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  • Springer  (165,554)
  • 2015-2019  (106,098)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (43,712)
  • 1925-1929  (15,744)
  • 2015  (106,098)
  • 1981  (43,712)
  • 1929  (5,622)
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  • 2015-2019  (106,098)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (43,712)
  • 1925-1929  (15,744)
Year
  • 1
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    Long-Term Disaster-Prevention Strategies Based on Education (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: Although human behavior is the crucial factor in the degree of vulnerability and the likelihood of disasters taking place, preparedness and prevention programs are not mandatory in all countries around the world. Within the framework of UPStrat-MAFA (Urban disaster Prevention Strategies using MAcroseismic FAults), we have defined the disaster prevention strategies based on education management information and actions taken in Iceland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. A detailed comparative study shows that compulsory school in these four participating countries is greatly unprepared with regard to hazard education, and these results are in line with worldwide studies. Moreover, when hazards are addressed, this is not done at an early age, which results in a missed chance to intervene in the noncognitive side of awareness, which decreases at later ages. To comply with the urge to take actions towards training and education at an early age, we used hands-on tools and learn-by-playing approaches in an informal learning environment. To reach the older population, the audio- visual media appears to be the best and lowest cost alternative to promote risk perception, awareness and education.
    Description: Published
    Description: 77-80
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Disaster prevention ; Education ; Seismic hazard ; Information strategies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 2
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    The European experience of educational seismology (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: This chapter provides an overview of last two decades, European experiences in educational seismology and describes the different contexts in which they have been developed. The basic idea of these educational projects is that Seismology may represent an efficient communication vehicle for teaching a wide range of basic Earth sci-ence topics through laboratory practices and educational activities. Moreover it is also an effective tool to raise in the young citizens the awareness on the earthquake risk and possible mitigation actions. In this frame several seismic stations with different technologies were installed in schools across Europe. The scientific support of re-searchers and the need to establish strong links between teachers and researchers attribute to the school an active role in the knowledge process using the scientific laboratory practice by adopting the “learning by doing” modern approach of science communication (R. Schank and C. Cleary, 1995, Engines for Education, Ed. Routledge, 248 pp). Some educational activities correlated with seismological projects are presented, following different strategies depending on the country, but all aimed at building a new way to communicate science in the schools. The new vogue is the opening toward social networks and blogs. This generalizes the concept of an educational Geoscience website making it an e-platform for science communication and multimedia data sharing, where researchers, teachers, students and education op-erators can interact and constantly be kept informed of ongoing activities and relevant events. All of these 'seismology at school' initiatives rely on the concept of school networking and will merge in the European project NERA (Network of European Research Infrastructures for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Mitigation, http://www.nera-eu.org/) where a spe-cific workpackage is dedicated to networking school seismology programs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 145-170
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: educational seismology ; educational projects ; learning by doing ; science communication ; school seismology ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
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    Applying the Disruption Index Procedure to Evaluate the Urban Seismic Risk in the Mt. Etna Area (Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: The Disruption Index is used here for the assessment of urban disruption in the Mt. Etna area after a natural disaster. The first element of the procedure is the definition of the seismic input, which is based on information about the historical seismicity and seismogenic faults. The second element is the computation of the seismic impact on the building stock and infrastructure in the region considered. Information on urban-scale vulnerability was collected and a geographic information system was used to organize the data relating to buildings and network systems (e.g., typologies, schools, strategic structures, lifelines). The central idea underlying the definition of the Disruption Index is the identification and evaluation of the impacts on a target community, considering the physical elements that contribute most to the severe disruption. The results of this study are therefore very useful for earthquake preparedness planning and for the development of strategies to minimize the risks from earthquakes. This study is a product of the European “Urban Disaster Prevention Strategies using Macroseismic Fields and Fault Sources” project (UPStrat-MAFA European project 2013).
    Description: Published
    Description: Torino
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic impact ; Disruption index ; Urban system ; Risk measures ; Mt. Etna area (Italy) ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 4
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    Towards multi-resolution global climate modeling with ECHAM6–FESOM. Part I: model formulation and mean climate (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer, 44(3), pp. 757-780, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: A new climate model has been developed that employs a multi-resolution dynamical core for the sea ice-ocean component. In principle, the multi-resolution approach allows one to use enhanced horizontal resolution in dynamically active regions while keeping a coarse-resolution setup otherwise. The coupled model consists of the atmospheric model ECHAM6 and the finite element sea ice-ocean model (FESOM). In this study only moderate refinement of the unstructured ocean grid is applied and the resolution varies from about 25 km in the northern North Atlantic and in the tropics to about 150 km in parts of the open ocean; the results serve as a benchmark upon which future versions that exploit the potential of variable resolution can be built. Details of the formulation of the model are given and its performance in simulating observed aspects of the mean climate is described. Overall, it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM realistically simulates many aspects of the observed climate. More specifically it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM performs at least as well as some of the most sophisticated climate models participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. ECHAM6–FESOM shares substantial shortcomings with other climate models when it comes to simulating the North Atlantic circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Laboratory activities for seismic and volcanic hazards education: a challenge for scientists (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Balanced information and education are fundamental prerequisites for risk prevention and preparedness. Among others, children embody our best chance to implant appropriate behaviors that will be recalled during hazardous situations and to involve adults according to a knowledge chain reaction. In this work, scientists challenge their communication skills to built a set of hands-on and learn-by-play based laboratory activities, for primary and secondary schools, addressing three major issues: (1) the location of earthquakes and volcanoes on Earth; (2) earthquakes and eruptions mechanisms; (3) earthquakes unpredictability. Students are asked to place volcanoes and earthquakes epicenters (issue 1) on a wooden plate puzzle according to Plate dynamics. To addresses eruption mechanisms (issue 2) and related hazard, we use backing soda forced blowing out from a volcano vent and suggest that a pyroclastic flow is fast, it can spread over a large area and raise high up to the stratosphere. Earthquake mechanisms (issue 2) are discussed describing the energy buildup, release, and transfer, using a wooden sticks bendand- break analogy. The display of acoustic waves caused by the breakage in different situations allows understanding of both the rupture energy and the wave attenuation. Earthquakes occurrence (issue 3) is addressed using steadily pulled blocks sliding on a frictional surface, where pins simulate asperities. These activities were tested, involving thousands of students. Discussions with students and teachers and the analysis of the answers to specific questionnaires gave us confidence that we proposed proper tools to raise risk awareness
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-93
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismic and volcanic hazards, Outreach, Education ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 6
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    Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! ( Piovono idee!): an interactive learning experience on hydrogeological risk and climate change (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On October 25th 2011 a devastating flood hit the Vara and Magra valleys in Italy and left an unforgettable scratch in the inhabitants’ minds. Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! (Piovono idee!) is an active journey of discovery and training on hydrogeological risk and climate change. Land preservation and safety of people living on it are issues, which we would like to help citizens get perception about, in order to instill awareness on the actions that can be taken towards risk mitigation. Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! stemmed from this belief, and it is the result of a collaborative planning in which primary and secondary school students, living within cities heavily hit by the flood, took actively part. Children were helped by experts and scientists to build an exhibition devoted to hydrogeological risk. Here interactive workspaces, games and educational laboratories, allow visitors explore concepts, phenomena and their consequences on land and inhabitants. Issues are addressed from a daily actions perspective, where everybody might make the difference towards sustainability and trigger good practices on natural hazards risk reduction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-124
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: hydrogeological risk, climate change, prevention, environmental impact, territory. ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 7
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    Prediction of the shear wave velocity Vs from CPT and DMT at research sites (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper examines the correlations to obtain rough estimates of the shear wave velocity VS from nonseismic dilatometer tests (DMT) and cone penetration tests (CPT). While the direct measurement of VS is obviously preferable, these correlations may turn out useful in various circumstances. The experimental results at six international research sites suggest that the DMT predictions of VS from the parameters ID (material index), KD (horizontal stress index), MDMT (constrained modulus) are more reliable and consistent than the CPT predictions from qc (cone resistance), presumably because of the availability, by DMT, of the stress history index KD.
    Description: Published
    Description: 83-92
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: horizontal stress index ; shear wave velocity ; flat dilatometer test ; cone penetration test ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Perception of risk for volcanic hazard in Indian Ocean: La Réunion Island case study. (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In 2011 a research project on volcanic risk assessment at La Réunion Island (Project Aléa, Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris, France) was conducted in order to determine more efficient strategies to manage future volcanic crises. The project included the evaluation of volcanic scenarios through field and historical data analysis, as well as a survey on volcanic risk perception in resident population. A clear scientific information and an effective communication with public play a crucial role in risk mitigation strategies. In particular, the evaluation of the public perception during both volcanic crises and dormant periods is an important element in developing actions focused on specific social and cultural contexts. A questionnaire was developed based on the ones used in similar researches conducted on Italian active volcanoes. Items were designed to measure variables connected with personal perception of hazard and risk, trust in mitigation actions and in information received about these aspects. In addition, specific items related to the peculiarities of La Réunion Island environment were included. A total of 2,000 questionnaires were distributed taking into account factors such as the proximity to the volcano and the involvement of communities in recent volcanic emergencies. Main results coming out from this survey, if on the one hand show an adequate residents’ perception of natural hazards, on the other hand highlight their poor knowledge of the island’ active volcano, a similar lacking knowledge of emergency plan for volcanic crises, but also a high confidence in scientists to provide accurate and reliable information on volcanic risk and hazards in contrast with Local Authorities. Remarkable findings of this study assess some key elements that should be considered by the institutions in charge for defining policies aimed to volcanic risk mitigation and management of future volcanic crises.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: risk perception, volcanic hazards ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 9
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    Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 7: Education, Professional Ethics and Public Recognition of Engineering Geology (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This book is one out of 8 IAEG XII Congress volumes, and deals with education and the professional ethics, which scientists, regulators, and practitioners of engineering geology inevitably have to face through the purposes, methods, limitations, and findings of their works. This volume presents contributions on the professional responsibilities of engineering geologists; the interaction of engineering geologists with other professionals; recognition of the engineering geological profession and its particular contribution to society, culture, and economy; and implications for the education of engineering geologists at tertiary level and in further education schemes. Issues treated in this volume are: the position of engineering geology within the geo-engineering profession; professional ethics and communication; resource use and re-use; managing risk in a litigious world; engineering and geological responsibility; and engineering geology at tertiary level. The Engineering Geology for Society and Territory volumes of the IAEG XII Congress held in Torino from September 15-19, 2014, analyze the dynamic role of engineering geology in our changing world and build on the four main themes of the congress: Environment, processes, issues, and approaches.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geoeducation ; Professional Ethics ; Engineering Geology ; Communication ; Society ; Risks management ; Georesources ; Geological responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 10
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    Natural Gas Seepage (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Published
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Gas seepage, methane ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 11
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    Geosystemics, entropy and criticality of earthquakes: a vision of our planet and a key of access (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Earth is a system of interconnected systems, whose complexity is far from being fully understood by a reductionist approach alone. In this chapter we introduce the concept of geosystemics and the use of the entropy to characterize some aspects of the phenomena under study. We will show how entropy and criticality of the system are central to better understand the most important general features of earthquakes. We will analyze two recent seismic sequences culminated with a main-shock (2009 L’Aquila and 2012 Emilia, both in Italy) to show the potential of this approach and to understand some important characteristics of the seismicity under scrutiny.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-20
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: geosystemics, earthquake, complexity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 12
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    Geoethical aspects in the natural hazards management (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The defence against natural hazards involves many actors with different roles: geoscientists, decision makers, local authorities, mass media, citizens. A proper management of georisks requires that each role is well-defined and governed by shared operational protocols, especially during the emergency phase, so that overlapping and misunderstanding don’t jeopardize population safety and economic activities. To achieve good results in this direction, it is necessary to undertake a careful evaluation of the limits and expectations of each component of society and the respect of legitimate aspirations and prerogatives. An effective defence system against natural hazards should be planned rationally and based on scientific data, in order to avoid alarmism among citizens, misleading sensationalism by media, careless decisions by politicians, as well as approximation in managing different phases of the risk cycle. Taking into consideration geoethical aspects related to natural hazards can be helpful to make geoscientists aware of their responsibilities towards society and to clarify the role they can play in the interaction with other actors, aiming at more efficacious actions for georisk mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-62
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Natural hazards ; Risks ; Society ; Responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    What’s the seismic risk perception in Italy? (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Risk perception is a fundamental element in the definition and the adoption of preventive counter-measures. In order to develop effective information and risk communication strategies, the perception of risks and the influencing factors should be known. This paper presents preliminary results of a survey on seismic risk perception in Italy. The research design combines a psychometric and a cultural theoretic approach. More than 5,000 on-line tests have been compiled from January 23rd till July 25th, 2013. The data collected show that in Italy seismic risk perception is strongly underestimated; 86 on 100 Italian citizens, living in the most dangerous zone (namely Zone 1), do not have a correct perception of seismic hazard. From these observations we deem that extremely urgent measures are required in Italy to reach an effective way to communicate seismic risk"This study has benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri - Dipartimento di Protezione Civile (DPC). This paper does not necessarily represent DPC official opinion and policies".
    Description: Published
    Description: 69-75
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Risk perception ; Seismic hazard ; Hazard communication ; Seismic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 14
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    Natural tritium determination in groundwater on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Tritium is a naturally occurring radionuclide, due to interactions of cosmic-rays with the upper layers of the atmosphere; but its presence in the environment is mainly due to residual fallout from nuclear weapons atmosphere tests, carried out from 1952 till 1980. Tritium reaches the Earth’s surface mainly in the form of precipitation, becoming part of the hydrological cycle, then the interest of tritium content analysis in drinking water is both for dosimetry and health-risk and for using tritium as a natural tracer in the groundwater circulation system. This paper presents results from a survey carried out in the Mt. Etna area (east and west flanks) and in the southern side of Nebrodi in Sicily (Italy), in order to determine tritium activity concentrations in water samples by using liquid scintillation counter. The investigated areas show quite low tritium concentrations, much below the Italian limit of 100 Bq L-1 for drinking water and even comparable with the minimum detectable activity value. The effective dose due to tritium for public drinking water consumption was also evaluated.
    Description: Published
    Description: 861-866
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tritium ; Tritiated water ; Liquid scintillation ; Mt. Etna ; Drinking water ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Archeoseismology in Sicily: past earthquakes and effects on society (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work presents a review of archeological evidence of strong earthquakes occurring in Sicily at a time of Greek and Roman colonization, a period of considerable political, economic and social instability. In this historical context, the earthquake effects may have been obscured or overlooked to some extent and consequently the documentary information on ancient earthquakes, when available, is often sparse and lacking objectivity. The studied cases combine historical and archaeological data together with the evidence of structural damage to archaeological sites. Looking into past, the vocation of archaeoseismology lies in the identification of past seismic events, and particularly what the ancient society knew on earthquakes, and what kind of seismic effects produced on buildings and sites.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 491-504
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology ; Historical seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    A comparison of surface and underground array measurements of ambient noise recorded in Naples (Italy). (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Abstract In this study, we describe two experiments of seismic noise measurements carried out in Naples, Italy. The site allowed measurements to be obtained both at the surface and in a tunnel that is 120-m-deep. The main goal was to compare the seismic response evaluated at the surface to the in-tunnel response, through spectral, polarization, and resonance directivity analyses. In the 1 to 20 Hz frequency band, the noise level was up to 15 dB higher at the surface than in the tunnel. The polarization properties and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios appear not to be influenced by the tunnel geometry or by the topography. Some preferential alignments were observed in the polarization azimuths computed at the surface, which are likely to be due to local sources, rather than morphological features. The absence of directivity effects and the low noise levels in the tunnel make this site suitable for installing seismic stations. We also studied how the subsoil structure affects the seismic motion at the surface. The dispersive properties of the Rayleigh waves were investigated using the spatial autocorrelation method. A joint inversion of the dispersion data and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios provided the subsurface Vs profile. The derived model has a low velocity contrast at depth, such as to generate moderate and broad H/V spectral ratio peak amplitude. The normalized spectral ratio appears more appropriate to identify the soil-resonance frequencies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 385 - 400
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic noise ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Seismic Microzonation in a Small Municipality: The Canazei Case Study (Trentino, N Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The results of a detailed seismic microzonation study performed at Canazei (Trentino—Northern Italy) are here presented. We investigated the local seismic response of this small village using a Level 3 seismic microzonation, the most accurate according to the Italian Code of Seismic Microzonation. This method consists of gradual steps of knowledge to consider different aspects of the amplification phenomena. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed, including a local geological study, geophysical investigations, geotechnical characterization of lithologies and numerical analyses. The obtained elastic response spectra were compared to the spectra prescribed by the Italian Building Code. Our results show the geologic and geophysical subsoil heterogeneities, responsible for different local seismic responses in terms of acceleration spectra and amplification factors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1085-1089
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic microzonation ; Response spectra ; Amplification factor ; Canazei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Geoscientific Communication Problem with Communities for Disaster Prevention and Land Planning in Peru (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The communication process between the geoscientists and native communities in risk areas can significantly affect disaster prevention and land use planning. In Peru, the problem of disaster prevention is a fundamental policy due to unfamiliarity and deficiency of the associate information on the population. It is possible that talk of disaster prevention it will be an unlikely ideal in a country where most towns have settled on unplanned projects by the constant change and the lack of interest from the authorities in such topics. However, it is anachronistic that the rural communities and towns continue to live without a plan to enable them to improve their quality of life. The correct use of geoscience information in the mass media can help in this work. The characteristics of the enterprise in Peru require more training by professionals in the geosciences and support communication specialists. In this paper, we analyze the problem of communication for disaster prevention in Peru, with the aim of contributing to the articulation of a disaster prevention strategy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 81-83
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Communication process ; Disaster prevention ; Risk management ; Peru ; Geoethics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    The Kongsfjorden Channel System offshore NW Svalbard: downslope sedimentary processes in a contour-current-dominated setting (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer, 1(1), ISSN: 2364-9453
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-03
    Description: Submarine channel systems on and off glaciated continental margins can be up to hundreds of kilometres long, tens of kilometres wide and hundreds of metres deep. They result from repeated erosion and various downslope processes predominantly during glacial periods and can, therefore, provide valuable tools for the reconstruction of past ice-sheet dynamics. The Kongsfjorden Channel System (KCS) on the continental slope off northwest Svalbard provides evidence that downslope sedimentary processes are locally more dominant than regional along-slope sedimentation. It is a relatively short channel system (*120 km) that occurs at a large range of water depths (*250–4000 m) with slope gradients varying between 0 and 20. Multiple gullies on the Kongsfjorden Trough Mouth Fan merge to small channels that further merge to a main channel. The overall location of the channel system is controlled by variations in slope gradients and the ambient regional bathymetry. The widest and deepest incisions occur in areas of the steepest slope gradients. The KCS has probably been active since *1 Ma when glacial activity on Svalbard increased and grounded ice expanded to the shelf break off Kongsfjorden repeatedly. Activity within the system was probably highest during glacials. However, reduced activity presumably took place also during interglacials.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Recent foraminifera in the Arctic Ocean and Kara Sea continental margin (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer, pp. 0-17
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-28
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Pteropod sedimentation patterns in different water depths observed with moored sediment traps over a 4-year period at the LTER station HAUSGARTEN in eastern Fram Strait (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biol, Springer, ISSN: 0722-4000
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Pteropods are important organisms in highlatitude ecosystems, and they are expected to severely suffer from climate change in the near future. In this study, sedimentation patterns of two pteropod species, the polar Limacina helicina and the subarctic boreal L. retroversa, are presented. Time series data received by moored sediment traps at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Observatory HAUSGARTEN in eastern Fram Strait were analyzed during the years 2008 to 2012. Results were derived from four different deployment depths (200, 1,250, 2,400, and 2,550 m) at two different sites (79°N 04'200E; 79°430N 04'300E). A species-specific sedimentation pattern was present at all depths and at both sites showing maximal flux rates during September/October for L. helicina and in November/December for L. retroversa. The polar L. helicina was outnumbered by L. retroversa (55–99 %) at both positions and at all depths supporting the recently observed trend toward the dominance of the subarctic boreal species. The largest decrease in pteropod abundance occurred within the mesopelagic zone (*200–1,250 m), indicating loss via microbial degradation and grazing. Pteropod carbonate (aragonite) amounted up to *75 % of the total carbonate flux at 200 m and 2–13 % of the aragonite found in the shallow traps arrived at the deep sediment traps (*160 m above the seafloor), revealing the significance of pteropods in carbonate export at Fram Strait. Our results emphasize the relevance and the need for continuation of long-term studies to detect and trace changes in pteropod abundances and community composition and thus in the vertical transport of aragonite.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Annual changes of aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent over Spitsbergen (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Free Preview Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Environments, Book, Springer, 15 p., pp. 23-37, ISBN: 978-3-319-14282-1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: This book contributes to the current discussion on global environmental changes by discussing modifications in marine ecosystems related to global climate changes. In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate changes are associated with shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen concentration and ocean acidification, which have significant biological effects on a regional and global scale. Knowing how these changes affect the distribution and abundance of plankton in the ocean currents is crucial to our understanding of how climate change impacts the marine environment. Ocean temperatures, weather and climatic changes greatly influence the amount and location of nutrients in the water column. If temperatures and currents change, the plankton production cycle may not coincide with the reproduction cycle of fish. The above changes are closely related to the changes in radiative forcing, which initiate feedback mechanisms like changes in surface temperature, circulation, and atmospheric chemistry.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Mineral dust variability in Antarctic ice for different climate conditions (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics, Springer Briefs in Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 89-95, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: This study aims to understand the dust deposition changes on the Antarctic ice sheet in different climatic stages. To this end high resolution dust concentration and size profiles from the EPICA-DML ice core over the transition from the last Glacial to the Holocene (T1) were combined with model experiments for four interglacial time slices and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A strong decrease in dust concentration (factor 46) and a slight increase in dust size was observed during T1. A strong coupling between transport and intensified sources during the Glacial could be derived from the seasonal variability of concentration and size and its phase-lag. This strong coupling vanishes during the Holocene. The model simulates increased dust deposition in Antarctica for all past interglacial time slices compared to the pre-industrial period. The major cause for the increase is enhanced Southern Hemisphere dust emission, but changes in atmospheric transport are also relevant. The maximum dust deposition in Antarctica is simulated for the LGM, showing a 10-fold increase compared to preindustrial conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Cell-vertex discretization of shallow water equations on mixed unstructured meshes (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Dynamics, Springer, 65(1), pp. 33-47, ISSN: 1616-7341
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Finite-volume discretizations can be formulated on unstructured meshes composed of different polygons. A staggered cell-vertex finite-volume discretization of shallow water equations is analyzed on mixed meshes composed of triangles and quads. Although triangular meshes are most flexible geometrically, quads are more efficient numerically and do not support spurious inertial modes of triangular cell- vertex discretization. Mixed meshes composed of triangles and quads combine benefits of both. In particular, triangular transitional zones can be used to join quadrilateral meshes of differing resolution. Based on a set of examples involving shallow water equations, it is shown that mixed meshes offer a viable approach provided some background biharmonic viscosity (or the biharmonic filter) is added to stabilize the triangular part of the mesh.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Snow Accumulation In North Greenland Over The Last Millenium (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Springer Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 9 p., pp. 197-205, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Knowledge of snow accumulation rates of the large polar ice sheets and their variability over time is crucial for mass budget studies and sea level predictions. Here we present mean long-term snow accumulation rates of 12 shallow ice cores drilled by the North Greenland traverse in the northern part of Greenland. The ice core records cover the last 500 to 1000 years. We find a trend of decreasing accumulation rate from the southwest (~180 mmWE/a) to northeast (~95 mmWE/a). Ice divide sites show higher accumulation rates but also higher variability (up to 20%) than sites off the ice divides (less than 10%). Unlike a recent modeling study our results indicate no change in the accumulation in the north of Greenland during the last 400 years
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    Bivalve Shells—Unique High-Resolution Archives of the Environmental Past (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., pp. 173-182, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-11
    Description: Understanding the climate of the past is essential for anticipating future climate change. Palaeoclimatic archives are the key to the past, but few marine archives (including tropical corals) combine long recording times (decades to centuries) with high temporal resolution (decadal to intra-annual). In temperate and polar regions carbonate shells can perform the equivalent function as a proxy archive as corals do in the tropics. The bivalve Arctica islandica is a particularly unique bio-archive owing to its wide distribution throughout the North Atlantic and its extreme longevity (up to 500 years). This paper exemplifies how information at intra-annual and decadal scales is derived from A. islandica shells and combined into a detailed picture of past conditions. Oxygen isotope analysis (δ18O) provides information on the intra-annual temperature cycle while frequency analysis of shell growth records identifies decadal variability such as a distinct 5-year signal, which might be linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    A Sediment Budget for the Transkei Basin, Southwest Indian Ocean (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Geophysical Reseach, Springer, 36, pp. 281-291
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-06
    Description: Deep sea sediment budgets can be used to constrain erosion rates in the neighboring continents from which the material was derived. Here we construct a sediment budget for the Transkei Basin, offshore South Africa using an existing seismic reflection survey and dated by correlation of seismic attributes to dated sections in nearby basins. Backstripping of the sections reveals that sediment accumulation rates fell from 110 to 11 Ma, with a possible period of rapid accumulation from 36 to 34 Ma that may be driven by strengthening of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). The long term trend is linked to erosional degradation of the onshore continental escarpment, formed as a consequence of continental break-up. No change is noted at 30 Ma, coincident with proposed uplift of southern Africa driven by plume activity. The basin shows a significant increase in sediment accumulation after 11 Ma, which we interpret to reflect strengthening and rerouting of the AABW from the south into Transkei Basin, as a far field effect of the start of closure of the Indonesian Throughflow.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Evaluation of Eemian and Holocene Climate Trends: Combining Marine Archives with Climate Modelling (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, Germany, Springer, 5 p., pp. 31-35, ISBN: 978-3-319-00693-2
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: In an attempt to assess trends of Holocene sea-surface temperature (SST), two proxies have been compiled and analyzed in light of model simulations. The data reveal contrasting SST trends, depending upon the proxy used to derive Holocene SST history. To reconcile these mismatches between proxies in the estimated Holocene SST trends, it has been proposed that the Holocene evolution of orbitally-driven seasonality of the incoming radiation is the first-order driving mechanism of the observed SST trends. Such hypothesis has been further tested in numerical models of the Earth system with important implications for SST signals ultimately recorded by marine sediment cores. The analysis of model results and alkenone proxy data for the Holocene indicate a similar pattern in temperature change, but the simulated SST trends underestimate the proxy-based SST trends by a factor of two to five. SST trends based on Mg/Ca show no correspondence with model results. We explore whether the consideration of different growing seasons and depth habitats of the planktonic organisms used for temperature reconstruction could lead to a better agreement of model results with alkenone data on a regional scale. We found that invoking shifts in the living season and habitat depth can remove some of the model–data discrepancies in SST trends. Our results indicate that modeled and reconstructed temperature trends are to a large degree only qualitatively comparable, thus providing at present a challenge for the interpretation of proxy data as well as the model sensitivity to orbital forcing.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Social recognition in amphipods: An overview (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Social recognition in invertebrates - The knowns and the unknowns, Springer, 16 p., pp. 85-100, ISBN: 978-3-319-17599-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-02
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Character, distribution, and ecological significance of storm wave-induced scour in Rhode Island Sound, USA (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geo-Marine Letters 35 (2015): 135-144, doi:10.1007/s00367-014-0392-0.
    Description: Multibeam bathymetry, collected during NOAA hydrographic surveys in 2008 and 2009, is coupled with USGS data from sampling and photographic stations to map the seabed morphology and composition of Rhode Island Sound along the US Atlantic coast, and to provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitats. Patchworks of scour depressions cover large areas on seaward-facing slopes and bathymetric highs in the sound. These depressions average 0.5–0.8 m deep and occur in water depths reaching as much as 42 m. They have relatively steep well-defined sides and coarser-grained floors, and vary strongly in shape, size, and configuration. Some individual scour depressions have apparently expanded to combine with adjacent depressions, forming larger eroded areas that commonly contain outliers of the original seafloor sediments. Where cobbles and scattered boulders are present on the depression floors, the muddy Holocene sands have been completely removed and the winnowed relict Pleistocene deposits exposed. Low tidal-current velocities and the lack of obstacle marks suggest that bidirectional tidal currents alone are not capable of forming these features. These depressions are formed and maintained under high-energy shelf conditions owing to repetitive cyclic loading imposed by high-amplitude, long-period, storm-driven waves that reduce the effective shear strength of the sediment, cause resuspension, and expose the suspended sediments to erosion by wind-driven and tidal currents. Because epifauna dominate on gravel floors of the depressions and infauna are prevalent in the finer-grained Holocene deposits, it is concluded that the resultant close juxtaposition of silty sand-, sand-, and gravel-dependent communities promotes regional faunal complexity. These findings expand on earlier interpretations, documenting how storm wave-induced scour produces sorted bedforms that control much of the benthic geologic and biologic diversity in Rhode Island Sound.
    Description: This work was supported by the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Atlantic Hydrographic Branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Heaving modes in the world oceans (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Climate Dynamics 45 (2015): 3563-3591, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2557-6.
    Description: Part of climate changes on decadal time scales can be interpreted as the result of adiabatic motions associated with the adjustment of wind-driven circulation, i.e., the heaving of the isopycnal surfaces. Heat content changes in the ocean, including hiatus of global surface temperature and other phenomena, can be interpreted in terms of heaving associated with adjustment of wind-driven circulation induced by decadal variability of wind. A simple reduced gravity model is used to examine the consequence of adiabatic adjustment of the wind-driven circulation. Decadal changes in wind stress forcing can induce three-dimensional redistribution of warm water in the upper ocean. In particular, wind stress change can generate baroclinic modes of heat content anomaly in the vertical direction; in fact, changes in stratification observed in the ocean may be induced by wind stress change at local or in the remote parts of the world oceans. Intensification of the equatorial easterly can induce cooling in the upper layer and warming in the subsurface layer. The combination of this kind of heat content anomaly with the general trend of warming of the whole water column under the increasing greenhouse effect may offer an explanation for the hiatus of global surface temperature and the accelerating subsurface warming over the past 10–15 years. Furthermore, the meridional transport of warm water in the upper ocean can lead to sizeable transient meridional overturning circulation, poleward heat flux and vertical heat flux. Thus, heaving plays a key role in the oceanic circulation and climate.
    Keywords: Adiabatic motions ; Heaving ; Subtropical and subpolar gyres ; Southern oceans ; Baroclinic modes of heating content anomaly ; Wind-driven circulation ; Climate variability of heat content
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    Quantifying the residence time and flushing characteristics of a shallow, back-barrier estuary : application of hydrodynamic and particle tracking models (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 38 (2015): 1719-1734, doi:10.1007/s12237-014-9885-3.
    Description: Estuarine residence time is a major driver of eutrophication and water quality. Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH), New Jersey, is a lagoonal back-barrier estuary that is subject to anthropogenic pressures including nutrient loading, eutrophication, and subsequent declines in water quality. A combination of hydrodynamic and particle tracking modeling was used to identify the mechanisms controlling flushing, residence time, and spatial variability of particle retention. The models demonstrated a pronounced northward subtidal flow from Little Egg Inlet in the south to Pt. Pleasant Canal in the north due to frictional effects in the inlets, leading to better flushing of the southern half of the estuary and particle retention in the northern estuary. Mean residence time for BB-LEH was 13 days but spatial variability was between ∼0 and 30 days depending on the initial particle location. Mean residence time with tidal forcing alone was 24 days (spatial variability between ∼0 and 50 days); the tides were relatively inefficient in flushing the northern end of the Bay. Scenarios with successive exclusion of physical processes from the models revealed that meteorological and remote offshore forcing were stronger drivers of exchange than riverine inflow. Investigations of water quality and eutrophication should take into account spatial variability in hydrodynamics and residence time in order to better quantify the roles of nutrient loading, production, and flushing.
    Description: Funding was provided by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic modeling ; Residence time ; Particle tracking ; Back-barrier estuaries ; Eutrophication
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    Ontology-based mediation of OGC catalogue service for the Web requests: a virtual solution for integrating coastal web atlases. (2015)
    Springer | Berlin
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In recent years significant momentum has occurred in the development of Internet resources for decision makers and scientists interested in the coast. Chief among these has been the development of coastal web atlases (CWAs). While multiple benefits are derived from these tailor-made atlases (e.g., speedy access to multiple sources of coastal data and information), the potential exists to derive added value from the integration of disparate CWAs, to optimize decision making at a variety of levels and across themes. This paper describes the development of a semantic mediator prototype to provide a common access point to coastal data, maps and information from distributed CWAs. The prototype showcases how ontologies and ontology mappings can be used to integrate different heterogeneous and autonomous atlases, using the Open Geospatial Consortium’s Catalogue Services for the Web.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Coastal web atlas ; Coastal atlas ; Data semantics ; Semantic web technologies ; Information retrieval ; GIS ; Ontologies ; Catalogue services for the web (CSW) ; Mediation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Refereed
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    North-West African Hydrologic Changes in the Holocene: A Combined Isotopic Data and Model Approach (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), (SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg, Springer, 139 p., pp. 109-114, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-04
    Description: To achieve a better understanding of the hydrologic evolution of the North-West (NW) African monsoon system during the Holocene, in particular during inferred abrupt climate changes at the end of the African Humid Period (AHP), we investigated terrigenous plant lipids deposited in marine sediments offshore NW Africa. Changes in rainfall amount were estimated by compound-specific hydrogen isotope (δD) analyses. The spatial gradient of rainfall isotopic compositions is reflected in marine surface sediments. δD changes in plant waxes covering the last 100 years confirm the observed decrease in rainfall during the late twentieth century Sahel drought, and thus can be used for a quantitative calibration of δD and pre- cipitation. δD changes in sedimentary plant waxes show no abrupt change at the end of the AHP suggesting a gradual precipitation decline. These results are supported by Holocene climate simulations using a coupled atmosphere-land surface model, which includes an explicit modeling of isotopic fractionation within the hydrological cycle.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Introduction to Modern Fortran for Earth System Sciences (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Heidelberg, Springer, 250 p., ISBN: 978-3-642-37008-3
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: This work provides a short "getting started" guide to Fortran 90/95. The main target audience consists of newcomers to the field of numerical computation within Earth system sciences (students, researchers or scientific programmers). Furthermore, readers accustomed to other programming languages may also benefit from this work, by discovering how some programming techniques they are familiar with map to Fortran 95.
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    Holocene Environmental Variability in the Arctic Gateway (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 37-42, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: Environmental changes in the region connecting the Arctic Ocean and the northern North Atlantic were studied for the last 9,000 years (9 ka) by a combination of proxy-based paleoceanographic reconstructions as well as transient and time-slice simulations with climate models. Today, the area is perennially ice-covered in the west and ice-free in the east. Results show that sea-ice conditions were highly variable on short timescales in the last 9 ka. However, sea-ice proxies reveal an overall eastward movement of the sea-ice margin, in line with a decreasing influence of warm Atlantic Water advected to the Arctic Ocean. These cooling trends were rapidly reversed 100 years ago and replaced by the general warming in the Arctic. Model results show a consistently high freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean during the last 7 ka. The signal is robust against the Holocene cooling trend, however sensitive towards the warming trend of the last century. These results may play a role in the observed Arctic changes.
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    Seismostratigraphic analysis and glacial history of the Weddell Sea region, Antarctica (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., pp. 207-217, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Weddell Sea basin is of particular significance for understanding climate processes, including the generation of ocean water masses and their influence on ocean circulation as well as the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets. The sedimentary record, preserved below the basin floor, serves as an archive of the pre-glacial to glacial development of these processes, which were accompanied by tectonic processes in its early glacial phase. Three multichannel seismic reflection transects, in total nearly 5,000 km long, are used to interpret horizons and define a seismostratigraphic model for the basin. We expand this initial stratigraphy model to the greater Weddell Sea region through a network of more than 50 additional seismic lines. Information from few boreholes are used to constrain sediment ages in this stratigraphy, supported by magnetic anomalies indicating decreasing oceanic basement ages from southeast to northwest. Using these constraints, we calculate grids to depict the depths, thicknesses and sedimentation rates of pre-glacial (145–34 Ma), transitional (34–15 Ma) and full-glacial (15 Ma to present) units. Sedimentation thicknesses and sedimentation rates were calculated at the 12 selected points in the entire basin to give a brief overview of the deposition history, which will contribute to the understanding of the Antarctic ice sheet development and dynamics from the greenhouse to icehouse world in the Cenozoic.
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    Impact of Sea-Ice Bottom Topography on the Ekman Pumping (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, Toward, 251 p., pp. 139-148, ISBN: 978-3-319-13865-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Sea-ice elevation profiles and thickness measurements have been collected during summer 2011 in the Central Arctic. These two different data sets have been combined in order to obtain surface and bottom topography of the sea-ice. From the bottom profile, the keels of ridges are detected. Then, a parameterization of oceanic drag coefficients that accounts for the keels depth and density is applied. The calculated oceanic drag coefficients are highly variable (between about 2 × 10−3 and about 8 × 10−3) within the range of observed values. In order to estimate the contribution of variable drag coefficients on the Ekman pumping, the calculated drag coefficients are used in an idealized model experiment, where sea ice is drifting at constant velocity on an ocean at rest. The resulting variations of the Ekman vertical velocity are in the same order of magnitude as for variable ice velocity at the surface. In most state-of-the-art general circulation models, the variations of drag coefficients are not taken into account. The simple experiment carried out in the present study suggests that neglecting this contribution can lead to an incorrect representation of the momentum exchange between ice and ocean and to an underestimation of the Ekman pumping, with consequences for the large scale ocean circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Earth System Science—Past Experiences and Future Trends (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Earth System Science—Past Experiences and Future Trends, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 3-7, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Earth System Science has developed over the last two decades from an interesting concept in Earth sciences education to a fully integrative science focussed on understanding the complex system Earth. This evolution is partially due to the radical and far reaching anthropogenic changes and the general feeling of helplessness with regards to the possible consequences and future impacts on the Earth System. This paper proposes that a paradigm shift in undergraduate and graduate education is needed to further develop Earth System Science. Graduate programs such as the Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS), which are intrinsically trans- and interdisciplinary will help to change rigid subject specific mind-set among faculty and students. The health and sustainability of our planet is at stake
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    Integration of Passive Tracers in a Three-Dimensional Ice Sheet Model (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 161-170, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Components of the climate system, such as ice sheets and marine sediments serve as invaluable archives, which can be tapped into, to reconstruct paleoclimate conditions. The relative abundance of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ice cores is a proxy for past local temperature evolution. However the translation of these proxies into temperature is not straightforward. Complex interdependencies in the climate system can hide or override the local climate signal at which the ice core was drilled. Using 3D ice sheet modelling in concert with passive tracer advection one can simulate the isotopic distribution in ice sheets and compare them to ice core data. Combining this method in a coupled climate model environment, containing atmosphere and ocean components, one can theoretically simulate the isotopic cycle from the source to the actual ice record. Such an approach would greatly support the interpretation of proxy data whilst constraining the output of 3D ice sheet models (ISMs). We present the implementation of passive tracer advection in our 3D ISM RIMBAY (Thoma et al. in Geosci Model Dev 1:1–21, 2014, Goeller et al. in Cryosphere 7:1095–1106, 2014) and asses the potential of the method to reproduce chronologies of the polar ice sheets
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    Marine Litter as Habitat and Dispersal Vector (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, Springer, 447 p., pp. 141-181, ISBN: 978-3-319-16509-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Floating anthropogenic litter provides habitat for a diverse community of marine organisms. A total of 387 taxa, including pro- and eukaryotic micro-organisms, seaweeds and invertebrates, have been found rafting on floating litter in all major oceanic regions. Among the invertebrates, species of bryozoans, crustaceans, molluscs and cnidarians are most frequently reported as rafters on marine litter. Microorganisms are also ubiquitous on marine litter although the composition of the microbial community seems to depend on specific substratum characteristics such as the polymer type of floating plastic items. Sessile suspension feeders are particularly well-adapted to the limited autochthonous food resources on artificial floating substrata and an extended planktonic larval development seems to facilitate colonization of floating litter at sea. Properties of floating litter, such as size and surface rugosity, are crucial for colonization by marine organisms and the subsequent succession of the rafting community. The rafters themselves affect substratum characteristics such as floating stability, buoyancy, and degradation. Under the influence of currents and winds marine litter can transport associated organisms over extensive distances. Because of the great persistence (especially of plastics) and the vast quantities of litter in the world’s oceans, rafting dispersal has become more prevalent in the marine environment, potentially facilitating the spread of invasive species.
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    Marine Anthropogenic Litter (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Berlin, Springer, 447 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-16510-3
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: This book describes how manmade litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public.
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    Progress in Earth System Science: What Does It Take to Make Our Ideas Clear? (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 25-35, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: To describe the progress in Earth System Science, a conceptual framework is proposed which includes hypothesis testing, the formulation of models with different complexity as well as expressing discoveries in terms of metaphors. The later approach is demonstrated by the conveyor belt concept in oceanography which influenced the discussion about abrupt climate changes where the ocean circulation may be involved. It is argued that the combination of different methodologies/complexities and independent results is necessary to prevent over-simplistic views in each discipline of Earth System Science. Emphasis is given on typical steps to obtain new ideas for a new discovery. Examples for over-simplistic views are mentioned for past climate information from proxy data. The recorder system of the proxy has to be taken into account, otherwise the climate information can be misinterpreted. It is concluded that in the field of Earth System Science, basic knowledge and true collaborative problem solving is necessary to make scientists aware of the underlying principles, the limitations and open questions. This is furthermore necessary to develop and sharpen our ideas about the complex Earth System.
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    Methodology Used for the Detection and Identification of Microplastics—A Critical Appraisal (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, Springer, 447 p., pp. 201-227, ISBN: 978-3-319-16510-3
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and especially in the marine environment represent a pollution of increasing scientific and societal concern, thus, meanwhile a substantial number of studies on microplastics exist. Although first steps towards a standardisation of methodologies used for the detection and identification of microplastics in environmental samples are made, the comparability of data on microplastics is currently hampered by a huge variety of different methodologies which result in the generation of data of extremely different quality and resolution. This chapter reviews the methodology presently used for assessing the concentration of microplastics in the marine environment with focus on the most convenient techniques and approaches. After an overview of non-selective sampling approaches, sample processing and treatment in the laboratory, the reader is introduced to the currently applied techniques for the identification and quantification of microplastics. The subsequent case study on microplastics in sediment samples from the North Sea measured with focal plane array (FPA)-based micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy shows that only 1.4 % of the particles visually resembling microplastics were of synthetic polymer origin. This finding emphasizes the importance of verifying the synthetic polymer origin of potential microplastics. Thus, a burning issue concerning current microplastic research is the generation of standards that allow for the assessment of reliable data on concentrations of microscopic plastic particles and the involved polymers with analytical laboratory techniques such as micro-FTIR or micro-Raman spectroscopy.
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    Evolution of Lightweight Structures: Analyses and Technical Applications (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Springer, 206 p., ISBN: 9401793972
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: This volume contains studies on the evolution and function of lightweight constructions of planktonic and other organisms, and examples of how they can be used to create new solutions for radical innovations of lightweight constructions for technological application. The principles and underlying processes responsible for evolution and biodiversity of marine plankton organisms are highly relevant and largely unresolved issues in the field of marine science. Amongst the most promising objects for the study of evolution of stable lightweight constructions are marine organisms such as diatoms or radiolarians. Research in these fields requires interdisciplinary expertises such as in evolutionary modelling, paleontology, lightweight optimization, functional morphology, and marine ecology. Considerable effort and expert knowledge in production engineering or lightweight optimization is necessary to transfer knowledge on biogenic structures and evolutionary principles into new lightweight solutions. This book shows methods and examples of how this can be achieved efficiently.
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    The educational program of the Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS) (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 9-17, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS) is an international and interdisciplinary research school for 23 PhD students at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) and their partner universities: University of Bremen and Jacobs University Bremen. ESSReS combines observations, modelling, and data analysis in order to decipher the Earth’s complex climate system. Structured training, international exchange and supervision support interdisciplinary research at an early stage of the scientific career.
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    Multibreath tracer species dynamics in the lung (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 1-19 
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract By studying the behavior of various tracer species in the lungs, one can assess many important characteristics which distinguish normal and abnormal function. Quantitative evaluation of function depends on the use of an appropriate model in conjunction with experimental data. A multi-compartment model is derived from mass balances to describe dynamic as well as (breath-averaged) steady-state transport processes between the environment and pulmonary capillary blood. The breathing cycle is divided into three time periods (inspiration, expiration, and pause) so that the model equations are discrete in time. No other model of tracer species transport in the lungs deals simultaneously with species dynamics, variable breathing pattern, distribution inhomogeneities, and non-equilibrium between alveolar gas and capillary blood. Models currently in the literature are shown to be special cases of the model presented here.
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    Global stability of population models (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 47-58 
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    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Notes: Abstract Local stability seems to imply global stability for population models. To investigate this claim, we formally define apopulation model. This definition seems to include the one-dimensional discrete models now in use. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the global stability of our defined class of models. We derive an easily testable sufficient condition for local stability to imply global stability. We also show that if a discrete model is majorized by one of these stable population models, then the discrete model is globally stable. We demonstrate the utility of these theorems by using them to prove that the regions of local and global stability coincide for six models from the literature. We close by arguing that these theorems give a method for demonstrating global stability that is simpler and easier to apply than the usual method of Liapunov functions.
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    The logistic equation with a diffusionally coupled delay (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 125-140 
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    Notes: Abstract The asymptotic behaviour of a logistic equation with diffusion on a bounded region and a diffusionally coupled delay is investigated. An equivelent parabolic system is derived for certain types of delays. Using a Layapunov functional, sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of the constant steady state are obtained. When the global stability is lost, using Hopf's bifurcation theory, existence of travelling waves is shown for ring-like and periodic one dimensional habitats.
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    Uncertainty in physiology and physics (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 141-149 
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    Notes: Abstract It was hypothesized in an earlier work that sensory perception can occur only when the perceiving system is uncertain about the nature of the event being perceived. In the absence of any uncertainty, perception will not take place. The response of the sensory afferent neuron (impulse transmission rate) was calculated using Shannon's measure of uncertainty or entropy. It will now be shown that when the event being perceived is the position and momentum of a particle, Shannon's measure of uncertainty leads to the Heisenberg Uncertainty relationship.
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    Consensusn-trees (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 239-244 
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    Notes: Abstract It is not unusual for several classifications to be given for the same collection of objects. We present a method, called majority rule, which can be used to define a consensus of these classifications. We also discuss some mathematical properties of this consensus tree.
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    Morphogen pattern formation and development in growth (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 259-270 
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    Notes: Abstract The dependence of the spatial concentration profiles of morphogens on a characteristic dimension is obtained by continuation techniques for Gierer and Meinhardt's activator-inhibitor model of morphogenesis. The study of the behaviour of the system during growth, where the linear and exponential increase of the characteristic dimension is considered, revealed that more complex patterns of morphogen spatial concentrations appear regularly in a reproducible way.
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    Simulation experiments with a model for cellular growth (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 271-278 
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    Notes: Abstract Computer models have been used by various authors to simulate both the growth of normal cellular tissue and the development of cancerous cells within normal tissue. As these models were the result of considerable idealization, the purpose of the present paper is to propose a model in which the degree of simplification is relaxed: the features of simultaneous growth, and cell growth whose rate depends on the free absorbing periphery of the cell are introduced. Simulation experiments have been conducted using the model, and the results are presented.
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    Complementary extremum principles for a nonlinear model of heat conduction in the human head (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 341-346 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of complementary variational principles is used to obtain maximum and minimum principles for a nonlinear model of heat conduction in the human head. Accurate variational solutions are obtained in illustrative calculations. The effect of nonlinearity is seen to be significant from a comparison with the linearized model.
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    On Zeeman's equations for the nerve impulse (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 279-325 
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    Notes: Abstract A model for the nerve impulse due to Zeeman (1972) and based on catastrophe theory is compared with alternative models and criticisms of Zeeman's model by Sussmann and Zahler (1977, 1978) are assessed. The criticisms of Zeeman's motivation for his model are found to carry some weight. Sussmann and Zahler (1977, 1978) list numerous features of Zeeman's model which, they state, are not in agreement with experiment. These statements as they stand are largely erroneous, and the model still remains to be tested by a critical series of experiments. However, a detailed analysis reveals defects in Zeeman's model, not among those claimed by Sussmann and Zahler, showing that the explicit equations of the model cannot be correct. The possibility of a modified approach along similar lines and its ultimate adoption remains open.
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    Asymptotic analysis of the Michaelis-Menten reaction equations (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 375-388 
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    Notes: Abstract The irreversible Michaelis-Menten reaction is studied by the use of the method of multiple scales. Three stages of the reaction are identified, one of which is studied in detail. The results are compared with those of two earlier analyses.
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    Pulse evolution on coupled nerve fibres (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 389-400 
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    Notes: Abstract A numerical study of the coupled nerve fibre problem is given which verifies and extends the perturbation theory of Luzader. Pulses on adjacent fibres can couple together with two possible stable pulse separations.
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    Field-induced forces at dielectric interfaces as a possible mechanism of RF hearing effects (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 401-413 
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    Notes: Abstract A possible mechanism for effects of microwave radiation on the auditory system is the generation of field-induced forces at interfaces that divide materials of dissimilar electrical properties. A general expression for these “Maxwell stresses” is derived and then used to calculate the approximate magnitude of field-induced force within the organ of Corti during microwave exposure. Comparison of the results with data on the force needed to excite cochlear hair cells indicates auditory responses could be evoked by this mechanism at power densities near the threshold of rf hearing sensations.
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    The construction of homogeneous nets (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 415-426 
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    Notes: Abstract A definition of homogeneity for neural networks is given which permits their construction as group quotients. The significance of this for neural dynamics is discussed.
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    Contractile analysis and kinetic energy of the myocardium (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 447-461 
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    Notes: Abstract The left ventricle is represented as a cylinder contracting both radially and longitudinally. A simple method is indicated to derive an expression for the rate of change of the kinetic energy of this three-dimensional model, which quantity can be used as an index for the study of the contractile behaviour of the myocardium. An application to the study of muscle mechanics is also indicated.
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    Limit cycles in periodically perturbed population systems (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 463-485 
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    Notes: Abstract A perturbation method is proposed to calculate approximately the limit cycle type nonequilibrium steady-state resulting from periodic perturbation of coefficients of stable population systems; the two species Lotka-Volterra competition system is explicity studied and the results are formulated for general multi-species population systems. Avoidance of competitive or other types of exclusion of species in a periodic environment is indicated.
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    On a unified approach to pattern generation (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 513-516 
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    Limits on the computing power of biological systems (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 59-67 
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    Notes: Abstract The theory of computational complexity and certain explicitly-stated hypotheses imply limitations on the information processing power of biological systems. Parallelism, special purpose organization, and analog mechanisms may provide speedup critical for life processes, but have little power in the face of exponential growth. We show that “polynomially simulatable” biological systems cannot exhibit dynamic behavior which produces the solution of an intractable problem. The argument implies that parallelism does not allow biological systems to defeat the exponential explosion, but rather is important because it allows polynomial time algorithms to be used more efficiently.
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    A topological study of the base sequences of MS2 and ϕX174 genoma (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 81-88 
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    Notes: Abstract A correlation matrix analysis is applied to the base sequence of MS2 and ϕX174 in comparison with sets of simulated sequences with different degrees of constaint Significant differences between a codified sequence, and a statistical one in terms of the “correlation matrix” for sets of different length cannot be found. This result is analysed in terms of nucleotide sequences with different levels of informational content.
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    Volume of the conducting airways calculated from morphometric parameters (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 101-109 
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    Notes: Abstract A method of calculating the volume of a tree distal to a cut at the origin of a branch, using branching, diameter and length ratios, has been developed. The method was applied to bronchial tree casts from human, dog, sheep, hamster, and rat lungs. It was found that the exponenta in the equation weight=k×diameter a is approximately equal to 3.0 in sheep lung casts, as found by Hooper (1977), but it is greater than 3.0 in casts from the other four species.
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    Variability in a single compartment system: A note on S. R. Bernard's model (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 111-116 
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    Notes: Abstract In this note we examine a continuous time version of a compartmental model introduced in a discrete time setting by S. R. Bernard. The model allows for more than one particle to leave the system at any time. This introduces additional randomness into the system, over the pure death system and this is reflected in the variance function.
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    The diffusion transit time; A simple derivation (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 89-99 
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    Notes: Abstract The mean first passage time for free diffusion can be derived directly by solving a simple analogue steady state problem. In this problem the diffusion starting region is considered as a time independent source of diffusing particles and the diffusion target assumes the behaviour of a perfectly absorbing sink. It is shown here that the transit time between the source and the sink, which in this particular problem is equal to the ratio between the holdup of the system and the total flux, is identical to the Brownian movement concept of the mean first passage time for free diffusion. This established identity considerably facilitates the derivation and investigation of the timing of diffusion in complicated structures such as those commonly found in living organisms.
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    Nonlinear oscillations in biology (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 121-123 
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    A comment on Lin's paper on nonlinear diffusion in biological systems (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 117-120 
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    On the stochastic theory of compartments: The leaving process of the two-compartment systems (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 201-211 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper three stochastic models are developed for a class of two-compartment systems to analyse the randomness of the leaving process of the particles in the system. Results in closed form for the distribution of the leaving process of the particles in the system are given both for general and exponential sojourn time distributions and also in association with forward recurrence time distributions with and without Poisson input.
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    Models on prebiotic polymer competition: A deterministic approach (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 213-232 
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    Notes: Abstract Two simple models are proposed and analysed, in which it is shown that the formation of a new polymer, resulting from an “error” in the template action mechanism of production of an old polymer, may compromise the stability of the initial system under specific conditions, in the context of prebiotic evolution. Autocatalysis is shown to be a “selective advantage”, enabling the “mutant” to dominate in concentration and even replace the initial polymer. The addition of a third molecule playing the role of a catalyst causes hysteresis effects.
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    Extinction probabilities in microbial predation: A birth and death approach (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 165-181 
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of extinction of the prey population in a microbial predator-prey interaction in a chemostat has been examined. Usual deterministic lumped parameter models were used for the dynamics of the chemostat for large numbers of the two populations; the generalized birth and death stochastic process was employed for the description of the random variations at small prey numbers. Extinction probabilities of the prey population were calculated for different holding times and chemostat volumes, and their dependence upon the growth parameters of the two populations was studied. It was found that extinction was possible when the Monod model was used for the specific growth rate of the predators as a function of the prey number density. On the other hand, the decrease of the feeding activity of the predators at low prey densities predicted by the multiple saturation model acts as a regulatory factor that prevents extinction of the prey. In view of the fact that extinction of the prey has never been observed in the laboratory, the latter model seems more appropriate to describe the dynamics of microbial predation.
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    Prediction of the effect of the choroidal circulation on the retinal temperature during illumination (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 233-238 
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    Notes: Abstract During exposures of the eye to light, the choroidal circulation may have a regulatory influence on the retinal temperature. This is investigated using a mathematical model and a finite-difference technique. It is predicted that the choroidal blood flow a small effect on retinal temperature, which may be important.
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    Spatially localized interactive neural populations—I. A mathematical model (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 427-446 
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    Notes: Abstract A probabilistic model of a spatially localized, mutually exitatory (inhibitory) population of neurons is formulated to help explain average evoked potential and post-stimulus time histogram measurements. The model is based on the stochastic activity of single neurons within interactive masses of neurons which exhibit co-operative behavior. Macrostate variables corresponding to the above measurements are related through the model to features of neural operation at the individual and ensemble level. Steady-state solution are obtained and their physiological implications are discussed.
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    A one-compartment model with stochastic parameter (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 503-512 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider a one-compartment system with stochastic transfer rate characterized either by Gaussian or by two-level jump process and study the time evolution of the (statistical) moments of the (random) amount of the substance present in the system. The effect of the coloured as well as of the white noise is investigated and it is found that the presence of stochasticity in the transfer rate parameter increases the relaxation time of the system. Finally, we obtain the conditions for the stability of the system in the moment sense.
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    A dose-response model for estimating lifetime tumor risks when cell killing occurs (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 487-501 
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    Notes: Abstract A model is described in which damage to a single intracellular locus can lead to a tumorigenic transformation. Assuming a large number of independent intracellular loci to be at risk and assuming that damage to a locus sufficient to cause a tumorigenic transformation occurs with probability greater than zero for all doses greater than zero, leads to the use of the Weibull distribution to characterize the probability of a nonspontaneous tumorigenic cellular transformation occurring after exposure to a given dose of carcinogen. The excess lifetime tumor incidence (i.e., the proportion of tumor bearers) above the spontaneous incidence is used as an estimate of the non-spontaneous incidence and is characterized by a tumor incidence function that represents the probability of occurrence of one or more non-spontaneous tumorigenic cellular transformations amongN(D) independent surviving cells per individual, after exposure to a doseD of carcinogen. The tumor incidence function is fitted to published data for the excess tumor incidence after exposure of animals or humans to ionizing radiation and after exposure of animals to chemical carcinogens.
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    A stochastic model for then-compartment irreversible system (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 549-561 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with a stochasticn-compartment irreversible system with a non-homogeneous Poisson input and arbitrary residence time for each of the compartments. Results relating to the number of particles present in each of the compartments as well as the total number of particles present in the system at any time are derived. Further, explicit expressions for the auto covariance function for each compartment and the cross-covariance function between any two compartments with a given time lag are obtained. As a particular case, then-compartment irreversible system is analyzed with homogeneous Poisson input and exponential residence time distribution for each of the compartments. The possible applications of the model are discussed.
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    Pulsatile blood flow in a rigid pulmonary alveolar sheet with porous walls (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 563-577 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the pulsatile blood flow in the lung alveolar sheets by idealizing each of them as a channel covered by porous media. As the blood flow in the lung is of low Reynolds number, a creeping flow is assumed in the channel. The analytical and numerical results for the velocity and pressure distribution in the porous medium are presented. The effect of an imposed slip condition is also studied. Comparisons with the corresponding results for the steady-state case are made at the end.
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    Dynamic structure theory: A structural approach to social and biological systems (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 579-591 
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    Notes: Abstract The relationships that define the structure of a given ecosystem, social system, or even a physiological function can only exist if certain parameters are confined to a certain range of values. As the values change and exceed this given range the relationships are forced to change, and so produce a new pattern of relationships. The concept of a dynamic structure captures this potential for structural change in relation to a set of parameters. The precise definition of structure and allowable transformation constitutes the definition of a category. The total range of parameters associated with all the relevant structures provides a parameter space which is assumed to be a manifold. Maps with extra structure from the manifold to the category define dynamic structures. The domain of differential dynamic systems is the manifold, and a flow or movement across the manifold is associated with a series of structural transformations in the category. In some cases a structure outruns its parameter range, to be faced with an obstruction—an absence of possible transformations. Ways of studying such “obstructions” are considered along with the related problem of extending a dynamic structure beyond a previously given set of parameters. The cost or resistance of transformations is also studied. The concepts of dynamic structures are illustrated by the structural change of food webs and they are used in a necessarily qualitative fashion to study dominance structures of social orders and finally to speculate on the qualitative nature of evolutionary change of functional aspects of organisms.
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    Peak drug levels in linear pharmacokinetic systems—II. Conditions for a paradoxical injection rate effect with rectangular input (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 705-715 
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    Notes: Abstract The preceding paper (Thorn, 1981) has shown that in a linear pharmacokinetic system with a multimodal impulse response the peak drug level may sometimes be smaller with slower rates of injection. This paper presents two theorems on this paradoxical injection rate effect where the injection is a constant infusion of finite duration. The first theorem establishes a graphical method for determining whether a given impulse response will give a paradoxical injection rate effect; and the second establishes that the maximum paradoxical increase in peak drug level is by a factor of two. It is further shown that in order to approach this maximum paradoxical increase the impulse response must contain two isolated, sharp, narrow pulses of approximately equal area. Some examples of bimodal arterial dye-dilution curves from the literature are discussed as impulse responses; and there is also a discussion of the behavior of drug level maxima and minima at different injection rates.
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    Peak drug levels in linear pharmacokinetic systems—I. Effect of rate of injection (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 693-703 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents three theorems on the peak drug levels that result from injection into a linear pharmacokinetic system. As a preliminary, the “rate of injection” is defined in terms of time expansion or time contraction of the injection function (input). The first theorem then states that the peak drug level will not be greater when the rate of injection is slow than when it is fast, if the impulse response is unimodal. The second theorem sets limits for the time of the maximum drug level, in relation to the time of the maximum of the (unimodal) impulse response and the duration of the input. The third theorem defines conditions which assure a definitely lower peak drug level if the rate of injection is slower. A graphical method is suggested for determining the times and magnitudes of the peak drug levels that result from constant infusions of a fixed dose at different rates. An example is provided to show that if the impulse response is multimodal then the peak drug level may sometimes increase with a decrease in the injection rate.
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    On a two urn model of Polya-type (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 33-45 
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    Notes: Abstract A two urn Polya-type scheme is considered in whichr black balls (corresponding to the stable form of an element) are added to urn one at every stage and the same number of balls are removed at random at every stage from the same urn. In between these two operations, which form a stage or iteration, a fixed number of balls is exchanged at random between urns one and two. Urn one has a given initial number of white balls (corresponding to a radioactive form of the same element). The problem of interest is to study the stochastic aspect of the number of white balls remaining in urn one (and/or urn two) aftern iterations.
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    Nonlinear biological oscillators: Action-angle variable approach with an application to Cowan's model of neuroelectric activity (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 21-32 
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    Notes: Abstract We obtain within the action-angle variable approach new expressions, involving the Dirac delta function, for time periods and time averages of dynamical variables which are useful for nonlinear biological oscillator problems. We combine these with Laplace transformation techniques for evaluating the required perturbation expansions. The radii of convergence of these series are determined through a complex variable approach. The method is powerful enough to yield explicit results for such systems as the two species Volterra model, Goodwin's model of protein synthesis etc. and as an illustration, is applied here to Cowan's model of neuroelectric activity. We also point out the usefulness of the action integral in the case where parameters occurring in dynamics have slow time variations.
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    A generalized Fokker-Planck equation in the case of the Volterra model (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 69-79 
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    Notes: Abstract Zwanzig and Mori's projection-operator method is used in order to derive a generalized nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation for one “relevant” species in the many species conservative Volterra model. The deterministic, autonomous, Markovian equations of motion, when averaged over a suitable ensemble of initial conditions in general give rise to a non-autonomous, non-Markovian stochastic process for the evolution of this relevant species. Moreover, this relevant species may show irreversible damping, although self-interaction terms are absent in the many species model.
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    A hydrodynamical study of the flow in renal tubules (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 151-163 
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    Notes: Abstract The hydrodynamical problem of flow in proximal renal tubule is investigated by considering axisymmetric flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid through a long narrow tube of varying cross-section with reabsorption at the wall. Two cases for reabsorption have been studied (i) when the bulk flow,Q, decays exponentially with the axial distancex, and (ii) whenQ is an arbitrary function ofx such thatQ-Q 0 can be expressed as a Fourier integral (whereQ 0 is the flux atx=0). The analytic expressions for flow variables have been obtained by applying perturbation method in terms of wall parameter ε. The effects of ε on pressure drop across the tube, radial velocity and wall shear have been studied in the case of exponentially decaying bulk flow and it has been found that the results are in agreement with the existing ones for the renal tubules.
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    Some comments on the conductance of slow inward current in cardiac muscle (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 183-199 
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    Notes: Abstract Voltage clamp experiments, which determine the kinetic parameters of calcium conductance of cardiac muscle, (d ∞,f ∞, τ d and τ f ) are analyzed with a generally accepted expression for slow inward currentI s=g sdf (E-E R). Activation (d) and inactivation (f) reach the final valuesd ∞ andf ∞ with time constants τ d and τ f respectively. The analysis indicates that the measuredf ∞ agrees with the theoreticalf ∞, but the measuredd ∞ differs from the theoreticald ∞ by a factor which depends on τ d . The peak tension can be made to correlate closely with the theoreticald ∞ after a correction factor is applied to the raw measurements of activation. It can be shown that experiments designed to measure τ f can also be used to determine τ d with greater accuracy.
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    On the relevance of stochastic compartmental models to pharmacokinetic systems (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 245-247 
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    Identification of silent infections in SIR epidemics (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 249-257 
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    Notes: Abstract A deterministic model for an SIR epidemic with silent infections is investigated. It is shown for the model studied that the extent to which silent infections are present may be determined from data concerning only those individuals with symptomatic infection.
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    A reinforcement-depletion urn problem—I. Basic theory (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 327-340 
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    Notes: Abstract An urn contains balls of different colors. Specified numbers of each color are added and form a reinforcement. The total reinforcement is randomly removed, forming a depletion. The process, not necessarily with the same reinforcements, is performed a number of times. The factorial moment generating function of the urn configurations at any stage is given in terms of multivariate difference operators. Cases when the reinforcement vector is defined as a stochastic variable are considered. The problem is a generalization of an urn model associated with radioactive atoms and stable atoms proposed by S. R. Bernard. The solutions given here have a definite application to the problem of modelling tracers in compartmental systems.
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    Stochastic compartmental model with branching particles (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 347-360 
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    Notes: Abstract A multi-compartmental model with particles producing offspring according to the Markov branching process has been studied. Explicit results are given for the two-compartmental system and for irreversible general multicompartmental systems. The known models in stochastic compartmental analysis are shown to be particular cases of this model and applications are cited.
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    On Wei's fundamental equation for nerve excitation (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 371-372 
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    Phase-plane analyses of the Michaelis-Menten reaction equations (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 361-370 
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    Notes: Abstract The irreversible Michaelis-Menten scheme may be reduced to a pair of autonomous first-order differential equations. The phase-plane behaviour of these is investigated.
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    Reply to Chyuan-Yih Lee (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 372-373 
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    Further considerations in a theoretical description of gas transport in lung airways (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 517-548 
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    Notes: Abstract A discrete one-dimensional model of convection-diffusion in branching alveolar ducts is described and it is shown that, for a suitable choice of effective axial dispersion, the solution closely approximates that for an axially symmetric representation, at least for Peclet numbers Pe〈1. Following earlier work a composite model of a uniform lung is formed by matching such a respiratory pathway (now having the more convenient one-dimensional form) onto a trumpet representation of the conducting airways. Enhanced mixing due to heart action, and isotropic volume changes of trumpet (in addition to the pathway) during breathing are additional factors included. Calculations are made of O2 concentrations during steady-state breathing and of the concentration of inert gas during single breath wash-out of a gas mixture containing it. Predicted alveolar levels in each case agree extremely well with published data, although no alveolar slope is obtained for the inert gas.
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    Effects of convective and dispersive interactions on the stability of two species (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 593-610 
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    Notes: Abstract The evolution and local stability of a system of two interacting species in a finite two-dimensional habitat is investigated by taking into account the effects of self- and cross-dispersion and convection of the species. In absence of cross-dispersion, an equilibrium state which is stable without dispersion is always stable with dispersion provided that the dispersion coefficients of the two species are equal. However, when the dispersion coefficients of the two species are different, the possibility of self-dispersive instability arises. It is also pointed out that the cross-dispersion of species may lead to stability or instability depending upon the nature and the magnitude of the cross-dispersive interactions in comparison to the self-dispersive interactions. The self-convective movement of species increases the stability of the equilibrium state and can stabilize an otherwise unstable equilibrium state. The effect of cross-convection (in absence of self-dispersion and self-convection) is to stabilize the equilibrium state in a prey-predator model with positive cross-dispersion coefficients for the prey species. Finally, it is shown that if the system is stable under homogeneous boundary conditions it remains so under non-homogeneous boundary conditions.
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    Role of the hypergeometric distribution in the transmission of excitation through sympathetic ganglia (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 611-618 
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    Notes: Abstract Various observations suggest that sympathetic ganglia act as local integrative centers redistributing preganglionic excitation (i.e. the information issued by the central nervous system) to the postganglionic fibers (and effector organs). In order to support this concept a simple mathematical model of the elementary integration process, treating the case of a single preganglionic compound action potential, has been developed. This quantitative description, based on a few elementary assumptions, shows a possible way of processing preganglionic excitation in the ganglion. It is shown that on a particular ganglion cell the probability distribution of the number of activated synapses obeys hypergeometric distribution and hence, the postganglionic compound action potential is built up of several compound action potentials occurring at different times. The former correspond to different groups of firing cells. The model discloses modes of structural and temporal pattern generation performed by the sympathetic ganglion.
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    The uniqueness of protein sequences: A Monte Carlo analysis (1981)
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 619-639 
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    Notes: Abstract Amino acid sequences have already been examined in some detail in order to relate them to structural aspects, homology and gene duplication. This report introduces the concept of internal uniqueness of tripeptides within protein sequences and uses the Monte Carlo method to study this property. Some idea of internal uniqueness may be obtained from such an analysis using only a single sequence if the probability of the random occurrence is about 0.001 or less. This method of analysis is similar to that used in quantitative evaluations of homology. When the probability of the random occurrence is larger than 0.001 a homologous group of sequences is required and the random probabilities may be compared with the real occurrences within the group. From such an examination insulin and cytochrome c are identified as protein sequences with high internal uniqueness. A comparison of data from internal uniqueness and gene duplication analyses shows that these two properties need not be related. Results of the analysis point to internal uniqueness as an additional parameter for inclusion in speculations on why twenty amino acids are coded in protein structure.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance nets (1981)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 641-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The concept of a tolerance net formalises simultaneously spatial closeness and nearness of neuronal activity. A method of constructing tolerance group nets is presented, leading to a means of construction of all very homogenous tolerance nets as group quotients. The dihedral group of order eight is taken as an illustrative example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458414
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation between diameter and flow in branches of the bronchial tree (1981)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 681-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Two methods are described for calculating the value of the exponentx in the equation flow =k×diameter x , as pertaining to a branch of the bronchial tree. In the lungs from three humans, two dogs, one hamster, and one rat mean values ofx between 2.419 and 2.903 were found. They lie within the range of 2.333 to 3.0 predicted by the analysis of Uylings (Bull. Math. Biol. 39, 501–519, 1977).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458417
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic analysis of a nonlinear model for selection of biological macromolecules (1981)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 43 (1981), S. 665-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic analysis of a nonlinear selection model is presented. The model, based on Eigen and Schuster's theory of selection and evolution of biological macromolecules, considers the effects of fluctuations on the individual concentrations of macromolecules as well as the total population numbers in constrained systems. Our analysis shows that one of the models most often treated deterministically (referred to as constant organization in the literature) becomes unstable when fluctuations in the total population number are considered. An alternative model which apparently has built in self-regulating properties is analyzed and proves to be stable except for some special cases of degeneracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458416
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