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  • 1
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    In:  Sci. Am., Taipei, Elsevier, vol. 232, no. 3, pp. 24-33, pp. 2091, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publikationsdatum: 1973
    Schlagwort(e): Seismology ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Review article ; SciAm
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  • 2
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    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Amsterdam, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 32, no. 44, pp. 219-247, pp. L12S09, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Publikationsdatum: 1973
    Schlagwort(e): Dislocation ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Chandler wobble ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; GJRaS
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
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    In:  Nature, Bonn, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 298, no. B1, pp. 609-613, pp. B01401, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publikationsdatum: 1982
    Schlagwort(e): Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Low frequency ... ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; NOModelling
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
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    In:  Tectonophysics, Dordrecht, Netherlands, Dr. W. Junk, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 283-293, pp. L08304, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publikationsdatum: 1973
    Schlagwort(e): Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Lithosphere ; Kenia
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  • 5
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    In:  Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Bonn, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. A308, no. B1, pp. 479-522, pp. B01401, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publikationsdatum: 1982
    Schlagwort(e): Quality factor ; Rheology ; Low frequency ... ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Physical properties of rocks
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    In:  Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Milano, Gustav Fischer, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 170-171, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publikationsdatum: 1933
    Schlagwort(e): CRUST ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Seismology ; Velocity depth profile
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  • 7
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    Gustav Fischer
    In:  Professional Paper, Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften Bd. 3, Jena, Gustav Fischer, vol. 3, no. VIIa, pp. 762-774, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publikationsdatum: 1933
    Schlagwort(e): Handbook of geophysics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses !
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  • 8
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    In:  Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 1, no. B3, pp. 15-37, pp. B01308, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publikationsdatum: 1973
    Schlagwort(e): Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Inelastic ; Review article ; ANREV
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    Edward Arnold
    In:  London, Edward Arnold, vol. 70, pp. 158, (ISBN 3-9808780-0-7)
    Publikationsdatum: 1982
    Schlagwort(e): Textbook of geophysics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Modelling ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; GeodesyY ; Seismology ; Finite Element Method
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-11-16
    Beschreibung: Background information and exercises are provided to: (1) establish or expand understanding of the concepts, methods, and terminology of computer processing of image producing data; (2) develop insight into the advantages of computer based image processing compared with the photointerpretation approach for processing, classifying, interpreting, and applying remote sensing data; (3) foster a broad perspective on the principal of the main techniques for image enhancement, pattern recognition, and thematic classification; (4) appreciate the pros and cons of batch and interactive modes of image analysis; (5) examine and evaluate some specific computer generated products for subscenes in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and (6) interrelate these particular examples of output with more theoretical explanations of computer processing strategies and procedures.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 145-232
    Format: text
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Both separate and combined wind tunnel and vibration shaker tests were conducted on two structural panels representative of the Shuttle orbiter in the NASA LaRC 8-foot transonic pressure tunnel to determine the effects of combined loads on the thermal protection system (TPS). The primary objective of this test was to provide a combined full-scale load environment and realistic time history of the dynamic pressures, Mach numbers (through transonic), and dynamic structural responses of these panels. The panels were selected from orbiter locations where interactive load sources such as aerodynamic shock waves, turbulent boundary layers, strut-induced vorticity, and substrate deformation combined to provide high bonding loads between the TPS and the orbiter structure. The test panels were highly instrumented with static and dynamic pressure gages, accelerometers, deflectometers, strain gages, Schileren and high speed photography, and special instrumentation necessary to determine TPS/structure interface loads and tile motions. Two test specimens of each orbiter panel were utilized. Both were high-fidelity representations of the selected orbiter location.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 157-163
    Format: text
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Results of wind-tunnel and acoustic tests to investigate buffet loads on Shuttle Thermal-Protection-System (TPS) tiles are given. Also described is the application of these results to the prediction of tile buffet loads for the first shuttle flight into orbit. The wind-tunnel tests of tiles were conducted at transonic and supersonic Mach numbers simulating flow regions on the Orbiter where shock waves and boundary-layer separations occur. The acoustic tests were conducted in a progressive wave tube at an overall sound pressure level (OASPL) approximately equal to the maximum OASPL measured during the wind-tunnel tests in a region of flow separation. The STS-1 buffet load predictions yielded peak tile stresses due to buffeting that were as much as 20 percent of the total stress for the design-load case when a shock wave was on a tile.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 147-153
    Format: text
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The dynamic and static analysis methods used to model the nonlinear structural behavior of the Shuttle Orbiter's tile/pad thermal protection system are discussed. The structural evaluation of the tile/pad system is complicated by the nonlinear stiffening, hysteresis and viscosity exhibited by the pad material. Application of the analysis to square tiles subject to sinusoidal and random excitation is presented along with appropriate test data. Correlation is considered good. In order to treat the stress analysis of thousands of individual tiles, a nonlinear static analysis was developed which utilizes equivalent static loads derived from the dynamic environment. Tensile stress at the bondline is examined in thousands of unique tiles.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 127-145
    Format: text
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The unique space shuttle vehicle size, weight, and configuration gave rise to problems in determining vibration requirements and in verifying structural integrity for anticipated mission environments. The applications of large-scale vibration testing played a prominent part in qualifying the shuttle for its intended missions. Severe vibration excitation from rocket engines, aerodynamic noise, and onboard equipment are expected on each shuttle flight. Scale-model wind tunnel and rocket firing tests, as well as full-size rocket engine tests were relied on to define the random forcing functions. The determination of structural response to these environments is described as well as evaluations of measured flight data and comparison with predicted design and test criteria.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 71-80
    Format: text
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Recovery of the space shuttle solid rocket boosters required development of a heavy duty large decelerator subsystem. Successful recovery of the first launch pair of boosters demonstrated the adequacy of the design. Flight data consisting of accelerometers and parachute attach point loads provide a basis for evaluation of the decelerator subsystem performance. These results are summarized and compared to preflight predictions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 27-33
    Format: text
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Images characteristics of geographic regions other than the northeastern part of the United States are presented for interpretation. Pre- and post-eruption imagery of Mt. St. Helens volcano serves to demonstrate the advantages of thermal infrared sensing, and the potential for developing a timely, decision oriented thematic map to be used in solving drought-related problems in Upper Volta is examined to show the applicability of satellite remote sensing in all geographic areas.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 455-475
    Format: text
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Increased applications of automation technology identified as necessary for NASA to carry out its missions within the constraints of future funding and available physical resources are described. A concept for a Remote Orbital Servicing System (ROSS) based on present teleoperator and robotics technology is presented. A single servicer design compatible with three specified spacecraft, capable of performing service to the same extent as manned extravehicular activity, controlled from a ground control station, and using currently available technology is conceptualized.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 104-119
    Format: text
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The simulation program associated with a key piece of support equipment to be used to service satellites directly from the Shuttle is assessed. The Open Cherry Picker (OCP) is a manned platform mounted at the end of the remote manipulator system (RMS) and is used to enhance extra vehicular activities (EVA). The results of simulations performed on the Grumman Large Amplitude Space Simulator (LASS) and at the JSC Water Immersion Facility are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 17 p
    Format: text
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The concept of manned and unmanned proximity modules (POM) to assist the Orbiter in retrieval, servicing, and emergency operations of orbiting payloads is discussed. An unmanned POM, capable of examining or capturing and returning to the Orbiter large satellites which are station-keeping at distances up to one kilometer from the Orbiter, is presented and its design features defined. Also presented is the concept of a manned POM which is capable of capturing and maneuvering smaller payloads in or about the Orbiter payload bay. The manned POM also serves as a free flying work station used to support satellite servicing and provide a back-up to Orbiter situations when the remote manipulator is inoperative.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 21 p
    Format: text
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens in southeast Washington resulted in a pronounced effect on the surface and ground water resources of the state. In response to the volcanic activity, the U.S. Geological Survey intensified statewide surface and ground water sampling programs to determine the nature and magnitude of the volcanic-induced variations. Streams to the east of Mount St. Helens received the major ash fallout. Chemical effects were best noted in smaller streams sampled 60 to 70 miles northeast of Mount St. Helens. The chemical variations observed were pronounced but short lived. Sulfate and chloride increases in anionic composition were prevalent immediately following the eruption; however, the original bicarbonate predominance was again attained within several days. Suspended iron and aluminum concentrations were similarly elevated during the period of greatest ash deposition (highest turbidity); however, the dissolved concentrations remained relatively constant. Depressions of pH were minor and short lived. Streams draining to the south, tributaries to the Columbia river, showed little observable changes in water chemistry. Streams draining to the west (Toutle river and its tributaries) were compositionally affected by the various volcanic activities. Chloride and sulfate anion percentage exceeded the bicarbonate percentage up to one month following the eruption period. Streams and lakes sampled in the immediate vicinity of Mount St. Helens, in addition to trace metals, contained organic compounds derived from decomposing wood buried in the debris deposits. This organic material may constitute a significant source of organic compounds to surface and ground water for some time to come.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 43-46
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  • 21
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The benefits-to-cost ratio of satellite remote sensing, both as a substitute for conventional methods of monitoring and assessing resources, and as a supplement to these methods is examined using a model which analyzes the cost of aerial photography versus satellite scanner for producing and interpreting an image of the Earth's surface sized to LANDSAT dimensions. Examples of cost savings are tabulated for ground surveys, aerial photos, and LANDSAT. Possible additional benefits from LANDSAT D are assessed. The way in which satellites fit into more comprehensive models for resources management is discussed. It is shown that remote sensing is but one essential component in a complex system that aggregates technical. Socioeconomics, political, cultural, and other factors in the human decision process.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 389-407
    Format: text
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Computer processing facilitates extraction of information from every pixel by executing a variety of functional operations, called processed algorithms, in general or specialized routines. The best results are obtained when data from more than one multispectral band are used together. Multivariate tatistical analysis, computer tape characteristics, processing modes, and a choice of systems (batch or interactive) are discussed. The major operations in computer processing elaborated include: preprocessing, enhancement, effects of rationing, and classification. Techniques for multisource data correlation are considered with emphasis on geobased systems.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 421-453
    Format: text
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  • 23
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Learning objectives include: (1) developing an understanding of the implications of the term "near surface observations"; (2) associating the appearance of large ground features as seen in satellite imagery with their appearance as seen from the ground; (3) grasping criteria and procedures for selecting training sites on the ground for use in supervised classification; (4) running through an example of training site selection; (5) becoming familiar with several methods of accuracy assessment; (6) becoming aware of the approach and value of making supporting measurements of the spectral and physical properties of materials on the ground and from aircraft; (7) taking note of the different types of instruments used in making specific ground measurements; and (8) appreciating the rationale underlying laboratory and field studies on or near the Earth's surface for the purpose of developing new sensor systems.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 233-276
    Format: text
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  • 24
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Learning objectives include: (1) developing a facility for applying conventional techniques of photointerpretation to small scale (satellite) imager; (2) promoting the ability to locate, identify, and interpret small natural and man made surface features in a LANDSAT image; (3) using supporting imagery, such as aerial and space photography, to conduct specific applications analyses; (4) learning to apply change detection techniques to recognize and explain transient and temporal events in individual or seasonal imagery; (5) producing photointerpretation maps that define major surface units, themes, or classes; (6) classifying or analyzing a scene for specific discipline applications in geology, agriculture, forestry, hyrology, coastal wetlands, and environmental pollution; and (7) evaluating both advantages and shortcomings in relying on the photointerpretive approach (rather than computer based analytical approach) for extracting information from LANDSAT data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 101-143
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  • 25
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Activities are provided for: (1) developing insight into the way in which the LANDSAT MSS produces multispectral data; (2) promoting understanding of what a "pixel" means in a LANDSAT image and the implications of the term "mixed pixel"; (3) explaining the concept of spectral signatures; (4) deriving a simple signature for a class or feature by analysis: of the four band images; (5) understanding the production of false color composites; (6) appreciating the use of color additive techniques; (7) preparing Diazo images; and (8) making quick visual identifications of major land cover types by their characteristic gray tones or colors in LANDSAT images.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 81-99
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  • 26
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Learning objectives of the activities provided include: (1) reading the annotation of a LANDSAT image; (2) becoming acquainted with the characteristics of 1:1,000,000 scale transparencies and prints of MSS images; (3) noting the general information visible in LANDSAT photo products; (4) observing changes of appearance of any ground feature or class in the black and white images made from the four MSS bands and the characteristic color of each class in color composites; (5) determining the degree to which a LANDSAT image meets map accuracy standards and can be fitted to map projections; (6) assessing the effects of LANDSAT enlargements and scale changes and of the limitations of satellite resolution relative to aerial photos; (7) observing the influence of time of acquisition (season) on a scene; (8) getting a feel for image quality as dependent on processing and photoreproduction; (9) appreciating the characteristics of the RBV and thermal band imagery obtained from LANDSAT-3; and (10) becoming familiar with certain attributes of adjacent LANDSAT images which permit them to be joined in mosaics and to be viewed in stereo.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 39-80
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  • 27
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Servicing economics for LANDSAT are examined. The following objectives of the multimission modular spacecraft are outlined: retrieval; multimission capability; standard flight support system; standard hardware; repair and refurbishment on orbit; instrument replacement; standard ground support system; and standard software.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 168-199
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  • 28
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: A conceptual definition of an appropriate berthing technique and a prototype design of an automatic umbilical system suitable for use with payloads carried by the Space Shuttle are presented. A four-element berthing system is described. This concept consists of a set of four remote manipulator system (RMS)-type end-effector capture/tie-down devices on the power system and corresponding RMS-type grapple fittings on the payload. In operation, the RMS maneuvers the payload to a position where the four grapple fittings can be snared within the end-effectors and then secured to the power system. The concept takes advantage of mechanisms and operating techniques developed for attaching the RMS to a payload. Although the umbilical installation is attached to the docking interface structure, its operation is independent and it must comply with a set of primary requirements specified by Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), which is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 39 p
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Orbiter-based service equipment needs/usage are identified by considering a broad spectrum of on-orbit operational scenarios associated with three primary mission events: initial launch, revisits, and Earth return. Nominal and alternate modes of operation, contingency situations (as remote manipulator system inoperative), and Orbiter close proximity operations are included. Satellite classes considered are direct delivery and servicing of the orbiter, low Earth orbiter/propulsion, sorties and DOD, geosatellites, and planetary and other satellites.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 1-28
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  • 30
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Payloads are secured in the orbiter payload bay by the payload retention system or are equipped with their own unique retention systems. The orbiter payload retention mechanisms provide structural attachments for each payload by using four or five attachment points to secure the payload within the orbiter payload bay during all phases of the orbiter mission. The payload retention system (PRS) is an electromechanical system that provides standarized payload carrier attachment fittings to accommodate up to five payloads for each orbiter flight. The mechanisms are able to function under either l-g or zero-g conditions. Payload berthing or deberthing on orbit is accomplished by utilizing the remote manipulator system (RMS). The retention mechanisms provide the capability for either vertical or horizontal payload installation or removal. The payload support points are selected to minimize point torsional, bending, and radial loads imparted to the payloads. In addition to the remotely controlled latching system, the passive system used for nondeployable payloads performs the same function as the RMS except it provides fixed attachments to the orbiter.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 216-227
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  • 31
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The handling and positioning aid which (HPA) provides a wide range of adjustable work stations both inboard and outboard of the cargo bay is discussed. It can assist with berthing and docking, it is robust, stiff, has a simple control system, and is modular. An articulated arm version of HPA employed in a typical servicing mission is shown. Mounted on a base frame that spans the Orbiter cargo bay, the 6 m arm is long enough to hold the satellite being serviced and keep its solar array clear of the Orbiter radiators. By adjusting the length and angle of the support platform mast, and rotating the tip of the HPA arm, almost every item on the satellite can be reached. Spares and change-out units can be brought to and from the work site by the RMS, which is controlled from the aft flight deck. The fore and aft position of the base frame can be changed between Orbiter flights and this, together with the 5 degrees of freedom (DOF) of the long arm, allows work sites to be chosen that meet the clearance, reach and vision requirements of many missions. Flight article activities are shown are shown above the dashed horizontal line and Development Test Article (DTA) work below. Flight article requirements and concepts and the design of the DTA are developed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 15 p
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  • 32
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Satellite servicing requirements for a continuously manned Space Operations Center (SOC) are discussed. Applications for Orbiter developed service equipment are described, together with representative satellite servicing operations for use on SOC. These services cover the full mission cycle from orbital deployment to on-orbit maintenance/repair and, eventually, removal from orbit. An orbiting base, such as the SOC, can provide many of the same services at less cost than the Space Shuttle transportation system.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 14 p
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  • 33
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The primary LANDSAT mission and the system requirements are summarized and pertinent parameters of the spacecraft, its orbit, and payload are tabulated. The history acquisition to entry into the archives for storage and product generation and dissemination is recounted. The LANDSAT D data handling plan is discussed showing requirements for both the MSS CCT and the thematic mapper CCT.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 409-419
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  • 34
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The term remote sensing is defined as well as ideas such as class, pattern, feature, pattern recognition, feature extraction, and theme. The electromagnetic spectrum is examined especially those wavelength regions available to remote sensing. Relevant energy and wave propagation laws are discussed and the characteristics of emitted and reflected radiation and their detection are investigated. The identification of classes by their spectral signatures, the multispectral approach, and the principal types of sensors and platforms used in remote sensing are also considered.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 9-38
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  • 35
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Servicing economics of low Earth orbit satellites were studied. The following topics are examined: the economic importance of the repair missions; comparison of mission cost as opposed to satellite modulation transfer functions over a 10 year period; the effect of satellite flight rate change due to changes in satellite failure rate; estimated satellite cost reduction with shuttle operation projects from the 1960's to the 1970's; design objectives of the multimission modular spacecraft; and the economic importance of the repair mission.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 150-167
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  • 36
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: User cost for three satellite services were assessed. The three missions are: advanced X-ray astrophysics facility (AXAF) revisit; upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS) revisit: and solar maximum mission (SMM) Earth return. Service scenarios for the missions to identify service equipment needs and on orbit usage were developed. The AXAF revisit is a service mission involving a contamination sensitive satellite. Following servicing and checkout, the spacecraft is redeployed from the orbiter. The total user charges for revisit missions is from 5 to 10% less than the cost to build and relaunch a replacement satellite. It is indicated that satellite servicing from the Orbiter is cost effective.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 11 p
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Prediction of acid fallout and the dry deposition of Al2O2 was the objective of this investigation. Sampling was done at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The models available were not appropriate and the data available was negligible. Thus, a bimodal particle distribution was assumed normalized to the few existing data points and used as a foundation for a crude zeroth order approximation for the acid fallout. In addition, a settling spectrum for the Al2O3 particles was devised as a table look-up since the graphs in the literature at first pass could not be fitted with reasonable analytic functions. Consulting services were rendered to researchers. Special emphasis was placed on improving current techniques and adding LIDAR (Light Radar). Suggestions for future studies are made.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 8 p
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  • 38
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The history of remote sensing is reviewed and the scope and versatility of the several remote sensing systems already in orbit are discussed, especially those with sensors operating in other EM spectral modes. The multisensor approach is examined by interrelating LANDSAT observations with data from other satellite systems. The basic principles and practices underlying the use of thermal infrared and radar sensors are explored and the types of observations and interpretations emanating from the Nimbus, Heat Capacity Mapping Mission, and SEASAT programs are examined. Approved or proposed Earth resources oriented missions for the 1980's previewed include LANDSAT D, Stereosat, Gravsat, the French satellite SPOT-1, and multimission modular spacecraft launched from space shuttle. The pushbroom imager, the linear array pushbroom radiometer, the multispectral linear array, and the operational LANDSAT observing system, to be designed the LANDSAT-E series are also envisioned for this decade.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 327-387
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  • 39
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: The use of computer aided classification of LANDSAT data in developing water quality plans for New Jersey watersheds is used to exemplify how a state natural resource management program benefits from satellite imagery. The transition of a research and development system into an operational remote sensing system to help decision makers is demonstrated. Nontechnial issues that can assist (or hinder) an agency in adopting a new technology are examined. The progress of LANDSAT use by state government from the earliest stage of curiosity through to incorporation in actual state planning methods is charted. Potential applications of LANDSAT data to real information needs and solutions to management problems are examined. The problems and mistakes that occurred in using LANDSAT data in the past are discussed as well as the ways by which these problems were overcome.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 309-326
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  • 40
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-16
    Beschreibung: Information and activities are provided to: (1) enhance the ability to distinguish between a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a data management system; (2) develop understanding of spatial data handling by conventional methods versus the automated approach; (3) promote awareness of GIS design and capabilities; (4) foster understanding of the concepts and problems of data base development and management; (5) facilitate recognition of how a computerized GIS can model conditions in the present "real world" to project conditions in the future; and (6) appreciate the utility of integrating LANDSAT and other remotely sensed data into the GIS.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 277-308
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The spectral and spatial requirements for remote sensing in the next decade are presented. The requirements presented were obtained through extensive literature research and discussions with leading members of the various remote sensing research communities. In the 0.35-2.5 micron region of the spectrum, numerous bands will be needed at bandwidths as narrow as 10-20 nanometers. There is also growing interest in the thermal infrared (8-14 microns). Spatial resolution (instantaneous field of view) of 5 to 10 meters will be of great benefit to many fields of remote sensing.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 42
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Shuttle flight test plan is detailed, together with the results of tests of the flight control system (FCS). The initial Columbia flights carried 13,000 lb of instrumentation, and will be replaced with a 97 lb package during subsequent flights when further data are desired. The flight test program, besides gathering aerodynamic data, was heavily concerned with the perormance of the SSME (near-nominal), the thermal protection system (the performance and reusability have been demonstrated), and the data processing system (ground verification tests vindicated). Ascent has been nominal, as have orbital maneuvers, and descent roll/yaw has proven smoother than other high performance aircraft. Accelerometers and crewmembers have not been able to sense the smoothness of reentry RCS-controlled maneuvers. The manual controls are noted to serve only in off-nominal situations. The STS is concluded to be a basically sound vehicle, assuring a routine American presence in space.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectral bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations. Previously announced in STAR as N82-25602
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 44
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A complete automatic unsupervised classification approach has been developed to estimate the proportion of corn, soybeans, and other crops in a Landsat 5-by-6-nanometer segment. The technique involves extracting crop growth variables that are predictable from agromet models, it provides a signature extension not possible before. The technique has been applied in 3 years (1978-1980) for 56 segments and shows neither a year-to-year effect nor any geographic effect. The results to date are considered far better than those obtainable from any other currently available technique. Nontheless, the technique can be improved to reduce the bias.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Since NASA's program of research concerning remote sensing was initiated in the 1960s, one of its major objectives has been to advance the state-of-the-art in machine processing of satellite acquired multispectral data. Possibilities have been studied regarding a use of these data to identify type, to monitor condition, and to estimate the ontogenetic stage of cultural vegetation. The present investigation provides a review of the state-of-the-art of the technology used to make remote sensing crop production estimates in foreign regions. Attention is given to Landsat data acquisition, aspects of registration and preprocessing, questions of data transformation, data modeling, proportion estimation, labeling, development stage models, crop condition models, and an outlook regarding future developments.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 47
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Possible performance gains and cost reductions available through the evolution of succeedingly larger unmanned, and then manned, orbital transfer vehicles (OTV) as Shuttle upper stages are projected. Future missions could include delivery of 10,000 lb to GEO, planetary missions in the 2000-12,000 lb class, 30-42 ft payloads in the 5000-10,000 lb class, and manned and unmanned satellite servicing by the turn of the century. The vehicles could evolve from the Centaur F vehicle through stages of all-propulsive configurations to aerobraked, fully reusable vehicles. Reusability introduces cost savings and the ability to make plane changes. Furthermore, aerobraking will double the payload capability for round trip journeys to GEO, bringing costs down to $7000/lb.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Automated information extraction procedures for analysis of multitemporal Landsat data in non-U.S. crop inventory and monitoring are reviewed. Experiments to develop and evaluate crop area estimation technologies for spring small grains, summer crops, corn, and soybeans are discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N82-32793
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Agriculture, which occupies a vital position in the economy of the State of California, depends crucially on the available water. The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) is, therefore, greatly concerned with the total water requirements for agricultural applications. In view of the limitations of an area-limited, single-date survey system, the DWR has been cooperating with NASA and the University of California in a study of the applicability of Landsat imagery and digital data as an aid in making decisions concerning the management of water resources. Attention is given to a statewide inventory of irrigated land, computer-assisted estimation and mapping of irrigated land, and a crop type analysis using Landsat digital data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The California Integrated Remote Sensing System's San Bernardino County Project was devised to study the utilization of a data base at a number of jurisdictional levels. The present paper discusses the implementation of change-detection and masking techniques in the updating of Landsat-derived land-cover maps. A baseline landcover classification was first created from a 1976 image, then the adjusted 1976 image was compared with a 1979 scene by the techniques of (1) multidate image classification, (2) difference image-distribution tails thresholding, (3) difference image classification, and (4) multi-dimensional chi-square analysis of a difference image. The union of the results of methods 1, 3 and 4 was used to create a mask of possible change areas between 1976 and 1979, which served to limit analysis of the update image and reduce comparison errors in unchanged areas. The techniques of spatial smoothing of change-detection products, and of combining results of difference change-detection algorithms are also shown to improve Landsat change-detection accuracies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 51
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A technique is examined for improving the comparability of Landsat multisppectral scanner (MSS) data acquired on different dates. The technique involves conversion of digital brightness counts to relative radiance values measured in energy units (milliwatts per square centimeter-steradian). The statistical data of signature from 23 land cover (or biomass) classifications derived from all three Landsats were compared before and after the radiance normalization. Significant convergence occurred among the data sets for mean spectral values and the variances associated with each of seven major land cover types for MSS bands 4, 5, and 7. Overall, the variance attributed to the sensor component was reduced from 5.39 to 2.69 percent, with the largest decrease occurring in band 4 (14.4 percent to 3.7 percent).
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 52
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Frequency response function data, normally acquired as a data base for use in development of empirically based mode shapes, has additional utility. Comparison and analysis of frequency response function data sets obtained prior to and after environmental tests of an Orbiter body flap have enabled identification of structural damage that was not detected by conventional visual, X-ray, and ultrasonic inspections. The analyses and conclusions reported demonstrate that specific damaged areas within a relatively complex structure identified on a timely basis.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 4; p 25-31
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  • 53
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The problem of estimating the parameters which determine a mixture density is reviewed as well as maximum likelihood estimation for it. A particular iterative procedure for numerically approximating maximum likelihood estimates for mixture density problems is considered. This EM algorithm, is a specialization to the mixture density context of a general algorithm of the same name used to approximate maximum likelihood estimates for incomplete data problems. The formulation and theoretical and practical properties of the EM algorithm for mixture densities are discussed focussing in particular on mixtures of densities from exponential families.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 226-342
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  • 54
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An important question in cluster analysis and pattern recognition is the determination of the number of clusters into which a given population should be divided. Frequently, particularly when certain specific clustering methods are being used, the number of clusters is taken to be equal to the number of modes, or local maxima, in the probability density function underlying the given data set. The use of kernal density estimates in mode estimation is discussed. The test statistic to be used is defined and a bootstrap technique for assessing significance is given. An illustrative application is followed by an examination of the asymptotic behavior of the test statistic.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 195-213
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  • 55
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Experience gained in applying nonparametric maximum likelihood techniques of density estimation to judge the comparative quality of various estimators is reported. Two invariate data sets of one hundered samples (one Cauchy, one natural normal) are considered as well as studies in the multivariate case.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 142-164
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  • 56
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The problem of estimating a density f on R sup d from a sample Xz(1),...,X(n) of independent identically distributed random vectors is critically examined, and some recent results in the field are reviewed. The following statements are qualified: (1) For any sequence of density estimates f(n), any arbitrary slow rate of convergence to 0 is possible for E(integral/f(n)-fl); (2) In theoretical comparisons of density estimates, integral/f(n)-f/ should be used and not integral/f(n)-f/sup p, p 1; and (3) For most reasonable nonparametric density estimates, either there is convergence of integral/f(n)-f/ (and then the convergence is in the strongest possible sense for all f), or there is no convergence (even in the weakest possible sense for a single f). There is no intermediate situation.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 9-19
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  • 57
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A method of determining three-dimensional motion and structure from two image frames is presented. The method requires eight point correspondences between the two frames, from which motion and structure parameters are determined by solving a set of eight linear equations and a singular value decomposition of a 3x3 matrix. It is shown that the solution thus obtained is unique.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 134-149
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  • 58
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Methods for the segmentation and recognition of individual targets sensed with forward looking infrared detectors are discussed. Particular attention is given to an adaptive multi-scenario target screener.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 89
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  • 59
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The structural analysis of remotely sensed imagery is defined and basic techniques for implementing the process are described. Structural analysis uses knowledge of the properties of an entity, its parts and their relationships, and the relationships in which it participates at a higher level to locate and recognize objects in a visual scene. The representation of structural knowledge, the development of algorithms for using the knowledge to help analyze an image, and techniques for storage and retrieval of relational models are addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 91-132
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  • 60
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Computer-based techniques for automatic photointerpretation based upon information derived from texture and morphology analysis of images are discussed. By automatic photointerpretation, is meant the determination of semantic descriptions of the content of the images by computer. To perform semantic analysis of morphology, a heirarchical structure of knowledge representation was developed. The simplest elements in a morphology are strokes, which are used to form alphabets. The alphabets are the elements for generating words, which are used to describe the function or property of an object or a region. The words are the elements for constructing sentences, which are used for semantic description of the content of the image. Photointerpretation based upon morphology is then augmented by textural information. Textural analysis is performed using a pixel-vector approach.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 87-88
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  • 61
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Methods used to measure the geometrical properties of regions in a segmented image are discussed including the use of centroids, moments, and principle axes. In addition, statistical picture properties, particularly those which describe visual texture, are discussed. Gray level statistics, local property statistics, and autocorrelation and power spectrum are addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 57-84
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  • 62
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Research into the role of cooperative, or relaxation, processes in image segmentation is surveyed. Cooperative processes can be employed at several levels of the segmentation process as a preprocessing enhancement step, during supervised or unsupervised pixel classification and, finally, for the interpretation of image segments based on segment properties and relations.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 17-50
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  • 63
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The methodologies and capabilities of image segmentation techniques are reviewed. Single linkage schemes, hybrid linkage schemes, centroid linkage schemes, histogram mode seeking, spatial clustering, and split and merge schemes are addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 7-16
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  • 64
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Given N distinct points (X sub i, Y sub i) and N real numbers Z sub i, BSPLASH constructs a function G (x, y) that satisfies G (x sub i, y sub i) = Z sub i for i = 1,..., N. This C(2) interpolant consists of a bicubic spline approximation and Shepard's bivariate interpolant.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 147-178
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  • 65
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The physical and geometric interpretation of a surface fitting technique, multiquadric equations (MQ), is discussed. The relation of this method and its reciprocal form to biharmonic and harmonic techniques respectively, is pointed out. In both forms the solutions may be viewed as being numerical approximations of an integral equation in which an unknown density function is the physical source for disturbing potential (reciprocal-MQ) or elastic displacement (MQ).
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 135-146
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  • 66
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An algorithm is described for constructing a smooth computable function, f, defined over the surface of a sphere and interpolating a set of n data values, u sub i, associated with n locations, P sub i, on the surface of the sphere. The interpolation function, f, will be continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives. The locations, p sub i, are not required to lie on any type of regular grid.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 95-119
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  • 67
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A variety of numerical methods for fitting a function to data given at a set of points scattered throughout a domain in the plane are surveyed. Four classes of methods are discussed: (1) global interpolation; (2) local interpolation; (3) global approximation; and (4) local approximation. Also, two-stage methods and contouring are discussed. The surfaces constructed include polynomials, spline functions, and rational functions, among others.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 27-94
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  • 68
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Some mathematical/statistical problems within the AgRISTARS program amendable to investigations involving the use of surface fitting techniques are overviewed. The Bayes and maximum likelihood rules, bias determination, regression estimators, parameter estimation, and classifier design are addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 7-26
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  • 69
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Enhancement of abundances of heavy nuclei (e.g., Mg, Si, and Fe) at low energies relative to solar photospheric abundances and anomalously high abundances of iron relative to oxygen nuclei at low energies were recently discovered in solar energetic particles studied at low energy. These phenomena are not understood at present. The proposed experiment is designed to study the recently discovered anomalous component of low energy galactic cosmic ray ions of C, N, O, Ne, and Ca to Fe of energy 5- to 10-million electron volts per atomic mass unit in regard to their ionization states, composition, and intensity, and to study the ionization states of heavy elements from oxygen to iron in energetic solar particles emitted during flare events. The same detector system will serve for both studies, with the second objective being given priority if there are any solar particle events during the mission.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 35-37
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  • 70
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Spacelab investigation entitled Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) is designed to obtain fundamental information related to the chemistry and physics of the Earth's upper atmosphere using the techniques of infrared absorption spectroscopy. There are two principal objectives to be met. The first is the determination, on a global scale, of the compositional structure of the upper atmosphere and its spatial variability. The establishment of this variability represents the first step toward determining the characteristic residence times for the upper atmospheric constituents; the magnitudes of their sources and sinks; and, ultimately, an understanding of their effects on the stability of the stratosphere. The second objective is to provide the high-resolution, calibrated spectral information which is essential for the detailed design of advanced instrumentation for subsequent global monitoring of specific species found to be critical to atmospheric stability. This information will be disseminated in the form of a three dimensional atlas of solar absorption spectra obtained over a range of latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 29-33
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  • 71
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In response to a recognized need for an in-flight animal housing facility to support Spacelab life sciences investigators, a rack and system compatible Research Animal Holding Facility (RAHF) has been developed. A series of ground tests is planned to insure its satisfactory performance under certain simulated conditions of flight exposure and use. However, even under the best conditions of simulation, confidence gained in ground testing will not approach that resulting from actual spaceflight operation. The Spacelab Mission 3 provides an opportunity to perform an inflight Verification Test (VT) of the RAHF. Lessons learned from the RAHF-VT and baseline performance data will be invaluable in preparation for subsequent dedicated life sciences missions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 21-26
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  • 72
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The primary purpose of the geophysical flow experiments is to simulate large-scale baroclinic (density-stratified) flows which occur naturally in the atmospheres of rotating planets and stars and to gain insights and obtain answers to crucial questions concerning the large-scale nonlinear mechanics of the global geophysical flows. Those external conditions related to fluid viscosity, rotation, gravity are identified, which allow qualitatively different modes of instability or waves in the model.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 17-19
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  • 73
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Dynamics of Rotating and Oscillating Free Drops (DROP) experiment is to be performed using the Drop Dynamics Module (DDM). The main scientific objectives of the DROP experiment are the study of the equilibrium figures of a rotating drop and the study of the large-amplitude oscillations of a liquid drop. The objective of the DROP experiment in relation to the DDM is to establish the advantages of conducting future drops and bubbles experiments in space. The DROP experiment will be subjected to continual to ensure that the experiments are scientifically current and available. The two component experiments (rotation and oscillation) of the DROP experiment have been chosen as the simplest experiments representative of the entire class of drop dynamics experiments. The component experiment on the equilibrium shapes of a rotating liquid drop of a simple liquid is not only an important and interesting experiment in its own right, but is also the simplest gyrostatic experiment that can be performed. In later experiments, more complicated liquids can be used; bubbles can be included; and the dynamics of rotating drops can be studied. This experiment, as it now stands, is an important exercise of the module's ability to provide drop rotation and the requisite science data.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 13-16
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  • 74
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Image processing and enhancement techniques for improving the geologic utility of digital satellite radar images are reviewed. Preprocessing techniques such as mean and variance correction on a range or azimuth line by line basis to provide uniformly illuminated swaths, median value filtering for four-look imagery to eliminate speckle, and geometric rectification using a priori elevation data. Examples are presented of application of preprocessing methods to Seasat and Landsat data, and Seasat SAR imagery was coregistered with Landsat imagery to form composite scenes. A polynomial was developed to distort the radar picture to fit the Landsat image of a 90 x 90 km sq grid, using Landsat color ratios with Seasat intensities. Subsequent linear discrimination analysis was employed to discriminate rock types from known areas. Seasat additions to the Landsat data improved rock identification by 7%.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An examination of the possibilities of using Landsat data to simulate NOAA-6 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data on two channels, as well as using actual NOAA-6 imagery, for large-scale hydrological studies is presented. A running average was obtained of 18 consecutive pixels of 1 km resolution taken by the Landsat scanners were scaled up to 8-bit data and investigated for different gray levels. AVHRR data comprising five channels of 10-bit, band-interleaved information covering 10 deg latitude were analyzed and a suitable pixel grid was chosen for comparison with the Landsat data in a supervised classification format, an unsupervised mode, and with ground truth. Landcover delineation was explored by removing snow, water, and cloud features from the cluster analysis, and resulted in less than 10% difference. Low resolution large-scale data was determined useful for characterizing some landcover features if weekly and/or monthly updates are maintained.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 76
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-19529)
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Apr. 30
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  • 77
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Problems associated with the use of Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) imagery for the detection of urban growth and land use patterns are discussed. The presence of vegetation, either original or added between scanning periods, has been found to dramatically effect the range of signatures in a given area. Different land use developmental stages have been successfully identified by means of 1:50,000 scale panchromatic aerial photography, a resolution only considered possible by spaceborne instrumentation with the advent of the Landsat D satellite. Textural information generated through the grey-tone spatial-dependency matrix for the Landsat band 5 data is compared for different years and a change detection algorithm is described. It is found that the addition of vegetation during development after the removal of natural vegetation resulted in error of omission in the single band data, which must therefore only be used in concert with other data sources.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Procedures necessary for the development of a generalized three-dimensional perspective software capability in support of graphic, topographic, and color mapping of Landsat data are reviewed. The NASA Earth Resources Laboratory developed the procedures in order to facilitate the processing and analysis of disparate, geographically oriented base maps from aircraft and satellite sensors. Perspective displays are obtained through a translation of the space-viewed object to a vantage point coordinate system, followed by a rotation through two angles for alignment along the vantage line of sight, and finally a perspective transformation to yield two-dimensional displays with no hidden lines. Matrix equations for the transformations are reviewed, including scaling, and block diagrams are provided of the data and perspective software systems. The classification data plane may be mapped onto a topographic elevation data plane.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 79
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A modified Kubelka-Munk model has been utilized to derive useful equations for the analysis of apparent canopy reflectance. Based on the solution to the model simple working equations were formulated by employing reflectance characteristic parameters. The relationships derived show the asymptotic nature of reflectance data that is typically observed in remote sensing studies of plant biomass. They also establish the range of expected apparent canopy reflectance values for specific plant canopy types. The usefulness of the simplified equations was demonstrated by the exceptionally close fit of the theoretical curves to two separately acquired data sets for alfalfa and shortgrass prairie canopies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 21; Jan. 15
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  • 80
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The following working objectives were adopted: (1) define the current state of knowledge concerning the role of multispectral imaging science in hydrology; (2) identify critical areas where gaps in our knowledge limit opportunities for significant improvements in our understanding of the hydrologic processes; (3) evaluate the potential of multispectral imaging sciences as tools to close these gaps in knowledge; and (4) develop guidelines for a series of remote-sensing-based experiments that would help close these gaps in knowledge and, thereby, provide man with the improved scientific base necessary for better utilization of the world's water resource. The resulting documentation is intended to provide guidance for multispectral imaging programs in the hydrologic sciences with special emphasis on the visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 229-264
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  • 81
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Specific activity in information extraction science (taken to include data handling) is needed to: help identify the bounds of practical missions; identify potential data handling and analysis scenarios; identify the required enabling technology; and identify the requirements for a design data base to be used by the disciplines in determining potential parameters for future missions. It was defined that specific analysis topics were a function of the discipline involved, and therefore no attempt was made to define any specific analysis developments required. Rather, it was recognized that a number of generic data handling requirements exist whose solutions cannot be typically supported by the disciplines. The areas of concern were therefore defined as: data handling aspects of system design considerations; enabling technology for data handling, with specific attention to rectification and registration; and enabling technology for analysis. Within each of these areas, the following topics were addressed: state of the art (current status and contributing factors); critical issues; and recommendations for research and/or development.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 265-299
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  • 82
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The use of multispectral imaging systems in land use, geomorphological, and cartographic applications is examined. Spatial, spectral, and geometric resolution requirements for photo interpretation and multispectral pattern recognition are discussed. The potential contributions of these systems in specific experiments is also included.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 115-117
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  • 83
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The role that TM and MSS data play in the analysis of spatial patterns for land use/land cover, geomorphology studies, and the development of cartographic products is discussed. Tables listing geographic science data gaps, mission data requirements, and possible future remote sensing missions are included.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 105-114
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  • 84
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The diurnal variations of soil temperature and moisture content were simulated for a bare agricultural field in the San Joaquin Valley in California. The simulation pertained to the first 72 hours of drying, from saturation, of a sandy, clay loam soil. The results were compared with measurements of soil temperature and moisture content made at the field. Calculated and measured values of soil temperature trends agreed in general, but model results of moisture trends did not replicate observed diurnal effects evident at depths 4 centimeters or more below the surface.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Soil Science; 133; Apr. 198
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  • 85
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: System specifications, launch procedures, costs, payloads, and evolutionary developments in the STS are outlined. The Shuttle employs solid propellant boosters and an external cryogenic fuel tank to achieve LEO for the manned Orbiter, which can maneuver in space and return to earth like a glider. The Shuttle can place a maximum payload of 30 tons into a 275 km orbit. An Inertial Upper Stage and a Spinning Solid Upper Stage will be carried by the Orbiter in its bay and used to boost satellites into GEO. Additionally, the Orbiter is equipped with a remote manipulator system for removing cargo from the bay and for grappling satellites for retrieval or repair. The Shuttle is presently launched from Kennedy Space Center, while a second launch site is being prepared at Vandenberg AFB. The STS is intended to perform 28-40 flights per year by the end of the 1980s. An Orbital Transfer Vehicle is under study to increase the size and length of payloads which can be placed in GEO using the Shuttle. Utilization of the concept is noted to be connected with the development of a permanently manned space station.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: L'Aeronautique et l'Astronautique; 95, 1; 1982
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  • 86
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The purpose of the Mercury Iodide Crystal Growth (MICG) experiment is the growth of near-perfect single crystals of mercury Iodide (HgI2) in a microgravity environment which will decrease the convection effects on crystal growth. Evaporation and condensation are the only transformations involved in this experiment. To accomplish these objectives, a two-zone furnace will be used in which two sensors collect the temperature data (one in each zone).
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 9-11
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  • 87
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A mathematical model for the use of simultaneous Doppler derived correlated ranges in the geometric mode is presented. The model was tested with data taken during the EDOC-2 campaign with different integration intervals. The results of this adjustment are compared with the EDOC-2 adopted solution and those from an uncorrelated model used earlier to provide more economical calculations. It is shown that the correlated mode is superior to the uncorrelated one when the optimum integration interval of 23 seconds is used.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Basic Res. for the Geodyn. Program; p 46-94
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  • 88
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-22587)
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment; 12; Sept
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  • 89
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The state of the art in remote sensing of the earth and the planets was discussed in terms of sensor performance, signal processing, and data interpretation. Particular attention was given to lidar for characterizing atmospheric particulates, the modulation of short waves by long ocean gravity waves, and runoff modeling for snow-covered areas. The use of NOAA-6 spacecraft AVHRR data to explore hydrologic land surface features, the effects of soil moisture and vegetation canopies on microwave and thermal microwave emissions, and regional scale evapotranspiration rate determination through satellite IR data are examined. A Shuttle experiment to demonstrate high accuracy global time and frequency transfer is described, along with features of the proposed Gravsat, radar image processing for rock-type discrimination, and passive microwave sensing of temperature and salinity in coastal zones.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 90
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-24494)
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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  • 91
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The decay curves of various triboluminescent-excited materials were obtained, including well-crystallized and poorly crystallized kaolin, bentonite, quartz, sodium chloride, and chalk calcite. A qualitative increase in triboluminescence was observed for kaolin dipped in water or tryptophan solution compared to dry kaolin, and for frozen kaolin and montmorillonite pastes. Theoretical explanations for the tryptophan effect are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Clays and Clay Minerals; 30; 1, 19; 1982
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-17715)
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 58; 3, Ma; May 1982
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Scatterometer data from Seasat of the Amazon rain forest were examined to determine if the region is suitable to use as a reference for calibration of radars. The consistency of Skylab data viewing the Amazon region prompted the analyses, and the Seasat-A scatterometer system (SASS) gathered data of the same region at varying angles. The instrument employed a 100 W 14.6 GHz signal with the reflected power sampled 61 times during each 1.89 sec measurement period. Doppler filters were used in 15 parallel channels of reception, and represented areas 20 km by 50-70 km. Tests were made of regional and temporal stability of the Amazon area, with five measurement angles averaged at different incidence angles to find the mean deviation, which was found to be less than 0.5 dB. Diurnal effects were confined to early morning, and further tests are recommended to obtain results for an entire year, to develop screening methods for thick clouds and rain, and to determine the deviation more precisely.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-20; Jan. 198
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  • 94
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The purpose of this investigation is to grow more-perfect mercuric iodide crystals in a low-gravity environment by taking advantage of diffusion-controlled growth conditions and by avoiding the problem of strain dislocations produced by the crystal's weight. This crystal has considerable practical importance as a sensitive gamma-ray detector and energy spectrometer that can operate at ambient temperature, as compared to presently available detectors that must be cooled to near liquid nitrogen temperatures. However, the performance of mercuric iodide crystals only rarely approaches the expected performance, presumably because some of the free electrical charges produced within the crystal are not collected at the electrodes, but instead remain trapped or immobilized at crystal defects. An efficient high atomic number semiconductor detector capable of operating at room temperature utilizing single HgI2 crystals offers a greater potential than existing detector technology.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 5-8
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The effects of adopting new definitive precession and equinox corrections on the terrestrial reference frame was investigated. It is noted that: (1) the effect on polar motion is a diurnal periodic term with an amplitude increasing linearly in time whole on UT1 it is a linear term; (2) general principles are given to determine the effects of small rotations of the frame of a conventional inertial reference system (CIS) on the frame of the conventional terrestrial reference system (CTS); (3) seven CTS options are presented, one of which is necessary to accommodate such rotation. Accommodating possible future changes in the astronomical nutation is discussed. The effects of differences which may exist between the various CTS's and CIS's on Earth rotation parameters (ERP) and how these differences can be determined are examined. It is shown that the CTS differences can be determined from observations made at the same site, while the CIS differences by comparing the ERP's determined by the different techniques during the same time period.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Basic Res. for the Geodyn. Program; p 2-18
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  • 96
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Data requirements, tasks to be accomplished, and the technical approaches to be used in identifying the characteristics of rice for crop inventories are listed as well as methods for estimating crop development and assessing its conditions.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Develop. of Advan. Acreage Estimation Methods; 12 p
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  • 97
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Directional reflectance factors of an alfalfa canopy were determined and related to canopy structure, agronomic variables, and irradiance conditions at four periods during a cutting cycle. Nadir and off-nadir reflectance factors decreased with increasing biomass in Thematic Mapper band 3(0.63-0.69 micrometer) and increased with increasing biomass in band 4(0.76-0.90 micrometer). The sensor view angle had less impact on perceived reflectance as the alfalfa progressed from an erectophile canopy of stems after harvest to a near planophile canopy of leaves at maturity. Studies of directional reflectance are needed for testing and upgrading vegetation canopy models and to aid in the complex interpretation problems presented by aircraft scanners and pointable satellites where illumination and viewing geometries may vary widely. Distinct changes in the patterns of radiance observed by a sensor as structural and biomass changes occur are keys to monitoring the growth and condition of crops.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 21; Oct. 15
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  • 98
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-19528)
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 99
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A technique is presented for determining the error in diurnal irradiance measurements that results from the non-Lambertian behavior of a reference panel under various irradiance conditions. Spectral biconical reflectance factors of a spray-painted barium sulfate panel, along with simulated sky radiance data for clear and hazy skies at six solar zenith angles, were used to calculate the estimated panel irradiances and true irradiances for a nadir-looking sensor in two wavelength bands. The inherent errors in total spectral irradiance (0.68 microns) for a clear sky were 0.60, 6.0, 13.0, and 27.0% for solar zenith angles of 0, 45, 60, and 75 deg, respectively. The technique can be used to characterize the error of a specific panel used in field measurements, and thus eliminate any ambiguity of the effects of the type, preparation, and aging of the paint.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment; 12; May 1982
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-19530)
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 3; Jan
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