ALBERT

Description: The Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki (ISUH) was founded in 1961 as a response to the growing public concern for environmental hazards caused by nuclear weapon testing. Since then ISUH has been responsible for seismic monitoring in Finland. The current mandate covers government regulator duties in seismic hazard mitigation and nuclear test ban treaty verification, observatory activities and operation of the Finnish National Seismic Network (FNSN) as well as research and teaching of seismology at the University of Helsinki. The first seismograph station of Finland was installed at the premises of the Department of Physics, University of Helsinki in 1924. However, the mechanical Mainka seismographs had low magnification and thus the recordings were of little practical value for the study of local seismicity. The first short-period seismographs were set up between 1956 and 1963. The next significant upgrade of FNSN occurred during the late 1970’s when digital tripartite arrays in southern and central Finland became fully operational, allowing for systematic use of instrumental detection, location and magnitude determination methods. By the end of the 1990’s, the entire network was operating using digital telemetric or dial-up methods. The FNSN has expanded significantly during the 21st Century. It comprises now 36 permanent stations. Most of the stations have Streckeisen STS-2, Nanometrics Trillium (Compact/P/PA/QA) or Guralp CMG-3T broad band sensors. Some Teledyne-Geotech S13/GS13 short period sensors are also in use. Data acquisition systems are a combination of Earth Data PS6-24 digitizers and PC with Seiscomp/Seedlink software or Nanometrics Centaurs. The stations are connected to the ISUH with Seedlink via Internet and provide continuous waveform data at 40 Hz (array) or 100-250 Hz sampling frequency. Further information about instrumentation can be found at the Institute’s web site (www.seismo.helsinki.fi). Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre.

Description: Kartographisch überarb. Neuaufl. 2001: J. Negendank ; T. Sommer (GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ Potsdam). - Beilage zu: Trier und Umgebung / Jörg F. W. Negendank. - (Sammlung geologischer Führer ; 60)

Description: A recent series of Swedish earthquakes at a focal depth not exceeding 2-3km, the largest with I"SUB O" = V+ (MSK scale) and M"SUB L" = 3.2 shows that relatively strong seismic activity can occur in the uppermost part of the Baltic Shield. During the last 15 years several near-surface earthquakes have occurred in this region, as indicated by recorded Rg-waves and/or macroseismic data. Many events are located along the coast of central Sweden, suggesting a seismic belt of minor, near-surface activity, which should be considered in connection with the radioactive waste storage in the Swedish bedrock. The appearance of Rg, common in seismic records of explosions and rockbursts, is not a sufficient discriminator between artificial events and earthquakes. -Author

Description: To detect and to locate the frequently occurring rockbursts within the mining area at Grangesberg, Sweden, the mining company has installed a local network of geophones. Mathematical technique is presented for hypocentre determination assuming a constant velocity model and a three-dimensional network of geophones with high-speed recording. Two sets of input data are feasible: 1) relative P arrival times; 2) S minus P arrival times. The former set requires readings from at least five geophones; for the latter readings from four geophones are sufficient. Factors influencing the resulting location accuracy are studied in various examples. General conclusions and recommendations are given.-Author

Description: Ausgehend von der Kovarianzfunktion der Schwere (Schwereanomalie) und aufbauend auf den Arbeiten von GRAFAREND (1971, a-d, 1972, 1975), JORDAN (1972) und MORITZ (1974, 1975, 1976) werden die Autokovarianzfunktionen (AKF) der 1. und 2. Ableitungen des Schwerepotentials (Störpotentials) sowie sämtliche Kreuzkovarianzfunktionen (KKF) zwischen ihnen mit den Regeln der Kovarianzfortpflanzung in ebenen, homogenen, isotropen und differenzierbaren Zufallsfeldern abgeleitet. Das quadratische, bezüglich der Hauptdiagonale (AKF) symmetrische AKF-KKF-Schema umfaßt 9 x 9 = 81 Funktionen: 9 AKF der 1. und 2. Ableitungen des Schwerepotentials und 72 KKF zwischen ihnen. Davon sind 44 Funktionen (8 AKF, 36 KKF) durch Transformationen zu gewinnen. Als Ausgangsmodelle werden verallgemeinerte HIRVONEN-Modelle (MORITZ-, HIRVONEN- und POISSON-Modelle), das GAUSS-Modell sowie als Schwingungstyp die Spaltfunktion benutzt. Die abgeleiteten Funktionen lassen sich, in Polarkoordinaten-Schreibweise, als Skalarprodukte von Vektoren gewisser entfernungsabhängiger und winkelabhängiger Kompositionsfunktionen darstellen. Sie sind, anwendungsorientiert, in Tabellen zusammengefaßt. Die entfernungsabhängigen Kompositionsfunktionen sind für alle Modelle graphisch dargestellt. Im Grenzfall verschwindender Entfernungsdifferenz ergeben sich vollständige Varianz-Kovarianz-Schemata für einunddemselben Punkt der Ebene. Die benutzten mathematischen Grundlagen der Kovarianzfortpflanzung im (ebenen) Schwerefeld sind im Anhang behandelt.

Description: Zusammenfassungen Verzeichnis der Symbole 0. Einleitung 1. Überblick zur Transformation von Kovarianzfunktionen im Schwerefeld 1.1. Transformationsmöglichkeiten 1.2. Voraussetzungen und Modellfunktionen 2. Kovarianzfunktionen der 1. Ableitungen des Schwerepotentials (Tx, Ty, Tz) 2.1. Lotabweichungsvektor 2.2. Anomaler Schwerevektor 2.3. Modell-Beispiele 3. Kovarianzfunktionen der 2. Ableitungen des Schwerepotentials (Txx, Txy, Tyy, Txz, Tyz, Tzz) 3.1. Niveauflächenkrümmung und Torsion des astronomischen Meridians 3.2. Horizontaler Schweregradient 3.3. Vertikaler Schweregradient 3.4. Kreuzkovarianzfunktionen zwischen den 2. Ableitungen 4. Vollständiges Schema der Auto- und Kreuzkovarianzfunktionen der 1. und 2. Ableitungen des Schwerepotentials 4.1. Kreuzkovarianzfunktionen zwischen den 1. und 2. Ableitungen 4.2. Modell-Beispiele 4.3. Varianz-Kovarianz-Schemata 5. Ergänzende Betrachtungen 5.1. Höhere Ableitungen des Schwerepotentials 5.2. Räumliche Kovarianzfunktionen 5.3. Nicht-differenzierbare Modelle Anhang I Kovarianzfortpflanzung bei Faltungsoperationen II Ebenes STOKES-Problem III Differentationsformeln IV Fortsetzung ebener Prozesse in den Raum Literatur Abbildungen

Description: Die Arbeit vermittelt einen Überblick über wissenschaftlich-technische, erkenntnistheoretische, methodische, ökonomische und organisatorische Probleme der Erdfernerkundung mittels Flugzeugen und Satelliten. Dabei liegt die Betonung auf der Veranschaulichung und kritischen Bewertung der Grundlagen, des Standes wie der Entwicklungstendenzen dieser neuen Erkundungsmethode. Behandelt werden folgende Fragenkomplexe: - Einfluß gasförmiger, flüssiger und fester Substanzen auf die Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen; - Passive und aktive Fernerkundungssensoren; - Definition und Bedeutung des Auflösungsvermögens von Fernerkundungssensoren; - Bodensysteme für den Empfang, die Vorverarbeitung, Verteilung und Interpretation von Fernerkundungsdaten; - Grundlagen der visuellen Interpretation; - Methoden der digitalen Bearbeitung von Fernerkundungsdaten; - Methoden der Datensammlung, lnterpretation und Verifikation; - Voraussetzungen und Kosten-Nutzen-Betrachtungen zur Fernerkundung; - Betrieb und Organisation von Fernerkundungssystemen.

Description: Zusammenfassungen Vorbemerkung 1. Begriffs- und Problembestimmung 2. Naturwissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Fernerkundung 2.1. Elektromagnetisches Spektrum, atmosphärische Fenster und Strahlungsbilanz der Erde 2.2. Zum Einfluß gasförmiger, flüssiger und fester Substanzen auf die Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen 2.3. Zur Ausbreitung elektromagnetischer Wellen im sichtbaren und IR-Bereich des Spektrums 2.2.2. Zur Ausbreitung von Mikrowellen 3. Technische Grundlagen sowie Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der Fernerkundung 3.1. Fernerkundungssensoren 3.1.1. Generelle Bemerkungen zum Auflösungsvermögen von Fernerkundungssensoren 3.1.2. Passive Sensoren 3.1.2.1. Fotografische Fernerkundungssysteme 3.1.2.2. Hochauflösende Scannersysteme für Erd- und Erdressourcenbeobachtungen 3.1.2.3. Passive Sensoren für Fernbeobachtungen der Atmosphäre, Ozeane und großräumiger Umweltphänomene 3.1.3. Aktive Sensoren 3.1.3,1. Radarsensoren mit realer Apertur 3.1.3.2. Radarsensoren mit synthetischer Apertur 3.2. Bodensysteme für den Empfang, die Vorverarbeitung und die Verteilung von Satellitendaten 3.3. Nutzerzentren für die Interpretation von Fernerkundungsdaten 4. Grundlagen und Methodik der Aufbereitung und Interpretation von Fernerkundungsdaten 4.1. Generelle Bemerkungen 4.2. Grundlagen der visuellen Interpretation und Methoden der analogen fotografisch-optischen Bildbearbeitung 4.3. Methoden der digitalen Datenbearbeitung 4.3.1. Generelle Übersicht 4.3.2. Zur automatischen Klassifizierung und Hauptachsentransformation multispektraler Bilddaten 4.3.3. Zur Flächenbestimmung mit Hilfe klassifizierter digitaler Bilddaten 4.4. Methoden der Datensammlung, Interpretation und Verifikation 4.4.1. Sammlung von Daten in verschiedenen Niveaus und ihre gemeinsame Auswertung 4.4.2. Methodik der Sammlung und Nutzung unabhängiger Bodeninformationen 4.4.3. Zur Abgrenzung homogener Merkmalsschichten in Fernerkundungsaufnahmen 4.4.4. Konstruktion eines Flächenrahmens für die Datensammlung 4.4.5. Agro-meteorologische Methode der Abschätzung von Ernteerträgen 4.4.6. Klassifizierung von Landbedeckung und -nutzung 4.4.7. Zur Feststellung und Überwachung von Umweltverunreinigungen 4.4.8. Geologische Interpretation von Fernerkundungsdaten 5. Voraussetzungen, Bedürfnisse, Nutzung und Organisation der Fernerkundung 5.1. Generelle Voraussetzungen und Bedürfnisse 5.2. Kosten-Nutzen-Betrachtungen in der Fernerkundung 5.3. Allgemeine Gesichtspunkte der Organisation von Fernerkundungsaktivitäten 6. Schlußfolgerungen Erläuterung von Abkürzungen Literatur

Description: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Description: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Description: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Description: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Description: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Description: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Description: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper. A critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Description: The Australian genus Wilkiea is recorded for Papua New Guinea. One species, W. foremanii, is described from the Wharton Range.

Description: Being engaged during several years with a revision of the grasses preserved in the Rijks-Herbarium at the University of Leyden, my attention was called to the group of the Stipeae, and especially to the very difficult genus of Aristida. After an exhaustive study of the literature, I thought it desirable to have a monograph of this genus, containing extensive keys for the determination of all the species hitherto known, and I resolved to prepare such a work. It has been my good fortune that I had at my disposal not only the valuable collections of the Rijks-Herbarium, but that by the courtesy of the directors of the great herbaria in Europe and in America, I could study many thousands of specimens, among them authentic specimens and types. So several years elapsed before the revision was finished. Before I am going to publish my work, it seemed desirable to prepare a preliminary paper on the subject, dealing with the literature studied and the results of the critical examination of the types, moreover the new species found in herbaria are included in this paper. To find easily the original description and the type specimen, I give in alphabetical order all the species and varieties hitherto described, no matter if they are accepted in my monograph as valid or not.

Description: This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

Description: In der obersenonen Mastrichter Tuffkreide finden sich kleine Zähne, die durch ihre glatten Kauflächen und die Furchen an den Seiten des oberen Teiles an Kauplatten von Myliobatis erinneren, einen Rochentypus, der ein an durophage Lebensweise angepasstes Gebiss hat. Niemals findet man aber die für diese Familie so typische langgestreckte Form der Zahnplatten; die Zahnoberfläche hat immer rhombische Form. Dames hat eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diesen Zähnen gegeben, die er für Reste eines Cestracion-artigen Namen Rhombodus Binkhorsti Haies hielt, dem er den gab. Ich möchte hier nur noch einige kurze Bemerkungen hinzufügen. Die Abbildungen (fig. 1) zeigen den typischen rhombenförmigen Umriss der Kaufläche (d). Die durch eine in der Richtung der kurzen Diagonale verlaufende, tiefe Rinne in zwei Hälften geteilte Wurzel hat ebenfalls die Gestalt eines Rhombus (fig. 1, b, e). An der Grenze von Krone und Wurzel findet sich an der einen Seite eine Rinne, an der anderen Seite eine vorspringende Leiste (fig. 1 c). Zusammen mit den verticalen Furchen, mit denen die Seiten versehen sind, hat diese Leiste zur Verbindung der Zähne untereinander zu einem Mahlpflaster gedient. Neben dieser regelmässigen Form, die besonders den grösseren Zähnen eigen ist, fanden sich aber Exemplare, die eine Abweichung zeigen, indem nämlich entweder zwei Seiten eines spitzen Winkels des Rhomboïds länger sind wie die beiden anderen, oder das Rhomboïd unsymmetrisch zusammengepresst ist. Es scheint mir, dass dies nicht eine zufällige Variation ist, sondern dass wir gerade durch diese Eigentümlichkeit etwas mehr über die ganze Zusammenstellung des Gebisses erfahren können. Wie ich unten noch näher auseinandersetzen werden, muss man nämlich Rhombodus zu den durophagen Stachelrochen stellen. Bei diesen findet man sehr oft gerade die grössten Zähne in der Mitte des Kiefers. Wenn man nun die Zahl der Zahnreihen, wie es gewöhnlich bei den grosszähnigen Rochen der Fall ist Rhombodus-Unterkiefers zu 7 bis 9 annimmt, so könnte man das Gebiss eines auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, wie es fig. 3 A zeigt, (wobei die verschiedenen obengenannten Formen vorkommen). Es wäre wohl ein grosser Zufall wenn man noch einige Zähne im ursprünglichen Verband finden würde. Wenn einmal die knorpeligen Kiefer aufgelöst sind, bieten die Seitenfurchen nicht genug Festigkeit und fallen die einzelnen Zähne auseinander.

Description: Da die Originale der von Göppert aus dem Tertiär von Java beschriebenen Arten Piperites Hasskarlianus und Junghuhnites javanicus nicht mehr vorhanden sind, die vorliegenden Beschreibungen für eine Bestimmung aber nicht ausreichen, so sind sie aus der fossilen Flora Javas zu streichen. Das gilt auch von Miquelites elegans, dessen schlechte Erhaltung eine sichere Bestimmung unmöglich macht. Bredaea moroides dagegen ist ebenso wie Naucleoxylon spectabile Crié sowie ein bisher unbeschriebenes Kieselholz von Java eine Dipterocarpacee. Die Stücke werden beschrieben als Dipterocarpoxylon moroides, D. spectabile und D. Göpperti n. sp. Die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese wie andere fossile Dipterocarpoxyla bestimmten rezenten Dipterocarpaceengattungen zuzuweisen, soll später erörtert werden. Frankfurt a/M. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität.

Description: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km² in a strip more than 150 km from east to west. This part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model. Only the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180° giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias. Very minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Description: Parasitological investigations on herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and greater black-backed gulls (L. marinus) from Heligoland showed a high occurrence and abundance of the nematode species Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Paracuaria tridentate, Tetrameres fissispina and Capillaria contorta. The species specific distribution of the nematodes in distinct areas of oesophageal and stomach compartments, the morphological adaptations to their environment, as with the change of host tissue caused by heavy infestations, are the theme of the present article. The pathogenity is discussed. (German)

Description: Seasonal variations of size-frequency distribution, sex ratio, and percentage of egg-carrying females andjuveniles in a population of J. falcata inhabiting jetties at Helgoland Harbour are described. Reproductionoccurs all the year round, but 2 maxima and thus, 2 main generations per year can be observed: a weaker onein winter, and a more pronounced one in late spring/early summer. Biochemical composition and energycontents of J. falcata show only in part a seasonal cycle. There is an inverse relationship between the proteinand lipid fractions, whereas the former is negatively, the latter positively correlated with the amount ofsuspended food in the water. Protein, carbohydrates, lipid and the weight-specific energy equivalent show adecreasing trend with increasing size of the amphipods, while chitin significantly reveals an opposite trend.

Description: Daltonia fenestrellata Griffin was collected by A. M. Cleef in the Andes of Colombia in 1973. It is characterized by the cuspidate, incurved or recurved leaf tips, the elongated juxtacostal cells and the apically scabrous seta. It seems most closely allied to D. gomezii Crosby of Costa Rica.

Description: In the spring of 1966, the junior author (H. Inoue) made a bryophyte collecting trip to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The collections have served as a basis for reviews of individual liverwort genera or families occurring in Ceylon, e.g. Frullania (Hattori, 1979) and Plagiochila (Inoue, 1979). The present paper deals with the species of Lejeuneaceae subfamily Ptychanthoideae, which comprises the more robust members of this large tropical family. In his catalogue of the liverworts of Ceylon, Abeywickrama (1959) recorded 18 species of Ptychanthoideae, belonging to the genera Archilejeunea (1 sp.), Brachiolejemea (1 sp.), Lopholejeunea (2 sp.), Mastigolejemea (2 sp.), Ptychanthus (4 spp.), Ptychocoleus (5 spp.), Spruceanthus (1 sp.), Thysananthus (1 sp.), and Trocholejeunea (1 sp.). Unfortunately, his catalogue does not provide precise information on specimens or literature on which individual species records for Ceylon were based. Most of the species listed by Abeywickrama had been treated by Verdoorn (1934) in his monograph of Asiatic Ptychanthoideae. Some are now considered synonyms, however, whereas in other cases some doubts may be cast about the correctness of the identification. Since we have not been able to locate all specimens on which previous Ceylon records of Ptychanthoideae were based, the present review should be considered preliminary.

Description: In plots B1, 2, and 4 in 1978 only a single species once covered over 12.5% of the surface: Leontodon hispidus. A few species covered sometimes about 5-10%, like Briza media, Triselum flavescens, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, and Knautia arvensis. In the course of the study the occasional dominance of certain species disappeared (Table 2). Most species covered less than 5%, but the number of individuals often fluctuated strongly from one species to another. In plots B3 and B5 a much stronger dominance could be observed than in the non-fertilized plots (Fig. 5). In 1978 the grasses Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata covered from 10—40% of the surface, the coverage of other species, particularly forbs, amounting to less than 1%, e.g., Ononis repens, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. A few constantly present forbs, initially covering about 25%, like Centaurea pratensis and Lathyrus pratensis in plot B5 did not keep up this high coverage. This also holds for forbs that established themselves in the fertilized plots after a few years and attained a rather high coverage, like Heracleum sphondylium in plot B3.

Description: The rice weeds project. In 1976, a joint project was set up under the aegis of the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC, Box 90734, The Hague), by the universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam and the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) on the Dutch side, and BIOTROP (Box 17, Bogor) on the Indonesian side. Coordinators are Professor R. van der Veen and Mr. P.J. van Rijn. Its objective is the study of weeds and their ecology in the rice fields of Indonesia. A sharp distinction between dry and wet rice fields cannot be made for this kind of work: the dikes in the wet rice areas often carry dry rice weeds, and where locally fields are irrigated but part of the time, the weed flora assumes a mixed or successional character. More workable is the distinction between permanent rice fields on the one hand, and those under shifting cultivation regimes on the other; the latter have been excluded from the study.

Description: BABU, C.R., Herbaceous Flora of Dehra Dun, 721 p., 1 map (1977, Publ. & Information Directorate, New Delhi). 8°. Rs. 144, $ 50.00, £ 22.00. A useful local Flora which will be very handy for schools, colleges, foresters, agriculturists and laymen as well. It is a very full flora, with a key to the families, and within the families keys to the genera and species respectively. Emphasis is on the species, which all carry a description; there are no generic descriptions, only a brief indication of the size of the genus and its occurrence in India.

Description: Cladobotryum penicillatum sp. nov. was isolated from Alnus twigs in New Forest, Hampshire, U. K., in 1971, and from Sebacina effusa in the Houtribbos Forest, O.- Flevoland Polder, Netherlands, in 1980. The species has conidia intermediate in dimension between C. varium and C. mycophilum, and it differs from both species by having rather slow-growing colonies and long conidiophores with apical penicillate branching. Conidiogenesis is basipetal and retrogressive.

Description: In this second report on types of entolomatoid fungi in the Velenovský Herbarium at Prague* (PRC and PRM) seven of Velenovský’s new species in Entoloma, two in Eccilia and one described in Clitocybe are treated. For each taxon microscopical characters are given, followed by a consize discussion on its status.

Description: The article contains a discussion regarding the different identity of the specimens J. F. Duthie 3858 in the Kew (K), and the Calcutta (CAL) and Poona (BSI) herbaria. The specimens at CAL and BSI represent a new species of Arenaria, which is described here.

Description: Attention is drawn to the unusual distribution of flowers and inflorescences in a number of species, and to certain peculiarities of branching and phyllotaxy. The latter are explained by a heterophylly which so far has escaped notice, involving the formation and early disappearance of a pair of minute intercalary cataphylls. A similar branching pattern and flower distribution is evident in Helicanthes.

Description: The present paper deals with the West Indian marine Haplosclerida incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. A total of 36 species is described and fully illustrated. Part of the material consists of the Duchassaing & Michelotti collection housed in Amsterdam; of all the Haplosclerid types of this collection an extensive redescription and a photographic illustration is given. Most of the type specimens are designated (para-)lectotypes. Eight new species are erected, viz. Reniera curaçaoensis, R. carmabi, Sigmadocia piscaderaensis, Niphates alba, Xestospongia wiedenmayeri, X. portoricensis, Petrosia weinbergi, and Strongylophora hartmani. The follwing new combinations are used: Niphates amorpha (for N. digitalis forma amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977), Cribrochalina spiculosa (for Siphonochalina spiculosa Dendy, 1887), Pellina nodosa (for Phloeodictyon nodosum George & Wilson, 1919), and Pachypellina podatypa (for Haliclona podatypa De Laubenfels, 1934). Several new combinations are suggested for species not represented in the present collection, but studied for comparative reasons. A new classification of marine Haplosclerid families is proposed, based on the study of the present collection, and on the study of many type species of Haplosclerid genera. The new classification comprises five families, viz. Haliclonidae, Niphatidae (n.), Callyspongiidae, Petrosiidae (n.) and Oceanapiidae (n.). The proposed classification is discussed and some phylogenetic ideas are presented. The zoogeography of the West Indian sponges is studied and some ecological data are given.

Description: Zwischen der Sierra de San Luis und der Sierra de Cordoba ragt im Süden der Senke des Rio Conlara eine Scholle des alten kristallinen Untergrundes aus den Aufschüttungen der Pampa hervor. Ganz in der gleichen Weise wie die beiden grossen benachbarten Gebirge trägt sie auf ihrer Höhe eine alte Einebnungsfläche über die sich plötzlich ein kleiner Gebirgsstock erhebt, die Sierra del Morro. Schon durch Ave Lallemant und Brackebusch war bekannt, dass sich junge Eruptivgesteine am Aufbau dieses Gebirges beteiligen, das sich bis zu einer Höhe von 1600 m erhebt, während die Abtragungsfläche an seinem Fusse durchschnittlich eine Höhe von 1000 m besitzt. Brackebusch hat auch bereits auf die kraterförmige Gestalt dieses Gebirges aufmerksam gemacht und erkannt, dass der Rand des Kraters grösstenteils aus kristallinen Gesteinen besteht und ebenso wie sein Boden nur an einigen Stellen von Effusivgesteinen durchbrochen wird. Im Jahre 1911 besuchte ich zusammen mit Herrn Pastore in Buenos Aires die Sierra del Morro und letzterer hat das interessante Gebirge, dessen Probleme wir bei unserem dreitägigem Besuch nicht restlos lösen konnten, später noch einem eingehenderen Studium unterworfen und eine geologische Detailkarte im Masstabe 1:25000 aufgenommen. Bei meinen Ausführungen stütze ich mich neben meinen eigenen Aufzeichnungen vor allem auf die Ausführungen und Aufnahmen des Herrn Pastore, von dessen Karte ich hier eine vereinfachte Skizze gebe.