ALBERT

Description: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Description: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Description: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Description: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Description: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Description: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Description: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper. A critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Description: The Australian genus Wilkiea is recorded for Papua New Guinea. One species, W. foremanii, is described from the Wharton Range.

Description: Being engaged during several years with a revision of the grasses preserved in the Rijks-Herbarium at the University of Leyden, my attention was called to the group of the Stipeae, and especially to the very difficult genus of Aristida. After an exhaustive study of the literature, I thought it desirable to have a monograph of this genus, containing extensive keys for the determination of all the species hitherto known, and I resolved to prepare such a work. It has been my good fortune that I had at my disposal not only the valuable collections of the Rijks-Herbarium, but that by the courtesy of the directors of the great herbaria in Europe and in America, I could study many thousands of specimens, among them authentic specimens and types. So several years elapsed before the revision was finished. Before I am going to publish my work, it seemed desirable to prepare a preliminary paper on the subject, dealing with the literature studied and the results of the critical examination of the types, moreover the new species found in herbaria are included in this paper. To find easily the original description and the type specimen, I give in alphabetical order all the species and varieties hitherto described, no matter if they are accepted in my monograph as valid or not.

Description: This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

Description: In der obersenonen Mastrichter Tuffkreide finden sich kleine Zähne, die durch ihre glatten Kauflächen und die Furchen an den Seiten des oberen Teiles an Kauplatten von Myliobatis erinneren, einen Rochentypus, der ein an durophage Lebensweise angepasstes Gebiss hat. Niemals findet man aber die für diese Familie so typische langgestreckte Form der Zahnplatten; die Zahnoberfläche hat immer rhombische Form. Dames hat eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diesen Zähnen gegeben, die er für Reste eines Cestracion-artigen Namen Rhombodus Binkhorsti Haies hielt, dem er den gab. Ich möchte hier nur noch einige kurze Bemerkungen hinzufügen. Die Abbildungen (fig. 1) zeigen den typischen rhombenförmigen Umriss der Kaufläche (d). Die durch eine in der Richtung der kurzen Diagonale verlaufende, tiefe Rinne in zwei Hälften geteilte Wurzel hat ebenfalls die Gestalt eines Rhombus (fig. 1, b, e). An der Grenze von Krone und Wurzel findet sich an der einen Seite eine Rinne, an der anderen Seite eine vorspringende Leiste (fig. 1 c). Zusammen mit den verticalen Furchen, mit denen die Seiten versehen sind, hat diese Leiste zur Verbindung der Zähne untereinander zu einem Mahlpflaster gedient. Neben dieser regelmässigen Form, die besonders den grösseren Zähnen eigen ist, fanden sich aber Exemplare, die eine Abweichung zeigen, indem nämlich entweder zwei Seiten eines spitzen Winkels des Rhomboïds länger sind wie die beiden anderen, oder das Rhomboïd unsymmetrisch zusammengepresst ist. Es scheint mir, dass dies nicht eine zufällige Variation ist, sondern dass wir gerade durch diese Eigentümlichkeit etwas mehr über die ganze Zusammenstellung des Gebisses erfahren können. Wie ich unten noch näher auseinandersetzen werden, muss man nämlich Rhombodus zu den durophagen Stachelrochen stellen. Bei diesen findet man sehr oft gerade die grössten Zähne in der Mitte des Kiefers. Wenn man nun die Zahl der Zahnreihen, wie es gewöhnlich bei den grosszähnigen Rochen der Fall ist Rhombodus-Unterkiefers zu 7 bis 9 annimmt, so könnte man das Gebiss eines auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, wie es fig. 3 A zeigt, (wobei die verschiedenen obengenannten Formen vorkommen). Es wäre wohl ein grosser Zufall wenn man noch einige Zähne im ursprünglichen Verband finden würde. Wenn einmal die knorpeligen Kiefer aufgelöst sind, bieten die Seitenfurchen nicht genug Festigkeit und fallen die einzelnen Zähne auseinander.

Description: Da die Originale der von Göppert aus dem Tertiär von Java beschriebenen Arten Piperites Hasskarlianus und Junghuhnites javanicus nicht mehr vorhanden sind, die vorliegenden Beschreibungen für eine Bestimmung aber nicht ausreichen, so sind sie aus der fossilen Flora Javas zu streichen. Das gilt auch von Miquelites elegans, dessen schlechte Erhaltung eine sichere Bestimmung unmöglich macht. Bredaea moroides dagegen ist ebenso wie Naucleoxylon spectabile Crié sowie ein bisher unbeschriebenes Kieselholz von Java eine Dipterocarpacee. Die Stücke werden beschrieben als Dipterocarpoxylon moroides, D. spectabile und D. Göpperti n. sp. Die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese wie andere fossile Dipterocarpoxyla bestimmten rezenten Dipterocarpaceengattungen zuzuweisen, soll später erörtert werden. Frankfurt a/M. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität.

Description: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km² in a strip more than 150 km from east to west. This part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model. Only the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180° giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias. Very minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Description: Parasitological investigations on herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and greater black-backed gulls (L. marinus) from Heligoland showed a high occurrence and abundance of the nematode species Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Paracuaria tridentate, Tetrameres fissispina and Capillaria contorta. The species specific distribution of the nematodes in distinct areas of oesophageal and stomach compartments, the morphological adaptations to their environment, as with the change of host tissue caused by heavy infestations, are the theme of the present article. The pathogenity is discussed. (German)

Description: Seasonal variations of size-frequency distribution, sex ratio, and percentage of egg-carrying females andjuveniles in a population of J. falcata inhabiting jetties at Helgoland Harbour are described. Reproductionoccurs all the year round, but 2 maxima and thus, 2 main generations per year can be observed: a weaker onein winter, and a more pronounced one in late spring/early summer. Biochemical composition and energycontents of J. falcata show only in part a seasonal cycle. There is an inverse relationship between the proteinand lipid fractions, whereas the former is negatively, the latter positively correlated with the amount ofsuspended food in the water. Protein, carbohydrates, lipid and the weight-specific energy equivalent show adecreasing trend with increasing size of the amphipods, while chitin significantly reveals an opposite trend.

Description: Daltonia fenestrellata Griffin was collected by A. M. Cleef in the Andes of Colombia in 1973. It is characterized by the cuspidate, incurved or recurved leaf tips, the elongated juxtacostal cells and the apically scabrous seta. It seems most closely allied to D. gomezii Crosby of Costa Rica.

Description: In the spring of 1966, the junior author (H. Inoue) made a bryophyte collecting trip to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The collections have served as a basis for reviews of individual liverwort genera or families occurring in Ceylon, e.g. Frullania (Hattori, 1979) and Plagiochila (Inoue, 1979). The present paper deals with the species of Lejeuneaceae subfamily Ptychanthoideae, which comprises the more robust members of this large tropical family. In his catalogue of the liverworts of Ceylon, Abeywickrama (1959) recorded 18 species of Ptychanthoideae, belonging to the genera Archilejeunea (1 sp.), Brachiolejemea (1 sp.), Lopholejeunea (2 sp.), Mastigolejemea (2 sp.), Ptychanthus (4 spp.), Ptychocoleus (5 spp.), Spruceanthus (1 sp.), Thysananthus (1 sp.), and Trocholejeunea (1 sp.). Unfortunately, his catalogue does not provide precise information on specimens or literature on which individual species records for Ceylon were based. Most of the species listed by Abeywickrama had been treated by Verdoorn (1934) in his monograph of Asiatic Ptychanthoideae. Some are now considered synonyms, however, whereas in other cases some doubts may be cast about the correctness of the identification. Since we have not been able to locate all specimens on which previous Ceylon records of Ptychanthoideae were based, the present review should be considered preliminary.

Description: In plots B1, 2, and 4 in 1978 only a single species once covered over 12.5% of the surface: Leontodon hispidus. A few species covered sometimes about 5-10%, like Briza media, Triselum flavescens, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, and Knautia arvensis. In the course of the study the occasional dominance of certain species disappeared (Table 2). Most species covered less than 5%, but the number of individuals often fluctuated strongly from one species to another. In plots B3 and B5 a much stronger dominance could be observed than in the non-fertilized plots (Fig. 5). In 1978 the grasses Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata covered from 10—40% of the surface, the coverage of other species, particularly forbs, amounting to less than 1%, e.g., Ononis repens, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. A few constantly present forbs, initially covering about 25%, like Centaurea pratensis and Lathyrus pratensis in plot B5 did not keep up this high coverage. This also holds for forbs that established themselves in the fertilized plots after a few years and attained a rather high coverage, like Heracleum sphondylium in plot B3.

Description: The rice weeds project. In 1976, a joint project was set up under the aegis of the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC, Box 90734, The Hague), by the universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam and the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) on the Dutch side, and BIOTROP (Box 17, Bogor) on the Indonesian side. Coordinators are Professor R. van der Veen and Mr. P.J. van Rijn. Its objective is the study of weeds and their ecology in the rice fields of Indonesia. A sharp distinction between dry and wet rice fields cannot be made for this kind of work: the dikes in the wet rice areas often carry dry rice weeds, and where locally fields are irrigated but part of the time, the weed flora assumes a mixed or successional character. More workable is the distinction between permanent rice fields on the one hand, and those under shifting cultivation regimes on the other; the latter have been excluded from the study.

Description: BABU, C.R., Herbaceous Flora of Dehra Dun, 721 p., 1 map (1977, Publ. & Information Directorate, New Delhi). 8°. Rs. 144, $ 50.00, £ 22.00. A useful local Flora which will be very handy for schools, colleges, foresters, agriculturists and laymen as well. It is a very full flora, with a key to the families, and within the families keys to the genera and species respectively. Emphasis is on the species, which all carry a description; there are no generic descriptions, only a brief indication of the size of the genus and its occurrence in India.

Description: Cladobotryum penicillatum sp. nov. was isolated from Alnus twigs in New Forest, Hampshire, U. K., in 1971, and from Sebacina effusa in the Houtribbos Forest, O.- Flevoland Polder, Netherlands, in 1980. The species has conidia intermediate in dimension between C. varium and C. mycophilum, and it differs from both species by having rather slow-growing colonies and long conidiophores with apical penicillate branching. Conidiogenesis is basipetal and retrogressive.

Description: In this second report on types of entolomatoid fungi in the Velenovský Herbarium at Prague* (PRC and PRM) seven of Velenovský’s new species in Entoloma, two in Eccilia and one described in Clitocybe are treated. For each taxon microscopical characters are given, followed by a consize discussion on its status.

Description: The article contains a discussion regarding the different identity of the specimens J. F. Duthie 3858 in the Kew (K), and the Calcutta (CAL) and Poona (BSI) herbaria. The specimens at CAL and BSI represent a new species of Arenaria, which is described here.

Description: Attention is drawn to the unusual distribution of flowers and inflorescences in a number of species, and to certain peculiarities of branching and phyllotaxy. The latter are explained by a heterophylly which so far has escaped notice, involving the formation and early disappearance of a pair of minute intercalary cataphylls. A similar branching pattern and flower distribution is evident in Helicanthes.

Description: The present paper deals with the West Indian marine Haplosclerida incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. A total of 36 species is described and fully illustrated. Part of the material consists of the Duchassaing & Michelotti collection housed in Amsterdam; of all the Haplosclerid types of this collection an extensive redescription and a photographic illustration is given. Most of the type specimens are designated (para-)lectotypes. Eight new species are erected, viz. Reniera curaçaoensis, R. carmabi, Sigmadocia piscaderaensis, Niphates alba, Xestospongia wiedenmayeri, X. portoricensis, Petrosia weinbergi, and Strongylophora hartmani. The follwing new combinations are used: Niphates amorpha (for N. digitalis forma amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977), Cribrochalina spiculosa (for Siphonochalina spiculosa Dendy, 1887), Pellina nodosa (for Phloeodictyon nodosum George & Wilson, 1919), and Pachypellina podatypa (for Haliclona podatypa De Laubenfels, 1934). Several new combinations are suggested for species not represented in the present collection, but studied for comparative reasons. A new classification of marine Haplosclerid families is proposed, based on the study of the present collection, and on the study of many type species of Haplosclerid genera. The new classification comprises five families, viz. Haliclonidae, Niphatidae (n.), Callyspongiidae, Petrosiidae (n.) and Oceanapiidae (n.). The proposed classification is discussed and some phylogenetic ideas are presented. The zoogeography of the West Indian sponges is studied and some ecological data are given.

Description: Zwischen der Sierra de San Luis und der Sierra de Cordoba ragt im Süden der Senke des Rio Conlara eine Scholle des alten kristallinen Untergrundes aus den Aufschüttungen der Pampa hervor. Ganz in der gleichen Weise wie die beiden grossen benachbarten Gebirge trägt sie auf ihrer Höhe eine alte Einebnungsfläche über die sich plötzlich ein kleiner Gebirgsstock erhebt, die Sierra del Morro. Schon durch Ave Lallemant und Brackebusch war bekannt, dass sich junge Eruptivgesteine am Aufbau dieses Gebirges beteiligen, das sich bis zu einer Höhe von 1600 m erhebt, während die Abtragungsfläche an seinem Fusse durchschnittlich eine Höhe von 1000 m besitzt. Brackebusch hat auch bereits auf die kraterförmige Gestalt dieses Gebirges aufmerksam gemacht und erkannt, dass der Rand des Kraters grösstenteils aus kristallinen Gesteinen besteht und ebenso wie sein Boden nur an einigen Stellen von Effusivgesteinen durchbrochen wird. Im Jahre 1911 besuchte ich zusammen mit Herrn Pastore in Buenos Aires die Sierra del Morro und letzterer hat das interessante Gebirge, dessen Probleme wir bei unserem dreitägigem Besuch nicht restlos lösen konnten, später noch einem eingehenderen Studium unterworfen und eine geologische Detailkarte im Masstabe 1:25000 aufgenommen. Bei meinen Ausführungen stütze ich mich neben meinen eigenen Aufzeichnungen vor allem auf die Ausführungen und Aufnahmen des Herrn Pastore, von dessen Karte ich hier eine vereinfachte Skizze gebe.

Description: It is well known that many tropical marine shrimps live in close association with the larger members of a variety of marine phyla, although the precise status of the association in most cases is not established (BALSS 1957). The association between shrimps and other marine invertebrates in the Caribbean region has been little studied. At present following species are known to associate with Octocorallia and Antipatharia in this region: Pseudocoutierea antillensis Chace, 1972; two as yet undescribed species of Pseudocoutierea (Criales in press), Neopontonides beaufortensis (Borradaile) and undescribed species of Pseudocoutierea and Neopontonides (R. HEARD, pers. comm.). All these belong to the subfamily Pontoniinae. The hippolytid shrimps Tozeuma carolinensis, and species of the genus Hippolyte have been observed on octocorals (VOSS 1956, CHACE 1972).

Description: Bei den zahlreichen Rekonstruktionen der klimatologischen Verhältnisse, die man für das Ende des Palaeozoikums gemacht hat, ist man fast immer von der Kohlenbildung, der Florenverbreitung und den Vereisungserscheinungen ausgegangen. Der marinen Tierwelt hat man bei der Behandlung dieser Fragen meist nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt, zum Teil fand dies seine Erklärung darin, dass uns die marine Fauna am Ende des Palaeozoikums bis vor kurzem noch recht unvollkommen bekannt war. Die Entdeckung reicher permischer Marinfaunen in den letzten Jahrzehnten hat aber unsere Kenntnis von der permischen, marinen Evertebratenfauna nicht nur ganz erheblich erweitert, sondern vor allem gezeigt, dass in den meisten Tiergruppen die Entwicklung ununterbrochen weitergeht und keine Einschnürung oder gar Unterbrechung erleidet, wie man früher so oft geneigt war anzunehmen. Ja selbst eine in ihren Lebensbedingungen so anspruchsvolle Tiergruppe wie die Korallen hat durch die permische Vereisung offenbar ebensowenig wie durch die quartäre eine erhebliche Unterbrechung in ihrer Entwicklung erfahren, nur ihre Verbreitung wurde auf eine etwas schmalere Zone zu beiden Seiten des Aequators eingeschränkt. Die meisten Forscher, die sich mit klimatologischen Fragen am Ende des Palaeozoikums beschäftigt haben, und eine Erklärung für die scheinbar unipolare Vereisung des Perm zu geben versuchten, kommen schliesslich zu der Annahme, dass die Pole zu dieser Zeit eine andere Lage gehabt haben müssen als heute. Man suchte den Südpol gewöhnlich im Centrum des Gebietes aus dem die glazialen Erscheinungen bekannt geworden waren. So nahm Koken 1) den Pol inmitten des indischen Oceans an, zu einer Zeit als die Vereisungserscheinungen aus Südamerika noch nicht bekannt waren und man auch noch nicht mit der Möglichkeit von Kontinentalverschiebungen rechnete. Wegener 2), der die Kontinente der Südhalbkugel zu einer einheitlichen Kontinentalmasse zusammenschiebt, lässt den Pol von der Ostküste Afrikas im Carbon über den Nordrand des antarktischen Kontinentes nach der Südküste Australiens im Perm wandern. Weder die eine noch die andere Annahme lässt sich nun mit dem Vorkommen einer reichen permischen Warmwasserfauna auf Timor, im malayischen Archipel, vereinbaren. Diese Fauna, die durch niederländische und deutsche Expeditionen auf dieser Insel vor dem Weltkriege gesammelt wurde, ist die reichhaltigste permische Marinfauna, die wir überhaupt kennen. Sie müsste bei der Pollage, die Köppen und Wegener für das Perm annehmen, in einer Breite von etwa 45° gelebt haben. Das Vorkommen einer ausgesprochenen Warmwasserfauna in solcher Nähe eines von einer mächtigen Eiskappe bedeckten Pols scheint mir ausgeschlossen. Wir wissen, dass die intensive Kalkabscheidung, wie sie für Riffkorallen, die grossen Foraminiferen mit kompliziertem Skelett und Kalklagen so charakteristisch ist, nur bei beträchtlich hoher Wassertemperatur stattfinden kann. Für die lebenden Riffkorallen beträgt die Minimumtemperatur etwa 20°, aber für die Nummuliten des Alttertiärs ist sie jedenfalls noch höher gewesen, und das Gleiche dürfen wir auch für die Fusulinen des Carbon und Perm annehmen. Zweck der folgenden Zeilen soll nun sein, zu zeigen, dass es sich bei der Permfauna von Timor wirklich um eine Warmwasserfauna handelt und zweitens, dass diese sicher gleichzeitig mit der permischen Vereisung dort gelebt hat. Als Beweis für die erste Behauptung will ich hier eine Tiergruppe herausgreifen, die als besonders feinfühliger Indikator für die Wassertemperatur zu gelten hat, nämlich die Korallen. Die Anthozoenfauna von Timor ist die reichste, die wir bis jetzt aus dem Perm kennen; sie besteht aus Vertretern der Familien der Zaphrentidae, Axophyllidae und der sogenannten Tabulata und ist mindestens ebenso mannigfaltig, wie die karbonische Korallenfauna 1). Wohl sind unter den eigentlichen Korallen koloniebildende Formen ziemlich selten und nur durch de Gattungen Lonsdaleia und Lonsdaleiastraea vertreten, die noch dazu nicht an denselben Fundstellen gefunden wurden wie die übrige Korallenfauna, die nur aus Tabulaten und Einzelkorallen besteht. Aber auch diese war zweifellos eine typische Warmwasserfauna, eine Art Riffauna, wenn es auch im Perm nicht zur Entwicklung mächtiger Korallenriffe sondern nur ausgebreiteter Korallenrasen kam. Auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Korallenriffen des Devon und Silur spielen die Einzelkorallen eine viel grössere Rolle als auf den lebenden Riffen. Gegenwärtig sind solitäre Korallen, vor allem in der tieferen See, unterhalb der Riffzone, zu Hause, und nur bestimmte Arten kommen als Riffbewohner auch auf den Riffen selbst vor. Im Palaeozoikum und in geringerem Masse auch im Mesozoikum bildeten Einzelkorallen einen wesentlichen Anteil der Riffauna. Wenn auf Timor gewisse Arten von Timorphyllum, Clisiophyllum und Dibunophyllum leicht mit tausenden von Exemplaren gesammelt werden können, so müssen diese Korallen da doch in grossen Mengen gelebt haben, selbst wenn wir annehmen, dass sie an den Fundstellen noch zusammengeschwemmt sind. Vor allem spricht aber die grosse Mannigfaltigkeit der koloniebildenden Tabulaten dafür, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Riffauna zu tun haben. Diese heterogene Gruppe, die auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Riffen eine so grosse Rolle spielt, ist am Ende des Palaeozoikums nicht im Erlöschen begriffen, wie man immer noch, auch in den neuesten Auflagen von Lehr- und Handbüchern, lesen kann, sondern mit einer Mannigfaltigkeit entwickelt, die der im älteren Palaeozoikum zum mindestens gleichkommt. Zum Teil schliessen sich die Formen eng an ältere Gattungen an wie die Favosites-, Pachyporaund Michelina-Arten, z. T. lassen sie noch Beziehungen zu älteren Gattungen, aber doch eine deutliche Weiterentwicklung in bestimmter Richtung erkennen, wie Pseudofavosites, Heterocoenites, Aulohelia; ein grosser Teil der Formen stellt jedoch ganz neuartige Typen dar, von denen es vorläufig überhaupt noch nicht möglich ist, sie an Bekanntes anzuschliessen, wie z. B. Trachypsammia, Dictyopora, Schizophorites usw. Viele der Arten, besonders der Pachyporen, sind ausgezeichnet durch eine starke Verdickung des Skelettes. So werden z. B. bei vielen dieser Formen die Polypenröhren in der Tiefe ganz mit Skieroplasmamasse aufgefüllt, sodass die Zweige der Stücke im Innern eine ganz dichte Struktur bekommen. Hierdurch wurde den verzweigten Kolonien eine grössere Festigkeit verliehen. Solche Skelettverdickungen sind typische Anpassungserscheinungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser in der Riffzone, wie sie übrigens nicht nur die Korallen sondern auch die permischen Crinoiden von Timor in vielen Fällen erkennen lassen. Dazu kommt noch, dass wir von der eigentlichen Korallenfauna von Timor bis jetzt nur eine Auslese kennen. Das Material besteht ja an den Hauptfundplätzen nur aus Bruchstücken von verzweigten Kolonien und den langen gewundenen Einzelkorallen, die zusammengeschwemmt und dabei nach der Grösse sortiert wurden. Das vereinzelte Vorkommen von Bruchstücken grosser Favositesund Lonsdaleia-Kolonien lässt uns aber annehmen, dass auf den permischen Korallenrasen, neben Einzelpolypen und verzweigten Stöcken, auch massige Kolonien vorkommen. Die Art der Zusammensetzung dieser jungpalaeozoischen Riffauna dürfte daher von den älteren Riffaunen dieses Zeitalters nur wenig verschieden gewesen sein. Aber nicht allein die Korallen des Perm von Timor deuten darauf hin, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Warmwasserfauna zu tun haben. Das Gleiche ist der Fall mit der so überaus reichen Crinoidenfauna, ein grosser Teil ihrer Arten dokumentiert sich durch die charakteristischen Anpassungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser als echte Riffbewohner 1). Unter den Brachiopoden gehören die Gattungen Lyttonia und Richthofenia zu den Indikatoren einer Warmwasserfauna, da ihre Verbreitung auf eine aequitoriale Zone beschränkt bleibt, und sie in den brachiopodenreichen Ablagerungen Australiens bereits fehlen. Endlich müssen wir auch, wie schon erwähnt, die Fusulinen zu den Warmwasserbewohnern rechnen. Jungpalaeozoische Fusulinenkalke kommen auf Timor vor, jedoch ist ihr Verband mit den fossilreichen Permschichten noch nicht aufgeklärt. Die Fauna dieser Kalke ist von dem Bearbeiter auf Grund des Vorkommens von Fusulina granum avenae für karbonisch gehalten worden 1), aber diese Art ist neuerdings in Japan gerade zusammen mit Arten der jüngeren permischen Fusulinenfauna gefunden worden, wie Doliolina lepida und Verbeekina Verbeeki; auch auf Sumatra besitzen die Fusulinenkalke aus denen die F. granum avenae zuerst beschrieben wurde, nach neuern Untersuchungen, permisches Alter. Dazu kommt noch, dass Doliolina lepida auf der Timor benachbarten Insel Letti vorkommt, sodass es wohl nur ein Zufall ist, dass diese und andere typische Permformen auf Timor selbst noch nicht nachgewiesen wurden 2).

Description: Von der „Bataafschen Petroleum Maatschappij” erhielt das Leidener Museum eine reichhaltige Sammlung von Fossilien, die durch die Herren Ganz, Gsell u. Freylink in der Umgebung von Payta gesammelt worden waren. Die Fauna ist dadurch besondere interessant, dass sie einen ganz neuartigen Charakter besitzt, der von dem der bis jetzt aus Südamerika bekannten oberen Kreide stark abweicht. Da sich die endgültige Bearbeitung des umfangreichen Materials noch etwas verzögern wird, möchte ich das Vorkommen und seine Fossilführung kurz schildern, vor allem aber die neue Pironaea-Art beschreiben, da das Auftreten dieser interessanten Gattung in Südamerika von besonderer Bedeutung ist, zumal es sich um den ersten Hippurit handelt, der aus diesem Kontinent bekannt wird. Die obere Kreide tritt in der Umgebung von Payta in zwei getrennten Gebieten auf. Das eine befindet sich am Westabhang der Sa. de Amotape. Die Kreide wurde dort zuerst von Bravo 1) aufgefunden und neuerdings von Iddings und Olsson 2) gegliedert. Bei Pan de Azucar und El Muerto liegen schollenförmige Erosionsreste diskordant auf jungpalaeozoischen Schichten, die die ersten Erhebungen der Sa. de Amotape aufbauen. Ein vollständigeres Profil ist im Oberlauf der Quebrada Parinas aufgeschlossen, wo die Kreideschichten in einer grabenförmigen Senke tiefer in das Gebirge eingreifen. Iddings und Olsson unterscheiden von oben nach unten:

Description: In their classical studies on the Alpine glaciation Penck and Brückner gave a small blockdiagram to illustrate the arrangement and shape of the deposits at the lower end of a former glacier: the fluvioglacial series. This diagram has been reproduced in so many text-books, that it may be worth-while pointing out a fault in its construction. The case represented by the authors is that of two terminal amphitheatres lying within eachother (fig. 1) 1). The manner in which the outer moraine with its fluvio-glacial fan of sediments is drawn in on top of the inner moraine proves it to be the younger of the two. In this case the glacier must have ridden over the inner circle, thereby destroying its ridge; but in the drawing this ridge is represented as having been left perfectly intact. On the glacier receding again the material of the older moraine would be found buried under the newer deposits, and only one frontal moraine would be left (fig. 2, A).

Description: The phylogeny and biogeography of the western Palaearctic species of Nephrotoma are analyzed. Phylogeny is dealt with in a cladistic sense. Briefly outlined are criteria developed for polarity decisions as well as the rôle assigned to parallelisms. Representatives of fourty-one Holarctic (sub)genera were examined in order to establish the sistergroup of Nephrotoma. The internal hypopygial stuctures of these taxa are discussed and the following cluster of closely related taxa is recognized: Dolichopeza s. str., Oropeza, Nesopeza, Prionocera, Trichotipula, and Scamboneura, Nephrotoma. The two last-mentioned taxa are considered sistergroups. The western Palaearctic Nephrotoma species are assigned here to four monophyletic groups: cornicina group, dorsalis group, brevipennis group, and crocata group. In the section dealing with biogeography, an attempt is made to correlate the phylogeny of the cornicina and crocata groups with glacial-interglacial cycles. In a further account the distribution patterns of all Palaearctic species are discussed in relation to Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations. The origin of the genus is situated in early Tertiary East Asia. The brevipennis group, restricted to Madeira, is assumed to date back from at least Pliocene times. The dorsalis group, widespread throughout the Holarctic, apparently achieved its present range before the late Pliocene. It is intimated that the Pleistocene climatic oscillations had little effect on speciation within groups adapted to northern temperate or even cooler climates. This in contrast to the southern temperate and Mediterranean species groups such as the flavescens and crocata subgroups. The relative success of these two subgroups in post-Cromerian times may well be associated with their shift to more open habitats.

Description: Cantharus (Pollia) vermeuleni n. sp. (Buccinidae) is described from material collected off St. Louis, Senegal, West Africa. Additional specimens from off the Cape Verde Islands and Ghana are recorded. The problems of classification of the genus are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that the species has a non pelagic development. Notes on associated organisms are given: four species of bryozoans Antropora tincta, A. minus, Rhyncozoon bispinosa and Hippopetraliella africana) and one species of cirriped were found on the gastropod shells, which also may be attacked by a boring bivalve (Lithophaga aristata).

Description: Three new species are described from the Cameroun-Gabon-area : Ficus abscondita C. C. Berg, F. oresbia C. C. Berg and F. subsagittifolia Mildbraed ex C. C. Berg. A key to these and related species is given. F. gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) A. Rich. is reduced to a subspecies of F. sycomorus L.

Description: Cystoliths were observed in the secondary xylem of Sparattanthelium (Hernandiaceae). Their shape, size, distribution and chemical composition is described. The systematic value of cystoliths in the Hernandiaceae as well as in general is discussed.

Description: In 1971 a number of permanent plots were established in an abandoned Dutch calcareous grassland, then belonging to the association Arrhenatheretum elatioris with some elements of Mesobrometum erecti and Poo-Lolietum. A part of the plots was treated with fertilizer of varying N.P.K.-content. Another part was treated with farm yard manure, calcium carbonate, or left untreated. All plots were mown once a year. Each year, species composition, including bryophytes, as well as peak standing crop were determined. After seven years the plots treated with fertilizer are sharply distinct from the others ones, both in species composition and above-ground biomass. In the fertilized plots the number of species decreased considerably due to dominance of a few species, whilst the above-ground biomass varied from about 550 to 900 g/m2. In the course of the experiment the species number of the unfertilized plots increased; the above-ground biomass varied from 150 to 350 g/m2. Constancy of species composition was highest in the unfertilized plots, especially after a period of extreme drought in 1976. In 1978 the vegetation of the non-fertilized plots could be reckoned to the Mesobrometum erecti; the vegetation of the fertilized plots to an Arrhenatheretum elatioris variant poor in species. The influence of sod removal is discussed in detail. The study will be continued and expanded in the forthcoming years.

Description: Arckenhausen, J.C.P. (1784-1855) The draftsman from Goslar, Germany, who was in the service of C.L. Blume, from 1829 till 1832 or probably later. He worked up many of the drawings Blume had brought from Bogor, for the Flora Javae, mostly vol. 1 and 2, fewer vol. 3 and 4. In a book by H.G. Griep e.a., published by the Museumsverein Goslar (1977), details are given, and several fine reproductions. Blume, C.L. (1796-1862) The botanist for Java, first director of the Bogor Botanic Gardens, and founder of the Rijksherbarium, is the subject of a typewritten study by A. den Ouden: C.L. Blume, periode 1826-1832, 136 + xii p. It is a preliminary paper (in Dutch) for a Ph.D. thesis. Author delved into various archives and came up with a large harvest. There is an impressive amount of documentation in this report already, and a useful 9-page chronological account from birth to 1832. During the period under study, Blume was in Java and founded the Rijksherbarium, which was transferred from Brussels to Leiden; many details are given. The financing of the Flora Iavae in a period when the nation was poor, is another subject elaborated. Blume was a man of remarkable keenness: besides his botanical work, he found time to amass zoological collections, and effectively introduced vaccination in Java. His character was generous on the one hand, stingy on the other; lofty in his intentions, abrasive in his manners. We hope that the work will be continued and come to fruition. Address of author: Biohistorie, Nieuwe Gracht 187, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Description: Recently I came across a paper on the pollination of the terrestrial orchid Listera ovata and I have observed with pleasure that the author also checked on the ’reverse’ side of pollination, viz. the question whether cross-pollination by insects is compulsory. This reminded me of the large list of Malesian orchids which Dr. J.J. Smith (1928) listed in which he had observed self-fertilization. Flower biologists will probably explain this as exceptions to the rule. So it may be, but how many experimental data are there to support this opinion? They largely base their opinion on observations of flower visits and visitors, how insects and other animals manage to utilize structural plant devices in order to attain their goal, nectar, pollen, scent-substances, etc. They have successfully correlated a number of structures of inflorescences or flowers with flower visitors and they have called these structure ’pollination syndromes’. These occur in taxonomically unrelated families.

Description: Flora Malesiana series i volume 9 instalment 1, pages 1-235, came from the press late in December 1979. This instalment contains three families: Araliaceae first part, Cyperaceae final part, and Liliaceae first part. The price is Dfl. 155, which equals c. US$ 78, post free. Orders can be placed with Sijthoff-Noordhoff, Box 4, Alphen a/d Rijn, Netherlands; inside the country the price is 18% higher because of Value Added Tax. W.R. PHILIPSON, Araliaceae — I (p. 1-105, fig. 1-39) deals with 118 species in 16 genera. The 17th, Schefflera, is still under study with D.G. Frodin, but is covered in the General Part, where a discussion is given on subdivision and generic delimitation; there are several reductions and exclusions. Novelties occur on p. 68, 87, 92. Gastonia spectabilis, the tallest araliad, attains 40 by 1¾ m.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk: *.

Description: Symbiotaphrina Kühlwein & Jurzitza in Arch. Mikrobiol. 40: 258. 1961 (nom. inval.. Art. 36). Crescit in mycetomatibus intestinalibus coleopterorum Anobiidarum. Coloniae zymoideae, restrictae, cremeae vel luteae vel rubrae, mucidae; cellulae dacryoideae vel clavatae vel pyriformes, apicem attenuatum versus enteroblastice successione basipetali gemmantes.

Description: A new genus, Kairoa, of the Monimiaceae (Mollinedeae) from the Huon Gulf region of Papua New Guinea is described. It comprises the single species, K. suberosa.

Description: Among the more than a dozen species of Podocarpus sensu stricto known to occur on the island of New Guinea inch New Britain, five are not known elsewhere. Unlike most of the non-endemic species, these five are widely distributed on the island in their appropriate ecological zones. Only one of the five, P. brassii Pilger, can be said to be free of confusion in the literature. Six species and one variety of Podocarpus have been described specifically from New Guinea. Of these, P. schlechteri Pilger is a synonym of P. pilgeri Foxworthy and P. thevetiifolius Blume is a synonym of P. polystachyus R. Brown, both extending far beyond New Guinea. Besides P. brassii, the remainder are P. ledermannii Pilger, P. idenburgensis Gray, P. archboldii Gray, and P. archboldii var. crassiramosis Gray. Another endemic species has never been named. Confusion centers around P. archboldii and its relationships to the other endemic species.

Description: The monotypic genus Urariopsis, based on Uraria cordifolia Wall., has been compared with several S.E. Asiatic species of Uraria. The species Uraria prunellaefolia, U. collettii, and U. barbata are considered to be most closely related to U. cordifolia. The pods of U. cordifolia and U. collettii consist of longitudinally flattened, peltate loments, those of U. prunellaefolia consist of laterally flattened, longitudinally arranged loments; in the other species the loments are laterally flattened and zig-zag folded. No correlating characters were found, and the differences in shape of the pods are not considered sufficient ground to distinguish groups on generic level. Notes on morphology, nomenclature, and geographic distribution are presented.

Description: In a preliminary work: „A critical Revision of the genus Aristida”, I have given a review of all the hitherto described species of this genus with the citation of the literature, the exact copies of the authentic descriptions and the figures of the spikelet-characters, taken from the type specimens so far as I could locate them. In many cases it was necessary to enter into critical observations, because the nomenclature and the ideas found in the different manuals are exceedingly entangled. The Revision, although very important for botanists who wish to know the exact data of a fixed species, is not to use if we wish to determine an arbitrary plant of our genus, therefore we must have a monograph and I indicated already that it was my intention to write such a work. I must however observe that this work differs somewhat from other monographs and that it is in the first place a practical manual to the knowledge of this very difficult genus. It contains descriptions of all the species I have accepted as valid and keys for their determination. I was therefore obliged to omit in this work all the data already given in the Revision and to take into consideration that, with this monograph before us, we must, after being somewhat familiar with the genus and the different characters, without great difficulties, get a clear idea of it and with the keys before us find the name of a specimen belonging to our genus. It is therefore advisable to read the chapter where I have treated the different characters used for the limitation of the species. Anatomical characters are for practical reasons not taken up in the keys. No attempt is made to bring the allied species together in groups, because such groups are not easy to limit and the habit of such groups is scarcely to explain in a key. The keys to the species of each section are thus entirely artificial. On the other hand there are in our genus many very striking morphological characters of great constancy we can use with profit in the keys to recognize the species. American authors have divided the sections of a genus they studied, into minor groups, each group received a name, which was the plural of the most characteristic species of the group. In our genus we can give the names of „ripariae, cognatae, adscensiones"" purpurascentes, to the groups containing all the allies of Aristida cognata, purpurascens riparia, etc. The monographer recognizes these different groups often by indefinite characters of growth, colour or habit in general. I have therefore not accepted in this work the method of American botanists. Aristida is indeed a very difficult genus, not because the characters of the plants are difficult to understand, but because all the characters were taken hitherto — and there was no other way — from dried specimens, which are often damaged in course of time. I found an enormous diversity in the genus Aristida and although I studied about 15000 specimens, I could not expect to settle the characters definitively. No attention was given by taxonomists to the numerous intermediate forms, and hybrids were never observed or indicated in the literature of our genus. I am convinced that these hybrids occur in greater abundance than I have hitherto found in the different herbaria. For the knowledge of our genus in the future, agrostologists must study the species in the field and also by cultivation. Field study is very important when different species grow together and we can study and collect the intermediate forms. This was already done accidentally by some famous collectors, but no attention was given to the facts. Cultivation is also very important, not only to know somewhat more about the constancy of different characters, but also because we get quite undamaged specimens at our disposal. We know that the glumes and the awns are very fragile in our genus and that it is not always possible to give the different exact data of a species from herbarium-specimens. The different characters of the glumes and awns are in the future to verify with the living specimens.

Description: „The two codes have been a great help in stabilizing nomenclature. Experience has shown, however, that they lack definiteness in directing the application of names ...” (HITCHCOCK in Am. Journ. of Bot. May 1921 p. 251). „A harmonizing of the two codes appears to be impossible, if it is maintained that the International Rules cannot be modified in any essential, but only added to or interpreted. This is the belief in some quarters ¹), but I find no confirmation of this in the Rules themselves and it is contrary to the spirit of codes and laws in general. They should be modified to accord with the consensus of botanical opinions ²). Otherwise they will be gradually abandoned.” (H. in Br. Journ. of Bot. Nov. 1922 p. 318; the same opinion is uttered by WILLMOTT on p. 196, and by SPRAGUE in J. of B. 1924 p. 197).

Description: The present study deals with the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Origanum (Labiatae, Saturejeae). As this difficult genus was never before monographed, a revisional study was much needed. The data presented are mainly based on the study of herbarium specimens and in some cases of living ones. The picture was completed, as far as possible, with data from various literature sources. A short survey is given of the taxonomic history of Origanum, which goes back as far as Linnaeus, and shows that genus and species concepts of various authors have much differed. A morphological outline of Origanum is given, from which it can be concluded that most generic characters are rather variable. Origanum is characterized in the following ways. Medium sized, subshrubby Labiatae, rich in volatile oils, with subsessile, ovate, glandular punctate leaves and paniculate inflorescences; few flowered verticillasters arranged in (dense) spikes with distinct, often coloured, bracts; calyces variable: 5-toothed, subregular or 2-lipped or 1-lipped, with developed or reduced teeth; corollas 2-lipped, sometimes saccate or flattened. Origanum is compared with related genera found in the subtribes Melissinae and Thyminae within the tribe Saturejeae. One conclusion is that there are no arguments to maintain these subtribes. Further it can be concluded that Origanum ’s nearest relatives are Thymus, Satureja and Micromeria. In the sections Campanulaticalyx and Elongatispica, Origanum comes near to the latter genus. The genera Satureja and Micromeria, which together contain the bulk of the species in the group, are in need of a revision. When this is carried out it may become clear that several genera should be redefined, including possibly Origanum. The genus is divided into 10 sections, of which two are new and one transferred from another genus. In all 38 species are recognized. Specific differences are found in the indumentum and in the size and/or shape of spikes, bracts, calyces, corollas, and filaments. These and other characters are uniformly included in the descriptions given. In two species infraspecific taxa are listed. In addition 17 hybrids are recognized, of which four are new and three others were previously described as species. For six taxa a new status is introduced (in one case in a new combination), while two new combinations are made, one species name is validated, and one new name is given. Type specimens are recorded for all taxa and identification keys to all taxa are given. Important characters are picutred for all species and infraspecific taxa. Distribution maps are given. The chromosome number of four species of Origanum is known at the moment. In all cases (apart from a few counts for O. vulgare) the number 2n = 30 is established. Gynodioecy occurs in the species of five sections. Most Origanum species (c. 70 %) are found in the East Mediterranean subregion, while a few species occur in the West Mediterranean subregion. Most species occupy (rather) small areas: c. 70 % is endemic to one island or mountain (group). Only O. vulgare has a very large area, ranging from the Azores to Taiwan. Origanum species usually inhabit mountain regions and rocky places with calcareous stone. Though hybridization is frequently found in Origanum, hybrids do not usually occur in large numbers. It is postulated that not only intra-, but also inter-generic hybrids occur in this group of Saturejeae. In a hypothesis for speciation hybridization is seen as the most important way of origin of Origanum species. This hybridization can have taken place between species of Origanum as well as between Origanum species and species from related genera. Origanum species are generally rich in volatile oils containing considerable quantities of carvacrol and thymol. Since ancient times species of Origanum are used as medicinal herbs but nowadays this is of minor importance. In the course of time the use of Origanum species as culinary herbs has become more important. In recent times several species of Origanum have also been used as ornamentals. Two Puccinia species and a strain of alfalfa mosaic virus are found as parasites on Origanum.

Description: In het toekomstige landschapspark Waterland is inventariserend onderzoek verricht naar de makrofauna van diverse watertypen. Dit onderzoek is van belang in verband met de eisen die aan het natuurwetenschappelijk beheer van een dergelijk gebied zullen moeten worden gesteld. Waterland is een brakwaterveengebied, een zeldzaam biotoop, zelfs op wereldschaal. Het brakke karakter is echter na afsluiting van de Zuiderzee zo sterk verminderd dat de chloridegehaltes nauwelijks boven de 500 mg/l uitkomen. Voor vele brakwaterorganismen is dit gehalte te laag. Uit fragmentarische inventarisaties omstreeks de tweede wereldoorlog is gebleken dat er toen nog talrijke typische brakwaterorganismen gevonden werden, b.v. Palaemonetes varians, Sphaeroma rugicauda, S. hookeri, Corophium lacustre, Leptocheirus pilosus. Uit het huidige onderzoek wordt echter duidelijk dat van deze fauna slechts de euryhaliene taxa zijn overgebleven: Neomysis integer (zeer algemeen), Gammarus duebeni (in kleine aantallen), en Corophium sp. (sporadisch). De overige taxa zijn alle kenmerkend voor de eutrofe Westnederlandse polder- en boezemwateren. Het brakke karakter blijkt nog uit het gemiddeld betrekkelijk lage aantal taxa per monsterpunt en de in sommige gebieden (Ilperveld, Varkensland) overheersende positie van de Crustacea (met name Neomysis integer en Gammarus tigrinus). Het grote aantal taxa (34% van het totaal) dat slechts op één of twee monsterpunten verzameld is, vormt een aanwijzing voor een op gang komend kolonisatieproces van zoeter water preferende taxa. Het veel grotere aantal soorten Mollusca in vergelijking met een onderzoek uit 1942, is eveneens verklaarbaar vanuit dit oogpunt. De saprobiegraad, berekend volgens de methode van Pantle & Buck, met gebruikmaking van de indikatorwaarden van Sladecek, ligt voor alle monsterpunten in het bovenste gedeelte van het β-mesosaprobe gebied. Deze waarden worden in de meeste Westnederlandse polder- en boezemwateren gevonden. Fysisch-chemisch gezien kan het water als polytroof worden gekarakteriseerd. Uit de computeranalyse is gebleken dat bij een binaire clustering de monsterpunten en de taxa in de eerste plaats worden geselekteerd op jaargetijde. Struktuurkenmerken spelen een ondergeschikte rol. De grotere en diepere wateren worden min of meer als groep onderscheiden.

Description: In 1980 members of the Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoölogisch Museum) of the University of Amsterdam, have sampled the stygofauna fauna of a number of West Indian islands. The present report records the stations in which stygobionts (= groundwater organisms) were collected. The main purpose of the program was to test the value of various biogeographic models for explaining the insular fauna.

Description: Bij het zoeken naar een terrein, waar zoowel stratigrafisch als petrografisch gewerkt zou kunnen worden, viel het oog op de omgeving van het Brembodal. Hiervan bewerkte ik een gedeelte tusschen Caprile en Lenna met als W. grens de waterscheiding over de Pizzo di Mezzodi en Chiappa naar de Disner en de Pizzo di Cusio. In het N. vormde een E.—W. lijn door Caprile sup. naar Sparavera de grens, in het S. het Valle di Lenna en de Brembo, terwijl aan den E. kant als grens werd genomen een lijn van Mojo di Calvi naar Piazzatorre. Ten N.W. hiervan werd gewerkt door den Heer Jong, wiens publicatie binnenkort zal verschijnen, terwijl de Heer Klompé bezig is met de karteering van het gedeelte ten N. van de lijn Caprile—Sparavera. Het veldwerk werd verricht in het voorjaar en in den zomer van de jaren 1926 en 1927. Het verzamelde materiaal, dat ik in het Geologisch Museum te Leiden onderzocht, zal aldaar worden opgeborgen.

Description: Until recently there was no good general map of the Tengger Mountains, so that in 1914 F. von Wolff (bibl. 1) in his work „Der Vulkanismus”, vol. I, p. 510—511, gives a reproduction of Pr. Junghuhn's map of 1844. For a volcanic district that has frequently been used as an example of a caldera and has been made familiar by the beautiful photographs from the firm of Kurkdjan in Soerabaya, this is an inadequate treatment, especially as Junghuhn's map is not accurate. After I had gained a superficial knowledge of the Tengger Mountains in two excursions in 1918 and 1919, I conceived the plan of making a new general map after the topographical map 1/20.000 of the Netherlands Indian Topographical Service. In 1922 I drew a wall-map 1/20.000 with contour distance of 100 meters, and coloured according to K. Peucker's method (Farbenplastik) (bibl. 2) the preparation of which occupied about a month. Plate 5 is a reduction of this map to 1/100.000, made by the firm of Smulders in the Hague, to whom a word of praise is due for the excellent way in which they have carried it out 1).

Description: The publications are numbered as was done by Alexander before he sent reprints to his colleagues. These numbers are used throughout the index.

Description: The modern West Indian island of Hispaniola is in actuality a fusion of two formerly separate islands, each of which presumably supported a distinctive herpetofauna. With the union of these two paleoislands, there has been extensive to small interchange of these faunas; the purpose of the present paper is to analyze the degrees of similarity and difference between the two primal herpetofaunas. A brief sketch of the geography of Hispaniola is given. This is in turn followed by discussions of the 179 native species of amphibians and reptiles of Hispaniola, cataloguing them into six categories: 1) islandwide species; 2) north island species; 3) south island species; 4) north island species that have invaded the south island; 5) south island species that have invaded the north island; 6) species whose original distributions are uncertain. Comparisons are made, as far as success is concerned, between the invaders of the two islands, as well as between the basic faunas of these islands. The south island has by far the greater number of species (116) than the north island (85), despite the fact that the south island comprises about one-eight of the total area of Hispaniola. The herpetofauna of the major Hispaniolan satellitle island, Ile de la Gonâve, is also analyzed. Its herpetofauna is shown to have had a double origin (from both north and south islands), but the total number of species derived from these two independent sources is less than the number of Gonâve species that are islandwide on the Hispaniolan main island.

Description: Het is vooral door de onderzoekingen der Siboga-expeditie in Nederl. O.-Indië bekend geworden welk een groot aandeel kalkalgen hebben aan den opbouw van riffen (1). De Siboga trof meermalen uitgestrekte rifvormingen aan, die voornamelijk uit Lithothamniën opgebouwd zijn; een bank bij Salyer b.v., die als „koraalbank” op de kaarten vermeld stond, bleek geheel uit opeenhoopingen van Lithothamnium en Halimeda te bestaan; van Haingsisi (S.W. van Timor) wordt een bank vermeld, die nagenoeg uitsluitend uit één soort: Lithothamnium erulescens is samengesteld. In vele gevallen is gebleken, dat kalkalgen nog in grootere mate dan koralen tot de vorming van riffen bijdragen. Zoo is Gardiner door waarnemingen op Funafuti, Fiji, de Chago's en Malediven tot deze ervaring gekomen (2) en het is bekend, dat ook aan de samenstelling der „key’s” in Florida, de riffen der Bahama's, Bermuda's en aan de kust van Porto-Rico, kalkalgen (Melobesia's en Halimeda) een veel grooter opbouwend deel vormen dan rifkoralen (3). Uit oudere geologische formatie's zijn ons dergelijke feiten eveneens bekend. Het talrijke voorkomen van Lithothamniën in Tertiaire sedimenten van de Oost-Indische Archipel was door de onderzoekingen van K. Martin bekend reeds voordat daar de uitgestrekte recente Lithothamniumriffen ontdekt werden (4). Over de kalkalgen uit de Miocene Leitha-kalken van het Weensche Bekken heeft Unger uitvoerig gehandeld (5). Uit de Midden-Trias kennen we de Diplopora-kalksteenen, die over uitgestrekte gebieden in Beieren, Tirol en Zuid-Oost-Europa voorkomen. Een ander voorbeeld leveren de Baltische landen, waar kalksteenen uit Ordovicien en Siluur grootendeels uit kalkalgen opgebouwd zijn. Solenopora compacta Bill is in het Siluur van Gothland, Noorwegen, Engeland, Schotland en Noord-Amerika gevonden geworden in groote hoeveelheden.

Description: A list is provided of the 53 Tipulidae species known from Macaronesia (16), Northwest Africa (38) and Egypt (1). No species are known from Libya. Some synonyms and some species erroneously recorded from the region are discussed. A description is given of Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis barbarensis subsp. nov., T. (Yamatotipula) montium afriberia subsp. nov. and T. (Acutipula) rifensis spec. nov. A redescription is given of T. (Savtshenkia) atlas Pierre. The following results about zoogeography are presented: The present tipulid fauna of North Africa is of Palaearctic origin and has no elements originating from the Afrotropical Region. The immigration route for probably all Tipulidae from Europe to Northwest Africa lies over the Strait of Gibraltar and not over the Sicilian Channel. The Macaronesian fauna on the average is of an older origin than that of Northwest Africa.

Description: Observations on costal anatomy in Colombian material of the Campylopus leucognodessubconcolor complex revealed a correlation between habitat humidity and degree of cell wall thickness. Cultivation experiments confirmed the assumption that the presence or absence of pseudostereids in this group is environmentally controlled. The taxonomic consequence of these findings makes us consider C. leucognodes (C. Müll.) Par. and C. argyrocaulon (C. Müll.) Mitt. synonymous with C. subconcolor (Hampe) Mitt.; the latter name is correct for the species in its new circumscription. Cultivation experiments on Campylopus pittieri Williams produced no effect on the observed variation in the costal cell-pattern, but cultivation seemed to suppress the development of apical ridges on the dorsal surface of the costa. The taxonomic value of the two varieties of C. pittieri is discussed.

Description: In a number of species of Artocarpus J.R. & G. Forster (Moraceae) laticifers were not only observed as radial tubes, enclosed in the ray tissue, but also as axial tubes, enclosed in the fibre tissue. Both types of latex tubes are connected and considered as one branched laticiferous system. A detailed description of the individual latex tubes and the whole system, based on light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observation, is presented.

Description: A study of recent material of the dendroid thallose liverwort genus Jensenia (Metzgeriales) from the Colombian Andes revealed the existence of three taxa in the area: J. erythropus (Gott.) Grolle var. erythropus, J. erythropus var. nobandae van der Gronde var. nov. and J. florschuetzii van der Gronde spec. nov. The species occur in the high Andean forests and the páramos in shaded, atmospherically humid, terrestric habitats, at altitudes ranging from ca. 2200 to 4100 m.

Description: Wood anatomical generic descriptions of Henriquezia, Platycarpum and Gleasonia are given and compared with data from Rubiaceae. An attempt is made to construct a cladogram according to Hennig’s principles. The resulting arrangement of the taxa concerned is discussed and compared with earlier conclusions based on phenetic comparison.

Description: A revision is presented of the group of frutescent Dorstenia species with a single row of appendages on the margin of the receptacle which occur in rain-forest areas of tropical Africa. The group comprises : D. dorstenioides (Engl.) M. Hijman & C. C. Berg, D. involuta M. Hijman & C. C. Berg, D. turbinata Engl., D. angusticornis Engl., D. alta Engl. and D. scaphigera Bureau.

Description: Tropical biologists are often frustrated in their attempts to study plants, animals, and climate in the forest canopy because of the difficulty of access to this region 20-50 meters high. This problem can be overcome by the use of free-standing towers (Pasoh, Malaya; Barro Colorado Island, Panama) or by tree platforms (Ulu Gombak, Malaya). In April, 1978, we constructed a canopy platform and ladder at our study site in the Kutai Nature Reserve, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, to collect data on forest phenology and the travel paths of arboreal birds and mammals. Since our 39 meter-high platform and ladder are economical to construct and safe to use (desirable features) we describe its construction here in more detail. We selected a large (180 cm dbh) Shorea situated on a sloping ridgetop so that the platform commands a view over the forest downslope and into the crowns of trees upslope. This tree has 32 meters of clear bole to where it divides into two large ascending secondary trunks. Access to the crown was gained by having one of our Indonesian assistants climb a smaller adjacent tree, cut off its crown, and shoot a nylon line over the lowest limb of the Shorea using a slingshot. This nylon line was then replaced with a 9 mm climbing rope. Both ends were tied to a tree near the ground.

Description: IAWA Bulletin, New Series. Quarterly periodical of the International Association of Wood Anatomists. Annual subscriptions Dfl. 40.00 (Dfl. 30.00 for personal members of IAWA). Volume 1, 1980. From its foundation in 1931 the International Association of Wood Anatomists has promoted international contacts through the publication of News Letters, which were later transformed into a News Bulletin, also containing review articles. From 1970 onwards a more pretentious IAWA Bulletin made its appearance, which not only aimed at publishing notes, requests and review articles, but also original scientific publications. The latter category increased in relative importance, and forced the editors to change from the large, yet rather unprofessional magazin size to that of a normal scientific journal, adopting a volume numbering under a New Series, to avoid confusion with the previous volumes. The New Series will contain a minimum of 160 pages of double column, rather small print, thus offering ’good value’ for the present low price. The paper is of a high glossy quality to secure optimal reproduction of photomicrographs, which are essential ingredients for wood anatomical papers.

Description: During 1979 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made, which we list in the same manner as on page 3195. In Andaman: Baratang I., Dhanikari, Great Nicobar I., Katchal I., Wright Myo, 1037 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Srikakulum District, 1314. In Arunachal Pradesh: Banderdewa, Doimukh and Selly Lake, Itanagar, 4272. In Assam 200 living plants. In Jammu and Kashmir: Dachigam Game Sanctuary, 1740. In Karnataka: South Kanara District, 2080. In Kerala: Agasthiakudam, Allepady, Aryankavu, Bonaccord, Cannanore, Chemunji, Erumeli, Idukki, Kasargod, Muthukulum, Nelliampathy R.F., Palghat, Silent Valley R.F., 10802. In Madhya Pradesh: Bilaspur District, Damoh District, 1400. In Maharashtra; Manyana District, Mahabaleswar, 3000; Kolaba District, Kolhapur, 4760. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunji, 66. In Panjab: Hoshiarpur, 1780. In Rajasthan: Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Jalore, 3626. In Sikkim: Gangtok region, 1000. In Tamil Nadu: Anaikathy, S. Arcot, Kanyakumari, Madurai, Papamalai, Ramanathapuram, 5907. In Uttar Pradesh: Chamoli, Tehri Garhwal, 1300; Dehra Dun, Hemkund, 3230. Dr. K.M. Matthew, S.J., St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli 620 002, India, sent this note on The Carnatic Flora Project, Tamilnadu (Madras), S. India; ”The area under exploration is situated between 77°.45’—79°.45’ E. and 10°.50’—12°.50’ N. The significance of the choice lies in that the area is large enough to be a phytogeographical unit and small enough to be exhaustively explored by a private foundation in about six years’ time. By the term ’phytogeographical unit’ is meant that the vegetation of peninsular India excluding the evergreen is adequately covered in the tract: it comprises nearly every type of vegetation of the Deccan east of the western ghats — the hill ranges of the Pacchaimalais, the Kollimalais, the Kalrayans and the Servarayans (Shevaroys) rising to over 1500 m on the latter, together with the typical foothill scrub jungles, the deltas of the Ponnaiyar, the Cauvery and the Kollidam (Coleroon) rivers, mangroves (Picchavaram), the 50 km of coastal and dune vegetation (Chidambaram to Cuddalore) and a sector of the plains vegetation. In fact the coverage is so adequate and representative that the finished Flora will virtually represent the entire State of Tamilnadu, nay even the Deccan, excluding the evergreen element of the western ghats. Though this exclusion is a limitation in terms of extension, it is taken for a strength in that the constituent species will represent a welldefined and compact phytogeographical unit.

Description: Araliaceae. In January 1979, Dr. D.G. Frodin (UPNG) visited Kew to continue work on Schefflera. Aristolochiaceae. At L Dr. Ding Hou is continuing his FM-revision, for Aristolochia. A shortage of material from New Guinea makes itself felt. Whenever he can lay hands on seeds, he grows them and counts the chromosomes; for 2 species of the genus he succeeded.

Description: A revision has been made for the species of Eriachne R. Br. (Gramineae) occurring in Asia and Malesia and including Massia Balansa. Four taxa may be recognized: E. burkittii Jansen var. burkittii, E. pallescens R. Br., E. squarrosa R. Br., and E. triseta Nees ex Steud. (= Massia triseta Balansa). E. squarrosa is proposed as the generic lectotype. The australian E. laidlawii Jansen is reduced to a variety of E. burkittii. Pheidochloa S. T. Blake is the only clear relative, but seems derived from Eriachne. A tribe Eriachneae (Ohwi) stat. nov. is proposed for them, provisionally placed near the Danthonieae.

Description: In the present revision of Sabia the number of species has been reduced from 55 to 19, including two that are described as new. Below the specific level, a new subspecies and a new variety are described, whereas some new infraspecific combinations have been made. Most of the reduced species have been included in the synonymy of S. campanulata, which consequently represents the most complex and most variable species of the genus. Next to a general key, some regional keys are given as on the one hand some widespread species are locally far less variable than taken over their whole area, on the other hand well-delimited species from different regions may be very uniform in some points.

Description: A critical study is given of 23 species of Dischidia. The ecology, morphology, and floral biology are discussed, and there is a key to the species. Full attention is paid to synonomy, resulting in many reductions. Dischidia subulata subsp. angustata subsp. nov. is described; D. klossii Ridl. is reduced to D. acutifolia subsp. klossii (Ridl.) Rintz comb. nov.

Description: A key and short description are given of eleven species of Oscillatoriaceae distinguished during an investigation of saltmarsh algal communities in Northwest Europe. The deviations from and agreements with the two main classification systems for Oscillatoriaceae, one by Geitler (1932), the other by Drouet (1968), are indicated.

Description: Symplocos ramulis valde tomentosis foliis spiraliter dispositis coriaceis subtus glabris vel tomenti vestigiis instructis ellipticis 13 ad 17 cm longis, 4.5 ad 7.5 cm latis, venis primariis 12 ad 17 paribus subtus valde prominentibus in venam intramarginalem convenientibus base cuneata ad rotundata margine valde recurvato apice leviter acuminato petiolo 1 ad 2cm longo. Inflorescentia breve spicata axe bracteis bracteolisque persistentibus tomentosa. Ovarium 1.5 ad 2.5 mm longum calyceque 1.5 ad 2.5 mm alto tomentosum. Corollam staminesque non visi. Discus pilosus. Fructus ellipsoideus ad cylindricus c. 15 mm longus, c. 7 mm latus endocarpio unicellulato cristis 10 instructo. Typus: W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. de Wilde-Duyfjes 16040 (L, iso: BO, K), North Sumatra, Gunung Leuser Nature Reserve, west top from Penosan via Putjuk Angasan c. 25 km SW of Blang Kedjeren.

Description: Among collections recently (1979) made in the surroundings of Kutacane, Aceh, N. Sumatra, by Mr. and Mrs. De Wilde, a grass has turned up which proved to be a species of Chikusichloa Koidz., a genus sofar known only from South China, Japan, and the Ryukyu Islands. As this is a very interesting find and since the genus is new for the Flora Malesiana area, a few notes seem appropriate. Chikusichloa was originally described in the Paniceae by Koidzumi (1925), based on C. aquatica Koidz. from Kyushu. The author pointed out a resemblance to Zizania L., which is now considered to belong to the Oryzeae. Honda (1930) recognized its special position and created a subtribe Paniceae-Chikusichloeae. Keng (1931) correctly placed it in the Oryzeae, pointing out possible affinities with Zizaniopsis Doell & Aschers. and Hydrochloa Beauv. Ohwi (1942-a) recognized the subtribe, also, now in the Oryzeae, and added Hydrochloa to it; he corrected the spelling to Chikusichloinae. The two genera seem indeed distinct from the other Oryzeae by the very much reduced to absent glumes and sterile lemmas, the longstipitate fertile lemma, which is dorsoventrally flattened at anthesis, and not laterally so, and which becomes more or less terete in fruit. Otherwise the two do not resemble each other very much.

Description: The remarkable stygobiont mysid Stygiomysis holthuisi (Gordon, 1958) has been originally described from St. Martin (Lesser Antilles), and has been found afterwards also in Puerto Rico. The present paper records it from an anchialine habitat and from a cave on Anguilla, near St. Martin. Comparison of the Anguilla specimens with the available descriptions and with freshly collected specimens from the type-locality gave interesting results concerning the variability of the species. There is generally good agreement between specimens from the three islands, except for the armature of spines of the uropodal pleopodite: in this respect, specimens from Anguilla and Puerto Rico both differ from those caught on St. Martin. Surprisingly enough, the endopodite of the maxilla II was found to be triarticulate, a situation apparently never observed in the Mysidacea.

Description: 11. Samenvatting In de “Vereenigde Harger en Pettemerpolder”, een brakwatergebied achter de Hondsbossche Zeewering in Noord-Holland, werd een macrofauna-inventarisatie op 20 punten verricht. Dit mede om de representativiteit van de 5 monsterpunten van Provinciale Waterstaat Noord-Holland in dit gebied te kunnen toetsen. Door middel van cluster-analyse konden de monsterpunten worden opgesplitst in vier groepen, met specifieke macrofauna-combinaties. Belangrijke grenzen werden gevonden bij 0,25 g Cl/l gem., ergens tussen de 0,7 en de 1,0 g Cl-/l gem., en bij 2,5 g Cl-/l gem.. De specifieke hierbij behorende soortencombinaties zijn weergegeven in bijlage V De clustering bleek in hoge mate gecorreleerd te zijn aan het zoutgehalte. De saprobiegraad voor de zoetere punten, berekend volgens Pantle & Buck met indicatorwaarden van Sladecek, ligt voor de meeste punten in het bovenste gedeelte van het β – mesosaprobe gebied. Fysisch-chemisch gezien is het water polytroof, mede door de voedselrijke zoute kwel. Voor de meest voorkomende soorten werd de zoutgehalte-range bepaald, en de seizoensinvloeden bekeken. De monsterpunten van Provinciale Waterstaat Noord-Holland geven bekeken vanuit de gestelde doelstelling een redelijk beeld van de variaties in dit gebied. Voor een gedetailleerd beeld van de macrofaunagemeenschappen is het aantal monsterpunten van Provinciale Waterstaat ta klein, hiervoor zou dan ook in de herfst gemonsterd moeten worden. Over het algemeen werden minder soorten en kleinere aantallen gevonden.

Description: This paper presents a survey of the present situation of Cerion in the Cayman Islands, with reference to the problems revealed by CH. J. MAYNARD’S “Monograph of the genus Strophia”, 1889. This may be of interest to taxonomists who would like to investigate in a “modern way” a species complex in which any “biological species concept” appears to fail. The study is based on material collected in Grand Cayman, Little Cayman and Cayman Brac, from May 16 until June 12, 1973. CLENCH (1964) considers the names of all 14 species described by MAYNARD from Little Cayman and Cayman Brac to be synonyms of Cerion pannosum (Maynard), with the exception of Strophia nana which he accepts as Cerion nanus (Maynard). While agreeing with CLENCH as regards the status of Strophia nana, the author hesitates to lump together all MAYNARDS other species but considers that at least two variable and intergrading groups of Cerion (= Strophia) should be distinguished: C. pannosum, common to western Little Cayman, and C. copium, common in eastern Little Cayman and in Cayman Brac. An impression of the taxonomic complexity of Cerion on the Cayman Islands may be gained by consulting the section in which all 95 localities (Grand Cayman 35, Little Cayman 21 and Cayman Brac 39) are briefly described, with reference to numerous measurements (Tables 2-4), maps and graphs (Figs. 8-22), and photographs of localities (Pls. I—VIII) and specimens (Pls. X-XVIII). The cerions of Grand Cayman – which island was not visited by MAYNARD – have generally been considered to belong to one and the same species, Cerion martinianum (Küster). Living populations were observed at a few places only. No distinct geographical speciation was found. In the western part of Little Cayman flourishing coarsely striated large Cerion pannosum was found, commonly mixed with smooth or almost smooth specimens. Along the northern coast C. pannosum merges into C. copium, common in the eastern part of the island, while a distinct boundary between both species was observed on the southwest coast, east of Blossom Village. Several old shells outside the area of living C. pannosum suggest the species having had a more extended range in former days. Cerion nanus (Maynard) – which was not collected by the author – may be expected to be still living in the central part of the West End. The author had no dfficulty following PILSBRY (1949) in accepting Cerion copium as the only recent species of Cayman Brac, except when dealing with some closely ribbed and uniformly brown specimens from The Bluff along the northern shore, which were indicated as bluff-type. Similar specimens were observed by PILSBRY when studying the material collected by C. BERNARD LEWIS in 1940. Small-sized copiums were especially common near the southwest coast at Knob Hill, while at several places medium-sized animals with coarse and distant ribs occurred. A few old shells resembling C. pannosum contributed to the heterogenity of Cayman Brac’s malacofauna. A rather strange element was revealed by the discovery of some small, minutely striated subrecent shells near the northcoast, which are described as a new species, Cerion caymanicolum, awaiting a further analysis of the Cayman Islands’ Cerion fauna. The paper concludes by giving a Synopsis of Cerion in the Cayman Islands, followed by some notes on C. martinianum, C. nanus, C. pannosum, C. copium and C. caymanicolum. From this (Table 5) it may be obvious that – the author has no doubt that C. nanus is markedly different from all other Cayman Islands cerions; – the rationale (beyond geography) for distinguishing the Grand Cayman forms as a separate species is less convincing, as several small specimens of C. martinianum don’t look very different from some dwarfed forms from the other islands; – the species C. pannosum and C. copium are separated not for practical reasons only, but also because of field evidence; – the specimens of C. caymanicolum are considered to belong to a new species because of their deviating characteristics and peculiar occurrence, though some likeness with dwarfed C. martinianum and C. copium cannot be denied.

Description: Unter einem Material von annährerend 1000 Heterastridien aus der Trias von Timor fand sich ein einzelnes Stück mit einer von allen übrigen vollkommen abweichenden Oberflächenbeschaffenheit. Herr Prof. Molengraaff, in Delft überliess mir gütigst auch dieses interessante Exemplar zur Untersuchung, das eine wertvolle Ergänzung des früher durch mich von Timor beschriebenen Heterastridium-Materialss bildet 1). Dem genannten Forscher war seine abweichende Beschaffenheit wohl gleich aufgefallen, denn das Stück war von den übrigen Heterastridien getrennt gehalten worden und wurde mir erst nachträglich zugestellt. Es stammt aus dem Noil Boewan, eben unterhalb Fatoe Boewan, in der Landschaft Amanoeban. Die Blöcke des Noil Boewan stammen wahrscheinlich von Triaskalken aus der Umgebung von Nifoekoko, die eine Anzahl normaler Heterastridien geliefert haben, während die Hauptmenge dieser interessanten Hydrozoen allerdings aus der Umgebung von Baoeng, in der Landschaft Amarassi, kommt. Das vorliegende Stück ist von sphaeroidischer, ziemlich stark abgeplatteter Gestalt: seine Dm. betragen 4,7 cm und 3,6 cm. Die Oberfläche ist allenthalben mit Runzeln bedeckt, die an einigen Stellen aus ziemlich scharfen Kämmen von gebogenem oder winkligem Verlauf bestehen, die sich häufig verzweigen oder kurze Seitenäste entsenden. Diese Kämme können bis 1 cm lang werden, meistens sind sie aber viel unregelmässiger und kürzer; an einigen Stellen lösen sie sich schliesslich in einzelne Höcker oder stachelförmige Vorsprünge auf, wie sie für die gewöhnlichen Heterastridien charakteristisch sind. Bei Betrachtung mit einer stark vergrössernden Lupe sieht man, dass die feine, netzförmige Coenenchymstruktur auf die Flanken der Kämme heraufzieht und erst deren First eine mehr dichte Beschaffenheit annimmt. Am Fusse der Kämme oder Hügel, und in den Tälern zwischen ihnen, beobachtet man vereinzelte Oeffnungen von Zooidröhren, wie sie für alle Heterastridien charakteristisch sind. Auf Querschnitten sieht man, dass die Zooidröhren nicht durchlaufen sondern im Coenenchym blind enden, um dann an einer anderen Stelle wieder aufs neue zu beginnen. Auch sonst stimmt die innere Struktur vollkommen mit der der normalen Heterastridien überein. Wie bei diesen unter den Stachelwarzen, so stehen hier die radialen Skelettfasern unter den Kämmen dichter und in vom First divergierenden Reihen geordnet.

Description: Copepods associated with Holothuroidea are listed with their hosts and brief characterizations. A key to the genera of these copepods is provided. Twelve new species from the Indo-Pacific are described: Calypsarion bilobatum n. sp. from probably Holothuria atra, Chauliolobion imparile n. sp. from Bohadschia argus, Chauliolobion forcipatum n. sp. from Stichopus chloronotus, Chauliolobion tectuliferum n. sp. from Thelenota ananas, Lecanurius planifrontalis n. sp. from Actinopyga echinites and Actinopyga miliaris, Scambicornus batiolatus n. sp. from Holothuria atra and Thelenota ananas, Scambicormis disparilis n. sp. from Holothuria atra, Scambicornus proluxus n. sp. from Holothuria edulis, Scambicornus retrospiculus n. sp. from Stichopus variegatus, Scambicornus sentifer n. sp. from Labidodemas semperianum, Nanaspis boholensis n. sp. from Stichopus variegatus, and Nanaspis moluccana n. sp. from Stichopus chloronotus. New host records for Scambicornus idoneus, Scambicornus lobulatus, Scambicornus modestus, Scambicornus poculiferus, Stellicola holothuriae, and Nanaspis tonsa, and new distribution records for 14 other species are included. Stellicola holothuriae (Ummerkutty, 1962) is redescribed from specimens found on Opheodesoma spectabilis. Keys to the species of Chauliolobion, Scambicornus, and Nanaspis are provided. Aspects of copepod-holothurian associations are discussed.

Description: Morphometric variation in 9 characters of 347 Common Mynas from 10 localities in India was analysed statistically. Both sexes have differentiated similarly among localities in all characters. Character variability within localities is not significantly correlated with that among localities. The patterns of geographic variation are not clinally ordered; contiguous localities often are not most similar morphometrically. Size variation, as represented multivariately by principal factor I, is not related linearly to corresponding environmental variation among localities. However, relative appendage proportions, as defined by principal factor II, regresses significantly on an altitude factor for both males and females. The comparatively small proportion of the total morphometric variation among localities accounted for by environmental variation suggests that other factors are operative in determining body size. It is speculated that geographic variation in interspecific competition and food particle size may also act as selective pressures in the evolution of optimal body size at each locality.