ALBERT

Description: Twelve species of terricolous microlichens from the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland, are reported: Caloplaca friesii, C. livida, Lecanora boligera, Lecidea oligotropha and Leciophysma arctophila, which are new to the lichen flora of Greenland, Rinodina conradi, which is new to the eastcoast, and Baeomyces roseus, B. rufus, Buellia geophila, B. punctata, Caloplaca tornoensis and Mycoblastus tornoensis, new to Southeast Greenland. In a discussion of the greenlandic distribution, unpublished records from the herbarium of Copenhagen (C) are incorporated. Notes on the habitats are given and the pertinent phytosociological units indicated. Some morphological and anatomical characters are commented upon briefly.

Description: The 16 recognized species of Sorocea are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Two new taxa are described: S. steinbachii C.C. Berg and S. hirtella Mildbread ssp. oligotricha Akkermans & Berg. Three new combinations are made: S. muriculata Miquel ssp. uaupensis (Baillon) C.C. Berg, S. trophoides W. Burger ssp. rhodorachis (Cuatrecasas) C.C. Berg, and S. sprucei (Baillon) Macbride ssp. saxicola (Hassler) C.C. Berg. A key to the species is presented.

Description: The chromosome number of 157 species of Angiospermae occurring in the Netherlands is dealt with.

Description: Name: Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) DC. Monogr. Camp. (1830) 143. Family: Campanulaceae.

Description: Alangium LAMK.—M. M. J. van Balgooy, Pac. Plant Areas 2: map 72. Complete; Old World, also incl. Indo-Malesia, E. Australia, Pacific (Solomons, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Fiji); delineated except in Africa and Madagascar, localities indicated only in the Pacific, species density; monograph.

Description: The Upper Hunter palynological assemblage described includes 54 species, assigned to 29 genera. Seven genera (Scabratisporites, Guttatisporites, Lapposisporites, Pseudogravisporites, Paralundbladispora, Taeniaepollenites and Tubantiapollenites) and 39 species are new; three generic descriptions are emended (Apiculatasporites, Colpectopollis and Angustisulcites) and three new combinations are proposed. Bisaccate pollen grains average 84 %; within this group no Upper Permian elements could be demonstrated. The assemblage is compared with other European Lower and Middle Triassic assemblages; there are no close similarities to assemblages outside Europe.

Description: The species Polypodium banaense C.Chr. is transferred to Crypsinus. The recognition of a genus Phymatopteris Pic. Ser. (= Phymatopsis J.Sm.) separate from Crypsinus is discussed.

Description: The six species of Curtia, including a hitherto undescribed species published here, as well as the monotypic genus Hockinia can be distinguished from each other by the seed coat structure. The anticlinal walls and the cuticle provide the most useful information. Curtia tenuifolia appears to be a complex species, but subsp. tenella can be readily separated from this complex by the seed coat structure. Heterostyly has been found in C. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, C. obtusifolia, and Hockinia montana, but differences in seed coat structure can not be correlated with long-, short-, and equal-styled flowers. The differences in seed coat structure, the length of the seeds, and the number of cells per seed plead for maintaining Hockinia (closely related to Curtia) as a distinct genus. One new species of Curtia is described and a new combination is made.

Description: SETTEN, A. K. van & KOEK-NOORMAN, J.: Studies in Annonaceae. VI. A leafanatomical survey of genera of Annonaceae in the Neotropics. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 17—50. 1986. — ISSN 0006-8152. Within the scope of the multidisciplinary research project on systematics of Annonaceae, a survey of the leafanatomical features and their distribution in the neotropical Annonaceae is presented. The studied specimens form a rather homogeneous group, as may appear from the family description given here. A detailed study of the leafanatomical features reveals, that differences are mainly found in the indument, the position and contents of the idioblasts, the structure of the primary vein, the type of crystals in the epidermal cells, and the type of sclereids. Based on character states, phenetic similarities and differences are discussed and compared with the classifications of FRIES (1959) and WALKER (1971).

Description: One new species of Dorstenia from Brazil is described: D. carautae C.C. Berg, and four new combinations are made: D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. paraguariensis (Hassler) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. vitifolia (Gardner) C.C. Berg, and D. ramosa (Desvaux) Carauta, Valente & Sucre subsp. dolichocaula (Pilger) C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 22 Dorstenia species distinguished in south-eastern tropical America are presented, together with synonymy and distributional data.

Description: In a previous palynological study in Cocoid palms the present authors (Punt and Wessels Boer, 1966) were able to demonstrate a rather strong but not absolute correlation between the pollen types and the staminate flower types within the genus Attalea in the broad sense. The existence of partly apparently primitive, partly very advanced flower types within the otherwise close related group of Geonomoid palms made it worthwhile to investigate the same feature in this group. The Geonomoid palms are usually considered to comprise 7-9 genera of monoecious Arecoid palms which share a large number of characteristics (Burret, 1930; Moore, 1966). The group is very obviously a most natural one. The generic distinctions are mainly based on the flower morphology, notably on differences found in the androeceum and pistil.

Description: Recently a multidisciplinary investigation program on the systematics of Annonaceae was started at Utrecht with special emphasis on the Neotropics. This project will be carried out largely within the framework of the UNESCO-project Flora Neotronica. The first goal is to provide a modern classification of the family as a whole, the second is the publication of a series of monographs for Flora Neotropica. The project has been planned and started in close consultation with leading botanists on the Neotropical flora. The Annonaceae are a family of pantropical distribution with between 2000 and 2500 species in ca. 130 genera as presently understood. In the Neotropics the family is represented by ca. 750 species and 35 genera. It is a family of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Its place is within the order of the Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is the family of the Myristicaceae. The Annonaceae, although generally considered primitive in many features, nevertheless offer a number of specialized features as well This makes it a promising object using various kinds of comparative morphological, karyological, and anatomical data. Besides, many species are of medicinal or commercial value, such as various species of Annona and Rollinia, the fruits of which are commonly eaten in most countries of Central America and South America; the Soursop (Annona muricata) is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description: A new species of Asterophorum, A. mennegae, is described from the Sipaliwini Savanne (Suriname). The position of Asterophorum within the family is briefly reviewed, and a key to the 2 species is given.

Description: In this preliminary investigation attention was paid to pollen morphology of West-European species of the Rosaceae. Some new terms were used like fastigium, endocingulus etc. The terminology of Iversen and Troels-Smith has been followed in addition to improvements by Erdtman. A key is given to the types and subtypes for the use of pollen analytical investigators. Sanguisorba officinalis appeared to be always 3-colporate and not 6-colporate.

Description: Previously, the chromosome numbers of some species of Loganiaceae were dealt with (Gadella, 1961, 1962, 1963). The chromosome numbers of 7 species are reported in this paper, of which 4 species, all belonging to the genus Strychnos, had not been investigated cytologically before. The materials, kindly supplied to me by Dr. A. J. M. Leeuwenberg and by Ir. F. Breteler, were collected in the form of seed-samples in the Ivory Coast and in Cameroun. The plants of 2 species originate from botanical gardens. Living material of all species (except for Strychnos lernata Gilg. ex Lwb.) is grown in the botanical garden of Wageningen (WAG). The determination of the chromosome numbers was based on the study of roottipmitoses. Roottips of the plants were fixed in Karpechenko, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 15 micron and stained according to Heidenhain’s haematoxylin method. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. Nuxia floribunda Benth.: 2n = 38 Origin of the material: S. Africa, obtained from the University of Stellenbosch. Seeds probably collected in the wild. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: J. J. Bos, no. 310 (WAG). Herbarium material of seedling: A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 3665 (WAG). References: Gadella (1963): 2n = 38. 2. Strychnos dinklagei Gilg.: 2n = 44 Origin of the material: Ivory Coast, Forêt d’Abouabou, between Abidjan and Grand Bassam. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: R. A. A. Oldeman no. 845 (WAG). Herbarium material of the seedling: A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 3561 (WAG). References: Gadella (1963); 2n = 44. 3. Strychnos innocua Del. subsp. innocua: 2n = 44 Origin of the material: Ivory Coast, 16 km S. of Ferkéssédougou. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 4435 (ABI, WAG). 4. Strychnos millepunctata Leeuwenberg: 2n= 441) Origin of the material: Ivory Coast, Forêt d’Abouabou, between Abidjan and Grand Bassam. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: J. J. F. E. de Wilde & A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 3447 (ABI, WAG). 5. Strychnos samba Duvign.: 2n = 44 Origin of the material: Cameroun, 4 km S. of Nguélémendouka. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: F. J. Breteler no. 2051 (WAG). 6. Strychnos spinosa Lam.: 2n = 44 Origin of the material: obtained from the botanical garden of Groningen, the Netherlands, origin unknown. Herbarium material of cutting: A. J. M. Leeuwenberg no. 3564 (WAG). References: Mangenot and Mangenot (1958): 2n = 44. Miège (1960): 2n = 44. Gadella (1962): 2n = 44. 7. Strychnos ternata Gilg. ex Leeuwenberg: 2n = 44 1) Origin of the material: Cameroun, 27 km from Bertoua on road to Bétaré Oya. Herbarium material of the mother-plant: F. J. Breteler no. 2196 (WAG). Herbarium material of the seedling: F. J. Breteler no. 2994 (WAG). Twenty-one species of the genus Strychnos have been studied up to the present. The following chromosome numbers have been counted: 2n = 24 (3 species, counted by Mohrbutter, 1936); 2n = 44 (16 species); 2n = 88 (2 species). From these data the conclusion may be drawn that the more common basic number of the genus Strychnos is X = 11 or 1 = 22.

Description: A suitable subtitle for this paper would have been “The rise and fall of a family”. What is usually called the Cyphellaceae is an instructive example of a situation not uncommonly encountered in the current systematics of mycology: a family retained in a traditional sense by some mycologists and considered by them as good a family as any, while others are convinced that it is nothing but a handy bin from which part of the contents has already been taken out and disposed of by scattering it over various groups, but which is still needed for keeping what remains. We do not yet know what to do with this considerable remainder, mainly because the published accounts are inadequate and the species have not yet been scrutinized anew in the light of present-day taxonomic requirements. In order to understand the basic idea of the Cyphellaceae the type species may be briefly introduced. The fact that Cyphella digitalis was originally described as Peziza digitalis is telling, and one could not do better than characterize it as a ‘discomycete’ with basidia, viz. a cup-shaped fruit-body with the hymenium lining the smooth inside or ‘disk’. If one were pressed to form an opinion about its taxonomic position from a dried, not annotated collection and without the aid of the microscope, one would even now, very likely, dispose of it as a discomycete. However, there is little doubt that in nature the cup is directed downward at least when mature, in contradistinction to the average discomycete in which the hymenium containing the asci is directed upward. This difference is a reflection of the two modes of violent spore discharge inherent in the hymenomycetous basidium and ascus; it has been explained through Buller’s well-known researches. The cups in the various species are not always typically cup-shaped; in a number they are more or less tubular or else more flattened and even disk-like.

Description: La systématique scientifique, qui classe tous les êtres vivants, actuels et fossiles, d’après leurs affinités naturelles ou présumées telles, doit pouvoir donner à chaque taxon un nom stable, permettant de le désigner avec son rang taxonomique et de l’identifier facilement. La nomenclature botanique n’échappe pas à cette exigence et depuis que C. Linné généralisa, en 1753, la nomenclature binominale, le besoin s’est fait sentir de compléter et de préciser, sur le plan international, les principes et les règles établis par l’illustre botaniste suédois.

Description: Eén van de grote giften van A. A. Pulle, Lanjouw’s voorganger als Hoogleraar in de Bijzondere Plantkunde en de Plantengeographie te Utrecht, was zijn goede keus van medewerkers. Hij kon die keus maken dank zij een andere gift, die van leermeester. Pulle’s stimulerende activiteit als hoogleraar luidde de wedergeboorte in van de Nederlandse plantensystematiek door een stroom van leerlingen waarvan er velen ook nu nog een belangrijke rol spelen in de botanische wereld. Vele van Pulle’s leerlingen uit de eerste tijd moesten Utrecht verlaten omdat er in de twintiger jaren nu eenmaal nog geen sprake was van een redelijk gesalariëerde wetenschappelijke staf. Eén leerling echter werd zo gefascineerd door de vele mogelijkheden die het Utrechtse instituut bood, dat hij bleef, niettegenstaande de soms zeer ongunstige economische en organisatorische omstandigheden. Deze leerling, Lanjouw, toonde reeds toen de taaie volhardendheid die zijn medewerkers en leerlingen in later jaren zo goed leerden kennen en waarderen. Reeds van de eerste jaren van zijn assistentschap aan stonden Lanjouw de idealen voor ogen die hij in de loop van zijn lange loopbaan van assistent tot directeur voor het grootste gedeelte zou weten te realiseren. Deze loopbaan begon toen hij op 1 januari 1926 benoemd werd tot assistent bij de Bijzondere Plantkunde. In het jaar waarin we het feit herdenken dat het veertig jaar geleden is dat Lanjouw verbonden werd aan het Botanisch Museum valt ook de honderdenvijftigste verjaardag van het herbarium. Plantensystematiek is te Utrecht in meerdere of mindere mate beoefend van de stichting van de Universiteit af. Op 30 oktober 1816 echter werd het eerste herbarium voor de Universiteit verworven. In 1966 herdenken we dus eigenlijk twee jubilea. De periode van werkelijk actief systematisch onderzoek is echter veel korter geweest: de korte jaren van Miquel’s werkzaamheid (1859-1871) en de periode die in 1906 begon met de aanstelling van Pulle tot Lector in de plantensystematiek. Pulle gaf, voor het eerst na Miquel, en mede dank zij de stimulerende invloed van Went, een nieuwe stoot aan het plantensystematisch onderzoek in Nederland en wel vooral aan het onderzoek van de tropische flora’s. Een reeks van leerlingen wijdde zich onder zijn leiding aan de studie van de flora’s van Suriname en Nederlands Indië. Het is voldoende hierbij de namen van van Sloten, Lam, van Steenis, en Uittien te noemen om deze ontwikkeling te illustreren. Lanjouw koos voor zijn proefschrift de Surinaamse Euphorbiaceae en het was uit dit werk dat de „Flora of Suriname” voortkwam. Zonder ook maar iets tekort te doen aan de rol van Pulle kan gezegd worden dat van het begin van zijn loopbaan af Lanjouw actief heeft medegewerkt aan de opbouw van het Botanisch Museum en dat hij bij de ontwikkeling van de zo belangrijke „Flora of Suriname” een doorslaggevende rol heeft gespeeld. Zijn dissertatie „The Euphorbiaceae of Suriname” vormde, ten dele, tegelijk de eerste aflevering van de Flora.

Description: The somewhat peculiar genus Vahlia Thunb. (1782) was formerly regarded as an anomalous member of the Saxifragaceae, but in 1959 it was segregated as the monotypic family Vahliaceae by Dandy (in Hutchinson, Fam. Fl. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 461). The genus includes about three species, all of them highly variable in stature, flower size, and indumentum; this has resulted in the description of more than twenty “species”, whose names now appear in synonymy. This note, however, is chiefly concerned with the generic name, since it appears that Vahlia Thunb. is not correct under the Code and must be replaced by Bistella Adans. (1763). In the synonymy under the new combinations, all the relevant names so far traced are included, but it may well be that an experimental approach to the problem of specific and infraspecific limits and the taxonomic value of the characters hitherto relied upon for differentiation would result in considerable changes. Bistella Adans. (1763) was cited in the form “ Bistella Lippi 243 – Ascyroides Lippi” and the name than fell into abeyance until it was resuscitated by Delile in 1826. He described plants collected by Cailliaud, and identified a number of them with those of Lippi. In particular, he identified Lippi 243 (and 244) with the Cailliaud plant which he named “ Bistella geminiflora Delil. (Descript, des plantes découv. par M. Cailliaud, pl. II. fig. 4). – Ascyroides Lippi (Manusc. nos. 243 et 244).” It must be emphasized that the taxonomic identification of “ Bistella Del.” with Vahlia Thunb. has never been questioned, but the identity of Adanson’s Bistella with Bistella geminiflora Del. has been overlooked; this species, as represented by Lippi’s plant, is the type of the generic name Bistella Adans.

Description: Among the endemic and sometimes localized genera of the Cruciferae occurring in South America, Mathewsia stands apart as an element of the distinctive desert flora of southwestern Peru and western Chile. As far as present records show, the genus is confined to a relatively narrow strip wholly west of the main Cordillera, not far from the Pacific Ocean. Some species are confined to washes or small arroyos known as quebrades. Others occur as part of the lomas vegetation of western Peru. Populations of the same species occupying different quebradas often differ from each other to a limited degree and in many instances probably little or no gene exchange occurs between them. The intervening dry areas, separating one quebrada from another, are completely unsuited to the growth of Mathewsia and form a natural barrier to the spread of any given population. Thus, with habitats only spottily available, the evolutionary divergence that has resulted in localized species of Mathewsia is readily understandable. One of the real difficulties in studying a group of species inhabiting areas that have been infrequently visited by botanists, is the paucity of available material. Furthermore, unlike some species of Cremolobus (Khanna and Rollins, 1965), the numbers of individuals in a given locality appear to be few and scattered. In some instances, only a single specimen of a given species has been found for study in all of the herbaria consulted. Under these circumstances, the bare essentials of the species are all that can be given and nothing can be said about their variation or distribution. The purpose of this paper is to present, as a first approximation, a taxonomic treatment of Mathewsia that will provide a sound basis for further research on the genus.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of representatives of the 9 genera of the Opiliaceae are described in detail. It is possible to separate the genera on the base of both wood- and leaf anatomical characters. Herein the presence of cystoliths of varying shape and size is important. Some comments on the taxonomy and possible phylogeny of the familiy are given.

Description: The pollenflora of the browncoal mined in the quarry “Maria Theresia”, Herzogenrath, Western Germany has been investigated. Samples were taken along a section of 12.50 meters at intervals of 50 centimeters. Identifications were made on the basis of form-genera and form-species; this working method gives a broad information on pollen types, but does not relate the fossil pollen types primarily to recent plant taxa. Pollen types which are considered to belong to Betulaceae/Myricaceae make up the biggest part of the pollen assemblages. The construction of a “Composite diagram” for Betulaceae/Myricaceae proved to be useful and might give a better idea on paleoecologic conditions. The stratigraphic position of the browncoal examined is thought to be Lower “Hauptflöz”, possibly Morken or Frimmersdorf Horizont.

Description: Protium aracouchini (Aubl.) March. var. angustifolium Swart n. var. Folia 1- usque ad 5-juga; interjugum basale petiolo plerumque longius sed interjugis aliis brevius; petioluli breves; foliola oblongolanceolata 7.5-10 cm longa, 2-2.75 cm lata, apicem versus distincte angustata, apice gradatim in acumen lineare sexies usque ad nonies longius quam latius acuminato; nervi sec. utrinque usque ad 20. Holotypus: Lindeman 4504 (U, 078268B).

Description: In his introductory statements to 'The Symposium on the Phylogeny and Classification of the Filicopsida' which was held in London, 1972, HOLTTUM, when dealing with 'dubious groups of relationships which would particularly repay investigation', mentioned the Polypodiaceae first (HOLTTUM, 1973: 6). Talking about Polypodiaceae the present authors deal with the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto only, thus excluding the Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Grammitidaceae, and also the Loxogrammaceae, taxa which were formerly (or are still) included in the Polypodiaceae sensu lato. As delineated in this way, this almost exclusively pantropical family consists of about 600 species and an indefinite number of genera.

Description: The new species Coussapoa manuënsis C.C. Berg is described.

Description: Three genera of the Proteaceae belonging to the tribe Grevilleeae occur in the Guianas and Brazil: Roupala, Panopsis, and Euplassa. The microscopical wood structure of one of these genera, Euplassa, has not been described before. Anatomically it proves to be nearly identical with Panopsis which it also resembles in general properties. Roupala differs in several respects. Within the genera differences are not fundamental and chiefly a matter of numbers and dimensions. A key to the genera is given. The relation of these three genera with the two other members of the tribe in South America, Orites and Gevuina, is discussed.

Description: *Burkill, I.H.: Chapters on the history of botany in India, 1965, xi + 245 pp., 4 portr., 2 maps. Manager of Publications, Government of India Press, Delhi 8. Sh. 12/6, or $ 1.98. It was not necessary to mention that Burkill began compiling this book at the age of 81 to finish it at 93, for, although the last two chapters are miscellaneous in contents, it could as well have been written by a man thirty years younger. Everybody will regret that the book ends at the time Burkill’s own contributions to Indian botany began, notably about 1900. As for the period covered, and that is from the earliest beginnings, the book is a rich store of information. It was published in chanters in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 4 and has now, after considerable revision by the author, been brought out by the Botanical Survey of India, preceded by an Introduction by Father H. Santapau, the Director, who therein put Burkill’s considerable merits for Indian botany on record.

Description: The affinity of the Malesian genus Lophopyxis has a checkered history, a survey of which was given by L.B. Holthuis & H.J. Lam, in Blumea 5 (1942) 205-208, fig. 7. It has been referred to Flacourtiaceae, Icacinaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Olacaceae, and Saxifragaceae. Hitherto no attention was paid to the similarity with Gouania in the Rhamnaceae, which it resembles in toothed leaves, presence of stipules, panicled spike-like inflorescences, and the occurrence of tendrils in these.

Description: Taxonomists working with material collected by the Sarawak Forest Department have often been hard put to decide how to quote numbers. Is the departmental series number preceeded by a letter S, or an F, or would it be best to quote only the collector and the number? I have tried to unravel the history of the Sarawak Forest Department herbarium number series in order to provide a guide to unequivocal citation. This has not been easy, as all collecting books previous to 1951 have disappeared, apparently during the second world war; many of the herbarium collections are now missing at Kuching and Kepong, where most were distributed, for the same reasons, though there seem also to have been large gaps in the series where numbers were never used. What has eventually been brought to light has been a masterpiece of confusion only vied with in complexity by its Sarawakian forbear, the remarkable numbering, or rather lettering, system of Haviland (explained in Kew Bull. 1907, 197— 198).

Description: IUCN, says the paper Categories, Objectives and Criteria for Protected Areas, ”is dedicated to the wise use of the Earth’s natural resources and to the maintenance of the Planet’s natural diversity.” What to think of the sequence? Use first, maintain second? And this comes from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources? ”The World National Parks Congress, taking place in Bali, Indonesia, October 11-22, 1982, will provide case studies from around the world to illustrate how the various categories of protected areas are meeting the needs of countries of all economic, social, cultural, and political backgrounds,” writes J.A. McNeely, the secretary of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio (11: 237. 1982). ”No longer just playgrounds for vacationers and means for conserving natural heritage, protected areas have become an inseparable part of the modern human ecosystem.”

Description: Mrs. Delia D. Adefuin, Museum Research Assistant, Manila, is pursuing her M.S. in Botany degree. She is currently the Secretary of the Fern Society of the Philippines. She is working on the Fern Flora of Metro Manila and is preparing the manuscript of a pictorial encyclopedia which will include descriptions of species and horticultural recommendations. Miss Barbro Axelius (S) collected and studied Xanthophytum and Lerchea (Rubiaceae) in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sumatra, August 1982- February 1983.

Description: Tropical Botany in Aberdeen University. This was started by Professor J.W.H. Trail, who held the chair from 1877 to 1919, and travelled in the Amazon Valley (1873-75) mainly collecting cryptogams and studying palms. He was succeeded by Prof. W.G. Craib (1920-33) who was never in the tropics but devoted his work to the Flora of Siam, based on the collections of A.F.G. Kerr, and assisted by Miss E.C. Barnett. After a considerable lag, tropical botany was revived by the energetic efforts of Dr. P. Ashton as lecturer in systematics and ecology of the eastern tropics, establishing ties with Malayan colleges in teaching and research. This is at present perpetuated by two lecturers, Dr. K. Jong and Dr. M.D. Swaine, the latter’s experience lying largely in the tropics of West Africa. In addition Dr. N.M. Pritchard, Dr. J.B. Kenworthy and Dr. G. Hadley have been on secondment to the University of Malaya, while Dr. I. Alexander made research visits to India, Ghana and Peru. Over the years the Department has provided undergraduate and research training to innumerable students from many different tropical countries, some of which attained responsible posts, e.g. Prof. E. Soepadmo. Important courses in tropical biology are given, not available elsewhere in the U.K. (started 1973). The benefits for Aberdeen students is important: amongst others they led to expeditions to various parts of the tropics, recently to Sabah and to the Ivory Coast. Royal Society Tropical Rain Forest Collaborative Research Programme. Arising out of a feasibility study by Dr. T.C. Whitmore and P.F. Cockburn, the theme ’Recovery of tropical rain forest after disturbance’ was adopted as the initial basis of the programme. Possible territories for the research include Sabah and the Philippines. Detailed plans for a 5-year project are being prepared in consultation with colleagues in Southeast Asia.

Description: It is with the utmost regret that we announce the sudden and quite unexpected death of Dr. Marius Jacobs, editor of this Bulletin. See the obituary on page 3869. He was co-editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin for nr. 17 (1962) to nr. 22 (1968) and took full responsibility onwards of nr. 27 (1974). He showed great ability in enlarging its scope and we have many letters in our archives expressing appreciation and admiration for the lively and informative style in which he edited the Bulletin. I had to take over the editorial work for this number at short notice, but I was greatly helped by a number of Rijksherbarium colleagues, which help is gratefully acknowledged. In this way the delay has been kept to a minimum. It is, however, possible that some news items etc. have not been printed and that information submitted to Dr. Jacobs has not been entered due to this sudden change of editorship. I offer my apologies if this has happened and hope that (if still relevant) the news will again be forwarded to the new editor, Dr. J.F. Veldkamp, Rijksherbarium, who will take over starting next number.

Description: The Botanical Survey of India continued to make collections during 1982, with the following results: Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Shola Bag, Mt Harriet, Jirkathang, Poona Nallah, Saddle peak, Diglipur, Rutland I. & Little I., 2875 specimens. Arunachal Pradesh: Various areas of Kameng Distr., Subansiri Distr., 9750 specimens. Assam: Garampani, 60 specimens. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hollong, Jaldapara, Chilapata, Salkumar, Daidaighat, Barasat, 2665 specimens. Bihar: Madhuban, Nimiaghat, Paresnath Hills, 315 specimens. Dehra Dun: Chakrata, Missoori, 325 specimens. Gujrat: Catchment and submergence areas of Sipu Reservoir Project, 1505 specimens. Kerala: Trichur, Idduki, Silent Valley, Valra Reserve Forest, Cannanore, Trivandrum, 3770 specimens. Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park, Chhodarpur Distr., 1190 specimens. Maharashtra: Areas of Jalgaon Distr. and Buldhana Distr., 4390 specimens. Manipur: Cherrapunjee, Mawphlong, Sorharim, areas of West Khasi Hills Districts, 2000 specimens. Rajasthan: Bharatpur, Desert National Park, 1605 specimens. Sikkim: Rangpo, Singtham, Bumbing, Manuring, Duga, Pandam, Takchi, Meli, areas of Gangtok, Chungtham, Lachi, Thanga, Panthang, 2590 specimens. Uttar Pradesh: Gori & Kali Valley, Chittoragarh Distr., 500 specimens.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore walls of Beenakia dacostae (Beenakiaceae, Gomphales) has been studied. Spore walls are mainly composed of a distinct episporium and a thick, dark, ornamented ectosporium. The general structure is identical with that of other members of the Gomphales, such as Gomphus and Ramaria

Description: Recent collections from the Solomon Islands show that Aphelaria amboinensis (Lev.) Corner is an auriculariaceous fungus of coriaceous consistency, devoid of hymenium, but with the basidia immersed longitudinally in the superficial tissue. Re-named Paraphelaria ambonensis (Lév.) nov. gen., comb, nov., it is a parallel both to Aphelaria and to Tremellodendron.

Description: A subsp. maingayi praecipue characteribus sequentibus differt: Folia 13 cm longa, 5½ cm lata. Inflorescentiae praecipue axillares, tenerae, 1½—2 cm longae, 3—11-florae, glabrae. Flores 4- vel 5-meri. Calyx heterosepalus, sepala dua 1.2 mm longa, tria 0.8 mm longa, omnia ovata, obtusa, extus glabra, ciliolata, intus sparse adpresse brevepilosa. Corolla 4 mm longa; petala sublibera, lanceolata, acuta, apice papillosa. Filamenta 3 mm longa; antherae deltoideae, ½ mm longae, glabrae, thecis lateraliter longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Pistillum 2¾ mm altum, glabrum. BORNEO. Sarawak: Bt Mersing, Anap, c. 200 m alt., fl. 24-8-1964, Sibal ak Luang S. 21957 (L, Typus) river bank, 15 ft tall climber with pale yellow flowers.

Description: In Taxon 10 (1961) 261, a proposal was published to conserve the generic name of the Papuan genus Phyllocharis Diels, 1917, against Phyllocharis Fée, Essai Crypt. (1824) lix, xciv, t. ii, fig. 3 & 7, a name for a genus of Lichens. Fée was the only author who ever recognized it; it was reduced by Montagne about 15 years later and this reduction was accepted by all later lichenologists. As a matter of fact an experienced lichenologist was one of the three botanists who endorsed the proposal by undersigning it. Therefore, no harm would have come from accepting the proposal and this would have been distinctly useful for stabilizing the generic name Phyllocharis in the Campanulaceae, not only for the few botanists working in New Guinea, but for all handbooks and monographs on the family. It is precisely for this purpose that there is the provision in the Rules to conserve generic names. No useful purpose is pursued to drop established names if it is reasonable to maintain them, which I strongly think it is in this case. The proposal has unfortunately been found redundant by the majority of the Subcommittee for Phanerogams (Taxon 12, 1963, 238) and was rejected. This necessitates the creation of a new generic name and the transfer of the epithets. Ruthiella Steen. nom. nov. — Phyllocharis Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 55 (1917) 122, non Fée, 1824; Wimmer, Pfl. Reich Heft 107 (1953) 724; Tuyn, Fl. Mai. I, 5 (1960) 137.

Description: In Malesia the genus Tephrosia is represented by 20 species, native or introduced and naturalized, including 6 subspecies and 5 varieties; 4 species are restricted to Malesia. Two of these species are newly described: T. barbatala and T. elliptica; the former includes one new variety (var. glabra). Two new subspecies and one new variety are distinguished: T. filipes subsp. longifolia, T. purpurea subsp. barbigera, and T. maculata var. elongata. Two taxa are given a new status: T. maculata var. appressepilosa and T. pumila subsp. aldabrensis. Four species, T. dichotoma, T. repentina, T. coarctata, and Kiesera sumatrana are for the first time sunk into synonymy. A key to the taxa, synonymy, and full descriptions with plates and distribution maps are given.

Description: During identification and study of the materials of the genus Blepharis Juss. in the Central National Herbarium (CAL) of the Botanical Survey of India the authors came across some specimens (Lawson 314) from Tavancore, which was identified as B. molluginifolia aff But critical study revealed that the typical molluginifolia is a different species from which the new taxon can be distinguished by several characters. The species is named after M.A. Lawson who collected the specimen for the first time.

Description: This is the second book by professor Meeuse on the phylogenetic morphology of the reproductive organs of the Higher Cormophytes. It is superior to the first *, not only in the get-up, but also in providing some more information on the principles of the author. The core is disclosed in: ‘all we can do is to postulate a phylogenetic genealogy, using all available (palaeobotanical) evidence, and build up the evolutionary sequences in the phylogeny of the organs, the semophyleses, along our framework’. And: ‘Typology is to be checked by fossil data’. We meet the method of the New Morphology, as it was started by H. Hamshaw Thomas. The phylogenetic line depicted leads from the Progymnospermopsida Beck through Cycadopsid Gymnosperms towards Angiosperms. It is impossible to distinguish Angiosperms from Gymnosperms. They are specialised Cycadopsid Gymnosperms, exhibiting polyrheitric angiospermic trends, such as angi-ovuly, double fertilisation, dormant embryo phase, flower types, wood vessels, and aperturate pollen. Some groups have not reached the ultimate level in part of these characters.

Description: One new species of Aristolochia, A. singalangensis, from Sumatra is described here. This is the only Malesian species to have the fruit dehiscing from the apex towards the base. Remarks are given for some Asiatic and Malesian species, all belonging to Aristolochia except one to Thottea, on their taxonomy, nomenclature, typification, characteristics for identification, relationship, distribution, etc. The phenomena and significance of aristolochiaceous plants-butterflies relationship have been discussed. Germinated pollen grains have been found in dehisced anthers of open flowers in both Aristolochia and Thottea. Pollination of the Aristolochiaceae has been concisely reviewed.

Description: Liana dioica (?). Ramuli dense fulvo-tomentosi, glabrescentes, in partibus vetustioribus purpureo-brunnei, passim lenticellati. Folia c. 1 cm longe petiolata, elliptica, 16—20 cm longa, 9—11 cm lata, chartacea, juniora in costa nervisque fulvo-pilosa, matura subglabra, subtus sparse minute glandulosa, basi rotundata parum attenuata, apicem versus gradatim late acuminata, apice ipso obtusa, nervis utroque latere 6—8, curvatis, 2 vel 3 superioribus ante marginem conspicue arcuato-conjunctis. Inflorescentiae breviter (2—5 mm) crasseque pedunculata, ramis 2 scorpioideis c. 1½ cm longis, densifloris, breviter denseque fulvopilosis. Flores unisexuales, gemmis femineis tantum visis. Calyx 5-merus, sepalis 2½—3 mm longis, extus dense fulvo-pilosis, intus sparse appresse breviter pilosis. Petala sat profunde bifida, extus parce appresse pilosa. Staminodia libera, glabra. Disci lobi breves, lati, irregulariter bi- vel trilobati, margine lanati. Ovarium dense fulvo-lanatum, bicarpellatum; stylus 1, brevis, stigmatibus 2 patentibus. Fructus (1-ovulatus) applanato-semiellipsoideus, 20 mm longus, 13 mm latus, 9 mm crassus, dense fulvo-velutinus, sutura lata praedita. Type: Solomon Islands, Treasury Group, Mono Island, T. C. Whitmore BSIP 4175, 28-4-1964 (holotype in L, isotype in BSIP), ‘Secondary forest on rocky sandstone slope behind village. Woody climber with the forest canopy. Flowers cream. Fruits pinkorange, containing a single orange seed.’

Description: There are only two genera of the Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia and Thottea, so far known to occur in Malesia. In the course of a revision of this family for the Flora Malesiana, some new species of both genera have been found. Eight new ones of Thottea were published in a precursor on that genus (Blumea 27, 1981, 301-332, f. 1-72). There are four new species of Aristolochia from Borneo and one more new Thottea from Sumatra to be described here.

Description: Affinis L. longicauli King & Pantling, a qua tamen differt magnitudine minore totius plantae, racemis brevioribus, labello angustiore lineari-lanceolato, sepalis lateralibus 3—4-plo. longiore ad apicem bifido. Herba terrestris, erecta, gracilis, 6—20 cm alta, radicibus carnosis fibrosis e rhizomate brevi; caulis glaber, 3.5—12.0 cm longus infra folia, 1.0—1.5 mm crassus, unica vagina ornatus ad 2—4 cm supra rhizoma, vagina ca 5 mm longa, ca 2 mm lata. Folia sessilia, ovatocordata, ad apicem acuta, 1.5—3.0 cm longa et lata, membranacea, pallide viridia infra, glabra, tenuiter 5—7-nervia. Racemi 3—8 cm longi, glandulari-puberuli, supportantes flores 4—12, distanter dispositos in axillis bractearum, flore infimo 1—2 cm supra folia. Bracteae florales ovato-acuminatae, glabrae, ovario stipitato breviores. Pedicelli 3—6 mm longi. Flores pallide virides, glabri, 1—2 cm longi. Sepala subaequalia, membranacea. Sepalum dorsale ovato-lanceolatum, erectum, 2.0—2.5 mm longum, ca 1.5 mm latum. Sepala lateralia ovato-lanceolata, subfalcata, paulum reflexa, 3—4 mm longa, 1.5—2.0 mm lata. Petala lineari-lanceolata, angustata, 2.5—2.75 mm longa, 0.8—1.0 mm lata. Labellum amplum, 3—4-plo. longior sepalis lateralibus, lineari-lanceolatum, latum in medio, fastigatum ad utrumque apicem, 3—5-nervium, 8—13 mm longum, 2.0— 2.5 mm latum, membranaceum; apice breviter bifido, lobis anguste obtusis, sinu brevissimo. Columella 2.5—3.0 mm longa, acute curvata ad apicem, rostello brevi, hebete; pollinis 2, pyriformibus. Ovarium ca 4 mm longum, tenuiter obconicum, glabrum. Capsula ca 1 cm longa.

Description: When revising the acrostichoid genera Bolbitis and Egenolfia from the Old World for my thesis, I came across Acrostichum neglectum F. M. Bail. This species, which was successively transferred to the genera Leptochilus and Campium, has the essential characters of a blechnoid fern. On account of the differences found between A. neglectum and the other blechnoid ferns, it seems necessary to create a new genus to accommodate it, a point of view shared by Prof. Holttum, who gave me valuable advice for this study. I am indebted to Mr L. S. Smith of the Botanic Museum and Herbarium, Brisbane, for the loan of the collections of this species, to Mr J. H. Kern, who kindly helped me with the preparation of the English text, and to Prof. van Steenis for supervising the MS.

Description: Carpels develop centripetally as oblique slightly ascidiform structures provided with a seat-like support. The terminal mouth of the ascidiform primordium becomes the lateral cleft of the carpel. Solitary terminal carpels develop as lateral structures. The sections Tasmannia and Drimys of the genus Drimys differ by the varying degree of ascidiform development. Austrobaileya is like Drimys. The structure of the carpel margins with submarginal placentation may have evolved from a slit like that in Winteraceae. Allometric development of an oblique ascidiform structure may have formed a large basal ovary, and may thus have moved the stigmatic part apically. A possible cupular origin of carpels is discussed.

Description: In NW. Borneo thick series of Tertiary sediments occur which are rich in fossil pollen and spores. The majority of these plant microfossils were derived from the various types of tropical lowland vegetation such as mangrove (Muller, 1964), mixed peat swamp forest and mixed Dipterocarp forest. Some pollen types, however, can be traced to microtherm elements in the montane vegetation. As these cannot have migrated through tropical lowlands, their past distribution is of special interest. It is the purpose of this note to review the stratigraphic occurrence of these montane pollen types and discuss briefly the phyto-geographical significance of the data. The sediments which contain the microfossils can be roughly divided in a near coastal and deltaic facies, characterized by alternating shale and sandstone with subordinate coal beds and a marine facies, consisting mainly of shale with subordinate sandstone and limestone beds. The Tertiary sedimentation in the NW. Borneo Basin is characterized by the alternation of these two main facies, but was locally interrupted during periods of mountain building movements, particularly in late Eocene and late Miocene time. These movements shifted the axis of the depositional basin gradually northwards. The formations of interest are the Oligocene-Miocene Nyalau formation, the Miocene Setap shale, Meligan and Lambir formations, the Miocene-Pliocene Belait formation and a group of younger formations of late Miocene-Pliocene age.

Description: Auf Grund ihres Fruchtknotenbaues konnte die Gattung Kolkwitzia schon bei ihrer Beschreibung durch Graebner (1901a) den Linnaeeae zugeordnet werden, und zwar gehört sie nach Graebner “unmittelbar neben Linnaea”. Dabei ist freilich zu bemerken, dass Graebner (1901b) dem Vorschlage von (Braun und) Vatke (1871) folgend unter dem Gattungsnamen Linnaea die Gattungen Linnaea L. und Abelia R. Br. zusammenfasste. Als besonderes Kennzeichen der Gattung wird von Graebner hervorgehoben, dass die Ovarien der Blüten gewöhnlich paarweise miteinander verwachsen sind. Durch diese Verwachsung von Fruchtknoten je zweier benachbarter Blüten “erinnert sie an Lonicera, bei der jedoch beide auf einer Höhe stehen, während sie bei Kolkwitzia in der bisher nicht bekannten Weise, dass nämlich der eine Fruchtknoten der Spitze des andern seitlich angewachsen ist, verbunden sind”. Darüber hinaus macht Graebner weder über die Stellungsverhältnisse der miteinander verwachsenen Blüten noch über die Art der Verwachsung nähere Angaben. Im Verlaufe einer vergleichenden Untersuchung über die Infloreszenzen der Caprifoliaceen (Troll & Weberling 1966) sind wir daher auch diesen Fragen nachgegangen und erhielten dabei weitere Hinweise auf die engeren Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse von Kolkwitzia.

Description: Among the unnamed material of Celastraceae received from the Paris Herbarium for determination, there was one flowering specimen of Microtropis, collected by M. Schmid from South Vietnam in 1953. It was difficult to name it to species with certainty. In order to clarify its identity, I received kind help from the Herbaria of Kew and Paris by sending me specimens on loan for comparison. After studying the specimens concerned, I have concluded that the collection of Schmid represents an undescribed species. In the course of studying the new species and annotating the material of Celastraceae received recently by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, I examined also other specimens of extra-Malesian Microtropis. Together with the description of the new species, the results of the observation on those Microtropis species may follow here.

Description: In the Flora Malesiana Backer and van Steenis (1951) recorded five species of the genus Sonneratia, three of which occur in Malesia, viz. S. caseolaris (L.) Engler, S. alba J. E. Smith, and S. ovata Backer. In the course of a palynological study of recent and fossil Sonneratia pollen (Muller, 1964), it was discovered that in Brunei, NW. Borneo, hybridization occurs between these species. It is the purpose of this note A. to describe the morphology of the hybrids, and B. to report on a preliminary cytological examination of the species and the hybrids for determining the chromosome numbers and for detecting irregularities in chromosome behaviour at meiosis in the hybrids.

Description: By way of a supplement to my 1963 paper on “Dragon Flies of the Genus Zonophora” (Studies Fauna Surinam 5, p. 60—69, pl. 3—4) other particulars of the Surinam congeners may now be placed on record.

Description: The buthid scorpions of the genus Centruroides are widely distributed in the Antillean area. They are also the most common scorpions in the majority of these islands. Nevertheless they remained almost forgotten until recently (STAHNKE 1970; ARMAS 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982; FRANCKE & SISSOM 1980). For the purpose of this paper the Lesser Antilles are defined as the islands situated between the Virgin Islands and Trinidad & Tobago, according to BOND’S 1978 zoogeographical point of view.

Description: 1. The social behavior patterns of twelve species of hermit crabs found in the waters around Curaçao, N.A. are described. All species showed marked similarity in their aggressive displays, the most common of which are movements of the appendages, called here the ambulatory raise and cheliped extension. 2. Model presentation experiments proved that these positions are effective visual stimuli. These tests also showed that the white tips of the ambulatories of Clibanarius tricolor are aggressive stimuli. 3. Pagurid crabs showed a dislodging-shaking behavior pattern when crawled upon by other individuals. Experiments were carried out to determine the relationship between stimulus weight and the size of a crab showing this pattern. 4. Measurement of laboratory and field distributions indicated that some species are truly gregarious (Clibanarius tricolor, Pagurus miamensis, Pagurus bonairensis), while other species are contagiously distributed due to orientation to certain physical factors in their environment (Calcinus tibicen). 5. Laboratory and field tests showed that individuals of Clibanarius tricolor form relatively stable groups. The groups are formed and/or maintained through orientation to a “grouping pheromone”. These groups are formed daily after the crabs have been dispersed over the nightly feeding area. At night, individuals of Clibanarius tricolor oriented chemically toward a detritus-covered rock, their normal food source. Groups of Pagurus miamensis also oriented chemically to a group of conspecific individuals established on a rock. Individuals of both species oriented toward a conspecific group only during the day. 6. Diel cycle measurements were carried out for most species. The most common pattern was a nocturnal, crepuscular-peaked cycle, although Paguristes species showed an anti-crepuscular pattern. 7. Individuals of all species fought one another for gastropod shells. With the possible exception of the genus Paguristes, the direct application of force did not play a part in these shell-fights. The signals exchanged by an interacting pair were very different in the two families; in the Paguridae, the attacker shakes the defending crab back and forth rapidly by a movement of its ambulatory legs while the diogenid aggressor strikes the defender’s shell with his own by means of abdominal muscles. Measurements of shell-fighting pairs of Clibanarius tricolor indicated that smaller individuals very rarely win over larger crabs, females have a slight advantage in shell-fights and that recently moulted crabs are both more likely to be attacked and more likely to lose when attacked. 8. The sexual behavior of most species was observed and described. The precopulatory acts of the male are similar within the Families; diogenid males mainly rotate the female around an axis through the plane of her shell aperture, while pagurids jerk the female toward the male by movements of one of their chelipeds which grasps a female ambulatory leg. The normal larval releasemoult-copulate sequence was observed in most species, although pairs of Pagurus bonairensis consistently copulated while the female still had a complement of well-developed eggs. 9. A preliminary investigation indicated the presence of social order in groups of Clibanarius tricolor, Calcinus tibicen and Pagurus miamensis, but the basis for this order was uninvestigated.

Description: The eastern end of the Greater Antilles between the Mona and the Anegada passages is composed of isolated Mona in the former passage, Puerto Rico (including its satellite islets), Vieques, Culebra, and the Virgin Islands. The major islands of the Virgins are St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Jost van Dyke, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada; there are as well a multitude of smaller islands, islets, and rocks. Of the Virgin Islands, St. Croix to the south is separated from the Virgin Bank, whereas the balance of the Virgins (except Anegada) are separated from one another by narrow and relatively shallow channels. From this entire region have been described six forms of the Antillean snake genus Alsophis. The purpose of the present paper is to define these forms and delimit their ranges more closely than heretofore, and to comment upon the interrelationships between them. Since Alsophis is either extremely rare or extinct on many of the larger Virgin Islands, and is likewise not exceptionally common on Puerto Rico itself, the present study could not have been undertaken without the complete cooperation of the following curators, who have loaned specimens for study: CHARLES M. BOGERT and GRACE M. TILGER, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); JAMES BÖHLKE and EDMOND V. MALNATE, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP); ALICE G. C. GRANDISON, British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH); NEIL D. RICHMOND, Carnegie Museum (CM); WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas (KU); ERNEST E. WILLIAMS, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); CHARLES F. WALKER and GEORGE R. ZUG, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (UMMZ); DORIS M. COCHRAN and JAMES A. PETERS, United States National Museum (USNM). Specimens in my own collection are designated Albert Schwartz Field Series (ASFS); I have also utilized specimens in the collections of RICHARD THOMAS (RT) and DENNIS R. PAULSON (DRP). For the assembling of Alsophis from the area under study I wish to acknowledge the capable assistance of GERALD D. GAGNON, RONALD F. KLINIKOWSKI, DAVID C. LEBER, and RICHARD THOMAS. The illustrations for the present paper have been executed by Mr. KLINIKOWSKI and he has my gratitude for this task.

Description: A detailed study has been made of several weathering profiles on the late-Hercynian Caldas de Reyes granite, NW-Spain. The field examination has been complemented by laboratory studies of large thin sections of hardened weathered material in conjunction with X-ray diffraction analyses. Three groups of features have been investigated by these methods. (a) General structure of regoliths. — They consist of a saprolite, mostly covered by colluvium. The latter can be distinguished from the saprolite by field methods, heavy mineral content and fabric analyses. The saprolites generally display spheroidal weathering. Microfabric analyses showed that spheroidal weathering is conditioned by micro-crack systems. Weathering starts in the joints; it was found that water transport occurred along joint planes, even those of sizes which could not be detected with the naked eye. Reducing conditions could be deduced from the colour and mineral content along these fine channelways, but in later stages oxidizing conditions prevail. Oscillating groundwater has affected the formation of the secondary minerals along the joints, but not in the surrounding saprolite. The soils formed on the regoliths are entic- and orthic haplumbrepts. The umbric epipedon may reach a thickness of 1 40 metres above an altitude of 250 metres. (b) Mineral transformations. — Kaolinite and metahalloysitc are the most common secondary minerals in weathered granites, metamorphic rocks and in an estuarine terrace. In one locality large red pleochroic secondary muscovite has been observed to form. Gibbsite may also form in a highly alkaline environment and where water movement is very restricted in micro-cracks of weathered feldspars. Secondary minerals (gibbsite and microcrystalline material) may form from plagioclase upon weathering, whereas the weathering products of microcline contain no secondary minerals. Interlamellar crystallized kaolinite or metahalloysite between exfoliated biotite-vermiculite lamellae can be observed during the weathering of biotite. The interlamellar crystallization of kaolinite or metahalloysite is not apparent between exfoliated muscovite lamellae. Minute droplets containing titanium, derived from the weathering of biotite crystals and their sagenite inclusions, are commonly found along the original cleavages of exfoliated biotite. Sometimes anatase has been observed to form out of these droplets. (c) Fabric analyses. — Fabric analyses have been performed to the regoliths according to Brewer's (1964) method, but because it was applied to deeper saprolites his terminology had to be supplemented with various new terms. Certain fabrics (skelsepic plasmic fabrics) are common in colluvium but not in saprolites and neither in soils.

Description: During the Late Devonian, deposition in the Cantabrian Mountains was largely controlled by movements along faults. By way of intermitting subsidence of the area south of the Sabero-Gordón line and the connected progradation of the coast during the Frasnian and early Famennian, three regressive sequences were deposited. On account of these sequences the Nocedo Formation is divided into three units. Before the late Famennian transgression, after which the upper part of the Ermita Formation was deposited, the area was peneplained. Six facies maps show the changes in palaeogeography during the Late Devonian.

Description: The sediments of the, Cambrian, Lancara Formation show features which suggest their deposition in a shallow marine environment. The occurrence of stromatolites might indicate that some sediments were deposited in an intratidal environment. The gradual change, upward in the stratigraphie section, from stromatolite deposits via calcarenites to argillaceous limestones and shales is being interpreted as a transgressive marine sequence. The possibility of a penecontemporary dolomitization of the lower part of the formation followed by secondary, post Namurian?, dolomitization is suggested.

Description: A description is given of a Paleocene and Lower Eocene pollen flora of two bore-holes in Guana. Some new species are described and some remarks are made on their stratigraphical significance. Pollen diagrams are presented, one probably representing the entire Paleocene and a part of the Eocene.

Description: The area described comprises the SE plunging extension of the anticlinorium of Mondoñedo-Lugo-Sarria and several structural units to the NE of it. The stratigraphy compares with that of neighbouring areas. Certain new observations have been made regarding the west flank of the East Galician-West Asturian miogeosyncline at the end of the Precambrium and during the Early Palaeozoic. Stromatolites or algae played an important part in the formation of carbonate deposits during late Precambrian (Cándana limestone) and Lower Cambrian time (Vegadeo limestone). An imprint, possibly attributable to a specimen belonging to the Precambrian Ediacara fauna, was found in the Cándana Schist Formation. A shallow or relatively high zone existed during that time in the region around Incio. The same general area formed a high again at the end of the Ordovician, causing erosion and a marked disconformity of the Silurian. The Hercynian structures can be explained by assuming roughly WSW-ENE compression and shortening. In the NW of the area this is expressed in the first place by the recumbent folds of the Lugo-Sarria anticlinorium, and in the SE by the narrowness of the steep folds and their slightly changed direction in the general area of Seoane and El Cebrero. Normal crossfaults are related to the folding and the compression. They show locally a deviation in accordance with the direction of shear stress. Horizontal displacement along such faults in an EW direction was probably of little importance. Finally a few observations are given on the occurrence of Pb-Zn ores at the mine of Rubiales.

Description: Species of the heteropod families Carinariidae and Pterotracheidae collected in the Mid North Atlantic Ocean in 1980 have been studied. The distribution of the species is given, as well as the morphological variation. It is concluded that two subspecies of Carinaria lamarcki actually have to be considered distinctly recognisable and sympatric species, to be called C. lamarcki and C. challengeri. The vertical distribution of the heteropods studied proves not to be restricted to the photic zone and diurnal vertical migration occurs among the larger species. The horizontal distribution of the two Carinaria species and of at least two populations of the Pterotrachea species coincides with the southern branch of the North Atlantic Current, while others are restricted to the subtropical waters. Consequently, the present heteropods have to be considered good indicators of water masses and currents.

Description: As our knowledge of extinct mammals is rather poor, is seems worthwhile to publish the following notes on the Quagga. Mr. Haga was so kind as to call my attention to the 6 volumes of bound watercolour-drawings in the Print Room at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam known as the Gordon-Atlas. It consists of 456 drawings by or executed at the indications of Robert Jacob Gordon (see Note I) during expeditions into the interior of South Africa starting from the Cape of Good Hope in the years 1773-1790. Gordon’s widow took the drawings with her to England.

Description: Moult cycle and morphogenesis in larval instars (zoea I, zoea II, megalopa) of the spider crab Hyas araneus were studied in the laboratory. Changes in the epidermis and cuticle were documented photographically at daily intervals to characterize the stages of the moult cycle. Stage A (early postmoult) is a very short period during which the larva takes up water. During late postmoult (B) and intermoult (C) the endocuticle is secreted, and there is conspicuous epidermal tissue condensation and growth. The onset of early premoult (D sub(0)) is characterized by epidermal apolysis, occurring first at the bases of the setae in the telson of zoeal instars or in the rostrum of the megalopa.

Description: Larval and early post-larval growth has been investigated in H. araneus L. (Majidae) reared in the laboratory. Growth was measured as dry weight (DW), ash-free dry weight (AFDW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), gross biochemical constituents (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, chitin, ash) and energy (calculated separately from carbon and biochemical composition). During larval development, i.e. from freshly hatched zoea-I to late megalopa, all these criteria of biomass increase by factors ranging between 5 and 14; carbohydrate shows the lowest, chitin the highest increment. There are indications of loss in organic body weight during the latest period preceding metamorphosis to the crab stage. When no food is offered during this time, megalopae lose significantly more biomass than control larvae. This suggests that food is still required, but feeding activity is reduced to a level below maintenance ingestion rate. Following metamorphosis, the juvenile crab accumulates biomass at a far higher absolute rate (expressed as µg/d) than all larval stages.

Description: The development of hard bottom communities has been studied on test panels in Helgoland Harbour (German Bight) since 1977. Settlement and growth of epibenthic species was examined monthly. Natural variation in different seasons, years, and at three stations (the latter, only in 1981 and 1982) was investigated. At Station A (Binnenhafen), barnacles (Balanus crenatus ) and polychaetes (Polydora ciliata ) were always among the first settlers in spring. They were followed by other barnacles (Elminius modestus, Balanus improvisus ) and by colonical ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri ). The latter species often dominated from August to October, and tended to overgrow the barnacle populations.

Description: The larval development f the spider crab Hyas araneus L. was studied in the laboratory at different constant temperatures (2,6,12, and 18 °C). Linear relationships between log temperature and log stage duration were described by means of regression equations. They were used in a simple simulation model predicting larval moulting and metamorphosis at different temperatures. The most important predictions were : (1) Settlement of H. araneus takes place mainly from late May to mid-June; (2) assuming wide annual fluctuations in the average spring temperature ( plus or minus 2 °C), a total settlement period ranging from late April to early July can be expected; (3) delay of larval development due to a decrease in temperature is stronger than the acceleration caused by an equally great increase; and (4) both delay and acceleration effects become weaker during the hatching season and from stage to stage.

Description: Zoea-1 larvae of H. araneus were kept under different nutritional conditions. Their midgut glands were investigated with a transmission electron microscope. The glandular epithelium consists of the cell types known from adult decapods. It is mainly the R-cell type that undergoes ultrastructural alterations which reflect nutritional conditions. R-cells of fed larvae are characterized by large lipid inclusions; after a certain period of food deprivation (point-of-no-return) the original ultrastructure cannot be reestablished. Refeeding results in large glycogen deposits in these cells.