus anciens qu’on en connaisse. Ils se trouvent répandus çà et là dans de la littérature peu accessible ou rare. Plusieurs auteurs y ont consacré des mémoires, mais souvent sans avoir examiné les publications originales. Par suite il reste encore quelques contradictions à résoudre.

Description: The Netherlands is to be congratulated in having available within its borders such an outstandingly important collection of historical botanical material as that preserved in the Rijks Herbarium at Leiden. To a greater and greater degree the importance of this great assemblage of botanical specimens becomes manifest as critical work is done on it and on the corresponding collections in other botanical centers, and as various natural groups are treated monographically. In many groups of plants, particularly those represented in the Netherlands East Indies, the Rijks Herbarium is the court of last resort in determining the exact status of many hundreds of described species, because in this collection are deposited the actual types of the very numerous species described by REINWARDT, BLUME, KORTHALS, MIQUEL, BÜSE and other pioneer botanists who did the original basic work on the exceedingly rich flora of Malaysia. In addition to these early botanical collections the institution contains a most important series of specimens collected within the past half century in all parts of Malaysia, extending from Sumatra to New Guinea and including the Philippines. It is an almost hopeless task accurately to indentify these recent collections without reference to the vast stores of historical material preserved in Leiden. While it is true that extensive collections of Malaysian plants are to be found in other botanical centers, such as Kew, the British Museum, the Paris Museum, the Berlin Botanical Garden, the Natural History Museum, Vienna, the New York Botanical Garden, the United States National Herbarium, and at such distant centers as Buitenzorg, Singapore, Calcutta, and Manila, not one of these institutions has such great wealth of historical Malaysian material as is to be found in the archives of the Rijks Herbarium. In extent, that is in the actual number of specimens of Malaysian plants, disregarding the historical aspects of the collection, no botanical institution in the world contains such a mass of Malaysian material as that preserved in Leiden. While it is true that in the past some monographs have been prepared on the basis of an actual examination of material in several institutions, much such work has been done solely on the basis of collections available in one center. The modern tendency is for botanists to go farther afield and in doing really critical work to examine the historical material preserved in the larger botanical centers. This may and usually does involve more or less travel, but many centers now provide for inter-institutional loans, while it is usually possible to secure photographs of really important specimens. Through such cooperation monographic work is rendered much more inclusive, more valuable, and more accurate than in those cases where a monographer has based his work largely or wholly on the collections in one institution; and where his knowledge of those species not represented in his own institution was gained from the descriptions alone. It is axiomatic that no monographic treatment is fully satisfactory unless it is actually based on comprehensive collections where the author, through one means or another, has been able critically to examine actual specimens of most or all of the species considered by him, including as far as possible the actual types on which the original descriptions were based.

Description: De stichting van ’s Rijks Herbarium kwam tot stand bij Koninklijk Besluit van 31 Maart 1829 (zie Bijlage 1). De basis voor ’s Rijks collecties werd gevormd door de verzamelingen van BLUME, KUHL en VAN HASSELT, en ZIPPELIUS, welke door BLUME uit Nederlandsch-Indië waren meegebracht, terwijl BLUME zelf tot Directeur van het Instituut werd benoemd. De rijke, grondleggende collecties voor de studie van de flora van Nederlandsch-Indië — het Rijks Herbarium — zou in een gebouw te Brussel worden ondergebracht en bij schrijven der Regeering der Stad Brussel No. 670 van 23 Febr. 1830 werd aan BLUME meegedeeld, dat zoodra mogelijk in het Koninklijk Athenaeum de noodige vertrekken tot provisioneele opberging van het Rijks Herbarium ter beschikking zouden worden gesteld. Bij zijn benoeming tot directeur werd aan BLUME een bijzondere onderscheiding verleend, n.l. de titel van Hoogleeraar en toekenning van een ridderorde. Hoewel BLUME’S vertrek uit Indië misschien niet geheel vrijwillig is geweest (zie SIRKS 1915, Indisch Natuuronderzoek p. 141), had hij als eerste directeur van den tuin te Buitenzorg zich zeer verdienstelijk gemaakt en zich doen kennen als een uitstekend botanicus en energiek man. „BLUME’S ijver en werkkracht ten bate van den Plantentuin te Buitenzorg ontwikkeld, tijdens de 4 jaren waarin hij het directeurschap bekleedde, waren buitengewoon.” (TREUB 1892, Korte geschiedenis van ’s Lands Plantentuin p. 8). De catalogus van den Hortus Bogoriensis en de Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië leggen getuigenis af van zijn werkijver en arbeidsvermogen.

Description: Owing to their limited possibilities for either active or passive dispersal, their association with the soil habitat, their vulnerability towards a dry atmosphere, and, in fact, on account of their general ecology and ethology, Diplopoda among arthropods are surely one of the most important classes in relation to the study of historical biogeography. For the class as a whole the sea appears to be an unsuperable barrier as is proved by the almost complete absence of endemic taxa on oceanic islands. In many cases lowland plains also act as severe obstacles against the dispersal of millipedes. The presence or absence of diplopods on islands or continents, therefore, may give a strong argument in favour or against any supposed former land connection. The long geographical isolation of the Australian continent and the absence of endemic higher taxa seems to imply that most, if not all, of its diplopod fauna dates from the time this continent was solidly attached to other southern continents, i.e. the Mesozoic. Subsequent penetration of fauna elements from the north or northwest seems utterly unlikely, although perhaps not entirely impossible.

Description: Although the corals and reefs of Curaçao are fairly well known (VAN DER HORST 1927, Roos 1964, 1967), information about coral growth around the other islands of the Netherlands Antilles is still lacking. This paper offers the first comprehensive study of the reef corals of this area: Aruba, Curaçao (with Klein Curaçao), Bonaire (with Klein Bonaire), St. Martin, Saba and St. Eustatius. Due to practical reasons, however, the survey had to be restricted in several respects.

Description: Au printemps 1929, j'entrepris de dresser la carte d'une partie des Alpes Bergamasques, partie limitée à l'Est par celle que Jong a traitée. La frontière méridionale est formée en partie par la Valsassina jusqu'à Cortenova, en partie par la faille du Val Torta-Baiedo (Baiedo se trouve à 1½ km au SSW d'Introbio). De Cortenova à Premana le Val Rossiga et le Val Marcia séparent mon terrain de celui de mon collègue Buning. Vers le Nord il s'étend jusqu'au Val Varrone et jusqu'à la crête qui va vers la Bocchetta di Trona, en passant par le Pzo. Cavallo et le Pzo. Melasc. Diverses circonstances ne m'ont permis de terminer mes travaux de mise en carte définitive qu'au cours de l'été 1931.

Description: In deze publicatie zal het mineragraphisch onderzoek der loodzinkertsen met hunne eventueele begeleiders bariet en fluoriet uit het Ladinien der Bergamasker Alpen behandeld worden. Na een historisch overzicht van den mijnbouw, die in deze streken reeds aan het begin onzer jaartelling uitgeoefend werd, zal een korte samenvatting der topographie en stratigraphie volgen, waarna de resultaten van het microscopisch onderzoek volgens de methode Schneiderhöhn een plaats zullen vinden. Het onderzochte materiaal is bijeengebracht door de heeren Beyerinck en Visser en door schrijver dezes, gedurende den tijd dat zij voor geologische kaarteeringswerkzaamheden in de Bergamasker Alpen vertoefden. Het materiaal is afkomstig uit de mijncentra gelegen in het gebied tusschen den Brembo en den Serio. In zijn „La géologie de la vallée du Brembo et de ses affluents entre Lenna et San Pellegrino” (Lit. 2) heeft schrijver dezes reeds uitvoerig de stratigraphie en de topographie van de Valle Brembana beschreven, zoodat met een korte samenvatting der stratigraphie en der topographie volstaan kan worden. Hoewel Beyerinck binnen korten tijd een geologische studie van het centraal gelegen gebied het licht hoopt te laten zien, was hij toch zoo vriendelijk mij eenige stratigraphische gegevens te verstrekken, die in de samenvatting verwerkt werden.

Description: Prof. Dr. J. H. P. Umbgrove war so freundlich mir die von ihm und Prof. Molengraaff gesammelten Gesteine der Togianinseln und Oena-Oena im Golf von Tomini, Celebes, zur Untersuchung zu übergeben. Das ermöglichte mir eine mehr ausführliche Beschreibung und einige Analysen dieser Gesteine zu geben. Die sämtliche Literatur ist in den „Leidsche Geologische Mededeelingen” Teil III, Seite 249 zu finden, wo selbst Prof. Umbgrove die Vulkaninsel Oena-Oena beschreibt.

Description: 1. Cassiopea xamachana is unable to tolerate any wave action, turbulence or currents. 2. Although the species is found only in shallow water where the light intensity is high, it could not be demonstrated that light intensity is an important factor. 3. Normal temperature fluctuations — at least in the Antilles — are of no significance as the range that Cassiopea under laboratory conditions proved to be able to withstand is wider than the fluctuations occurring in their natural environment. On the other hand, after heavy rainfall when the pools are covered with fresh water the bottom water temperature may rise to deleterious levels. 4. The salinity range in the habitat of Cassiopea is from about 33‰ to 54‰. When the regeneration rate is used as a parameter for optimum salinity conditions, supersaline water of about 40‰ is optimal, which is about the average salinity in their natural habitat in Curaçao. In the Dry Tortugas, where the salinity is lower, optimum regeneration occurs at a lower salinity level, as reported by GOLDFARB, 1914.

Description: The number of fossils that have been described from the Netherlands Territory in America is not very large. The descriptions are, however, scattered over a rather large number of publications, many of which will be found only incidentally by a reader who occupies himself intensely with the geological literature on the Antilles. It has therefore seemed to me to be a useful work to gather the data on these fossils as completely as possible, and the making of this catalogue has been especially agreeable to me, as a very large part of the fossils under discussion have been collected by Prof. Martin, in whose honour this book is edited. Some remarks may precede the catalogue.

Description: Die Versteinerungen, welche den Gegenstand der folgenden Untersuchungen bilden, stammen aus Asphaltkalken der Insel Buton (holländisch Boeton) und befanden sich teils in der Sammlung vom „Dienst van den Mijnbouw” in Niederländisch Ost-Indien. Andere waren im Besitz von Herrn Prof. Dr. J. H. F. Umbgrove in Delft, der mir alles, mit Einsehluss der erstgenannten Objekte von ihm selber praepariert, übergab, wofür ich ihm hiermit meinen besten Dank ausspreche. Für die Praeparation sind die Objekte einige Wochen in Petroleum gelegt und dann mit Benzin gereinigt, wodurch sie völlig frei wurden, so dass alle Einzelheiten der Skulptur erkennbar sind. Nachträglieh empfing ich noch zwei Exemplare von bereits untersuchten Arten von Herrn Prof. Dr. H. Gerth in Amsterdam. Die Fossilien sind teils von Herrn Dr. Ir. W. H. Hetzel gesammelt, einige von Herrn J. Flemisch, welcher bei der Firma Schuurman Volker beschäftigt war, und andere von Herrn W. F. Germeraad, dem früheren Direktor der „Boeton Maatschappij”. Durch die Anfertigung der mit Hilfe von ultraviolettem Licht erhaltenen Abbildungen und durch Beschaffung von Literatur hat Herr Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk, Lektor in Leiden, mich ganz besonders verpflichtet, desgleichen durch technische Hilfe bei der Herstellung der Photographieen Herr A. C. Rosemeier hieselbst.

Description: Several investigators have tackled the problem of the main causes that produce the slopes of volcanic cones, especially with a view to explaining the characteristic concave profiles of strato-volcanoes *). A satisfactory result has not been arrived at, however. This became evident to the present author while studying the submarine slopes of volcanoes in the East Indies. A number of submarine sections of isolated volcanic piles were constructed from the echo-soundings of the Snellius Expedition and from the data contained in the fair sheets of the Hydrographical Survey. These sections combined with the corresponding subaerial profiles will be reproduced in the Scientific Results of “the Snellius Expedition, Volume V: Geology, Part 1: Geological Interpretation of the Bathymetrical Results”, together with a discussion of their shapes and the mode of their formation. An explanation of the wet part of the slope is not possible, however, until we understand the agents influencing the dry part. But as we said, this subject has not been adequately treated. An attempt had therefore first to be made to analyse the factors that play a part in the production of subaerial slopes of volcanoes. In order to test the validity of the deductions an experimental investigation was undertaken that will be described below. These experiments were carried out in the laboratory for experimental geology in the Leyden geological institute.

Description: Phillipsia? parvula Beyrich. — Perm. Timor, lit. 1, p. 87, t. 2, fig. 17a, 17b; Perm. Timor et Rotti, lit. 3, p. 89. Neoproetus indicus Tesch. — Carbon. Sumatra, lit. 11, p. 1082; lit. 30, p. 6; lit. 37, p. 610; Perm. Timor, lit. 38, p. 128, t. 178 (1), fig. 1—5.

Description: Recent investigations of the distribution of trace elements in metamorphic index minerals of metapelites have revealed, that the plurifacial character of the Hercynian metamorphism in this area is confirmed by the distribution of Yttrium in Hercynian garnets of the metamorphic series.

Description: The formation of thick piles of flysch-like sediments needs the existence of narrowed seas, active denouement of neighbouring continents, and generalized marginal subsidence. These conditions are present during the initial and final stages of Wilson’s perceptive cycle. In this context, the Late Precambrian flysch of the Iberian Massif must be related to the initial rifting, whilst the Culm of southwestern Iberia was accumulated during an episode of Upper Palaeozoic subduction that remained active after the impingement of Iberia against North America. Culm sediments shed from the uplifted collision zone and fed into a remnant ocean that remained at the nonsutured southern border of Iberia. This model of synorogenic flysch formation has been described elsewhere for similar plate arrangements. On other grounds this model provides a framework that explains the different structural and magmatic trends of the Ossa-Morena Zone (near the active margin) in the context of the rest of the Massif (basement reactivation). In addition to this, it seems to support a partly primary origin for the Iberian arc versus a secondary origin.

Description: Notwithstanding the fact that representants of this group were already known to Prof. C. G. Ehrenberg, the great micropaleontologist of the first half of the 19th century and subsequent authors have mentioned them from various localities, they have remained almost unknown. Their organic nature too has not always been recognised. In 1843 Prof. Ehrenberg referred them to his group „Polygastern” with the name Actiniscus; in his „Microgeologie”, however, they were considered as inorganic bodies and mentioned as „Crystalldrusen"", „Seheibensternchen"" or „Crystalloids"" (Bibl. 2, p. 115, p. 156, etc.). Very accurate descriptions of these forms are given by Mr. Hill from Barbados, where they are found in the calciferous oceanic deposits lying under the famous Radiolarian deposits in the marls directly overlain by the raised coral reefs (Bibl. 4, p. 177 & 216). He called them „crystalloids"".

Description: The Lois-Ciguera Formation is a unit of alternating limestones and terrigenous sediments of Lower to Upper Moscovian age in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain. The proportion of limestones is fairly high, 30 to 50% of the total thickness. In the eastern part of the Lois-Ciguera Synclinorium, the formation consists almost exclusively of limestones. One section (LSW) is selected to serve as a model for the depositional and diagenetic textures of the limestones of the entire formation. More than 80% of the limestones appear to be algal-bound. Description and subdivision of these algal boundstones was possible by a modification of the classification scheme of Dunham (1962). The algal boundstones are classified as algal-bound lime mudstones, algal-bound lime wackestones and algal-bound lime packstones. Algal-bound lime wackestones and algal-bound lime packstones appear to be the most important. The first are thought to have been formed on the floor of a quiet lagoon by precipitation of algal micrite in the hairy masses of non-calcareous Algae (pseudostromata bioherms). Among the algal-bound lime packstones, three groups can be distinguished: (1) those formed by intergrowth of calcareous Algae (calcareous Alga bioherms), (2) those representing carbonate sand from littoral or lagoonal settings invaded and bound or agglutinated or entrapped by non-calcareous Algae, (3) those intermediate between groups (1) and (2). The bioherms of calcareous Algae are thought to have formed at a depth ranging between low tide level and ca. 12 m in an environment of variable turbulence. Neomorphism of algal-bound micrite is distinct from neomorphism in mechanically deposited micrite because of the interaction of pore-filling calcite in the originally porous algal micrite sustained by an organic framework. Several generations of pore-filling calcite can be distinguished. Complete filling of the pores with calcite may have occurred during an epidiagenetic interphase during syndiagenesis. There are indications that dolomitization was syndiagenetic. Both the capillary action/evapo-transpiration theory and the theory of a refluxing hypersaline brine may provide explanations which fit the conditions of formation of the LSW dolomitic limestones (dolomite content of 5 volume percent or more). The low dolomite content of 5 volume percent or less of the LSW limestones is explained by neomorphism of the originally high-magnesium algal micrite during cementation. Calcitized dolomite crystals and diagenetic silica are commonly observed together in the LSW limestones. It is shown that silicification is the cause of calcitization of the dolomite crystals. The origin of the diagenetic silica is ascribed to the ability of living algal mats to hold considerable concentrations of silica in solution in their interstitial waters. The silica is precipitated during early burial of the algal-bound sediment and goes into solution again during cementation of the limestones. Reprecipitation of the silica occurs after sharp-edged fracturing. Several phenomena of carbonate solution are described. Void creating solution is confined to limestones supported by an algal framework. At present all original pores and voids in the LSW limestones are filled with calcite and the porosity is low. The sequence of diagenetic changes has been analyzed and summarized separately for LSW limestones with an epidiagenetic interphase during syndiagenesis and those lacking an epidiagenetic interphase.

Description: Following the example of Professor K. Martin I have as far as possible used the subdivision given by P. Fischer in his „Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie Conchyliologique”. For the stratigraphy I used the system of E. Haug: „Traité de Géologie”. Following the general custom, however, the Rhaetian is counted to the Trias and the Berriasian as formation parting the Jurassic from the Cretaceous.

Description: Als ich im Jahre 1930 zum ersten Male die Bergamasker Alpen besuchte, um in Gesellschaft mit Herrn Bouman ein Gebiet für meine Dissertation zu wählen, waren die orobischen Alpen eine Offenbarung für mich. Diese in alpinistischer und touristischer Hinsicht vergessene Berggruppe besass soviel Reiz, dass meine Erwartungen bei jedem neuen Besuch wieder übertroffen wurden. Für meine Feldarbeit wählte ich ein Gebiet, das an die schon früher von Leidener Geologen kartierte Region östlich anschliesst (vgl. Fig. 1). Es umfasst einen Teil des Hauptkammes, südlich davon den Oberlauf und das Quellgebiet des östlichen Bremboflusses sowie einen Teil des Beckens der Laghi Gemelli und des Lago Colombo, und nördlich vom Hauptkamm das Venina- und Ambriatal bis zu ihrer Vereinigung. Diese Nebentäler des Veltlins gehören zum Stromgebiet der Adda.

Description: Die Geologie des ostindischen Archipels hat im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte so beträchtliche Fortschritte aufzuweisen, dass es von Jahr zu Jahr schwieriger wird, den neuen Tatsachen und Erkenntnissen zu folgen. Auch die Stratigraphie der mesozoischen Ablagerungen dieses ausgedehnten Gebietes hat sich so rasch weiter entwickelt, dass selbst die neuesten stratigraphischen Uebersichten in den bekannten, zusammenfassenden Werken von Brouwer (21) und Rutten (86) heute in manchen Teilen schon wieder veraltet sind. Eine erneute Zusammenfassung dürfte daher nicht ohne Nutzen sein. Aus diesem Grunde bin ich gerne der Aufforderung nachgekommen, diese Aufgabe hier zu übernehmen, beschränke mich aber auf die Wiedergabe des heute vorliegenden Tatsachenmaterials, so verlockend es auch wäre, weitergehende Schlüsse daran zu knüpfen. Gelten doch die Worte, die K. Martin vor 24 Jahren geprägt hat, als er in seiner Schrift „Mesozoisches Land und Meer im Indischen Archipel” die erste Uebersicht über diesen Gegenstand veröffentlichte, trotz aller späteren Fortschritte auch heute noch in fast gleichem Umfange wie damals: „Das vorliegende Material genügt nicht einmal für eine rohe Skizze; denn das ausgedehnte Gebiet ist noch viel zu oberflächlich untersucht und namentlich sind negative Merkmale, aus dem Fehlen dieser oder jener Formation hergeleitet, vorläufig nur mit grösstem Vorbehalt zu verwenden.”

Description: Im Folgenden werden alle Arten, die ich in der Literatur beschrieben oder auch nur erwähnt fand, systematisch aufgezählt. Da es sich fast nur um mehr oder weniger unvollständige Röhren von Würmern handelt, lohnt es sich nicht, einzeln anzugeben, was für Reste vorliegen, so angebracht dies sonst erscheint. Noch lebende Formen sind mit einem * bezeichnet; nach meiner Ansicht fragliche mit (?).

Description: Larvae of the crabs Menippe mercenaria Say (Menippidae), Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards, Neopanope sayi Smith (Xanthidae), Sesarma cinereum Bosc (Grapsidae), and Libinia emerginata Leach (Majidae) were reared in the laboratory. Starvation periods different in length and timing within the first zoeal stage were studied as to their effects on later development and survival rate. After 1-3 days of initial feeding, most larvae had accumulated enough reserves to reach the second stage, independently of further food availability. The development of the survivors was delayed in the following stages, and their later mortality rate was higher than the fed controls. Starvation periods commencing directly after hatching of the larvae exert far stronger negative effects than those beginning later. All observations suggest a particularly sensitive phase in the beginning of larval life in brachyurans. When initial starvation periods exceed the point-of-no-return (PNR), the larvae will die later, even if feeding begins long before the energy reserves are depleted. Temporary lack of suitable prey may be an ecological factor controlling the survival of crab larvae as effectively as physical factors.

Description: Resistance to starvation in early larval stages of six species of brachyuran crabs representing four families was observed at various constant temperatures. In the optimal temperature range of 25-30°C for these warm temperate crab larvae, survival time of starved zoeae was longer than the development duration time in fed zoeae, while at lower temperatures the relationship of these two duration periods became inversed. This response pattern is found in larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and is considered to be typical for warm temperature brachyuran larvae. It indicates that reserved utilization is strongly controlled by temperature, but not to the same degree as development.

Description: Early diagenetic ultrastructural alterations of benthic foraminifers of the genera Elphidium and Ophtalmina from the shallow water sediments of the Kiel Bight were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Pure solution patterns were deduced from supplementary experiments.Several carbonate destroying processes can be specified by ultrastructural patterns of the shell surfaces. Based on these patterns three zones are established, each showing different mechanisms of shell fragmentation: 1) zone of abrasion, 2) zone of disintegration, 3) zone of corrosion. This zonation depends on the water depth and is caused primarily by water agitation and by undersaturation of the bottom water with respect to carbonate.

Description: The influence of starvation on larval development of the spider crab H. araneus (L.) was studied in laboratory experiments. No larval stage suffering from continual lack of food had sufficient energy reserves to reach the next instar. Maximal survival times were observed at four different constant temperatures (2°, 6°, 12° and 18°C). In general, starvation resistance decreased as temperatures increased: from 72 to 12 days in the zoea-1, from 48 to 18 days in the zoea-2, and from 48 to 15 days in the megalopa stage. The conclusion, based on own observations and on literature data, is that initial feeding is of paramount importance in the early development of planktotrophic decapod larvae. Taking into account hormonal and other developmental processes during the first moult cycle, a general hypothesis is proposed to explain the key role of first food uptake as well as the response pattern of the zoea-1 stage to differential starvation periods.

Description: The palynological assemblage from Lettenkohle deposits near Ucel (Ardèche, France) can be matched with those from Karnian deposits in the Austrian Alps. The occurrence of Camerosporites secatus suggests a correlation with the Middle Upper Triassic (Karnian) of the North Sea Basin. The Ucel assemblage shows striking differences to a palynological assemblage obtained from Lettenkohle deposits near Crussol (50 km North-East of Ucel).

Description: Data on structure and chemistry of oil bodies are being provided for twenty species of leafy Hepaticae, most of them belonging to Lejeuneaceae. Oil bodies are described as new for Symbiezidium, which stands out among Lejeuneaceae by its large, Bazzania-type oil bodies. The observed occurence of segmented as well as homogeneous oil bodies in Archilejeunea and Dicranolejeunea constitutes a further break-down of what was generally considered a stable generic character in Lejeuneaceae. Detected chemical compounds include a large number of unidentified terpenoids. Sesquiterpene lactones, traditionally considered important chemical markers for Frullaniaceae, were newly detected in Lepicolea (Lepicoleaceae), Clasmatocolea (Lophocoleaceae) and Omphalanthus (Lejeuneaceae). Of particular chemotaxonomic interest is the discovery of large quantities of pinguisane-type sesquiterpenes in Brachiolejeunea subg. Plicolejeunea, Trocholejeunea and Acrolejeunea, corroborating the close morphological relationship among these three groups, as well as the occurence of two morphologically and chemically distinct races in Gongylanthus granatensis. Obeserved intraspecific chemical variation in Marchesinia brachiata is considered dubious and possibly related to the different states of preservation of the material. Further taxonomic notes include new synonymy in Dicranolejeunea (D. cipaconea (Gott.) Steph. = D. circinnata (Spruce) Steph. syn. Nov.) as well as a key to the five Andean species of Omphalanthus Nees. The morphological circumscription of Omphalanthus is expanded by the inclusion of Brachiolejeunea paramicola Herz. (= O. paramicola (Herz.) Gradst. comb. nov.), characterised by the pluriplicate perianth.

Description: Descriptions and photographs of oil-bodies of Lopholejeunea subfusca, Marchesinia brachiata, Archilejeunea parviflora, Taxilejeunea asthenica, Echinocolea asperrima, Mastigolejeunea auriculata, Cheilolejeunea clausa and Stictolejeunea squamata are given. From the latter species sporophyte characters are reported for the first time.

Description: In dieser Arbeit gebe ich den zweiten Teil einer Revision der niederländischen Heterobasidiomyceten und Homobasidiomyceten -Aphyllophoraceen. Der erste Teil, der in holländischer Sprache erschien (Mededeelingen Nederl. Myc. Vereeniging Bd. 18—20, 1931), war in Anlage und Behandlung kürzer gehalten. Auch diesmal beruht die Bearbeitung auf denselben Sammlungen, wie die Revision usw. von Oudemans und die darauf folgenden Veröffentlichungen hauptsächlich von der Hand von Frl. C. Cool in den Mededeelingen van de Nederlandsche Mycologische Vereeniging. Es stellte sich nämlich heraus, dass ein grosser Teil des Materials, auf dem diese Arbeiten basieren, in mehr oder weniger gutem Zustande erhalten geblieben war. Ausserdem habe ich selber im Laufe der Jahre, in denen ich mich mit den oben genannten Gruppen beschäftigte, ein Herbarium zusammengestellt, in dem die in diesem Teile behandelten Arten mit etwa 2000 europäischen Nummern vertreten sind. Man kann mir vorwerfen, dass ich Zitate aus der holländischen Literatur über das vorliegende Gebiet weitgehend vernachlässigt habe; doch hat dies seine guten Gründe, denn eine Verbesserung aller Bestimmungen meiner Vorgänger und ein Eingehen auf alle ihre Veröffentlichungen hätte viel mehr, meines Erachtens überflüssigen, Platz erfordert. Durch genauere Fundortangabe des untersuchten Materials und im Falle der Herbaria, auf denen Oudeman’s Revision beruhte, auch der abweichenden, ursprünglichen Determination, habe ich diesem Uebelstande weitgehend abhelfen wollen. Wenn es erforderlich schien, wurde auch bei rezenteren Funden die ursprüngliche Bestimmung angegeben.

Description: Tetraplodon mnioides (Hedw.) B.S.G. is recorded from the Netherlands for the first time. The occurrence in the lowland of the northwestern european continent of this species and the related Splachnum ampullaceum Hedw., which occurred in the Netherlands in former times, is briefly outlined on the basis of records in literature. Consequently three areas in the Netherlands are indicated where these interesting nitrophilous Splachnaceae may possibly be discovered or rediscovered.

Description: Three pollen diagrams from the Peel peatlands, a raised bog area in the southern part of The Netherlands reveal the post-Boreal vegetation history of that region. There are two or three land-occupation phases in the Neolithic and Bronze ages, that show but low values of terrestrial herbs. They are negatively correlated with Ulmus. The Fagus curve starts slightly below the first occupation phase at around 2500 B.C. In the Subatlantic there is an Iron age and a Medieval occupation phase with higher values of terrestrial herbs. Fagus shows two maxima, one at the beginning of our era and another at around 700 A.D. The trend of the pollen curves for bog species is discussed in relation to bog development.

Description: Revision of the Dutch species of the Bryum crythrocarpum complex. A revision is given of the collections of the Brya erythrocarpa from Holland. Delimitating the species of this group the authors have followed the monograph of the European Brya erythrocarpa by Crundwell & Nyholm (1964). 5 species have been found in Holland up till now: Bryum micro-eryithrocarpum C. MÜLL. & KINDB., B. radiculosum Brid,. B. klinggraeffii Schimp., B. violaceum Crundw. & Nyholm and B. ruderale Crundw. & Nyholm. The latter three have not been collected until 1968, B. violaceum and B. ruderale being recorded here for the first time from our country. These two species were discovered in the Southern part of the province of Limburg, a hilly area with rich, calcareous soils, the western extension of the mountainous region of Central Europe in our country. Most of the recent gatherings of Dutch specimens of the Brya erythrocarpa have been from this area. Bryum microerythrocarpum appears to be relatively common and widespread in Holland. It mainly grows on calcareous or non-calcareous, sandy or peaty, sometimes clayish soils. It is a fairly variable species, and intermediate forms have been found between Bryum micro-erythrocarpum and Bryum rubens, an allied species which is not yet known from Holland. Bryum radiculosum has been gathered in Holland almost exclusively in the 19th century. It occurs mainly on old brick walls.

Description: A pollen-morphological study has been carried out on three genera of the Marcgraviaceae Norantea Aublet, Souroubea Aublet and Ruyschia Jacquin). Nine pollen types in Norantea and three pollen groups in Souroubea could be established. The pollen grains of Ruyschia could not be differentiated from those of Souroubea. Several distinct evolutionary trends have been distinguished in Norantea. These evolutionary trends were less distinct in Souroubea. A key to the pollen types has been given in addition.

Description: Schefflera elliptica Harms var. microphylla Muller nov. var. Differt a forma typica foliolis 6—8, parvis (5—3 X 3,5—2,5 cm), siccitate superne flaveolis.

Description: Dr. Peter S. Ashton of Harvard in June 1980 for three frantic weeks (re)named all Dipterocarpaceae in the BO-Herbarium and, thanks to great help from the staff, succeeded. Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. can hardly be called a junior when on 11 September 1981 he will reach the age of 70. Although kidney failure necessitates dialysis twice a week, he can be regularly seen (as far as smoke permits) at the Rijksherbarium, with great kindness and enthusiasm applying his great memory to pre-identification work.

Description: Banks, Sir Joseph W.T. Stearn, A Royal Society appointment with Venus in 1769: The voyage of Cook and Banks in the Endeavour in 1768-1771 and its botanical results. Not. & Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 24 (1969) 64-90, 4 fig., 1 map. – A very readable account of Cook’s voyage with the Endeavour with plants accounted for.

Description: This paper constitutes an addendum to a previous paper by the author on the genus Clavulinopsis in North America. One new species is described, Clavulinopsis subaustralis Petersen, and one new combination made, Clavulinopsis laeticolor f. coccineo-basalis (Joss.) Petersen.

Description: A description and drawings are presented of a new species of Penicillium which is assigned to the P. nigricans series.

Description: Macroventuria, a new genus of Venturiaceae, is discribed with two new species.

Description: Two species of Astrosporina and two species of Inocybe from the southern slopes of the Himalayas are described and illustrated. Astrosporina shoreae and I. claviger are described as new. The new combination A. calospora is proposed.

Description: Of the 5 genera mentioned in the title a revision is given of the species of the Malesian region. Critical notes are made on delimitation, subdivision, and/or distribution of Carissa, Melodinus, and Chilocarpus; Neokeithia is reduced to Chilocarpus which genus exhibits an unusual array of variation in fruit structure. Keys to the Malesian species are presented of Melodinus, Leuconotis, and Chilocarpus. The keys are followed by an enumeration of these species; each species is provided with a brief synonymy and an account of its distribution and ecology. Essential extensions of previous knowledge of distribution are documented briefly by citing select collections. Various reductions of species are made. In Melodinus 2 new species are described, in Leuconotis 1 new variety; in Chilocarpus 6 new species, I new variety, and 2 new combinations are proposed. An account of all specimens examined will appear in a separate Identification List.

Description: During a study of species of Alternanthera Forsk. introduced in the Netherlands it was necessary to compare the Malesian representatives of A. ficoidea (L.) R. Br. ex Griseb. ssp. bettzickiana (Regel) Backer (Fl. Mal. I, 4, 1949, 91). The material under this name present in the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, proved to be heterogeneous, part of it belonging to another species. Dr. Van Steenis pointed out to me an article by Pedersen (Kurtziana 14, 1967, 437), where A. paronychioides St. Hil. was mentioned for Malesia, and showed me his correspondence with the author, where further details concerning this species were given. A closer study showed the unidentified specimens to belong to that species.

Description: The wood anatomy of 47 genera of the neotropical Melastomataceae is described in detail. The wood anatomy of the neotropical part of this pantropical family supports the subdivision into two groups: the subfamily Memecyloideae (the genus Mouriri) and the subfamily Melastomatoideae (all other genera). A relationship of Mouriri with other representatives of the family is not supported by the wood anatomical characters, because of differences in fibre type, vessel distribution, and the fibre length/vessel member length ratio, and the presence of included phloem in Mouriri. The subfamily Melastomatoideae is a fairly homogeneous group. Although some characters are very pronounced in some tribes and scarce or absent in other tribes, most tribes show a wide overlap in their wood anatomical features. An important means to distinguish to a certain extent between tribes is the size and shape of the intervascular pits combined with the size and shape of the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits. Three groups can be recognized: type 1. all pits round to slightly oval; type 2. intervascular pits round to oval, and the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits more elongated, oblong to scalariform; type 3. all pits round to oblong and scalariform. Other diagnostic characters are the parenchyma distribution, and the distribution of the fibre pits. The tribe Blakeeae can be separated from the other tribes due to the presence of druses and 2-4-seriate rays. The relationship between wood anatomical characters and habit and habitat, as well as possible phylogenetic trends in the family and classification of the neotropical tribes are discussed.

Description: Haines (1924), Fischer (1928), Mooney (1950), Panigrahi et al (1964), and other workers’ from their studies on the vegetation and flora of Orissa recorded 25 genera and 54 species belonging to the family Orchidaceae. Exhaustive collections made by me since 1968 have yielded a wealth of varieties of forms of orchids, which I have identified with 100 taxa (excluding certain novelties) belonging to 31 genera. I describe here one new species and a variety of the genus Habenaria Willd. Both the taxa resemble in general Habenaria foliosa A. Rich., but differ from it by a number of diagnostic characters.

Description: This is the fifth volume in the series of reference books on the anatomy of the Monocotyledons edited by the former Keeper of the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew, Dr. C. R. Metcalfe. It is the second volume of which he is both the author and the editor, his first contribution being volume I on the Gramineae. The book starts with an introductory part with notes on techniques and materials, general considerations on morphology and anatomy of the family, and a discussion of the taxonomic implications of the anatomical findings. The bulk consists of descriptions of leaf, culm, rhizome, and root anatomy of 280 species from 90 genera. For each genus data from literature have been abstracted in a special section by Miss Mary Gregory. Taxonomic notes are also given for each genus.

Description: The members of tribe Passifloreae of the Passifloraceae are assumed to be originally all tendril-climbers. They have essentially axillary cymose inflorescences, and the vegetative ramification occurs always through the accessory bud. In tribe Paropsieae and Flacourtiaceae (mostly shrubs or trees, no tendril-climbers) the inflorescences are axillary, most likely essentially racemose, and the vegetative ramification is mostly through the axillary bud. The tendril-climbing neotropical genus Ancistrothyrsus appeared to belong to Passifloreae. Though the tribe Paropsieae remains to occupy an intermediate position between Passifloraceae and Flacourtiaceae, they can best be classified with the Passifloraceae. A new key is proposed for the distinction of both families and the genera of Passifloraceae.

Description: Typhonium trilobatum, T. flagelliforme, T. roxburghii, and T. blumei are taxonomically distinct, but their epithets (including that of T. divaricatum, nom. illegit.) frequently have been interchanged, primarily because of nomenclatural problems involving synonymy and (mis)typifications. It is concluded that the last monographer (Engler, 1920) used the correct names for the four species, except for what he called T. divaricatum, here called T. blumei.

Description: Beside Saraca celebica from Celebes, presently a second species from East Malesia is described. As based on the revison by Zuyderhoudt (Blumea 15, 1967: 413 – 425), with 8 accepted species, there are now 9 species of Saraca, ranging from India and Indo-China into Malesia east to the Lesser Sunda I. (Flores) and the Moluccas (Halmaheira). The new species, Saraca monadelpha, was initially recognized through a specimen from Halmaheira which was difficult to determine as a Saracca because of its deviating partly fused stamens and its origin beyond the known area of the genus. Of S. celebica the pods were not known until recently collected in Central Celebes The fruits of S. monadelpha are still unknown.

Description: Up to the present Meliosma was subdivided into two sections, Simplices and Pinnatae. These taxa are shown to be artificial, and a new, less simple but more natural infrageneric subdivision is made, viz. into the subgenera Kingsboroughia and Meliosma, subdivided into the sections Hendersonia and Kingsboroughia, and Meliosma and Lorenzanea respectively. The old sections Simplices and Pinnatae have been reduced to subsections of sect. Meliosma. This new system is primarily based upon endocarp characters which were as yet unknown; it has appeared that the morphology of the endocarp shows very important features. In subg. Kingsboroughia the vascular bundle connecting pedicel and seed is situated outside the endocarp wall, which is considered the most primitive situation, whereas in subg. Meliosma it is enclosed within the endocarp. The endocarp types of the four sections, in the sequence mentioned above, show an increasing degree of specialization, i.e. an increasing degree of enclosure of the vascular bundle by the endocarp wall; the most primitive type is found in the Malesian sect. Hendersonia, and the most specialized one in the American sect. Lorenzanea. The latter does not occur outside the New World, whereas the other three sections are SE. Asian, sect. Kitigsboroughia and sect. Meliosma subsect. Simplices centering in SW. Central China, N. Upper Burma and Tonkin, and sect. Hendersonia and sect. Meliosma subsect. Pinnatae centering in N. Sumatra, Malaya, and N. Borneo; these areas are shown to be probable, primary centres of origin of the species of these groups. Subg. Kingsboroughia and sect. Meliosma have thus bicentric areas, which are considered homologous, hence suggesting a similar distributional history of the taxa involved. Similar bicentric areas are also found in some other, unrelated genera, and may be not uncommon. Subg. Meliosma is a common, widespread, diversified taxon, in contrast to subg. Kingsboroughia which has only three uniform species covering small and disjunct areas. It is demonstrated that subg. Kingsboroughia is a relict group, which was much more widespread in former geologic periods than it is at present. This is supported among other things by the transpacific disjunct distribution of M. alba which at present only occurs in SW. Central China and in S. Mexico (formerly known as two separate species which were never compared). The history of the distribution of Meliosma during the Tertiary period can be partly reconstructed with the help of fossil records of this genus, more than 40 of which have been evaluated, mostly on the basis of paleobotanical literature. It appears that most of these records, including endocarps and leaf-imprints, are reliable, especially those of endocarps. With the help of these it can be established that the four sections and the two subsections of Meliosma were already recognizable as early as the Lower Eocene. From that time on their distributional history can be more or less traced up to the present. It is very probable that during the warm Eocene sect. Meliosma entered America via Beringia (the reverse possibly holds for sect. Lorenzanea), whereas it is certain that sect. Kingsboroughia did so at a later phase of the Tertiary, when the climate was cooler and a forest of warm-temperate ecology covered a wide zone in the northern hemisphere. The Pleistocene glaciations destroyed most of this vegetation and consequently the area of sect. Kingsboroughia was reduced to a few small relict stations, of which the localities of the above-mentioned disjunct M. alba are the most remarkable ones. The taxonomic revision proper deals only with the SE. Asian sections of Meliosma; the American sect. Lorenzanea has been excluded. Up to the present the number of Asian species of Meliosma was estimated to be nearly 100, the number of names even being twice as much. Of these species only 15 are recognized here, and no new species have been described. A number of these are widely distributed, complex species, which can be subdivided into several subspecies. It appears that in all species these subspecies are isolated from each other, either geographically, or ecologically (by altitude or habitat). One special case of ecological isolation has been found, viz. between two different-sized subspecies flowering respectively in the undergrowth and in the upper tree storey of lowland tropical rain forest. Finally, evidence has been found that Meliosma is a self-pollinator, which would favour the origin and perpetuation of local races, and hence would account for the richness of forms in Meliosma species.

Description: Dimocarpus Lour., Fl. Coch. (1790) 233. — Lectotype: D. lichi Lour. ( D. longan). Euphoria Auct. non Comm. ex Juss., Gen. (1789) 247, nom. illeg.: Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2 (1791) 611; Radlk., Pfl. R. Heft 98 (1932) 894—910.

Description: L’Herbier de l’État fut fondé par décret royal du 31 mars 1829. Les collections de BLUME, KUHL et VAN HASSELT, et ZIPPELIUS, réunies sous les auspices de la „Natuurkundige Commissie voor Nederlandsch Indië” (commission instituée en 1820 dans le but de propager l’étude des sciences naturelles relatives aux Indes néerlandaises) servirent de base à ces collections de l’État. Le Dr. C. L. BLUME, né à Brunswick en 1796, avait en 1822 succédé à REINWARDT comme directeur du Hortus Bogoriensis, mais se vit forcé de quiter les Indes en 1826 pour causes de santé. Il fut nommé directeur de l’ Herbier de l’ État néerlandais, qui devait être fondé et établi à Bruxelles. A l’ occasion de sa nomination le gouvernement lui accorda le titre de professeur et pour l’ honorer tout particulièrement, le décora de l’ Ordre du Lion néerlandais. L’ une et l’ autre distinction étaient parfaitement motivées par les grands services que BLUME avait déjà rendus à l’ État. A Buitenzorg il avait fait oeuvre utile en dressant le catalogue du Jardin botanique. Par ses „Contributions à la Flore des Indes néerlandaises” il avait établi sa réputation de grand botaniste. Les riches collections apportées par BLUME et qui constituaient le point de départ pour l’étude de la Flore des Indes néerlandaises, mirent dès le début le nouvel Herbier au rang des grands herbiers de l’ époque, tandis que le directorat de BLUME, botaniste d’un renom établi, justifiait de grandes espérances.

Description: Le Centenaire du Rijks Herbarium de Leyde, un des plus anciens herbiers de l’Europe continentale, remet en relief l’importance des collections scientifiques de plantes séchées. Cet Herbier est d’environ 40 ans plus âgé que celui de l’État belge, conservé au Jardin botanique de l’État à Bruxelles, constitué en janvier 1870 grâce à l’intervention énergique d’un botaniste de mérite, doublé d’un homme politique de valeur, BARTHÉLEMY DUMORTIER.

Description: The grasses constitute a very well defined natural group of plants, but the division of this family into tribes and subtribes is a difficult problem. We know that ROBERT BROWN divided the family into the Panicaceae and the Poaceae. BENTHAM already indicated that in the former the tendency to imperfection lies in the lower flowers of the spikelets, whereas in the Poaceae the tendency is in the opposite direction, but he observes at the same time that this principle is too indefinite to serve as a practical character to recognize both groups. In combination with other characters, especially those taken from the fruits (the caryopsis, enclosed by the scales), these two groups become however more stabile. KUNTH gave us no less than 13 tribes, many of them indeed very natural and accepted in recent works. The earlier agrostologists have given a considerable importance to the presence or absence of awns on the back or on the apex of the flowering glume (lemma). We know however at present that this character, although important to recognize species, is not very valuable for the different tribes and must be used with great reserve.

Description: Since BLUME’S fundamental work of the flora of Dutch India was published, many additions of genera and species of Rutaceae-Aurantieae were made by later authors, but no attempt has been made to enumerate the species and varieties of the whole group based upon the up-to-date herbarium materials. The author has had an opportunity lately to make a tour through Europe, and on this occasion collections of principal herbaria were examined. Many pending questions were solved by investigating type specimens, and a number of new types were added to the old list. Before publishing a complete record of the study, the issue of separate articles of principally geographic standing is now in progress, and this paper forms one of this series. The following is a tentative list of species of Rutaceae-Aurantieae now definitely recorded from Dutch East Indies, with exception of certain new species which are now under investigation. From convenience, plants form British possesions in Borneo and in New Guinea, Bismark Archipelago, Solomon Islands and Portuguese Timor are included in this enumeration. The author expresses his cordial gratitude to Dr. Goethart and Dr. Henrard of the Rijks Herbarium of Leiden, and Prof. Went, Prof. Pulle and Mr. Lanjouw of the University of Utrecht for offering facility and help in executing his work at their institutions. Micromelum diversifolium MIQ. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. I: 221, (1864).