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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 471-471 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 421-469 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Résumé Nous appliquons le modèle de neurone introduit dans un article antérieur à l’étude d’une microstructure isotrope. La stabilité de cette microstructure implique l’existence d’une régulation d’activité que le principe de construction adéquate permet de définir entièrement. Nous aboutissons à une conception stratifiée du cerveau. Un réseau de neurones spécialisés exercerait, grâce à certains médiateurs chimiques, une action diffuse qui modulerait les propriétés du réseau localisé classique. Les lois de Pavlov peuvent être retrouvées à partir des propriétés de la microstructure et de celles de la régulation. La microstructure isotrope peut également fonctionner comme analyseur. Un certain nombre de temps caractéristiques apparaissent alors, qui semblent jouer un grand rôle en psychologie.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract An organism persists only if it satisfies internal and external constraints. Within the organism networks of processes meet the constraints. In such networks a principle of matching often obtains: the pattern of coupling among processes matches the correlation among constraints. That is, a module—a cluster of coupled processes—meets a constraint. Dissociable modules meet dissociàble constraints. A hierarchy of modules meets a hierarchy of constraints. We have inquired whether such matching is predicted by an optimality criterion in a simple example. We find that in an ensemble of networks with unreliable processes, the networks that meet the constraints with highest reliability obey the principle of matching. The difference in reliability between modular and nonmodular networks that meet the same constraints is a function of the probability of success per process. Our results suggest that this difference is maximal at a probability of success that increases monotonically with the number of processes in the network.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 59-75 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract A method is described for estimating the distribution and hence testing the statistical significance of sequence similarity scores obtained during a data-bank search. Maximum-likelihood is used to fit a model to the scores, avoiding any costly simulation of random sequences. The method is applied in detail to the Smith-Waterman algorithm when gaps are allowed, and is shown to give results very similar to those obtained by simulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 401-412 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We develop a theory for host seeking decisions in mosquitoes that explicitly considers the tradeoffs mosquitoes face in allocation to somatic and gametic function. Specifically, we consider conditions under which mosquitoes should seek out nectar and blood hosts upon encountering host odours. Results from development of a dynamic model that considers free and crop energy states suggest that mosquitoes should seek out blood hosts under a wide variety of conditions but that decisions to seek nectar depends upon crop volume, concentration and free energy. This pattern arises because mosquitoes carrying large crop loads are constrained in their ability to obtain large blood meals due to space limitations in the abdomen. The predicted patterns of behaviour are supported by published observations of mosquito behaviour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 413-422 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In behavioral ecology, diet selection is often predicted by using a theory in which it is assumed that behaviors have evolved to maximize the rate of intake of energy. In this theory, it is assumed that fitness is a monotonic function of energy intake. An alternative is to deal directly with fitness, measured in terms of expected reproduction, and thus connect short term behavior with reproduction. Following the usual assumptions of the theory of diet choice, fitness satisfies a partial differential-difference equation. Conditions under which rate maximizing and state variable theories of diet selection yield identical predictions are identified. When predation, as well as starvation, is a source of mortality, the identification is not as complete.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 445-464 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Environmental uncertainty can be both a cause and consequence of chance variation in many of the phenotypic factors associated with the control of clutch size in birds. When such uncertainty inflates or otherwise influences the variance associated with expected reproductive success for any genotype, it will also influence the resulting phenotypic optima. Random variation that affects the evolution of clutch size optima explicitly may occur both within (intra-) and across (inter-) generations. Examples of intra-generational uncertainty could include chance variation in: (1) the quality and quantity of offspring, (2) parental quality, and (3) temporal resources like food. Inter-generational uncertainty would include chance variation in demographic and population characters. With respect to clutch (or litter) size, almost all forms of uncertainty tend to favor an optimum (genetic) strategy with a clutch that is smaller than the clutch associated with the apparent or actual maximal fitness of an individual parent. The overall effect of all the components of uncertainty can be evaluated through the integration of all this phenotypic variation: however each step of the integration is a conditional expectation of each component. Therefore, a single factor analysis may indicate a false optimum, and an integrated analysis of all components is necessary to evaluate the importance of their individual and joint effects on the adaptive evolution of clutch size.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 503-519 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract A difference equation model for the dynamics of a semelparous size-structured species consisting of juvenile and adult individuals is derived and studied. The adult population consists of two size classes, a smaller class and a larger more fertile class. Negative feedback occurs through slowed juvenile growth due to increased total population levels during the developmental period and consequently a smaller adult size at maturation. Intra-specific competition coefficients are size dependent and measure the strength of intra-specific competition between juveniles and adults. It is shown that equilibrium states in which adults and juveniles occur together at all times are in general destabilized by significantly increased juvenilevs adults competition with the result that stable periodic cycles appear, in which the generations alternate in time and hence avoid competition. This result supports the tenet that intra-specific competition between juveniles and adults is destabilizing. Exceptions to this destabilization principle are found, however, in which populations exhibiting non-equilibrium, aperiodic dynamics can be equilibrated by increase competition between juveniles and adults. This occurs, for example, when adult fertility and competition coefficients are significantly size class dependent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 537-561 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract An epithelial cell is modeled as a single compartment, bounded by apical and basolateral cell membranes, and containing two nonelectrolyte solute species, nominally NaCl and KCl. Membrane transport of these species may be metabolically driven, or it may follow the transmembrane concentration gradients, either singly (a channel) or jointly (a cotransporter). To represent the effect of stretch-activated channels or shrinkage-activated cotransporters, the membrane permeabilities and cotransport coefficients are permitted to be functions of cell volume. When this epithelium is considered as a dynamical system, conditions are indicated which guarantee the uniqueness and stability of equilibria. Experimentally, many epithelial cells can regulate their volume, and such volume regulatory capability is defined for this model. It is clearly distinct from dynamical stability of the equilibrium and requires more stringent conditions on the volume-dependent permeabilities and cotransporters. For a previously developed model of the toad urinary bladder (Strieteret al., 1990,J. gen. Physiol. 96, 319–344) the uniqueness and stability of its equilibria are indicated. The analysis also demonstrates that under some conditions a second stable equilibrium may appear, along with a saddle-node bifurcation. This is illustrated numerically in a modified model of the epithelium of the thick ascending limb of Henle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 687-694 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 649-672 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Models of the dynamical interactions important in generating immune reactivity have generally assumed that the immune system is a single well-stirred compartment. Here we explicitly take into account the compartmentalized nature of the immune system and show that qualitative conclusions, such as the stability of the immune steady state, depend on architectural details. We examine a simple model idiotypic network involving only two types of B cells and antibody molecules. We show, for model parameters used by De Boeret al. (1990,Chem. Eng. Sci. 45, 2375–2382), that the immune steady state is unstable in a one compartmental model but stable in a two compartment model that contains both a lymphoid organ, such as the spleen, and the circulatory system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 839-873 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Using the chromium release assay and the single cell assay in agarose, we study the cytotoxic reaction of the MHC-restricted T lymphocyte clones P89:15 and P1:3, which recognize distinct but specific tumour antigens on the surface of syngeneic P815 mastocytoma cells. We propose a mathematical model which describes these experiments, accounts for the strongly non-Michaelian behaviour of the reaction and permits us to estimate the kinetic parameters characterizing effector-target conjugation and lethal hit delivery. The results show that the binding and lytic activity of effector cells is modulated by the number of targets bound to them. The binding of a second target by an effector having already a target bound is facilitated; on the other hand, an effector having bound two targets delivers a lethal hit more slowly than one with a single target bound. We investigate the role of these kinetic properties in the competition between the process of tumour progression due to cancer cell replication and the process of tumour regression due to T lymphocyte cytotoxic activity. For both clones, we estimate the effector-target ratio beyond which rejection prevails. This ratio is nine times larger for P1:3 than for P89:15. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that there exists an optimal specificity minimizing this ratio. Deviations from this optimum, be it in the sense of an increase or decrease of specificity, tendsto stabilize the tumoural state: a situation which in the broader context of the immune response evolution and regulation can be viewed as animmune response dilemma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 929-938 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper a stochastic model for a two-compartment system which incorporates Erlang residence time distributions (i.e. the residence times have the gamma distribution where the shape parameters assume integer values only) into each compartment is generalized to include random rate coefficients. Analytical forms of the model are derived for the case where the rate coefficients have gamma densities. A relationship is established between the new models and existing models that are in current practical usage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 939-955 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Oscillations and chaos can be modelled and observed in a realistic simulation model of interacting prey-predator populations based on Monte Carlo simulation methods. These nonlinear phenomena are linked with some biological and physical bifurcation parameters and mathematical tools from dynamical systems theory may be used in order to characterize this behaviour. Chaotic dynamics are therefore, in our simulation, more the rule than the exception, and are related to delays associated with spatial degrees of freedom.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 1023-1038 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Cells displaying the classic multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype possess a transmembrane protein (p170 or P-glycoprotein) which can actively extrude cytotoxic agents from the cytoplasm. A mathematical model of this drug efflux pump has been developed. Outward transport is modeled as a facilitated diffusion process. Since energy-dependent efflux of cytotoxic agents requires that ATP also bind to p170, the model includes a dynamic calculation for efflux rate which considers Michaelis-Menten kinetics for both the substrate agent and ATP. The final system consists of one partial differential equation (PDE) for the facilitated diffusion of substrate agents out of the cell a 2×2 ordinary differential equation (ODE) system for the dynamic calculation of the ATP-ADP pool, and a dynamic algebraic calculation of the efflux rate given substrate levels at the interior cell membrane interface and ATP levels in the cell. A stability analysis of the ATP-ADP pool distribution and a simplistic closed form solution of the linearized PDE are included. Numerical simulations are also provided.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 1039-1056 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Reentry in the heart is the repeated excitation of the same tissue by a single excitation wave; it is responsible for several types of cardiac arrhythmia. The simplest model which permits the phenomenon of reentry is two laterally coupled excitable fibers; in this paper we examine such a model in order to establish a basis for the understanding of the fundamental physical processes underlying the process of reentry. Two versions of the FitzHugh-Nagumo equations are used to develop complementary numerical and analytical results for the coupled fiber model. On the basis of numerical studies, regions of qualitatively different behaviour are mapped in the parameter space of excitation threshold and coupling strength between the fibers, and the effect of the rate of recovery is explored. Some of these regions are also obtained analytically, in good agreement with the numerical results. Finally, the results are discussed in the light of recent work on the role of the anisotropy of cardiac tissue in the initiation of reentrant activity in the heart.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 1069-1081 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract A sigmoid curve with three fitting parameters is proposed as a descriptive model for the spatial velocity field in one-dimensional growth of plant organs. Analytic expressions are derived for the relative elemental growth (REG) rate, the position and value of the REG rate maximum, the length of the growth zone, the inverse of the growth trajectory and cell length in the “elongation only” zone. The expressions are fit to published data to characterize the effects of environmental variation on growth of monocotyledonous roots. The simple expressions for growth may prove useful in mechanistic models. The fitted curves summarize more than a decade of observations and thus provide a challenge to theorists.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 367-385 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In Part II we prove some of the more complicated theorems stated and used in Part I. In particular, we derive the distribution functionsD 1,D 2, andD 3, and prove some of their properties under various limiting conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 387-392 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The graphical treatment utilized by Marmasse in order to test “Wurmser’s theory of agglutination” has been applied, taking into account all the data available. Contrary to Marmasse’s conclusion, the application of this graphical method is not a valid argument against the theory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 343-366 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract This is the continuation of part I, which was published in the September, 1963, issue ofThe Bulletin. Section 5 treats the special case in which the left absorbing barrier recedes to −∞, leaving essentially only one barrier at a finite distance Λ (〉0) from the origin. The eigenfunctions are now parabolic cylinder functions. The limiting cases Λ→+∞ and Λ→0 are also considered. Though meaningless for practical applications to our problem, they are of interest, mathematically, because the Green’s function for the solution of the Fokker-Planck equation assumes a particularly simple form. In section 6 we study, by means of an example, how the “force of mortality” may vary with time before attaining its final asymptotic value. Section7, still dealing with only one absorbing barrier, shows that our results for “strong homeostasis” are identical with those derived by Chandrasekhar for the escape of particles through a potential barrier in the limiting case of quasi-static flow. Precise conditions are given for the validity of both the quasi-static and the Smoluchowski approximations to the Fokker-Planck equation. Finally, in section 8, a brief mention is made of Gevrey’s method for the solution of parabolic partial differential equations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 25 (1963), S. 393-419 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The derivation of learning models relative to choice behavior in experimenter-subject controlled experiments with two outcomes (right or wrong) is considered from the point of view that any such model must satisfy a criterion of optimality. The criterion adopted for investigation, termed optimal asymptotic behavior, is that of the subject asymptotically learning which of the alternatives has the greater probability of being correct. A class of path-dependent linear models is posed as possible candidates. It is shown that no members of this class satisfy the criterion although two of them approach it by making a learning parameter small enough. The possible implications of this are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract An attempt to justify Monod's bacterial growth model is presented. The justification is based on a mechanistic approach to growth which leads to a differential equation with delay and then to Monod's model. An unexpected increase of parameterK s with μm is predicted by the theory. A survey of literature shows that this effect is present in a large majority of published data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 123-148 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Recently, there has been a growing consensus as to the adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in the Crocodilia. The observationally and experimentally motivated hypotheses are that male fitness depends more strongly on quality of incubation environment than female fitness, and that there is a strong correlation between a female's egg incubation temperature choice and her own egg incubation temperature. A population genetics model based on these hypotheses is derived. A method for finding the optimal sex ratio as a function of temperature, which is an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS), is stated and applied under various assumptions. This extends ESS theory to thefunctional case. Cases where there is no ESS and the population sex ratio oscillates in evolutionary time are discovered. Numerical computation is needed to solve the full problem and the resulting optimal sex ratio is compared to laboratory sex ratio data. The general pattern of TSD in crocodilians (female-male-female with female biased overall sex ratio) agrees well with the theory, but details of the pattern are problematic.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 209-218 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 263-273 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Gordon (1953,J. Fish. Res. Bd Can.10, 442–457) used economic theory to predict how catch rates, price and fishing costs should balance in a multi-area, open-access fishery. We use the data from the Tasmanian rock lobster fishery to test this theory. We find that, as prediced by theory, areas with higher monetary and non-monetary costs have consistently higher catch rates than areas with lower costs. We show that this theory also predicts that an increase in price would result in an overall increase in catch rate, and suggest that in fisheries with spatial variation in costs, catch rates may be determined as much by economic factors as biological ones.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 241-261 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Prominent and persistent cyclic fluctuations in the abundance of consecutive year-classes occur in some sockeye salmon populations throughout the species' range. We review and test a number of explanations for the existence of these cycles using qualitative biological arguments, including a consideration of the synchrony of cycles among populations. Most of the hypotheses involve mechanisms that would reinforce synchronous population fluctuations within watersheds. However, the 4-year cycles characteristic of many Fraser River sockeye populations are sometimes out of phase with each other, both among populations which migrate together as mixed stocks while vulnerable to commerical fisheries, and among populations whose juveniles share the same nursery lake habitat (Shuswap Lake). Such asynchrony suggests that the mechanism(s) causing population cycles can operate independently within reproductively isolated populations. Of the mechanisms reviewed here, only those involving genetic effects on age at maturation, or on resistance to disease or parasites, or those involving depensatory predation soon after fry emergence, appear to offer satisfactory explanations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 335-354 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Female red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) sometimes bequeath their territory to their offspring. Late-breeding females are more likely to leave than are early-breeding females. Early-breeding females tend to lose weight during reproduction while late-breeding females do not. Early-born juveniles are more successful at winning territories than are those born late. I use dynamic programming to investigate the trade-offs involved in territorial bequeathal from the female's perspective as a function of breeding date, litter size and female body condition. The model predicts that two classes of females are more likely to bequeath: those in good condition early in the season, and those in poor condition at the season's end. Only versions of the model incorporating a function improving the female's ability to win a territory over the season mimicked the pattern of bequeathal observed in the field. A seasonal effect is likely an important factor in driving the pattern of strategies observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 295-311 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In the first part of the paper we analyse dynamics of the genetic mechanisms responsible for maintaining biased sex ratios in host-parasitoid interactions. We begin by reviewing recent results relating to the maintenance of sibmating in haplo-diploid populations. We then investigate the evolutionary stable sex ratio in populations in which all or some of the females mate with their brothers. In particular, we derive a diallelic one-locus model for studying evolutionary stable sex ratios in partially sibmating haplo-diploid populations. In the second part of the paper we review the impact of sex ratio on host-parasitoid populations. We then analyse how the sex ratio strategy of one parasitoid species may affect its interaction with another parasitoid species competing for the same host. In particular we show that, although a female biased sex ratio may enhance the inherent competitiveness of one species, it may also destabilize the ecological interaction of the three species so that all become extinct.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 673-686 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Current flow in cylindrical nerve and muscle fibre has been analysed in terms of a mathematical model leading to a linear partial differential equation for the voltage as a function of both position and time. In the case of a one-dimensional cable subject to a step input of current, the solution will consist of a steady-state behaviour preceded by an initial transient. The electrical properties of the fibre or cable itself determine a length-constant, λ, which can be determined experimentally from the steady-state response, and a time-constant, τ, which must be found from the initial transient. When the cable is infinite and when there is a single input electrode, an exact solution can be produced which enables ready determination of the time-constant τ. Two complications arise in experimental practice, however. In the first place, the fibre has finite length, and in the second, two spatially separated stimulation electrodes are often required. We thus analyse a more complicated and more general situation. The linearity of the membrane properties, however, allows the solution to the more general case to be built up by superposition of solutions from the simpler case (equivalent to the classical method of images). We also approximate the Hodgkin and Rushton solution by asymptotic formulae in order to allow more tractable expressions for the exact solution. We are thus able to give a method for the ready evaluation of the time constant τ under more general conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 727-732 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The possible existence of nucleic acids in right-handed and left-handed helical forms is considered. A statistical mechanical model is developed to obtain an expression for a change in twist during helical transformation in terms of corresponding free energies and linking for a supercoiled DNA. The theoretically predicted values are compared with those determined experimentally. The physico-chemical significance of the parameters is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The topological structure of a binary tree is characterized by a measure called tree asymmetry, defined as the mean value of the asymmetry of its partitions. The statistical properties of this tree-asymmetry measure have been studied using a growth model for binary trees. The tree-asymmetry measure appears to be sensitive for topological differences and the tree-asymmetry expectation for the growth model that we used appears to be almost independent of the size of the trees. These properties and the simple definition make the measure suitable for practical use, for instance for characterizing, comparing and interpreting sets of branching patterns. Examples are given of the analysis of three sets of neuronal branching patterns. It is shown that the variance in tree-asymmetry values for these observed branching patterns corresponds perfectly with the variance predicted by the used growth model.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 785-812 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract DNA and protein sequence comparisons are performed by a number of computational algorithms. Most of these algorithms search for the alignment of two sequences that optimizes some alignment score. It is an important problem to assess the statistical significance of a given score. In this paper we use newly developed methods for Poisson approximation to derive estimates of the statistical significance ofk-word matches on a diagonal of a sequence comparison. We require at leastq of thek letters of the words to match where 0〈q≤k. The distribution of the number of matches on a diagonal is approximated as well as the distribution of the order statistics of the sizes of clumps of matches on the diagonal. These methods provide an easily computed approximation of the distribution of the longest exact matching word between sequences. The methods are validated using comparisons of vertebrate andE. coli protein sequences. In addition, we compare two HLA class II transplantation antigens by this method and contrast the results with a dynamic programming approach. Several open problems are outlined in the last section.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 895-901 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 999-1021 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We construct an ODE model for the fast fluorescence rise of photosynthesis by combining the current reaction scheme of the PS II two-electron-gate with a quasi steady-state description of the fast processes of excitation energy transfer and primary charge separation. The model is fitted to measured induction curves with a multiple shooting algorithm, and remarkably good approximations of the data are obtained. Model refinements are discussed focusing on PS II heterogeneity, and on PS I.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 21-44 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract A formalism based on window automata is proposed as a method to analyse complex population dynamics. The method is applied to a model of the immune network (Weisbuch, G.et al., 1990.J. theor. Biol. 146, 483–499), and used to predict which attractor the system reaches after antigenic stimulation, as a function of the parameters. The attractors of the dynamics are interpreted in terms of immune conditions such as vaccination or tolerance. Scaling laws that define the regimes in the parameter space corresponding to the specific attractor reached under antigenic stimulation are derived.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 45-58 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract To obtain the correlation dimension and entropy from an experimental time series we derive estimators for these quantities together with expressions for their variances using a maximum likelihood approach. The validity of these expressions is supported by Monte Carlo simulations. We illustrate the use of the estimators with a local recording of atrial fibrillation obtained from a conscious dog.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 77-94 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We consider a cell-chemotaxis model which can generate spatially heterogeneous patterns in cell density and chemoattractant. A local perturbation about the uniform steady state propagates across the domain leaving behind a steady state pattern of standing peaks and troughs. We investigate this patterning process analytically and obtain estimates for the pattern wavelength and speed of spread. We compare the analytical results with numerical simulation of the full model systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 149-161 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 95-116 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract A model with which to elucidate the mechanism of Ca2+ release from, and Ca2+ loading in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by Ca2+ current (I Ca) in cardiac cells is proposed. The SR is assumed to be comprised of three functional subcompartments: (1) the main calcium store (MCS), which contains most of the calcium (both free and bound); (2) the releasable terminal (RT), which contains the calcium readily available for release; and (3) the longitudinal network of the SR (LSR), which sequesters and the transfers the sarcoplasmic calcium to the RT. A rapid increase of the Ca2+ concentration at the outer surface of the SR (Cae) due to the fast component ofI Ca activates and inactivates this surface, inducing the release of Ca2+ from the RT to the sarcoplasmic space. The RT in turn is further activated and inactivated by a increase in the concentration of sarcoplasmic Ca2+. The Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic space is then sequestered by the LSR, leading to the reactivation of the RT. Further increase of Cae due to the slow component ofI Ca enhances the entry of Ca2+ into the MCS to be bound by the binding substance. The free Ca2+ released from the Ca-binding substance complex is transferred to the RT for subsequent release. The activation, inactivation and reactivation are Ca2+-mediated and time-dependent. The proposed model yields simulation of the many events qualitatively similar to those observed experimentally in skinned cardiac cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 163-184 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 185-207 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The maximum principle of deterministic optimal control, which has proved to be a very useful tool in theoretical bioeconomics, is extended in this article to cover the optimal exploitation of a biological resource vulnerable to catastrophic collapse, the probability of which may depend in general on the state of the resource, the current control and time. A general formulation of the maximum principle for such stochastic problems is presented and a number of applications are outlined. These include: optimal harvesting of a fishery vulnerable to catastrophic collapse; optimal thinning of a forest vulnerable to fire; optimal expenditure and investment in forest fire protection and optimal consumption-pollution tradeoffs in an ecosystem vulnerable to pollution-related collapse. In addition an application of the method to a highly stylized behavioral ecology model is given.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 219-239 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) is a highly migratory fish occupying the continental shelf and slope off the west coast of North America. The species spawns in January off southern California and northern Mexico. During spring and summer the older and larger fish will migrate as far north as central Vancouver Island. Recruitment is highlys variable, with strong year classes often supporting the commercial fishery during several years of low recruitment. The level of recruitment appears to be independent of the size of the spawning population. A simple bioeconomic model of the Pacific whiting is constructed with independent recruitment. Fishery production functions are estimated from data on U.S. catch, average annual biomass and the number of vessels in the U.S. fleet. A stochastic optimization problem, seeking to maximize the expected value of industry profit, is formulated. Its solution would require a joint distribution on future recruiment and other bioeconomic parameters. Such a distribution is problematic. As an alternative, the certainty-equivalent problem is solved yielding solution values for the stochastic equilibrium and an approximately-optimal rule that sets allowable catch based on an estimate of current-year biomass. Adaptive management can result in large changes in fleet size and allowable catch from year to year. The whiting fishery might be characterized as an opportunistic fishery, requiring a generalist fleet to expand or contract as bioeconomic conditions warrant. It is possible that longrun conditions would not support a profitable fishery, but that short-run fishing is profitable based on previous years of strong recruitment. The situation is not dissimilar to that facing the owner of a marginal gold mine that opens or closes depending on the price of gold. In the case of the whiting fishery, the optimal level of short-run fishing will depend not only on price, but on current biomass, the annual cost of fishing, the discount rate and vessel productivity. A simple interactive program is provided for would-be managers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 275-293 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract I explore the nonlinear behavior of a model in which the number of adults in each year is the sum of recruitment (which depends nonlinearly on adult abundanceT years in the past) and a constant fraction (survival) of adults in the previous year. Adding even a small amount of age structure to the semelparous version of this model (by increasing adult survival from zero) is stabilizing in that: (1) it shifts the value of slope at which the linearized model becomes unstable about the equilibrium to a lower value; and (2) it stretches the pattern of period doubling bifurcations so that bifurcations occur at much lower values of the slope. For the iteroparous case with a maturation and survival pattern reasonably typical of long-lived organisms, the period of cycles or quasi-cycles produced increases continuously as the slope of the stock-recruitment function decreases. The possibility of arbitrarily long cycles is not predicted by the linear theory, and has important practical implictions for analyses of cyclic populations. Both truncation of the age structure and an upper limit on recruitment seem to remove this gradual increase in period. However, the former can give rise to doubling of the period. Although the nonlinear behavior is not analysed in detail, a qualitative interpretation of the behavior of this model in terms of population inertia seems to explain the behavior observed in these numerical simulations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 355-378 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 313-334 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Studies of plant and animal populations have demonstrated the occurrence of multiple and mixed life history strategies such as polymodal timing of germination and emergence from dormancy. We present the results of a simulation model used to test whether between-year variance in mortality can lead to the persistence of multiple hatching strategies considered over an ecological time scale (50 years). The model is based on the general life history characteristics of a population of planktonic copepods (Diaptomus sanguineus) in Bullhead Pond, Rhode Island. Our model results demonstrate that, given a range of between-year variance in mortality, multiple strategies for timing of emergence can persist in a common environment for ecologically relevant periods of time. A qualitative test of the model comparing field estimates of mean and variance of mortality in Bullhead Pond with the region of persistence indicates that the model results are in approximate agreement with field estimates. The results suggest that variability in year-to-year selection pressures, such as predation or harsh winters, may play an important role in determining the evolution of life histories.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 379-400 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We here report the results of a dynamic programming model of the breeding season of a bird, patterned after the Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) nesting near Ithaca, New York. Optimal breeding seasons fall largely before the peak in food distribution, and this shift appears to be because peak metabolic demands of the brood are coordinated with the peak in food density and because the risk of adult mortality selects for earlier breeding than would otherwise be favored. This latter effect, first proposed by Fisher, may explain the nearly universal observation that early breeding appears to be favored in birds from a wide range of habitats and phylogenies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 423-443 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Two standard assumptions in analytical work on the iterated prisoner's dilemma are that the population is infinite, and that opponents—though randomly selected—are fixed for the duration of the game. This paper explores the consequences of relaxing both assumptions. It is shown in particular that if opponents are drawn at random throughout the game, then stable cooperation via reciprocity requires both that the probability of a further interaction be sufficiently high—higher than when opponents are fixed—and that the population not exceed a certain critical size, which depends on the probability of further interaction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 465-476 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We model the behaviour of a solitary parasitoid that can either eat a host or lay an egg on it. When the parasitoid does not die as a result of starvation, it should always lay an egg on a host. We compute the parasitoid's lifetime reproductive success in this case, and illustrate the effects of the mean time to find hosts and the variance in this time. We then develop a state-dependent model in which the decision to eat the host or lay an egg on it depend on the parasitoid's state. This model is used to explore the effects of variability in the time to find hosts on the parasitoid's lifetime reproductive success. It is shown that there can be a non-monotonic relationship between reproductive success and variability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 477-502 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We develop a multitype branching-process model for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). We apply the model to a comparison of three methods for estimating the initial number of molecules of target present in a PCR. These three methods are: one which uses a coamplified, internal control; one which uses an external control series; and one which uses simple extrapolation of log outputvs time (no control). We identify assumptions for each method which permit mathematical analysis of bias and precision. All three methods perform well if: (1) replication efficiencies are stable among reactions; (2) other method-specific conditions on efficiencies are met; and (3) product accumulates exponentially throughout the range where it is observed. When replication efficiencies vary among reactions but other optimal conditions for each method hold, the no-control and external-control methods lose precision relative to the internal control method, but they may still perform satisfactorily for many applications. The internal control method continues to perform well even if accumulation of product plateaus. This method depends, however, on a condition we call equivalence of replication efficiencies, the attainability of which in practice remains to be proven.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 521-536 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract A dynamic programming algorithm to find all optimal alignments of DNA subsequences is described. The alignments use not only substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides but also inversions (reversed complements) of substrings of the sequences. The inversion alignments themselves contain substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides. We study the problem of alignment with non-intersecting inversions. To provide a computationally efficient algorithm we restrict candidate inversions to theK highest scoring inversions. An algorithm to find theJ best non-intersecting alignments with inversions is also described. The new algorithm is applied to the regions of mitochondrial DNA ofDrosophila yakuba and mouse coding for URF6 and cytochrome b and the inversion of the URF6 gene is found. The open problem of intersecting inversions is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 599-618 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We present anO(R logP) time,O(M+P 2 ) space algorithm for searching a restriction map withM sites for the best matches to a shorter map withP sites, whereR, the number of matching site pairs, is bounded byMP. As first proposed by Watermanet al. (1984,Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 237–242) the objective function used to score matches is additive in the number of unaligned sites and the discrepancies in the distances between adjacent aligned sites. Our algorithm is basically a sparse dynamic programming computation in which “candidate lists” are used to model the future contribution of all previously computed entries to those yet to be computed. A simple modification to the algorithm computes the distance between two restriction maps withM andN sites, respectively, inO(MN(logM+logN)) time.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 563-598 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Multiple sequence comparison refers to the search for similarity in three or more sequences. This article presents a survey of the exhaustive (optimal) and heuristic (possibly sub-optimal) methods developed for the comparison of multiple macromolecular sequences. Emphasis is given to the different approaches of the heuristic methods. Four distance measures derived from information engineering and genetic studies are introduced for the comparison between two alignments of sequences. The use ofentropy, which plays a central role in information theory as measures of information, choice and uncertainty, is proposed as a simple measure for the evaluation of the optimality of an alignment in the absence of anya priori knowledge about the structures of the sequences being compared. This article also gives two examples of comparison between alternative alignments of the same set of 5SRNAs as obtained by several different heuristic methods.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 619-648 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The forced double-Monod model (for a chemostat with a predator, a prey and periodically forced inflowing substrate) displays quasiperiodicity, phase locking, period doubling and chaotic dynamics. Stroboscopic sections reveal circle maps for the quasiperiodic regimes and noninvertible maps of the interval for the chaotic regimes. Criticality in the circle maps sets the stage for chaos in the model. This criticality may arise with an increase in the period or amplitude of forcing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 695-695 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 697-698 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 699-726 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Jerne's idiotypic network was previously modelled using simple proliferation dynamics and a homogeneous tree as a connection structure. The present paper studies analytically and numerically the genericity of the previous results when the network connection structure is randomized, e.g. with loops and varying connection intensities. The main feature of the dynamics is the existence of different localized attractors that can be interpreted in terms of vaccination and tolerance. This feature is preserved when loops are added to the network, with a few exceptions concerning some regular lattices. Localized attractors might be destroyed by the introduction of a continuous distribution of connection intensities. We conclude by discussing possible modifications of the elementary model that preserve localization of the attractors and functionality of the network.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 733-758 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper examines the effect of vaccination for an epidemic model where the death rate depends on the number of individuals in the population. The basic model which is described is based on measles or other childhood diseases in developing countries or viral diseases such as rabies in animal populations. An equilibrium analysis of the model and the local stability of small perturbations about the equilibrium values are discussed. The biological implications of these results are examined and similar results presented for modifications of the basic model.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
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    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 827-837 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We obtain conditions for the existence of an invariant distribution on (0, ∞) for stochastic growth models of Ito type. We interpret the results in the case where the intrinsic growth rate is adjusted to account for the impact of a toxicant on the population. Comparisons with related results for ODE models by Hallamet al. are given, and consequences of taking the Stratonovich interpretation for the stochastic models are mentioned.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
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    Digitale Medien
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 813-826 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Although graphic surfaces have been used routinely in the study of combined action of agents, they are mainly used for display purposes. In this paper, it is shown that useful mechanistic information can be obtained from an analytical study of these surfaces using the tools of differential geometry. From the analysis of some simple dose-effect surfaces, it is proposed that the intrinsic curvature, referred to in differential geometry as the Gaussian curvature, of a dose-effect surface can be used as a general criterion for the classification of interaction between different agents. This is analogous to the interpretation of the line curvature of a dose-effect curve as an indication of self-interaction between doses for an agent. In this framework, the dose-effect surface would have basic uniform fabric with zero curvature in the absence of interaction, tentatively referred to as null-interaction. Pictorially speaking, this fabric is distorted locally or globally like the stretching and shrinking of a rubber sheet by the presence of interaction mechanisms between different agents. Since self-interaction with dilution dummies does not generate intrinsic curvature, this criterion of null-interaction would describe the interaction between two trulydifferent agents. It is shown that many of the published interaction mechanisms give rise to dose-effect surfaces with characteristic curvatures. This possible correlation between the intrinsic geometric curvature of dose-effect surfaces and the biophysical mechanism of interaction presents an interesting philosophical viewpoint for the study of combined action of agents.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 903-903 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 875-894 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In order to account for the time courses of both evoked release and facilitation, in the framework of the Ca2+ hypothesis, Fogelson and Zucker (1985,Biophys. J. 48, 1003–1017) suggested treating diffusion of Ca2+, once it enters through the Ca2+ channels, as a three-dimensional process (three-dimensional diffusion model). This model is examined here as a refined version of the “Ca2+-theory” for neurotransmitter release. The three-dimensional model was suggested to account for both the time course of release and that of facilitation. As such, it has been examined here as to its ability to predict the dependence of the amplitude and time course of facilitation under various experimental conditions. It is demonstrated that the three-dimensional diffusion model predicts the time course of facilitation to be insensitive to temperature. It also predicts the amplitude and time course of facilitation to be independent of extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Moreover, it predicts that inhibition of the [Na+]o↔[Ca2+]i exchange does not alter facilitation. These predictions are not upheld by the experimental results. Facilitation is prolonged upon reduction in temperature. The amplitude of facilitation declines and its duration is prolonged upon increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Finally, inhibition of the [Na+]o↔[Ca2+]i exchange prolongs facilitation but does not alter the time course of evoked release after an impulse.
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  • 62
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 905-928 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract A detailed morphometric analysis of a Lucifer yellow-filled Cb amacrine cell was undertaken to provide raw data for the construction of a neuronal cable model. The cable model was employed to determine whether distal input-output regions of dendrites were electrically isolated from the soma and each other. Calculations of steady state electrotonic current spread suggested reasonable electrical communication between cell body and dendrites. In particular, the centripetal voltage attenuation revealed that a synaptic signal introduced at the distal end of the equivalent dendrite could spread passively along the dendrite and reach the soma with little loss in amplitude. A functional interpretation of this results could favour a postsynaptic rather than a presynaptic scheme for the operation of directional selectivity in the rabbit retina. On the other hand, dendrites of starburst amacrine cells process information electrotonically with a bias towards the centrifugal direction and for a restricted range of membrane resistance values the voltage attenuation in the centripetal direction suggests that the action of these dendrites can be confined locally. A functional interpretation of this result favours a presynaptic version of Vaney's cotransmission model which attempts to explain how the neural network of starburst amacrine cells might account for directionally selective responses observed in the rabbit retina.
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  • 63
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 957-976 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Current models on protandry in butterflies assume that females mate only once, yet for many species this assumption is not realistic. In this paper a model is formulated to study how polyandry, i.e. repeated mating of females, affects protandry. Moreover, the model is elaborated to describe the probability distribution of the number of matings per female. Field data on this distribution are well described by the model, which supports the use of the law of mass action to describe the encounter rate between males and females. Finally, a weight factor is derived, taking into account the decline in oviposition rate with age, as well as the chance that a female is remated. In comparison with the situation that all matings contribute equally to a male's reproductive success, the application of the weight factor enhances protandry. This suggests that mate competition is not the sole cause of protandry.
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  • 64
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 977-997 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The behaviour of a cavity during an injection of fluid into biological tissue is considered. High cavity pressure drives fluid into the neighbouring tissue where it is absorbed by capillaries and lymphatics. The tissue is modelled as a nonlinear deformable porous medium with the injected fluid absorbed by the tissue at a rate proportional to the local pressure. A model with a spherical cavity in an infinite medium is used to find the pressure and displacement of the tissue as a function of time and radial distance. Analytical and numerical solutions for a step change in cavity pressure show that the flow induces a radial compression in the medium together with an annular expansion, the net result being an overall expansion of the medium. Thus any flow induced deformation of the material will aid in the absorption of fluid.
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  • 65
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 1057-1068 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We apply concepts of social choice theory, in particular those concerning median and plurality rules, to investigate the problem of finding a consensus of aligned molecular sequences. Our model of consensus permits consensus elements at each aligned position to denote ambiguity codes if several alternatives are equally-preferred candidates for consensus. Our results concern plurality rules which are median rules are characterized by the Condorcet properties, and are efficient to calculate. Our approach is axiomatic.
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  • 66
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 54 (1992), S. 1083-1094 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Mathematik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
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    Mathematical programming 53 (1992), S. 63-78 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Quadratic assignment problem ; relaxation ; lower bounds ; eigenvalue decomposition ; steepest ascent
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We investigate new bounding strategies based on different relaxations of the quadratic assignment problem. In particular, we improve the lower bound found by using an eigenvalue decomposition of the quadratic part and by solving a linear program for the linear part. The improvement is accomplished by applying a steepest ascent algorithm to the sum of the two bounds.
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  • 68
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 127-153 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Local minimization ; knapsack ; indefinite ; quadratic knapsack ; complexity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We consider the complexity of finding a local minimum for the nonconvex Quadratic Knapsack Problem. Global minimization for this example of quadratic programming is NP-hard. Moré and Vavasis have investigated the complexity of local minimization for the strictly concave case of QKP; here we extend their algorithm to the general indefinite case. Our main result is an algorithm that computes a local minimum in O(n(logn)2) steps. Our approach involves eliminating all but one of the convex variables through parametrization, yielding a nondifferentiable problem. We use a technique from computational geometry to address the nondifferentiable problem.
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  • 69
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 155-176 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Barrier function methods ; interior penalty methods ; minimax algorithms ; engineering design ; nondifferentiable optimization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents an algorithm based on barrier functions for solving semi-infinite minimax problems which arise in an engineering design setting. The algorithm bears a resemblance to some of the current interior penalty function methods used to solve constrained minimization problems. Global convergence is proven, and numerical results are reported which show that the algorithm is exceptionally robust, and that its performance is comparable, while its structure is simpler than that of current first-order minimax algorithms.
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  • 70
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Global optimization ; Lipschitz functions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a best and worst case analysis of convergence rates for a deterministic global optimization algorithm. Superlinear convergence is proved for Lipschitz functions which are convex in the direction of the global maximum (concave in the direction of the global minimum). Computer results are given, which confirm the theoretical convergence rates.
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  • 71
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 177-222 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Nonlinear rescaling ; modified barrier functions ; multipliers method ; simultaneous solution ; dual problems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The nonlinear rescaling principle employs monotone and sufficiently smooth functions to transform the constraints and/or the objective function into an equivalent problem, the classical Lagrangian which has important properties on the primal and the dual spaces. The application of the nonlinear rescaling principle to constrained optimization problems leads to a class of modified barrier functions (MBF's) and MBF Methods (MBFM's). Being classical Lagrangians (CL's) for an equivalent problem, the MBF's combine the best properties of the CL's and classical barrier functions (CBF's) but at the same time are free of their most essential deficiencies. Due to the excellent MBF properties, new characteristics of the dual pair convex programming problems have been found and the duality theory for nonconvex constrained optimization has been developed. The MBFM have up to a superlinear rate of convergence and are to the classical barrier functions (CBF's) method as the Multipliers Method for Augmented Lagrangians is to the Classical Penalty Function Method. Based on the dual theory associated with MBF, the method for the simultaneous solution of the dual pair convex programming problems with up to quadratic rates of convergence have been developed. The application of the MBF to linear (LP) and quadratic (QP) programming leads to a new type of multipliers methods which have a much better rate of convergence under lower computational complexity at each step as compared to the CBF methods. The numerical realization of the MBFM leads to the Newton Modified Barrier Method (NMBM). The excellent MBF properties allow us to discover that for any nondegenerate constrained optimization problem, there exists a “hot” start, from which the NMBM has a better rate of convergence, a better complexity bound, and is more stable than the interior point methods, which are based on the classical barrier functions.
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  • 72
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 251-265 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Linear programming ; Karmarkar's algorithm ; potential function ; standard form ; modified method ; rank-one updates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We consider partial updating in Ye's affine potential reduction algorithm for linear programming. We show that using a Goldstein—Armijo rule to safeguard a linesearch of the potential function during primal steps is sufficient to control the number of updates. We also generalize the dual step construction to apply with partial updating. The result is the first O(n 3 L) algorithm for linear programming whose steps are not constrained by the need to remain approximately centered. The fact that the algorithm has a rigorous “primal-only” initialization actually reduces the complexity to less than O(m 1.5 n 1.5 L).
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  • 73
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 233-249 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Hit and run methods ; redundancy ; linear inequalities ; coupon collector's problem
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The hit and run methods are probabilistic algorithms that can be used to detect necessary (nonredundant) constraints in systems of linear constraints. These methods construct random sequences of lines that pass through the feasible region. These lines intersect the boundary of the region at twohit-points, each identifying a necessary constraint. In order to study the statistical performance of such methods it is assumed that the probabilities of hitting particular constraints are the same for every iteration. An indication of the best case performance of these methods can be determined by minimizing, with respect to the hit probabilities, the expected value of the number of iterations required to detect all necessary constraints. We give a set of isolated strong local minimizers and prove that for two, three and four necessary constraints the set of local minimizers is the complete set of global minimizers. We conjecture that this is also the case for any number of necessary constraints. The results in this paper also apply to sampling problems (e.g., balls from an urn) and to the coupon collector's problem.
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  • 74
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 267-279 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Linear complementarity ; P-matrix ; interior point ; potential function ; linear programming ; quadratic programming
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The linear complementarity problem (LCP) can be viewed as the problem of minimizingx T y subject toy=Mx+q andx, y⩾0. We are interested in finding a point withx T y 〈ε for a givenε 〉 0. The algorithm proceeds by iteratively reducing the potential function $$f(x,y) = \rho \ln x^T y - \Sigma \ln x_j y_j ,$$ where, for example,ρ=2n. The direction of movement in the original space can be viewed as follows. First, apply alinear scaling transformation to make the coordinates of the current point all equal to 1. Take a gradient step in the transformed space using the gradient of the transformed potential function, where the step size is either predetermined by the algorithm or decided by line search to minimize the value of the potential. Finally, map the point back to the original space. A bound on the worst-case performance of the algorithm depends on the parameterλ *=λ*(M, ε), which is defined as the minimum of the smallest eigenvalue of a matrix of the form $$(I + Y^{ - 1} MX)(I + M^T Y^{ - 2} MX)^{ - 1} (I + XM^T Y^{ - 1} )$$ whereX andY vary over the nonnegative diagonal matrices such thate T XYe ⩾ε andX jj Y jj⩽n 2. IfM is a P-matrix,λ * is positive and the algorithm solves the problem in polynomial time in terms of the input size, |log ε|, and 1/λ *. It is also shown that whenM is positive semi-definite, the choice ofρ = 2n+ $$\sqrt {2n} $$ yields a polynomial-time algorithm. This covers the convex quadratic minimization problem.
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  • 75
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Linear complementarity problem ; Lemke's algorithm ; matroid intersection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We consider the problem of finding a maximum-weight complementary basis of anm × 2m matrix. The problem arises naturally, for example, when a complementary set of columns is proposed as an initial basis for a “warm start” of Lemke's algorithm, but the set of columns is rank-deficient. We show that the problem is a special case of the problem of finding a maximum-weight common base of two matroids. Furthermore, we show how to efficiently implement an algorithm for the general problem in the present context. Finally, we give computational results demonstrating the practicality of our algorithm in a typical application.
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  • 76
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 295-305 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Interior-point method ; linear programming ; Karmarkar's method ; polynomial-time algorithm ; logarithmic barrier function ; path-following method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We present a path-following algorithm for the linear programming problem with a surprisingly simple and elegant proof of its polynomial behaviour. This is done both for the problem in standard form and for its dual problem. We also discuss some implementation strategies.
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  • 77
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Adjacency ; convex game ; extreme point ; monotone path ; path length ; polymatroid ; submodular function
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper establishes bounds on the length of certain strictly monotone paths, relative to a given linear objective function, on a polymatroid or on the base of a polymatroid. Specialized bounds are given for a strict polymatroid and for a matroid polyhedron. Bounds on the diameter are included.
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  • 78
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 307-333 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Value convergence ; reachability ; solution set convergence ; tie-breaking ; stopping rule ; infinite horizon optimization ; production planning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We consider the problem of approximating an optimal solution to a separable, doubly infinite mathematical program (P) with lower staircase structure by solutions to the programs (P(N)) obtained by truncating after the firstN variables andN constraints of (P). Viewing the surplus vector variable associated with theNth constraint as a state, and assuming that all feasible states are eventually reachable from any feasible state, we show that the efficient set of all solutions optimal to all possible feasible surplus states for (P(N)) converges to the set of optimal solutions to (P). A tie-breaking algorithm which selects a nearest-point efficient solution for (P(N)) is shown (for convex programs) to converge to an optimal solution to (P). A stopping rule is provided for discovering a value ofN sufficiently large to guarantee any prespecified level of accuracy. The theory is illustrated by an application to production planning.
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    Mathematical programming 54 (1992), S. 353-367 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We consider the formulation of non-preemptive single machine scheduling problems using time-indexed variables. This approach leads to very large models, but gives better lower bounds than other mixed integer programming formulations. We derive a variety of valid inequalities, and show the role of constraint aggregation and the knapsack problem with generalised upper bound constraints as a way of generating such inequalities. A cutting plane/branch-and-bound algorithm based on these inequalities has been implemented. Computational experience on small problems with 20/30 jobs and various constraints and objective functions is presented.
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  • 80
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 81-98 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Quasiconvex function ; saddle point theorem ; duality ; Lagrangians
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we show how saddle point theorems for a quasiconvex—quasiconcave function can be derived from duality theory. A symmetric duality framework that provides the machinery for deriving saddle point theorems is presented. Generating the theorems,via the framework, provides a deeper understanding of assumptions employed in existing theorems which do not utilize duality theory.
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  • 81
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Linear programming ; interior-point method ; projective algorithm ; combining phase I–phase II
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Anstreicher has proposed a variant of Karmarkar's projective algorithm that handles standard-form linear programming problems nicely. We suggest modifications to his method that we suspect will lead to better search directions and a more useful algorithm. Much of the analysis depends on a two-constraint linear programming problem that is a relaxation of the scaled original problem.
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  • 82
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    Mathematical programming 55 (1992), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Chinese Postman problem ; integral LP duality ; integral packing ; plane integral multicommodity flows ; T-cuts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract LetG = (V, E) be a graph and letw be a weight functionw:E →Z +. Let $$T \subseteq V$$ be an even subset of the vertices ofG. AT-cut is an edge-cutset of the graph which dividesT into two odd sets. AT-join is a minimal subset of edges that meets everyT-cut (a generalization of solutions to the Chinese Postman problem). The main theorem of this paper gives a tight upper bound on the difference between the minimum weightT-join and the maximum weight integral packing ofT-cuts. This difference is called the (T-join) integral duality gap. Letτ w be the minimum weight of aT-join, and letv w be the maximum weight of an integral packing ofT-cuts. IfF is a non-empty minimum weightT-join, andn F is the number of components ofF, then we prove thatτ w —v w ≤n F −1. This result unifies and generalizes Fulkerson's result for |T|=2 and Seymour's result for |T|= 4. For a certain integral multicommodity flow problem in the plane, which was recently proved to be NP-complete, the above result gives a solution such that for every commodity the flow is less than the demand by at most one unit.
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  • 83
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 121-160 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Max-cut problem ; cone ; polytope ; facet ; lifting ; hypermetric inequality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We study facets of the cut coneC n , i.e., the cone of dimension 1/2n(n − 1) generated by the cuts of the complete graph onn vertices. Actually, the study of the facets of the cut cone is equivalent in some sense to the study of the facets of the cut polytope. We present several operations on facets and, in particular, a “lifting” procedure for constructing facets ofC n+1 from given facets of the lower dimensional coneC n . After reviewing hypermetric valid inequalities, we describe the new class of cycle inequalities and prove the facet property for several subclasses. The new class of parachute facets is developed and other known facets and valid inequalities are presented.
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  • 84
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 161-188 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Cone ; polytope ; facet ; antiweb ; cut ; hypermetric inequality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We study new classes of facets for the cut coneC n generated by the cuts of the complete graph onn vertices. This cone can also be interpreted as the cone of all semi-metrics onn points that are isometricallyl 1-embeddable and, in fact, the study of the facets of the cut polytope is in some sense equivalent to the study of the facets ofC n . These new facets belong to the class of clique-web inequalities which generalize the hypermetric and cycle inequalities as well as the bicycle odd wheel inequalities.
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  • 85
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 223-232 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Convexity ; pseudoconvexity ; affine subspace ; potential function
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Second order conditions for the (pseudo-) convexity of a function restricted to an affine subspace are obtained by extending those already known for functions on ℝ n . These results are then used to analyse the (pseudo-) convexity of potential functions of the type introduced by Karmarkar.
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 189-222 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): 65H10 ; 65K05 ; 65K10 ; Linearℓ 1 estimation ; linear programming ; interior-point algorithm ; simplex method ; least absolute value regression ; affine scaling method ; Karmarkar
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Recently, various interior point algorithms related to the Karmarkar algorithm have been developed for linear programming. In this paper, we first show how this “interior point” philosophy can be adapted to the linear ℓ1 problem (in which there are no feasibility constraints) to yield a globally and linearly convergent algorithm. We then show that the linear algorithm can be modified to provide aglobally and ultimatelyquadratically convergent algorithm. This modified algorithm appears to be significantly more efficient in practise than a more straightforward interior point approach via a linear programming formulation: we present numerical results to support this claim.
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  • 87
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 233-243 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Convex programming problems ; exact penalty functions ; ε-solutions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper, we presentε-optimality criteria for convex programming problems associated with exact penalty functions. Several authors have given various criteria under the assumption that such convex problems and the associated dual problems can be solved. We assume the solvability of neither the convex problem nor the dual problem. To derive our criteria, we estimate the size of the penalty parameter in terms of anε-solution for the dual problem.
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  • 88
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 245-284 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Combinatorial optimization ; integer programming ; Karmarkar's method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We describe a cutting plane algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. The primal projective standard-form variant of Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming is applied to the duals of a sequence of linear programming relaxations of the combinatorial optimization problem.
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  • 89
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 337-341 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): 90C25 ; 65K05 ; Lagrange dualization ; existence theorems ; numerical aspects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In this note partially separable convex programs are dualized in such a way that, under certain assumptions, unconstrained concave duals arise. A return formula is given by which the solution of the primal is directly computed if a solution of the dual is known. Further, the solvability of both the primal and the dual is shown to depend essentially on the behaviour of the lower dimensional programs for determining the Fenchel conjugates.
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  • 90
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Network flow problems ; interior point method ; negative circuit method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract For solving minimum cost flow problems, we develop a combinatorial interior point method based on a variant of the algorithm of Karmarkar, described in Gonzaga [3, 4]. Gonzaga proposes search directions generated by projecting certain directions onto the nullspace ofA. By the special combinatorial structure of networks any projection onto the nullspace ofA can be interpreted as a flow in the incremental graph ofG. In particular, to evaluate the new search direction, it is sufficient to choose a negative circuit subject to costs on the arcs depending on the current solution. That approach results in an O(mn 2 L) algorithm wherem denotes the number of vertices,n denotes the number of arcs, andL denotes the total length of the input data.
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  • 91
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Linear program ; affine-scaling ; ergodic convergence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract The affine-scaling algorithm, first proposed by Dikin, is presently enjoying great popularity as a potentially effective means of solving linear programs. An outstanding question about this algorithm concerns its convergence in the presence of degeneracy. In this paper, we give new convergence results for this algorithm that do not require any non-degeneracy assumption on the problem. In particular, we show that if the stepsize choice of either Dikin or Barnes or Vanderbei, et al. is used, then the algorithm generates iterates that converge at least linearly with a convergence ratio of $$1 - \beta /\sqrt n $$ , wheren is the number of variables andβ ∈ (0,1] is a certain stepsize ratio. For one particular stepsize choice which is an extension of that of Barnes, we show that the cost of the limit point is within O(β/(1−β)) of the optimal cost and, forβ sufficiently small (roughly, proportional to how close the cost of the nonoptimal vertices are to the optimal cost), is exactly optimal. We prove the latter result by using an unusual proof technique, that of analyzing the ergodic convergence of the corresponding dual vectors. For the special case of network flow problems with integer data, we show that it suffices to takeβ = 1/(6mC), wherem is the number of constraints andC is the sum of the cost coefficients, to attain exact optimality.
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  • 92
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 343-360 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Multiextremal optimization ; adaptive partition strategies ; necessary and sufficient convergence conditions ; examples
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract Following the presentation of a general partition algorithm scheme for seeking the globally best solution in multiextremal optimization problems, necessary and sufficient convergence conditions are formulated, in terms of respectively implied or postulated properties of the partition operator. The convergence results obtained are pertinent to a number of deterministic algorithms in global optimization, permitting their diverse modifications and generalizations.
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  • 93
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    Mathematical programming 56 (1992), S. 361-364 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Affine scaling ; semi-infinite linear programming ; free variables
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We consider an extension of the affine scaling algorithm for linear programming problems with free variables to problems having infinitely many constraints, and explore the relationship between this algorithm and the finite affine scaling method applied to a discretization of the problem.
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  • 94
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 215-238 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Inductive inference ; Boolean function synthesis ; satisfiability ; artificial intelligence ; integer programming ; interior point method ; Riemannian geometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we describe an interior point mathematical programming approach to inductive inference. We list several versions of this problem and study in detail the formulation based on hidden Boolean logic. We consider the problem of identifying a hidden Boolean functionℱ:{0, 1} n → {0, 1} using outputs obtained by applying a limited number of random inputs to the hidden function. Given this input—output sample, we give a method to synthesize a Boolean function that describes the sample. We pose the Boolean Function Synthesis Problem as a particular type of Satisfiability Problem. The Satisfiability Problem is translated into an integer programming feasibility problem, that is solved with an interior point algorithm for integer programming. A similar integer programming implementation has been used in a previous study to solve randomly generated instances of the Satisfiability Problem. In this paper we introduce a new variant of this algorithm, where the Riemannian metric used for defining the search region is dynamically modified. Computational results on 8-, 16- and 32-input, 1-output functions are presented. Our implementation successfully identified the majority of hidden functions in the experiment.
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  • 95
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 279-311 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We considerε-approximation schemes for indefinite quadratic programming. We argue that such an approximation can be found in polynomial time for fixedε andt, wheret denotes the number of negative eigenvalues of the quadratic term. Our algorithm is polynomial in 1/ε for fixedt, and exponential int for fixedε. We next look at the special case of knapsack problems, showing that a more efficient (polynomial int) approximation algorithm exists.
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  • 96
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 239-257 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Complexity of algorithms ; convergence analysis ; interior point algorithms ; Newton's methods
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We present a theoretical result on a path-following algorithm for convex programs. The algorithm employs a nonsmooth Newton subroutine. It starts from a near center of a restricted constraint set, performs a partial nonsmooth Newton step in each iteration, and converges to a point whose cost is withinε accuracy of the optimal cost in $$O(\sqrt m \left| {\ln \varepsilon } \right|)$$ iterations, wherem is the number of constraints in the problem. Unlike other interior point methods, the analyzed algorithm only requires a first-order Lipschitzian condition and a generalized Hessian similarity condition on the objective and constraint functions. Therefore, our result indicates the theoretical feasibility of applying interior point methods to certainC 1-optimization problems instead ofC 2-problems. Since the complexity bound is unchanged compared with similar algorithms forC 2-convex programming, the result shows that the smoothness of functions may not be a factor affecting the complexity of interior point methods.
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  • 97
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 337-339 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
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  • 98
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Schlagwort(e): Strict complementarity ; interior point algorithms ; linear programming ; optimal face
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract It has been shown [8] that numerous interior-point algorithms for linear programming (LP) generate solution sequences that converge to strict complementarity solutions, or interior solutions on the optimal face. In this note we further establish a theoretical base for Gay's test (Gay, 1989) to identify the optimal face, and develop a new termination procedure to obtain an exact solution on the optimal face. We also report some numerical results for solving a set of LP test problems, each of which has a highly degenerate and unbounded optimal face.
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  • 99
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    Mathematical programming 57 (1992), S. 313-324 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Mathematik
    Notizen: Abstract We discuss the average case complexity of global optimization problems. By the average complexity, we roughly mean the amount of work needed to solve the problem with the expected error not exceeding a preassigned error demand. The expectation is taken with respect to a probability measure on a classF of objective functions. Since the distribution of the maximum, max x f (x), is known only for a few nontrivial probability measures, the average case complexity of optimization is still unknown. Although only preliminary results are available, they indicate that on the average, optimization is not as hard as in the worst case setting. In particular, there are instances, where global optimization is intractable in the worst case, whereas it is tractable on the average. We stress, that the power of the average case approach is proven by exhibiting upper bounds on the average complexity, since the actual complexity is not known even for relatively simple instances of global optimization problems. Thus, we do not know how much easier global optimization becomes when the average case approach is utilized.
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  • 100
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 113 (1992), S. 33-50 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik
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