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  • Articles  (49,461)
  • Springer  (49,461)
  • 1995-1999  (12,346)
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  • 1980  (8,136)
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (41,085)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (8,376)
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  • Articles  (49,461)
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999  (12,346)
  • 1985-1989  (9,411)
  • 1980-1984  (8,136)
  • 1975-1979  (19,040)
  • 1925-1929  (528)
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization of water in swollen poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 649-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Water molecules sorbed in pure poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), as well as in their blends is found to be only partially crystallizable. The fraction of noncrystalizable water is shown to vary with the blend composition. Such variation is explained by the newly proposed Tg-regulation effect when the swollen blend materials is cooled down. A part of the sorbed water cannot crystallize due to the fact that during cooling the amorphous polmer-water phase is frozen before the water crystallization temperature is reached.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324121
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of siloxane-modified epoxy resin using thermally stimulated current (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 641-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The low temperature relaxation of epoxy resin modified with siloxane oligomers was investigated by using thermally stimulated current (TSC) and relaxation map analysis (RMA). The β-relaxation of epoxy resin and the glass transition temperature of siloxane oligomer were folded and shifted to higher temperature as the concentration of trifluoropropyl (TFP) in siloxane oligomer increased. In the systems containing over 50% of TFP a new relaxation peak due to the dipole orientation was observed at around-45°C. As the concentration of TFP increased the compensation temperature (Tc) and the degree-of-disorder (DOD) were increased while the compensation time, τc was decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324120
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic oligomerization of 3-methylene-p-menth-4(8)-ene and 2-methyl-3-methylene-5-isopropylbicyclo [3.1.01,5] hexane (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 653-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title monomers were synthesized via Wittig reaction from thujone and pugelone. The monomers were found to react rapidly with cationic initiators at temperatures from -15° to 22°C. The products of these reactions were found to be low molecular weight oligomers. The reaction temperature, presence of solvent or initiator type and concentration seemed to have some effect on the molecular weights of the products obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294945
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and chelating properties of poly[(N,N-dicarboxymethyl)allylamine] derived from poly(allylamine) (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 659-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly[(N,N-dicarboxymethyl)allylamine] as a water-soluble polymeric chelating agent was prepared by carboxymethylation of poly(allylamine) (PAA) with chloroacetic acid or bromoacetic acid. The 1H-NMR, IR, and elementary analyses showed that the iminodiacetic group was introduced quantitatively into the amino group of PAA. Chelating properties of this polymeric chelating agent toward Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Ba2+ were examined by potentiometric titration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294946
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of N-vinyl phthalamide with acrylate and methacrylate monomers and preliminary analysis of the stereochemistry of poly(N-vinyl phthalamide) (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 665-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary N-Vinyl phthalamide was copolymerized with methyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate or butyl acrylate. The copolymerizations were initiated free radically and it was necessary to conduct the polymerizations in solution or else insoluble products would result. In most cases the polymerizations preceded to relatively high conversions in a short time. The conversions necessitated the use of high conversion methods to calculate the reactivity ratios. The N-vinyl phthalamide was found to be the less reactive monomer in all cases. As part of this study, poly(N-vinyl phthalamide) homopolymer was synthesized by free radical initiation. While the 1H-NMR spectrum yield very little information concerning polymer stereochemistry, the methine carbon resonance in the 13C-NMR spectrum displayed a sensitivity to polymer stereochemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294947
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclopolymerization of cinnamate ester derivatives of alkyl α-(hydroxymethyl) acrylates (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Three new monomers for cyclopolymerization were synthesized using phase transfer catalysis of ethyl α-(chloromethyl) acrylate (ECMA), t-butyl α-(bromomethyl) acrylate (TBBMA) and isobornyl α-(bromomethyl)acrylate (IBBMA) with cinnamic acid sodium salt. Bulk and solution polymerization at 70–80°C using AIBN gave soluble cyclopolymers with Mn=13650 and Mw=36540 for the ethyl ester, Mn=47700 and Mw=86900 for the t-butyl ester and Mn=3500 and Mw=4650 for the isobornyl ester monomer. The ester polymerizabilities decreased with increasing substituent bulkiness. FTIR spectra showed ca 30 to 93% cyclic units depending on the concentration of the monomer used in polymerizations. DSC thermograms showed that alkyl group size had little effect on Tg's, with values of 151°C, 156°C, and 164°C for the ethyl, t-butyl and isobornyl esters, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294948
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of poly(tetrahydrofuran-b-ε-caprolactone) macromonomer via the Sml2-induced transformation (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 683-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel well-defined macromonomer consisting of different types of monomers in polymerization mechanisms was synthesized for the first time through the SmI2-induced transformation. The macromonomer, ω-methacryloylpoly-(tetrahydrofuran-b-ε-caprolactone), was prepared by the reaction of methacryloyl chloride with living poly(tetrahydrofuran-b-ε-caprolactone) [poly(THF-b-CL)] which was obtained by the two-electron reduction of the cationic growing center of poly(THF) by samarium iodide (SmI2) followed by the polymerization of CL. 1H NMR analysis indicated the quantitative introduction of the methacryloyl group onto the polymer end. The molecular weight distribution of the macromonomer was relatively narrow, and the unit ratio of THF to CL could be controlled by both polymerization time of THF and the amount of CL, resulting from the living nature of both CL- and THF-polymerizations. Radical copolymerization of the produced macromonomers with methyl methacrylate in the presence of AIBN resulted in a polymethacrylate backbone grafted with poly(THF-b-CL) block copolymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294950
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and electrical properties of poly[2-(2-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethenyl-1,4-phenylenevinylene] and PPV copolymers (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 697-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly[2-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethenyl)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (PFEMPV) and a series of PPV copolymers containing 1,4-phenylenevinylene (PV) units were synthesized through a water-soluble precursor route, and their electrical and third-order nonlinear optical properties were studied. The PFEMPV films could not be doped with I2, but FeCl3-doped films showed an electrical conductivity of 5.0x10-4 S/cm. The conductivities of FeCl3-doped copolymer films ranged from 2.0x10-3 to 2.0 S/cm depending on their copolymer compositions. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, χ(3)(−ω;ω,ω,−ω), was also investigated by the degenerate four wave mixing technique at 602 nm. The χ(3) value of PFEMPV was 6.9x10-11 esu. The photoluminescence spectrum of PFEMPV shows its emission maximum at 550 nm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294952
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel and versatile method for the synthesis of soluble fullerenated polymers (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 705-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new route for the preparation of soluble fullerenated polymer through the reaction of carbanion intermediates of polymers with fullerenes, particularly C60, is demonstrated. Confirmation of the covalent attachment of C60 to the polystyrene backbone is by a variety of techniques such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, TGA, SEM and 13C NMR etc. The product, which has a visibly brownish yellow cast when compared with the unreacted polymer, is soluble in some common organic solvents. The thermal stability of pure polystyrene is enhanced by C60-chemical modification, and no bonds within the carbon sphere are broken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294953
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of poly(3-methyl-1-vinylpyrazole) (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 35 (1995), S. 711-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title monomer was polymerized in solution via free radical initiation. The polymer's 300 MHz 1H-NMR and 75.5 MHz 13C-NMR spectra were recorded and analyzed in terms of polymer stereochemistry. Most of the resonances in both the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra showed multiplicity consistent with sensitivity to polymer stereochemistry. However the 13C-NMR spectrum proved somewhat easier to interpret. The analysis of both the 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra very strongly indicate that poly(3-methyl-1-vinylpyrazole) is an atactic polymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294954
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curves and surfaces for computer aided design usingC 2 rational cubic splines (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 94-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Rational cubic ; Bernstein-Bézier ; Shape control ; Tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of fitting curves and surfaces, for computer aided design (CAD), via an ordered set of control points, so that the result is satisfactory for the user's needs. Piecewise rational functions with cubic numerator and quadratic denominator are used in the construction of the scheme, in such a way that the descriptions of the parameters control the shape of the picture in the desired area. A general solution is obtained for points inN-space, although the scheme is only meaningful in the cases whereN=2 andN=3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01312203
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data fusion for adaptive control in manufacturing: Impact on engineering information models (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Database ; Date fusson ; Date model ; Information architecture ; Information model ; Manufacturing ; Sensors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Data fusion is the integration and analysis of data from multiple sensors to develop a more accurate understanding of a situation and determine how to respond to it. Although data fusion can be applied in many situations, this paper focuses on its application to manufacturing and how it changes some of the more traditional, less adaptive information models that support the design and manufacturing functions. The paper consists of four parts. The first section explains what data fusion is and its impact on manufacturing. The second section describes what an information system architecture is and explains the natural language-based information modeling methodology used by this research project. The third section identifies the major design and manufacturing functions, reviews the information models required to support them, and then shows how these models must be extended to support data fusion. The fourth section discusses the future directions of this work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271280
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling evolving product data for concurrent engineering (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; Configuration management ; Data model ; Design Process ; Engineering data management ; Product data management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In order to make the traditional product structure tree representation amenable to concurrent engineering relationships likeperspective-of anddependent-on have to be added to the essentialpart-of relationship. Complex data can be held in proprietary formats, while simple data will be in a common representation for direct access by diverse disciplines. Coordination among team members in a project can be carried out using such a model. Besides, a virtually unified view of all the data is possible, though they may lie in distributed and heterogeneous data bases. A very necessary characteristic of such a model is that its time evolution should be easy to represent in order to reflect the dynamic nature of product development, where the model itself, and not merely the data values change. Managing versions is also facilitated by the comprehensive structure of the Unified Product Data Model (UPDM).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271282
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information management for integrated design environments (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 227-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Design process ; Design studies ; Engineering information systems ; Product data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper identifies requirements for an engineering design information management system. Future CAD systems must support a wide range of activities — such as definition, manipulation and analyses of complex product information models. These models represent not only conventional data associated with current CAD applications, but also design information characterizing the correlations between the requirements, functions, behaviors and physical form of the product. Such functionality is important for both the individual designer and the design organization, as the need to manage information as a corporate asset is becoming a critical component of business strategy. This paper explores these needs using two design studies. The first study illustrates some major concepts relative to non-routine design activities, while the second study focuses on the routine design activities relative to organization interactions. These studies were used to elicit high level requirements which serve as the basis for the development of prototype software systems. These prototypes are briefly introduced here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208816
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An object design framework for structural engineering (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 213-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Communication channel ; Communication path ; Data attribute ; Design object ; Method group ; Object-oriented ; Receiving interface ; Relationship ; Relationship attribute ; Sending method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Object-oriented principles have introduced several useful concepts for developing complex software systems. As a result, several methodologies have been suggested for the overall design of software systems based on these concepts. Methodologies and frameworks for designing objects that are to be part of the software systems are currently lacking. This paper proposes anobject design framework andmethodology, which utilizes the object-oriented concepts, for planning, organizing and designing structural engineering design objects. Design objects in an integrated structural engineering system are complex and often related to each other in various different ways. The paper also identifies several important relationships among structural engineering design objects. These relationships serve as communication channels through wich design objects send messages to and receive responses from each other. Several examples, drawn from reinforced concrete structures, will be presented to demonstrate the object design methodology and to illustrate how the framework is effective in reducing the complexity of design objects in an integrated structural engineering system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208815
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite and boundary element modeling of crack propagation in two and three dimensions (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 167-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Computer modeling of mixed-mode crack propagation has rarely been attempted. This is because of the difficulty in updating the geometrical description to represent the changing crack geometry. The development of two interactive, graphical fracture propagation systems is described here. The Finite Element Fracture Analysis Program—Graphical (FEFAP-G) is a two-dimensional fracture propagation system. The BEM3D is a three-dimensional boundary element fracture propagation system. In addition, the implementation of the BEM3D analysis program in a configuration formed by an FPS-264 processor attached to a VAX-11/750 used as host computer is described. The results show that a realistic three-dimensional boundary element analysis of crack propagation is not only feasible with the aid of attached processors, but it can have its total time reduced by factors of the order of hundreds when compared to VAX alone statistics. In an example problem concerning fatigue crack propagation in a stiffened wing skin, both FEFAP-G and the BEM3D are employed to illustrate the utility of the fracture propagation systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201264
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLASHTRAN: An expert consultant on two-dimensional finite element modeling techniques (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An expert consultant and teaching aid has been developed to aid users of the MSC/NASTRAN (MacNeal-Schwendler Corp, Los Angeles, CA, USA) finite element code in the modeling process with two-dimensional elements. Written in LISP and LOOPS, an object-oriented programming language, the system, known as PLASHTRAN, allows engineers to work in a natural environment to obtain modeling recommendations. The program performs efficiently, especially when iterations in design require changes in the finite element model. The easily expandable modeling framework allows the knowledge base to incorporate new information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276412
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  • 18
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    A knowledge-based standards processor for structural component design (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 2 (1987), S. 219-238 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a design strategy in which structural components are designed automatically by applying three types of knowledge: knowledge in a design standard; “textbook” knowledge of structural, material, and geometrical relationships; and knowledge representing designer-dependent design expertise. The design strategy selects from the designer-dependent knowledge source the behavior limitations—limit states of an object in a given stress state—to consider, translates the behavior limitations into a subset of corresponding standard requirements, generates a set of constraints from the requirements and the relations in the knowledge-base of “textbook” relationships, satisfies the constraints, and then checks the satisfaction of all remaining applicable requirements. By using this design strategy, it is possible to construct a knowledge-based design strategy that is standard independent, so that the same design process can be performed regardless of which design standard is explicitly represented. The design strategy described has been implemented in a prototype knowledge-based system, SPEX, which has a blackboard architecture similar to, but much simpler than, that of HEARSAY. The blackboard represents the level of abstraction through which a component design progresses. The knowledge-base in SPEX consists of several knowledge sources that perform portions of the component design task. Control of the design process knowledge sources in SPEX is rule-based.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276414
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Computer-aided acoustic analysis of reciprocating compressor pipeline systems (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 21-33 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an analytical method for acoustic forced pulsations of reciprocating compressor pipeline systems have a treelike structure that consists of an arbitrary number of branchings with optional elements—pipes, volumes, orifices, and so on. The plane wave acoustic model is used to describe the method, and the solution works by using an extended Schmidt-Kuhlmann-type approach. On the basis of a graph and matrix interpretation of the structure, a generalized algorithm is developed for determining the actual terms that describe the transfer properties of the system and to help calculate the acoustic pressure and velocity pulsations. The algorithm makes it possible to mechanize programming in the case of both natural frequency and forced pulsation calculations. The program package developed here for the personal computer can be directly applied in the design practice with success. It is also applicable to other linear systems with treelike structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198146
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  • 20
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    Damage: An expert system for structural assessment and failure identification following blast and shock loading events (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 69-86 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The development of an expert system for the postevent assessment of reinforced concrete structures subjected to severe loading environments, such as those that correspond to blast and shock effects, is presented and discussed. Initially, the observed behavioral aspects of the structures are presented, then a background discussion of the requirements from an expert system is given, and finally, the specific details for the present approach are examined. Examples of rules and of a typical run are presented, and the results are compared to information obtained from previous studies on the same structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206304
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reasoning about nature of contact for planning manipulators tasks (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 87-99 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Extracting information about contact between two convex bodies from the measured force vector is a prerequisite for any fine compliant motion control strategy. Contact information contains the direction and orientation of the contact surface normal and its relative location and orientation with respect to the compliant reference frame system. A method for interpreting the contact force feedback during compliant robot motion control, using kinematic screws, is presented. Domain specific rules combined with partial a priori knowledge of mating parts geometry and interpreted force signals are used to reason and make inferences about the initial contact configuration. The likely contact surfaces are predicted and point(s) or line(s) of contact are fully defined. These surfaces are idealized and represented by quadratic equations or polyhedral surfaces. The geometric properties of surfaces at the contact location are used to select the contact configuration when multiple solutions exist. An algorithm for predicting the Expected Contact Configuration (ECC) has been developed and is illustrated here with examples. Experimental validation of the developed expert system prototype, using a 6R manipulator, a six-axis force sensor, and a host computer is described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206305
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  • 22
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    A study of solution algorithms for shape design sensitivity analysis on a supermini computer with an attached array processor (1987)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 3 (1987), S. 111-119 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a study and comparison of shape design sensitivity analysis algorithms that are based on the continuum adjoint variable method, the continuum direct differentiation method, and the finite difference method, implemented on a supermini computer with an attached array processor. The basic algorithms and their differences in evaluating shape design sensitivity coefficients are outlined. A solution method for solving a system of equations, using a general sparse storage technique, is used for numerical implementation of shape design sensitivity analysis. It is found that computing shape design sensitivity coefficients using the direct differentiation method is significantly more efficient than using the adjoint variable method or the finite difference method. A detailed performance evaluation of the methods, using an attached array processor, is presented. The performance of the attached array processor, compared to a supermini computer is shown to depend strongly on the type of computations to be carried out. When only parts of a program are running on an attached array processor, the CPU time distribution among the different subroutines of the program can change significantly, compared to using the host processor only.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206307
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    Kinematic synthesis with configuration spaces (1995)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 7 (1995), S. 193-213 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Configuration ; Constraint programming ; Spaces & Qualitative physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a new approach to the conceptual design of mechanical systems from qualitative specifications of behavior. The power of the approach stems from the integration of techniques in qualitative physics and constraint programming. We illustrate the approach with an effective kinematic synthesis method that reasons with qualitative representations of configuration spaces using constraint programming.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01638099
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    Oligomerization of phenyl glycidyl ether in the presence of ZnCl2 (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In the presence of ZnCl2 phenyl glycidyl ether reacts to different products owing to the ring-opening reaction of the oxirane and the cleavage of the ether bond. Using HPLC and offline mass spectrometry most of the reaction products could be identified. A reaction scheme and the supposed reaction mechanism were described involving the formation of chlorine — containing oligomers and low molecular weight by — products resulting from the cleavage of the ether bond of the monomer. Conclusions were drawn for original polyfunctional epoxy resin systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955880
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    Study on the relationships between the structure of networks and mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 55-62 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Basing on that the fluctuations of chains and junctions in real vulcanizates with carbon black fillers are suppressed by the presence of three kinds of forces which are network, entanglement and carbon black-polymer interaction forces. A new molecular theory of rubber elasticity for vulcanizates with carbon blacks at large deformation was presented. It succeeds in relating the elastic state to molecular constitution by three important quantities (C100, C020 and C200). In which the severity of constraints by entanglements, crosslink and junctions of carbon blacks are characterized with four molecular parameters. , , and . The relationships of stress to strain for four types of deformation were derived from this theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955884
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    Study on the relationships between the structure of networks and mechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 63-70 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A satisfactory account of reinforcement has been secured through the application of the theory of elasticity to rubber vulcanizates with carbon black fillers. A statistical theory of reinforcement by carbon blacks and it's characteristics were developed. Three methods for characterizating the reinforcement of carbon blacks by the difference of elastic free energy, retractive forces and modulus were derived from this theory. The influences of carbon blacks on mechanical properties of SBR and NR vulcanizates were studied by uniaxial equi-biaxial and unequi-biaxial extensions. These results show that an excellent agreement between the theory and experiments. A correlation between the structure parameters of cijk and the tensile strength for SBR vulcanizates filled by different grade of carbon blacks exists.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955885
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    Existence of an introduced elastomer interphase in a glass beads-filled epoxy thermoset (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 97-102 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A rubbery (CTBN based) thin layer is added onto the surface of glass beads embeded in a DGEBA — DDA matrix. The chemical and the coating processes are described. The existence of a specific relaxation of the interphase is evidenced using viscoelastic measurements. The presence of an other α1 relaxation is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256872
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    Living carbocationic polymerization (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 7-13 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The efficient synthesis of symmetrical telechelic polyisobutylenes carrying ∼ CH2C(CH3)2Cl groups at either end of the molecule, $$\mathop - \limits^t Cl - PIB - Cl\mathop - \limits^t$$ , has been accomplished by rapid living polymerization using aromatic di-tert.-ether/BCl3 initiator system in CH3Cl at −70°. The living nature of the polymerization was demonstrated by linear Mn versus amount of PIB formed (WPIB) plots starting at the origin. The effect of temperature and solvent composition (polar/nonpolar) on the polymer structure has been investigated. Undesirable indanyl end groups which form during polymerizations carried out at −30° and −50°C can be eliminated by decreasing the temperature to −70°C. The apparent activation energy differences have been determined in the −30 to −70°C range at different polar/nonpolar solvent compositions: ΔEa of $$\mathop - \limits^t Cl - PIB - Cl\mathop - \limits^t$$ decreases from 2.6 to 1.0 kcal/mole by decreasing the polarity of the medium from 100% CH3Cl to a 60/40 v/v CH3Cl/hexanes mixture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955877
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    Piezoelectric activity in films of poly(1-bicyclobutanecarbonitrile) (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 135-136 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We observed significant piezoelectric activity in cast films of poly(1-bicyclobutanecarbonitrile).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256878
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    Crystallinity of POM films cast from solution (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 137-140 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The process of crystallization and the structure of poly/ oxymethylene/ (POM) films cast from hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate solutions were studied. The supermolecular structure of thin POM films was studied by the use of polarization microscope. It has been found to consist mainly of spherulites, the size of which are essentially independent of the initial concentration of the solution. Similarly to the findings reported for thin films made of melts, ovoids and spiral ovodis were also found in minor amounts. Two additional formations indicating more complex structure were also detected. Further details of the structures formed could be recognized applying scanning electron microscopy.
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    Grafting of acrylamide to Nylon-6 by the electron beam preirradiation technique (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In water swollen nylon grafted acrylamide (NYgAM) membranes, prepared by the electron beam preirradiation technique, water was classified into three categories: bound, free and intermediate states. The partition of water into these states was evaluated by utilising the data of water sorption capacity and permeability coefficients of water and ionic solutes through the membranes. Reevaluation of the partition was done utilizing the data of water proton relaxation times Ti, measured by pulsed NMR technique. The partition was evaluated as follows: the first 2 moles of water per mole of grafted polyacrylamide (PAM) are bound, the next 4/3 moles are intermediate and the rest of the water is free. It was further found that in highly water swollen membranes, the water beyond 2 moles per mole of PAM can be classified as free water.
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    Grafting onto carbon black by the reaction of reactive carbon black having acyl chloride group with several polymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 87-93 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acyl chloride group introduced onto carbon black rapidly lost its activity by the moisture in air. However, the decrease of acyl chloride group content in vacuum was negligibly small. By the reaction of the acyl chloride group with several polymers having hydroxyl or amino group, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI), these polymers were found to be effectively grafted onto carbon black; for instance, the grafting ratio of PEG (Mn=8.2×103), PVA (Mn=2.2×104), and PEI (Mn=2.0×104) was 18.5%, 32.9%, and 45.8%, respectively. The number of polymer grafted onto carbon black decreased with an increase of its molecular weight.
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    Erratum (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 94-94 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955889
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    Photopolymerization of 2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate induced by diacetoxyiodobenzene and bis(trifluoroacetoxy) iodobenzene (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 169-174 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The title hypervalent iodine compounds are efficient photoinitiators for the polymerization of 2-(dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate. The polymer is formed in daylight but faster under UV irradiation, with high conversion; its molecular weight 〈Mn〉 is 9×104 daltons. Copolymerization of this monomer with styrene occurs also under similar conditions at a high rate. A free radical mechanism is suggested for these polymerizations.
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    The morphology and deformation behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate)/BPA polycarbonate blends (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 341-345 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this communication the results of a series of recent studies of the morphology and deformation behavior of toughened poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/BPA polycarbonate (PC) blends are briefly summarized. Several papers containing a more detailed account are currently in press (1–3). Among the unique morphological features of these blends are the consistent isolation of the core/shell impact modifier (IM) in the PC phase and the crystallization and phase separation of the PBT from the partially miscible PBT/PC melt on slow cooling. DSC studies provide corroborating evidence for melt miscibility of the two resins. The blends deform through a combination of cavitation and shear processes. In all cases cavitation occurs exclusively within the IM particles and is suppressed at higher PC concentrations and elevated temperatures.
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    Magnetic field effect on the photocrosslinking of a butadiene-styrene copolymer modified by benzoyl or phenylacetyl groups (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 369-373 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A butadiene-styrene copolymer was partially modified by Friedel-Crafts reaction of phenyl groups with benzoyl chloride or phenylacetyl chloride. The resulting benzoylphenyl and phenylacetylphenyl groups served as photosensitizers for a subsequent crosslinking by u.v. irradiation. The extent of crosslinking was measured by sol/gel analysis. Crosslinking was carried out without magnetic field and with magnetic field of flux density 1.0 Tesla. The experiments with magnetic field yielded about 5% less soluble polymer, corresponding to a higher crosslink degree. The data were evaluated by statistical methods.
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    Transport of alkali metal ions by comb-like poly(vinyl ethers) with pendant poly(oxyethylene) chains (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 389-395 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Comb-like poly(oxyethylenes) ( $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ ), prepared by the HI/I2-initiated living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers carrying a poly(oxyethylene) pendant, were found to transport alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) through a dichloromethane liquid membrane at 25°C. Polymer $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ with four oxyethylene units per pendant (n = 4) transported all the four cations (best for K+), and more effective as an ion carrier than its non-polymeric counterpart (tetraglyme), whereas $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ with n = 0 [poly(ethyl vinyl ether)] was virtually ineffective. The observed polymeric effect indicates an enhancement of ion transport via a cooperative action of the neighboring poly(oxyethylene) pendants. Related vinyl ether copolymers consisting of poly(oxyethylene) (n = 4) and hydrophobic phenoxyl pendants were inferior to $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ as ion-transport carriers, but introduction of hydrophilic alcoholic pendants into $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{2} $$ (n = 4) facilitated the transport of the smaller cations (Li+ and Na+).
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    Synthesis and properties of some EPDM graft terpolymers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 299-306 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two EPDM graft terpolymers, one with polystyrene branches and one with poly-α-methylstyrene, were prepared from a commercial EPDM polymer using “grafting from” techniques. The new materials were characterized by GPC, osmometry and nmr spectrometry; tensile strength properties were also determined.
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    The polymerization of acetylene on catalysts having the composition titanium tetrabutoxide/organomagnesium or organolithium compounds (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 331-334 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymerization of acetylene was investigated using catalysts in which the titanium component, Ti(OBu)4, was reduced with organomagnesium and organolithium compounds. In some cases, mainly with RMgBr, homogeneous films possessing good mechanical properties were obtained. The content of the transform of polyacetylene (40–80%) depended only vaguely both on the type of the reducing agent and on the reaction conditions. In all cases the film density was higher than that of films prepared according to Shirakawa.
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    Theory of network formation by additional crosslinking of polyurethanes due to biuret and allophanate formation (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 481-488 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using the theory of branching processes, conditions for gelation and relations for the sol fraction and concentration of elastically active network chains have been derived for polyurethane systems where also urea, biuret and allophanate units are formed. The application of the theory is illustrated by gelation in diol-diisocyanate-water systems in which urea and biuret units are formed.
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    Synthesis and NMR study of some aliphatic block and branched α,ω-dihydroxy polyesterethers (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 499-506 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The following dihydroxy linear, branched and block polyesterethers: αω,-dihydroxy-poly (di (oxyethylene) oxysuccinyl) (1), -poly(tri(oxy-ethylene)oxysuccinyl) (2), -poly(oxyethylene-oxysuccinyl)-block-poly(oxyethylene) (3), and -poly(oxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyleneoxysuccinyl) (4) have been synthetized using polytransesterification reactions. Their NMR spectra have been assigned and compared.
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    An analytical correction for peak broadening in gel permeation chromatography with a molecular weight detector (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 531-538 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper we present a general expression describing the peak broadening effect on molecular weight averages measured during the elution of a polymer in GPC. This expression is valid for nonlinear column calibration and nonuniform Gaussian spreading across the chromatogram. Comparison is made with analytical relationships derived by Yau, Marais, Hamielec and Netopilik. The methodology developed as an extension of the Pierce and Armonas method is applied to a model system and to elution data of dextrans.
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    Apparent compatibility in n-alkane/poly(dimethyl phenylene oxide) blends (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 523-529 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary We report here on the apparent compatibility of a series of n-alkane/PDMPO blends. Three alkanes were examined [eicosane (C20), tetracosane (C24), and Polywax 2000 (nominally C142)] as blends of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% alkane with PDMPO. Samples were judged to be compatible or incompatible according to three criteria: (a) visual appearance, i.e., transparent vs. opaque molded specimens, (b) the presence or absence of an alkane crystalline melting peak in a DSC thermogram, and (c) downward shifts in the PDMPO-rich phase glass transition temperatures from the T g range of 195–200°C for PDMPO homopolymer. The T u〉Tm alkane component transition has not been observed in any of the blends prepared to date.
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    Effect of temperature on the solution properties in 2-ethoxyethanol of statistical copolymers of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 17 (1987), S. 551-556 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient and intrinsic viscosity of statistical copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid in 2-ethoxyethanol was investigated. It was found that the θ-temperatures of copolymers are outside the temperature range given by the θ-values for poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Their dependence on the copolymer composition has a discontinuity. Simple theoretical considerations have shown that this behaviour may be expected with copolymers composed of monomer units dissolving, respectively, with absorption and evolution of heat.
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    Effect of ZnCl2 on the copolymerization of acrylonitrile with N-2-chlorophenylmaleimide (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 9-12 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of ZnCl2 addition on the reactivity ratios of the system acrylonitirle (AN)-N-2-Chlorophenylmaleimide (2CMI) has been investigated. It has been found that the addition of small amount of ZnCl2 doubles the reactivity of AN while drastically decreasing that of the 2CMI. The viscosity of the copolymers has been measured and was found to decrease with increasing the maleimide and the ZnCl2 concentrations.
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    Polymerization of maleimides containing s-triazine rings in presence of aromatic di- or tri-amines (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New thermosetting resins were prepared by crosslinking of 2,4,6-tris[4-(maleimido) phenoxy]-s-triazine (TM) or 2,4-bis[4-(maleimido) phenoxy]-6-diethoxyphosphinyl-s-triazine (BM) in presence of various aromatic di- or tri-amines. The maleimide-amine adducts initiated thermal polymerization at lower temperature than did the corresponding neat maleimides. The thermal stability of cured resins was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The cured resins derived from the maleimide-amine adducts were less thermally stable than those of the corresponding neat maleimides. The initial decomposition temperature of the polymers obtained from the maleimide-amine adducts was not remarkably influenced by the chemical structure of the aromatic amine utilized.
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    Analysis of the 300 MHz PMR spectrum of poly(p-bromostyrene) (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 300 MHz pmr spectrum of poly(p-bromostyrene) is presented and analyzed. The aliphatic proton resonance of this polymer is very similar to that of polystyrene, but the aromatic proton resonance is somewhat more well defined. The resonance of the ring protons ortho to the polymer backbone occurs in a 5 peak pattern that, in view of the previous results obtained for poly 2- and 3-vinyl thiophenes (1,2) and poly(p-acetylstyrene) (3), was interpreted in terms of pentad stereosequences. Based on the assignments made in this paper, poly (p-bromostyrene) synthesized by free-radical initiated polymerization seems to be atactic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255818
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    Grafting onto TEDLAR films by the electron beam preirradiation technique (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 137-141 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyvinylfluoride (tedlar) films, 12.5–25 μm thick, were grafted with acrylamide monomer (AM) in an aqueous solution, following preirradiation with a 550 kV electron beam accelerator. The graft yield rose with grafting period up to 285% and 475%, for the 25 μm and the 12.5 μm tedlar films, respectively, and then levelled off due to gelation of the solution. Water permeation rates through the tedlar films were increased, upon grafting with AM, by a factor of up to 3. Water permeation rates through the tedlar grafted with acrylamide (TEDgAM) films were relatively low, as compared with those of cellophane films or nylon grafted acrylamide films (NYgAM) of comparable thickness, implicating that only part of the tedlar film cross-section has been penetrated through by the grafted copolymer. The highest rates of water permeability were observed in 12.5 μm films grafted with 475% acrylamide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261891
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    Theoretical analysis of model compounds of substituted poly(acetylenes): conformation versus electronic properties (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 159-166 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the conformation of conjugated molecules on their electronic properties has been investigated using the extended Hückel theory. Dimers of acetylene and methylacetylene have been taken as model compounds of poly(acetylene) and poly(methylacetylene). Upon increasing the torsional angle between the two repeat units, both the band gap and the ionization potential increase, but the change is more pronounced with the former variable. This increase is not regular and becomes more important at angles larger than 30°. Non-planar conformations are then expected with poly(methylacetylene) and other n-alkyl monosubstituted poly(acetylenes) and explain their large band gap (i.e. blue shifting) in comparison with that of poly(acetylene). In addition, similar ionization potentials are expected for n-alkyl substituted poly(acetylenes) and, therefore, their different reactivity in presence of oxidizing agents has to be explained by the size of their substituents.
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    Photopolymerization and photocycloaddition reactions in the 2-vinylnaphthalene — Maleic anhydride system (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 99-104 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Photochemical reaction of the 2-vinylnaphthalene (VN) (electron-donor monomer) — maleic anhydride (MAn) (electron-acceptor monomer) system has been studied in order to elucidate reaction pathways and the correlation between them and the multiplicity of an excited-state molecule. It was found that direct irradiation of the VN — MAn system both in benzene and acetonitrile produces predominantly copolymers probably via ion radicals generated by electron transfer in the electronically excited singlet state, whereas benzophenone-sensitized reaction yields a cycloadduct of VN with MAn as a main product via the electronically excited triplet state.
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    Living carbocationic polymerization (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 123-130 
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    Notes: Summary The synthesis of symmetrical linear telechelic polyisobutylenes (PIB) carrying -CH2C(CH3)2Cl end groups $$({}^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} }Cl - PIB - Cl{}^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} })$$ has been accomplished by living isobutylene (IB) polymerization using the CH 3O(CH3)2C-pC6H4-C(CH3)2OCH3 ·TiCl4 initiating system in CH3Cl/n-C6H14 (40/60 v/v) at −80°C. The living nature of the polymerization was demonstrated by linear Mn versus amount of PIB formed (Wp) plots smarting at the origin. Polymers with up to $$\bar M_n = 126.000$$ and $$\bar M_W /\bar M_n = 1.1$$ have been prepared. The effect of temperature on the polymer structure has been investigated. Undesirable indanyl end groups which form in polymerizations even at −80°C can be eliminated by preparing the initiating di-tert.-ether · TiCl4 complex in the presence of monomer.
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    The reactivities of polymer radicals towards stilbene; the cases of vinyl methyl ketone, isopropenyl methyl ketone, styrene and a-methylstyrene (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 265-269 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 14C-stilbene has been used for measurement of the incorporation of stilbene in polymers of vinyl methyl ketone, isopropenyl methyl ketone and styrene, and in copolymers of the two ketonic monomers and of styrene with α-methylstyrene. It has been confirmed that the introduction of an α-methyl group into a monomer significantly reduces the reactivity of the derived polymer radical towards stilbene.
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    Preparation and oxidative polymerization of 2-methyl-6-geranylphenol (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 283-286 
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    Notes: Summary 2-Methyl-6-geranylphenol (MGP) was efficiently prepared by the reaction of o-cresol and 1-chloro-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene in the presence of alkali metal. MGP was oxidatively polymerized to poly(2-methyl-6-geranyl-1,4-phenyleneoxide).
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    Network build-up by initiated polyreaction (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 209-215 
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    Notes: Summary The theoretical treatment of network formation in diamine-diepoxide curing under participation of etherification of excess epoxide groups, which is based on the combination of kinetic and statistical methods, has been extended to cover postgel parameters. Within the ring-free approximation, this treatment is rigorous. Relations have been derived for the extinction probabilities, sol fractions and concentrations of elastically active network chains. In the system under consideration, various definitions of an elastically active network chain are possible.
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    Liquid crystalline copoly(vinylether)s containing 4(4′)-methoxy-4′ (4)-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene constitutional isomers as side groups (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 239-246 
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    Notes: Summary Ethoxy vinyl ethers containing 4-methoxy-4′-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene and 4-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-α-methylstilbene constitutional isomers as side groups were synthesized by phase transfer catalyzed etherification of a Mixture containing the above mentioned isomers with 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether. Cationic copolymerization of various ratios between the two constitutional isomeric monomers led to a mixture of two copolymers which were separated by fractional precipitation. One copolymer exhibits a nematic mesophase, the other exhibits two smectic mesophases.
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    An example of spontaneous symmetry breaking in polymer physics (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 343-346 
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    Notes: Summary A polymer chain subject to certain constraints (slip-link plus fixed end points) is considered. It is shown that this system exhibits spontaneous symmetry breaking when the end-to-end distance of the chain is lowered below a certain critical value. Various implications of this effect are mentioned.
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    Deformation recovery behaviour of a solid polymer after tensile yielding (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 361-368 
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    Notes: Summary In this work the deformation recovery behavior of an amorphous polymer after large tensile deformation is studied at different temperatures. The effect of three parameters other than temperature has been pointed out in previous works (1–3). The data here presented indicate that the influence of all parameters, including temperature, on recovery behavior can be related to the residual stress, σ *, at the beginning of recovery test. This suggests to plot the recovery versus time curves, relative to different sets of parameters including temperature, by means of the same normalizing groups which were adopted in (2), thus shifting all curves towards a single master curve.
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    Synthesis and characterization of in situ anionically polymerized p-aminobenzoylcaprolactam using di-and tri-functional initiator systems (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 397-401 
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    Notes: Summary p-Aminobenzoylcaprolactam has been polymerized anionically in a two-step process to produce aramide-amide copolymers. Both drawn fibers and unoriented films may be produced using this method. The samples were characterized using FTIR, solution NMR, thermal analysis, viscosity, and mechanical testing. FTIR and NMR revealed the incorporation of both the aramid and amide linkages into the polymer backbone. TGA results gave a lower decomposition temperature than that of both aramide and nylon 6 materials. Intrinsic viscosities averaged 0.5 dL/g for the drawn copolymer samples polymerized by the di-functional initiator. Light microscopy displayed crystalline domains that did not appear to melt even up to 300°C. Mechanical testing showed that the initial moduli of drawn fiber samples to be in the range of 30–80 MPa, while homopolymers of nylon 6 and p-benzamide possessed values of 25 MPa and 2.70×103 MPa, respectively.
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    Acetylene-cyclopentene copolymers (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 425-432 
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    Notes: Summary Cyclopentene (CP) and 7,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)tricyclo-[4,2,2,02,5]-deca-3,7,9-triene (p-A) were copolymerized. The copolymers were thermally converted to acetylene-cyclopentene copolymers ACP-13, ACP-11, and ACP-31 containing 60.3%, 48.3% and 39.4% of CP, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy showed the copolymers to have increasing sequence length of conjugated double bonds with increasing acetylene contents. The copolymers have only small amounts of unpaired spins which are only one-tenth to one-hundredth of that found in normal trans-poly(acetylene). The copolymers absorb large quantities of iodine, which on the basis of sp 2-carbon atoms are comparable to iodine doped poly(acetylene). Doped ACP-copolymers acquire some increase of conductivity up to 10−4 (Ω cm)−1 for ACP-31 copolymer and evacuation returned the materials to their insulating states even though the samples retained a few mole % of I3 −. The results are attributed to low carrier concentration and mobility.
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    Cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines initiated by carbon black surface (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 377-384 
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    Notes: Summary Carbon blacks were found capable of initiating the ringopening polymerization of 2-substituted-2-oxazolines at relativery high temperatures. The activation energy of the polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline was estimated to be 13.4 kcal/mol. Carbon black lost the initiating activity of the polymerization upon the blocking of carboxyl groups on the surface by the treatment with potassium hydroxide or diazomethane. Therefore, it was concluded that carboxyl groups on carbon black play an important role in the initiation of the polymerization. Furthermore, it was found that during the polymerization, poly(N-acylethyleneimine) was grafted onto carbon black by the termination of growing polymer chain with the surface.
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    Synthesis and characterization of phenylquinoxaline-arylene ester block copolymers (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 411-416 
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    Notes: Summary Phenylquinoxaline-arylene ester block copolymers were prepared from phenolic hydroxyl terminated oligomers of defined molecular weight using an oligomer/monomer(s) approach, in which generation of the ester linkage coupling the blocks occurred concomitantly with the growth of the polyester block. The molecular weight of the phenylquinoxaline block was held constant at 12,900, while the stoichiometry of the arylene ester monomers were adjusted to afford copolymers containing 15, 30, and 50 wt% poly(arylene ester). These copolymers represent the first example of PPQ-based block copolymers derived from well defined phenylquinoxaline oligomers.
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    Oligomerization of alkynes by hafnocene dichloride/ethylaluminum dichloride (1987)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 441-446 
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    Notes: Summary The Cp2HfCl2/C2H5AlCl2 system (Cp = η5-cyclopentadienyl) was found to be an active homogeneous catalyst for the Oligomerization of both terminal and internal alkynes. Apparently, the mechanism of Oligomerization occurs by successive insertion of the alkyne into the hafnium-carbon bond of a cationic intermediate, as evidenced by the interception of the highly substituted, sterically bulky, 1-trimethylsily1-1-propyne.
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    Structure-property behavior of new hybrid materials incorporating oligomeric poly(tetramethylene oxide) with inorganic silicates by a sol-gel process (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 455-462 
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    Notes: Abstract Novel transparent hybrid materials incorporating triethoxysilane endcapped poly(tetramethylene oxide) with tetramethoxysilane have been successfully prepared by a sol-gel process. The molecular weight of PTMO has been varied to study its effect on the structure-property behavior of these hybrid materials. Mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical behavior have been measured; small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been utilized to obtain structural information. Based on the experimental results, a simplified morphological model has been suggested to describe these new hybrid systems.
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    Synthesis of well-defined graft copolymer with oligodimethylsiloxane and polyvinylalcohol branches (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 473-477 
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    Notes: Summary Polyvinylalcohol macromer of well controlled molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, whose hydroxyl groups being protected as silyl ethers, was synthesized by Lewis acid catalyzed sequential silyl aldol condensation. Copolymerization of p-oligodimethylsiloxanylstyrene with the macromer, followed by the removal of the hydroxyl protective groups, gave the well-defined title graft copolymer.
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    Chemical modification of macroreticular 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate — Ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers (1987)
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    Polymer bulletin 18 (1987), S. 495-499 
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    Notes: Summary Several chemical modifications of commercial macroreticular 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate copolymers are described. The derivatives containing pendant imidazole, primary amino groups and complexon (EDTA and DTPA) groupings as well as oligo(N-acetyliminoethylene) and oligo(iminoethylene) grafts were prepared.
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    Method of determining the kinetics of spherulite primary nucleation from the spherulite shapes in bulk samples (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 1-6 
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    Notes: Summary Using the mathematical approach it was shown that it is possible to find the time lag between nucleation acts of two adjacent spherulites from the curved border lines seen in the thin section of a bulk sample. The method of the determining time distribution of the primary nucleation is proposed to be done in the similar way as it was done in the two dimensional case (PAKUŁA et al. 1979). Based on the above the measurements of the nuclei succesion were reconstructed in two different injection moulded poly methylene oxide samples. This shows a marked number of thermal nuclei.
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    The effect of composition on cooperative relaxation properties of random copolymers (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 25-30 
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    Notes: Summary The theory of ADAM and GIBBS (1965) has been extended to include a description of the composition dependences of relaxation times and of the glass transition temperature of a random copolymer using the known thermodynamic and viscoelastic parameters of homopolymers. Comparison with a number of copolymer systems shows that theoretical equations adequately correspond to experimental data if the sequence distribution effect is not operative.
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    Methylene carbon resonance spectra of epimerized isotactic polystyrene (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 37-42 
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    Notes: Summary The methylene carbon resonance patterns of partially epimerized isotactic polystyrenes were measured and interpreted in terms of tetrad and hexad stereosequence distributions that were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of the epimerization process. Empirical rules were developed for assigning hexad resonances. Calculated spectra based on these assignments and on the Monte Carlo results were in reasonably good agreement with experimental spectra. The resonances of mmtype methine carbons were noted to occur about 0.2 ppm downfield from other methine carbon resonances.
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    Polymerization via zwitterion 27. No-catalyst copolymerization of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with β-hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 249-255 
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    Notes: Summary This paper describes “No-Catalyst Copolymerizations” between ethylene phenylphosphonite (EPO) as MN and four β-hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates as ME. In all combinations polyphosphinate type copolymers were obtained above 130 °C without added catalyst. The first step of reaction was a proton-transfer step to yield a transient phosphonium-alkoxide zwitterion 5 and generated a phosphorane intermediate like 6. The subsequent reactions of 6 were rather complicated. It was possible to conceive several zwitterions to lead to polymer units. The liberation of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide was observed as a side reaction during polymerization.
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    Polymerization of phenylacetylene by titanocene dichloride (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 289-291 
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    Notes: Summary The polymerization of phenylacetylene was investigated using Cp2TiCl2/C2H5AlCl2 (Cp=π-cyclopentadienyl) as the homogeneous catalyst. The mechanism of addition of phenylacetylene is by successive 2+2 cycloadditions, as evidenced by the isolation of a ladder compound composed of fused cyclobutane rings. The ladder compound, which is an intermediate of the reaction, is converted catalytically to the final polyconjugated polymer.
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    Conductance stopped-flow study of cationic polymerizations of p-methoxystyrene and styrene (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 309-313 
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    Notes: Summary Conductance stopped-flow analysis on the initial phase of cationic polymerizations of p-methoxystyrene and styrene revealed rapid changes in conductance (within 20–50 ms) that were related to the initiation process. Initiation rate constants were obtained for CF3SO3H, CH3COClO4, and BF3O (C2H5)2 initiators in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C. They agreed closely with those determined by stopped-flow spectroscopy, and decreased with increasing monomer concentration.
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    Studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of dextran (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 337-342 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The enzymatic hydrolysis of well-defined dextran fractions is studied. The results show that the rate constants of degradation are proportional to the molecular weight for molecular weights higher than 5000; for lower molecular weights the rate constants decrease gradually. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dextran is not a statistical reaction, since the individual rate constants of bond cleavage increase from the midpoint of the chain towards both ends. The results are discussed in comparison with acid hydrolysis of dextran, and the characteristic differences between both reactions are pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266711
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    Dimerisation and oligomerisation by dehydrogenation as a general synthetic principle (1) part I (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 363-372 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Donor or acceptor groups and particularly capto-dative substituants determine the ease of selective hydrogen abstraction but steric factors and the nature of the dehydrogenating agent influence the relative “radical scale”. This study underlines the preparative value of dehydrodimerisations. This method allows in addition the preparation of oligomers and polymers. A continuation of this work will be published in the near future. The industrial synthesis of indigo by dehydrodimerisation of oxindol is a classical example of radical coupling(10) as a reaction type on which this publication focusses:
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064366
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    Calculation of piezoelectric constants of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 397-402 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Piezoelectric constants of poly(vinylidene fluoride) form I crystal have been calculated to give a good agreement with observed values; d33 = −2.5 × 10−11 C/N (observed: −2 × 10−11 C/N) and d33 = −2.5 × 10−13 C/N (observed: ca. 10−13 C/N). The macroscopic piezoelectric constants have also been calculated using such a model that the piezoelectric crystal form I is embedded in the non-piezoelectric amorphous matrix to be d 31 M $$ \doteqdot $$ 0.6 × 10−11 C/N (at room temperature) and 4.6 × 10−13 C/N (below glass transition temperature), and d 33 M $$ \doteqdot $$ −1.4 × 10−11 C/N and −0.5 × 10−11 C/N, respectively, reproducing well the observed temperature dependence of these constants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064370
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    New 3,6-dihalogencarbazole-containing monomers and polymers (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 427-434 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of six novel electrono-donor monomers containing 3,6-dihalogencarbazole [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dichlorocarbazolyl methacrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dichlorocarbazolyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dibromocarbazolyl methacrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-dibromocarbazolyl acrylate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3, 6-diiodocarbazolyl methacrylate and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-diiodocarbazolyl acrylate], of the corresponding polymers and of the monomeric models is described. The ionization potentials values of the monomeric models were determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254880
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    Intramolecular charge transfer complexes 6 (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 441-447 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By modifying the copolymerization temperature for the system N-(2-hydroxyethyl) carbazolyl mathacrylate and picryl methacrylate in dioxane, the reactivity ratio values were shown to be determined mainly through the entropic factor. The obtained intramolecular charge transfer complexes copolymers presented a different intramolecular complexation degree.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254882
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    Spontaneous polymerization studies on methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate in the presence of a cholesteric liquid crystal, cholesteryl 2-(ethoxy ethoxy) ethyl carbonate (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 485-490 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) takes place in the presence of cholesteryl 2-(ethoxy ethoxy) ethyl carbonate (CHEEC) in liquid crystalline phase at 12.5°C and in isotropic phase at 30.0°C. Percentage of conversion increases, whereas molecular weight decreases, with increase in the concentration of CHEEC. Tacticities of the polymers (as analysed by NMR) are independent of the concentration of CHEEC. The interaction between CHEEC and MMA in various solvents are investigated by viscometry and U.V. spectrophotometry. Similar experiments with a mixture of vinyl acetate (VAc) gave no evidence of spontaneous polymerization. A plausible mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization of MMA, involving formation of a complex between MMA and CHEEC, is discussed.
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  • 78
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    Intramolecular charge transfer complexes (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 505-511 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Radical copolymerization of 2,4-dinitrophenyl methacrylate (DNPM, M2) with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-dichlorocarbazolyl methacrylate (HECl2CM, m1) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,6-dichloro-carbazolyl acrylate (HEC12CA, M1) takes place by the simple terminal mechanism having the parameters: r1=0.13 r2=1.65 (M1=HECl2CM) r1=0.13 r2=1.20 (M1=HECl2CA) Intramolecular complexation differences for the two obtained systems are explained by configurational differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255252
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  • 79
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    The electric conductivity of poly(ethyl vinyl ketone) film reacted with phosphoryl chloride (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 275-280 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reaction of poly (ethyl vinyl ketone) with active chlorides in petroleum ether was followed by the electric conductivity measurement. Phosphoryl chloride was found to be an effective reagent to produce a highly conjugated system with an apparent specific conductivity of the order of 10−2 Ω−1cm−1 in petroleum ether. The reaction temperature seems to be important for the electric conductivity of the product, the higher the reaction temperature, the lower the electric conductivity of the reacted film.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282286
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  • 80
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    Decarboxylation of the 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate anion catalyzed by cross-linked poly(4-vinylpyridinium) salts (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 269-274 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Catalysis of cationic polyelectrolytes for the decarboxylation of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate anion was studied in a buffer solution (pH=9.0). Cross-linked poly (4-vinylpyridinium) salts prepared from 4-vinylpyridine and α, ω -dibromides were used as cationic catalysts. The cross-linked catalysts were found to accelerate markedly the decarboxylation in comparison with the linear water-soluble analogues. Effect of the polymer structure such as the length of (CH2)x linkages between positive charges on the catalytic activity was examined. It was suggested that the acceleration by the cross-linked polymer catalysts would be due to the hydrophobic microenvironment around the catalytic sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282285
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  • 81
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    Ultra-high strength polyethylene by hot drawing of surface growth fibers (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 293-300 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Hot drawing at 150°C has been applied to high molecular weight polyethylene fibers produced by flow induced crystallization in a Couette apparatus, referred to as the ‘surface growth’ technique. A distinct improvement of the tensile properties of the fibers was noticed upon drawing. A tensile strength at break of 4.7 GPa was reached. Drawability is discussed in relation to fiber morphology. The shish-kebab like structure of the ‘surface growth’ fiber was transformed into a morphology consisting of smooth fibrils upon drawing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266703
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    Silica-grafted polyisobutylene and butyl rubber (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 315-320 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Silica surfaces have been modified by reaction with ClSi(CH3)2CH2-CH2-C6H4CH2Cl (I) and the solids were used in conjunction with Et2AlCl to initiate the surface-graft polymerization of isobutylene. Experimental conditions have been defined to obtain respectable grafting rates, grafting ratios and grafting efficiencies.
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    Gel permeation chromatography for characterization of graft copolymer (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 321-324 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present paper describes the grafting of vinyl monomers onto cellulose nitrate in non-aqueous medium using benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst. The complete separation of the homopolymers and graft copolymer was carried out by selective solvent extraction. The graft copolymer was characterized by IR spectra. The GPC was used as a technique to differentiate between homopolymer, polymer mixture, polyblend, and graft copolymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266708
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    Permeability studies with cellulose acetate membranes (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 343-349 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The diffusive permeability of cellulose diacetate membranes was measured using NaCl as solute and distribution coefficients were calculated. Water and salt permeability coefficients derived from dialysis-osmosis experiments were also given. The results obtained were discussed with the aid of scanning electron micrographs and chlorine distribution maps.
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    Relationship between the preferential adsorption coefficient and polymer molecular dimensions in mixed solvents (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 383-388 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper a relationship between the preferential adsorption coefficient and polymer molecular dimensions is proposed $$\lambda \frac{{〈 s^2 〉 ^{3/2} }}{2} = \lambda _\infty \frac{{〈 s^2 〉 ^{3/2} }}{2} + A(\frac{{〈 s_0^2 〉 }}{2})^{3/2} $$ This relationship is found to be valid for all polymers in good theta solvents and for any molecular weight.
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  • 86
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    Ultrasonic velocities and Rao formulism in solution of polyesterimides (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 403-409 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been made in solutions of polyesterimide. It has been observed that by the application of Rao relationship and Nomoto equation, the ultrasonic velocity and density measurement can give useful information about the structural parameters of the copolymers.
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    Cationic polymerization of cyclopentadiene initiated by bifunctional trityl salts evidence for a direct addition of the initiator and application to block copolymerization (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 131-135 
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    Notes: Abstract A chemical evidence for the fixation of triphenylmethyl cation in the initiation step is given in the case of cyclopentadiene polymerization initiated by stable trityl salts. With SbCl6 as counter ion, negligible transfer reaction takes place at 0°C. The situation is more complex with SbCl5OH−. Mono and bifunctional trityl salts have also been used for the synthesis of AB and ABA block copolymers.
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  • 88
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    Action of oxygen on polylithiated polystyrene a new route to a styrene-hydroxystyrene copolymer (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 137-145 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of the copolymer styrene m, p-hydroxystyrene has been carried out by chemical modification of polystyrene. The initial polystyrene has been lithiated by the complex of sec-butyllithium with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine in cyclohexane and hexane. The lithiated sites have been quenched with oxygen. From the physicochemical characterization we have observed that the initial polystyrene is not degraded and that the oxidation reaction is quantitative. This reaction yields a styrene m,p-hydroxystyrene copolymer. The hydroxy groups are located in the meta(2/3) and para-positions of the aromatic ring.
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  • 89
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    Evidence for two gel effects during the bulk polymerization of ethyl acrylate from DSC, Rayleigh and brillouin scattering (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 205-210 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary DSC studies of the bulk polymerization of ethyl acrylate have revealed the occurrence of irregular kinetic behaviour during the initial stage of the reaction at less than 5 per cent monomer conversion. Simultaneously, a maximum in the 90° Rayleigh scattering was observed. The transient inhomogeneity and the shoulders on the rate-time curves are attributed to a localized gel effect which precedes the general gel effect.
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    Synthesis of polyacrylic and polymethacrylic derivatives having pendant uracil and thymine moieties (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 195-199 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyacrylic and polymethacrylic derivatives containing different contents of pendant uracil and thymine units were prepared by the polymeranalogous reaction using cyclic derivatives of uracil and thymine. The ability of the interaction between thymine bases in the copolymer chain was found to be parallel to the thymine content.
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    Kinetics of polymerization of styrene (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 637-642 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper presents the kinetic study of polymerisation of styrene with Ziegler-Nutta type catalyst system. The components of the catalyst are CuCl2 and Methyl aluminium bromide (DEAB). Out standing observations of the study are as follows. i) The minimum aging period of the catalyst system is 4 hours. ii) The optimum ratio of [Al]/[Cu] is observed to be 2.5. iii) Polymerisation rate is found directly proportional to monomer concentration but inversely proportional to catalyst concentration. iv) Energy of activation obtained is 5.47 K.cal/mole, within the range usually observed in anionic coordinated type mechanism. v) Mol. wt. is of the order of 104 and the polystyrene obtained is partly soluble in acetone.
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    The benzophenone-amine photoinitiator in vinyl polymerization (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 1-6 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fast spectroscopy experiments have been performed upon the photoinitiation process of a vinyl polymerization with the benzophenone-amine derivative system. The rate constants of the processes in the excited states have been determined. The results make it possible to discuss the rate constant of the polymerization and to deduce the efficiency of the initiating radicals.
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    Long periods in melt crystallized polyethylene two coexisting structures? (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 7-12 
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    Notes: Summary New small angle X-ray diffraction data of a series of mostly low density PE samples isothermally crystallized from the melt are reported to discern between the existing ambiguities concerning the alternative of one or two lamellar periodicities. The ratio of X-ray spacings turns out to be dependent on the supercooling of the samples. This result together with the analysis of the 1st and 2nd diffraction peaks during and after heat treatments reveals that the two scattering maxima in the samples investigated most probably originate from the coexistence of two different lamellar periodicities.
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  • 94
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    Copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of ethylene-propylene copolymer (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 103-110 
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    Notes: Summary The degree of conversion, intrinsic viscosity, composition and particle average size distribution of styrene (S)- acrylonitrile (AN) copolymer, formed mainly under heterogeneous conditions and in the presence of EPM, were investigated as function of the reaction time. An induction period, characterized by unstable preferential solvatation phenomena, is followed by a regular copolymerization period which can be described by apparent S and AN reactivity ratios. The regular copolymerization at high conversion is ascribed to the formation of EPM-g-SAN which acts as an emulsifier in the reaction system.
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  • 95
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    13C-NMR relaxation and circular dichroism of tactic polymethallylalcohol and polymethallylurethane (1980)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 521-528 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 13C-NMR spin-lattice relaxation (T1) measurements on syndiotactic and isotactic polymethallylalcohols and poly-(S)-N-1-phenylethylurethanes demonstrate a lack of dependence of T1 on tacticity. On the other hand, the T1-values show a hindered motion of the -CH2OH side chain, which is explained by hydrogen bonding. In an Arrhenius type plot the enthalpy of motion is found to to be very similar for the different groups of polymethallylalcohols, pointing to a common set of motions. The circular dichroism of the polymethallylurethanes is similar to the model compound (S)-N-1-phenylethyl-neopentylurethane, indicating a lack of conformational restrictions of the outer part of the side chains by a polymer effect.
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    Plasma-induced polymerization (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 437-440 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Preliminary results on plasma-induced bulk homopolymerization of styrene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate and on plasma-induced solution homopolymerization of N-vinyl carbazole, styrene and acrylamide are presented. Experimental data suggest that a radical mechanism of polymerization has to be considered to explain this new approach to polymer synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283818
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  • 97
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    Time-temperature superposition and linear viscoelastic behaviour of EPDM networks with various degrees of crosslinking (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 465-471 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Conventional time-temperature (t-T) superposition appears to be inappropriate to the viscoelastic behaviour of amorphous, peroxide cured EPDM networks. A phenomenological approach is presented that reduces these permanent elastomers to thermorheologically simple materials. Although the origin of the anomalous behaviour observed is not yet completely understood, it is attributed to an unusual variation of the equilibrium modulus with temperature.
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    The relaxation and equilibrium behaviour of model polyurethane networks (1980)
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    Polymer bulletin 3 (1980), S. 497-503 
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    Notes: Summary The mechanical, dielectric and rheo-optical behaviour of model networks prepared from OH-terminated poly(oxypropylene)triols and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate with various molar ratios of hydroxyl to isocyanate groups, rH=0.95 to 1.7, was investigated. The observed independence of the stress-optical coefficient of rH indicates the homogeneity of networks. Networks prepared with rH≈1 exhibit a narrow transition zone indicating a narrow chain distribution. With increasing rh, the transition becomes distinctly broader; dielectric measurements are well correlated with the mechanical ones. The equilibrium modulus markedly decreases with increasing rH.
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    Polymer-solvent interaction parameter for poly(4-hydroxystyrene) by IGC (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 34 (1995), S. 677-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The polymer-solvent interaction parameter, χ12, was determined for poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (P4HS) at 443 and 463 K, by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) using several probes. The partial molar heat of mixing at infinite dilution in the polymer was also calculated. The solubility parameter δ2 of P4HS has been obtained by using the method developed by DiPaola-Baranyi and Guillet. Moreover using the equation-of-state theory the contact interaction energy, X12, was also determined. The variation of the interaction parameters were correlated with the size and kinds of atoms present in the molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423368
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    Emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of carbohydrate-based amphiphiles (1995)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 34 (1995), S. 691-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Novel amphiphilic N-alkyl-, N-decenyl-, and N-alkyl-N'-methyl-semicarbazones of maltose and maltotriose with CnH2n+1 alkyl chains and n=8,9,10,11,12,16 were applied as emulsifiers in styrene emulsion polymerization. Surfactant properties, emulsion polymerization, and rheology were examined as a function of amphiphile molecular architectures. Both critical micelle concentration and average polystyrene particle size increased with decreasing alkyl chain length. Using N-methyl-N-[11-(acryloylamino)-undecanoyl]-glucamine comonomer in a starved feed emulsion polymerization process, it was possible to prepare uniform polystyrene latex with glucamide surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423370
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