ALBERT

Description: Contrary to Europe, with only one Caltha species, North America has at least three species of this genus. These are the polymorphic C. palustris L., also widely distributed in Europe, the floating aquatic C. natans Pall, and the polymorphic C. leptosepala-biflora group. Two previous papers (Smit 1967, 1968) dealt with taxonomic aspects of C. palustris, that in North America were not essentially different from those of European material.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 16 species of Angiosperms, collected in Cameroun and the Ivory Coast, were determined. The numbers given for 14 species are new, in the remaining species the results of other authors could be confirmed.

Description: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 31 species of Angiospermae collected in S. Brazil were determined. Of these species 5 were studied before, the other numbers are new, 11 are first counts for genera and one even for a family. Some notes on the cytology and morphology are added.

Description: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.

Description: Frutex epiphyticus, ramis quadrangularibus, angulis lenticellatis. Folia ramorum fertilium petiolis 2-5 mm longis, 1.5-2 mm latis; lamina chartacea vel subcoriacea, oblanceolato-oblonga vel interdum elliptico-oblonga, 9-14 cm longa, 3-4.5 cm lata, ápice acuminata, acumen 1-2 cm longum, basi attenuata, costa subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus supra et subtus prominentibus vel prominulis, glandulis hypophyllis aliquot patelliformibus vel foveolatis, parvis, 3-5 in folii parte inferiore oblique seriatis, aliis minutis, punctiformibus, nigricantibus, aequaliter dispersis. Flores in racemis umbelliformibus (20-) 30-45-floris; rhachis ad circa 1 cm longa; nectaria clavato-cucullata, stipitata, stipes 5-8 mm longus, cucullus 1-1.5 cm longus, circa 4-5 mm diametro, ore late-rotundata, margine plerumque recurvo, apiculata; pedicelli 5-7 cm longi, lenticellati; bracteolae sepaloideae, circa 1 mm longae, 2-3 mm latae; sepala suborbicularia vel reniformia, circa 2-3 mm longa, circa 4-5 mm lata, margine glandulosa; corolla oblongo-subconoidea, circa 1 cm longa, circa 4-5 mm diametro; stamina 18-33, filamentis applanatis, liberis, inaequalibus, in alabastro 4-6 mm longis, antheris linearibus, 3-5 mm longis, circa 1 mm latis, basi subsagittatis; ovarium circa 2-3 mm diametro, 6-11-loculare. Fructus globosus, circa 9 mm diametro, stylo persistenti ornatus. Typus : Costa Rica, vicinity of Vara Blanca, North slope of Central Cordillera, between Poás and Barba Volcanoes, alt. 1700 m, April 1938, Skutch 3762 (holotype US; isotypes GH, MO, NY, S). Paratypes; Costa Rica: Heredia: Cerro de las Caricias, North of San Isidro. Standley & Valerio 52202, 52248,52375 (US); Panama:Chiriquí: Boquetedistrict, Bajo Chorro, Davidson 398 (GH, US).

Description: Joseph Gaertner (1732-1791) was the first to develop a carpological taxonomy in his book De fructibus et seminibus plantarum (1788-1791). The scope and background of this work are discussed; its history is sketched on the basis of the Banks correspondence at the British Museum; the main sources of material are listed. A brief outline of Gaertner’s life is given, also mainly based on letters from him and his contemporaries to Joseph Banks.

Description: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Description: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Description: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Description: Roxburgh, W., Plants of Coromandel, etc. Add (to Fl.Mal. I, 4, 1954, p. CLXXI): cf. D. Wood, Not. R.Bot.Gard.Edinb. 29 (1969) 211-212.

Description: Dr. B.O. van Zanten, Groningen, will soon finish the revision of Malesian species of Racopilum and Powellia (Racopilaceae). Mr. J.H. Hilbrands has in 1968/69 worked on the species of the genus Papillaria of Malesia and adjacent countries (at Groningen, under supervision of Dr. van Zanten).

Description: In 1969 Indonesian botany suffered a severe loss by the untimely death of Dr. B. Prijanto, at the end of April. He was the head of the Forest Exploration Division, Forest Research Institute, Bogor. He belonged to that still very small, but admirable circle of young able Indonesian botanists built up in the early sixties, largely through the efforts of Dr. Kostermans. Dr. Prijanto studied palynology for one year at Stockholm, after which he proceeded to Edinburgh where he received a thorough training under Dr. Burtt, working largely on the systematics of Scrophulariaceae, in connection with problems in Gesneriaceae. He was a very nice and energetic man, full of plans for the future exploration of Indonesian forests. Our sympathy goes to his young wife, whom he had married only a few months before. He was a victim of an unfortunate car accident in SW. Celebes. The accident occurred when he was hunting for Eucalyptus with two Australian foresters, who both met an untimely death as well, one of them being Mr. E. Larsen, of Canberra. Another thing that lamed botanical activity at Bogor was the serious trouble which Dr. Kostermans ran into with the police by whom he was detained. We hope that he will soon be cleared and that this will be a mere incident which will not affect his energy nor his enthusiasm for Indonesian botany. Unfortunately, through this mishap, he was unable to lead the Seminars on botany in August, neither could he accompany the British Museum Botanical Expedition to Central Celebes led by Dr. Jermy. These tasks were taken over by Dr. Rifai. Dr. Kostermans was also unable to attend the opening of the partly finished new Herbarium building in October, towards the planning of which he had contributed so much.

Description: Ashton, P.S.: A Manual of the Dipterocarp Trees of Brunei State and of Sarawak. Supplement. Borneo Literature Bureau, Rock Road, Kuching, Sarawak (Printed by Cathay Press, Hong Kong). 1968. viii + 129 pp., 15 fig., 20 pl. (photogr.), large 8°, clothbound. M$ 18.00 + postage M$ 1.30; bank charges of M$ 1.75 are required on foreign cheques. This ’Supplement’ records all Dipterocarpaceae from Sarawak, to the huge number of 247, 12 of which are yet undescribed by being insufficiently known. In the large Brunei Manual, published by the Oxford University Press (1964), 153 of these species had already been fully described; besides in that book very full evidence was given in many other aspects. This information is not repeated here. The Supplement provides keys (one botanical and one field key in all cases) to genera and all 247 species quoting all Sarawak collections, and providing for a full botanical description of all species not recorded in the Brunei book. It is therefore to be used together with the latter. A great asset as a precursor to the Malesian dipterocarps. The work is excellently printed on good paper.—v.St.

Description: Brizicky, G.K. (1901-1968) Research Botanist, Harvard Herbarium, died of a heart attack, June 15, 1968.

Description: In volume 53 of the Arquivos do Museu Nacional (pp. 1-54, 15 fig., 6 tables) there is an interesting ecological account on the vegetation of the famous Itatiaia Range by Mr. F. Segadas-Vianna and Leda Dau (co-author on climatology). The advantage of these two papers (vegetation and climate) is that they provide pertinent data and a fair description.

Description: During an ecological study of fungi of the tidal mudflats in Kuwait, a Sporothrix species has been recorded twice, in 1977 and 1980. It differs from other species of the genus (de Hoog, 1974, 1978) in several characters and is here described as a new species. A comparison with similar species of the genus is added.

Description: Among the collections of Knema acquired by the Rijksherbarium since the publication of my new account of the genus Knema, in Blumea 25, 1979: 321 — 478, a few specimens caused problems with the identification, and at closer examination these yielded facts of interest which are published here. Some specimens represented stages not yet known, for instance fruits, or male flowers, while other specimens meant a significant range extension of the species. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. For easy reference, the sequence and numbers of the species presently treated correspond with the numbers as used in the account of 1979. The new species bear the number of the species after which they appear in the general key of 1979, with the addition ‘-bis’.

Description: The early development (ontogeny) of the carpels of 20 species belonging to 8 apocarpous families was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that on the floral apex a circular or a convex meristem develops into an obliquely ascidiate primordium by unequal growth of its periphery. By further unequal growth it develops into a young carpel. The terminal mouth of a cup becomes the lateral cleft of a carpel. The different forms of the young carpels in different species are defined by the varying degree of development of the adaxial region of the initial meristem and/or its margin on the side of the floral apex. This hypothesis is theoretically evaluated.

Description: 1. A simple technique for acetolysis of small quantities of polliniferous (herbarium) material is described and notes on pollen photomicrography are presented. 2. Pollen grains of Sarawakodendron and six related genera, consisting of twenty-nine mostly Malesian species, have been examined and recorded. 3. The result of pollen study on Kokoona and Lophopetalum agrees with the generic delimitation based on gross morphology. 4. At least four pollen types have been found in the genus Lophopetalum on examination of all the species involved. 5. The pollen of Sarawakodendron shows a great resemblance to that of the related genera Xylonymus and Kokoona. 6. The pollen of Hedraianthera and Brassiantha resembles that of Sarawakodendron, Kokoona, and Xylonymus in aperture configuration, but differs in sculpture and shows in this respect similarity to the pollen of the African Salacighia. 7. In Kokoona coarseness of reticulate sculpture appears correlated with anther characters. This genus can also be easily distinguished from Lophopetalum by its single pollen grains. 8. Parallels are found between the pollen types in Lophopetalum and those in Hippocratea (sens. str.).

Description: The stomata as occurring on the fronds of the sporophytes of a large number of Polypodiaceae s.s. (Filicales) are investigated. A number of different stomatal types is recognised, (newly) described, and their ontogeny investigated. The different types of stomata are discussed in relation to their possible significance for tracing phylogenetic relationships in the Polypodiaceae following a cladistic analysis.

Description: A world-revision of Arthraxon Beauv. ( Gramineae) is presented. Three wide-spread species, A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, A. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst., and A. lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. are very variable and have caused the description of a great number of taxa, most of which are here reduced to synonomy. There are now 7 species and 9 varieties; for 6 of the latter new combinations are proposed. No new taxa are described.

Description: Two widely distributed beach plants, but hitherto unknown from New Guinea, have been found on this small uninhabited island, situated on the southcoast of Kiriwina Subdistrict, 8˚30’ S, 151°05’ E, by Mr A. Gillison, Oct. 1966. Triumfetta procumbens Forst. f. (Tiliaceae) has the huge distribution from the Seychelles in the western Indian to the Tuamotus in the Central Pacific Ocean, but is extremely rare in Malesia, where it has only been collected in the North Moluccas (Sulu and two islets south of Mindanao, further in the Admiralty Is, New Britain, the Solomons, and the Louisiades). Cf. Pacific Plant Areas I (1963) t. II. This is now found in Nubiam Island (NGF 25289).

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Icacinaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’ in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. Being connected closely with the Icacinaceae of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and with Australia and the Pacific on the other side, and in part even with those of Africa inch Madagascar, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too, without, however, to perform a complete revision of all Icacinaceae in these parts of the world. This was the less necessary, as R. A. Howard (1940—42) already has revised part of the genera concerned. The elaboration of the family in several local treatments has much contributed to our knowledge of the family for Africa. Of the genera formerly included in Asiatic-Malesian Icacinaceae Leucocorema Ridl. has been transferred to Trichadenia Thwait., Matpania Gagnep. to Bouea Meisn., and Petitastira Ridl. to Dichapetalum Thou.

Description: Of 75 regions, some continental and others insular, the diversity as expressed in the number of Phanerogam genera is compared. As could be expected it is found that richness in both continental and insular regions is positively correlated with size and with proximity to source areas. In comparable continental and insular regions the former are always richer; increase in the number of genera with increasing size is stronger in the former. There are various factors disturbing the relations between size/diversity and isolation/diversity. The role of these factors, such as climate, age, topography and the like are discussed. It is shown that isolated islands are not always poor (New Caledonia, Fiji, Lord Howe I., Rapa, etc.). On the other hand the poverty of islands (e.g. New Zealand) need not be primarily due to the distance from a source area but may be caused by impoverishment of an originally rich flora. Once isolated, an island flora is much more subject to losses than a continental area where the losses in general may be readily replenished. It would be wrong therefore to conclude on the basis of poverty that an island has always been as much isolated as it is at present. Not only are isolated islands in general poorer in genera, there are also less genera per family than in a comparable continental area. This is shown to be caused by a preponderance of families represented by a single genus in the former.

Description: Being engaged during several years with a revision of the grasses preserved in the Rijks-Herbarium at the University of Leyden, my attention was called to the group of the Stipeae, and especially to the very difficult genus of Aristida. After an exhaustive study of the literature, I thought it desirable to have a monograph of this genus, containing extensive keys for the determination of all the species hitherto known, and I resolved to prepare such a work. It has been my good fortune that I had at my disposal not only the valuable collections of the Rijks-Herbarium, but that by the courtesy of the directors of the great herbaria in Europe and in America, I could study many thousands of specimens, among them authentic specimens and types. So several years elapsed before the revision was finished. Before I am going to publish my work, it seemed desirable to prepare a preliminary paper on the subject, dealing with the literature studied and the results of the critical examination of the types, moreover the new species found in herbaria are included in this paper. To find easily the original description and the type specimen, I give in alphabetical order all the species and varieties hitherto described, no matter if they are accepted in my monograph as valid or not.

Description: Our Pinus halepensis is described by DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU in „Traité des arbres et arbustes etc.” 1755 p. 126 as follows: Pinus Hierosolymitana praelongis et tenuissimis viridibus foliis PLUK.: Pin de Jerusalem, dont les feuilles sont très vertes, longues et menues. This circumscription is a phrase without a trivial name. LINNAEUS himself also indicated the species in that period principally by a phrase; a trivial name („nomen triviale”) was added in 1753 for convenience; but LINNAEUS warns emphatically against forgetting the art-name (that is the phrase, „differentia specifica” or „nomen spicificum” of LINNAEUS) ¹). This art-name (phrase) was arranged methodically by him and bad to be such, that there was to be found in it exactly what was wanted to distinguish one species from the remaining known species; 12 words were the highest number allowed ²).

Description: Owing to their limited possibilities for either active or passive dispersal, their association with the soil habitat, their vulnerability towards a dry atmosphere, and, in fact, on account of their general ecology and ethology, Diplopoda among arthropods are surely one of the most important classes in relation to the study of historical biogeography. For the class as a whole the sea appears to be an unsuperable barrier as is proved by the almost complete absence of endemic taxa on oceanic islands. In many cases lowland plains also act as severe obstacles against the dispersal of millipedes. The presence or absence of diplopods on islands or continents, therefore, may give a strong argument in favour or against any supposed former land connection. The long geographical isolation of the Australian continent and the absence of endemic higher taxa seems to imply that most, if not all, of its diplopod fauna dates from the time this continent was solidly attached to other southern continents, i.e. the Mesozoic. Subsequent penetration of fauna elements from the north or northwest seems utterly unlikely, although perhaps not entirely impossible.

Description: Compared with the other vertebrate groups the Amphibia of the island of Trinidad are relatively poorly known. There have been four surveys of the group, one in the last century and the others in the earlier part of the present. The earliest is that of MOLE & URICH (1894) in which twelve species are listed and a brief account given of the breeding habits of one species, and another species listed later in the same source. Approximately thirty years later Roux (1926) examined a collection made by KUGLER and reported fourteen species. A year later LUTZ (1927) visited the island and made a collection listing fourteen species giving brief notes on their distribution. Apart from these references, which are essentially nothing more than lists of species, there has been only one comprehensive study of the group, that of PARKER (1933) which was based on collections made by URICH and VESEY-FITZGERALD, in which twentythree species are listed and in which a key to identification is presented. A year later PARKER (1934) reviewed a minor taxonomic problem and described a new species of Gastrotheca from the island. There are, of course, scattered references to Trinidad amphibia in the literature falling generally into two groups, those dealing with limited collections or particular aspects of life histories of individual species and those in which particular groups of species are being reviewed. In the former category are the papers of BEEBE (1952), DITMARS (1941), GANS (1956), KENNY (1956 and 1966) and in the latter those of DUELLMAN (1956), DUNN (1949), FUNKHOUSER (1957), GALLARDO (1961 and 1965), PARKER (1937) and RIVERO (1961). There is no doubt that there is need for a general study and review of the Amphibia of the island. Since PARKER’S study was published, the names of nine of the twenty-three species have been altered in one way or another, some even at the generic level, while two hitherto unrecorded species have been found. Apart from this, however, there has been surprisingly little recorded on general life histories of the Trinidad species or of mainland representatives of these species. Admittedly some species are comparatively well known but these are mostly forms with peculiar life histories or habits, for example Pipa pipa, Pseudis paradoxus and possibly Bufo marinus, which would attract the attention of herpetologists. Nevertheless, the bulk of the species remain nothing more than names in taxonomic reviews. While the adult forms may be fairly well known taxonomically, most of the tadpoles are still unknown. A search of the literature, both of Trinidad forms as well as mainland forms has revealed descriptions only of three forms.

Description: The Carboniferous sediments of the thrust structures between the Porma and Bernesga rivers (map 2) and the headwaters of a tribuary of the Luna River (map 3) are described. In the lithostratigraphic chapter, the Vegamián, Alba, Escapa and San Emiliano formations are described, ranging in age from the Tournaisian to the lowermost Westfalian. The Alba and Escapa formations are subdivided into three and two members, respectively. An attempt has been made to reconstruct the palaeoecological conditions during sedimentation. The palaeoecological interpretation is based mainly on the productoids and chonetoids, but other palaeontological and lithological evidence has also been used. Many faunal assemblages have been found, which are comparable to those described by Moore (1964) from Pennsylvanian and Permian deposits in Kansas (U.S.A.). A short sedimentary history is given in chapter IV. A systematic study has been made of the Carboniferous representatives of two suborders of the phylum Brachiopoda: the Productidina and the Chonetidina. 22 Genera of the Productacea are described. They are represented by 51 species and subspecies, three of which are new. The new species are Levipustula breimeri, Karavankina rakuszi and K. wagneri. Twelve species and subspecies of seven different genera are described from the family Chonetidae. The investigation of these brachiopods resulted in a reappraisal of the Spanish Carboniferous productoids and chonetoids, combined with the description of a number of elements previously unknown in Spain. The genus Karavankina is described in some detail since only a short introductory note (Ramovs, 1966) has been published previously. A pedicle sheath is described for the first time for the genus Chonetipustula. The groove in the internal moulds of small pedicle valves of that genus are shown to be due to a groove anterior to the pedicle sheath, and not to a median septum as supposed by previous authors. A comparison of the faunas with those of other areas leads to some interesting conclusions. The fauna of the Vegamián Formation is closely comparable with German faunas of a slightly younger, distinctly Viséan age. The fauna appears to be dependent on the type of sediment deposited, viz. black shales, and not so much on the stratigraphic age. Van Ginkel (1965b) has dated the top of the Escapa Formation on the basis of fusulinids as Lower Bashkirian. The productoid assemblage of these deposits is unique and consists mainly of forms found in the Visean of north-western Europe, together with a few genera and species known from Moscovian and even younger strata elsewhere. The upper Bashkirian and the lowermost Moscovian faunas in Spain become more cosmopolitan, the Viséan and Namurian elements being replaced by new ones. In Moscovian strata, it is found that the fauna shows close relationships with the faunas described from Russia and China as well as with those found in the Westfalian marine bands of north-western Europe. The Carboniferous faunas in nord-west Spain apparently belong to the Europe Tian-Shan faunal province, because the productoid fauna as well as the fusulinid fauna agree with those described for this province (Einor et al., 1965). It seems that Karavankina should be added as another characteristic genus for this faunal province. It occurs from the Cantabrian Mountains to China. The Kasimovian productoids belong to the Moscovian genera, but differ at a specific level.

Description: In der obersenonen Mastrichter Tuffkreide finden sich kleine Zähne, die durch ihre glatten Kauflächen und die Furchen an den Seiten des oberen Teiles an Kauplatten von Myliobatis erinneren, einen Rochentypus, der ein an durophage Lebensweise angepasstes Gebiss hat. Niemals findet man aber die für diese Familie so typische langgestreckte Form der Zahnplatten; die Zahnoberfläche hat immer rhombische Form. Dames hat eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diesen Zähnen gegeben, die er für Reste eines Cestracion-artigen Namen Rhombodus Binkhorsti Haies hielt, dem er den gab. Ich möchte hier nur noch einige kurze Bemerkungen hinzufügen. Die Abbildungen (fig. 1) zeigen den typischen rhombenförmigen Umriss der Kaufläche (d). Die durch eine in der Richtung der kurzen Diagonale verlaufende, tiefe Rinne in zwei Hälften geteilte Wurzel hat ebenfalls die Gestalt eines Rhombus (fig. 1, b, e). An der Grenze von Krone und Wurzel findet sich an der einen Seite eine Rinne, an der anderen Seite eine vorspringende Leiste (fig. 1 c). Zusammen mit den verticalen Furchen, mit denen die Seiten versehen sind, hat diese Leiste zur Verbindung der Zähne untereinander zu einem Mahlpflaster gedient. Neben dieser regelmässigen Form, die besonders den grösseren Zähnen eigen ist, fanden sich aber Exemplare, die eine Abweichung zeigen, indem nämlich entweder zwei Seiten eines spitzen Winkels des Rhomboïds länger sind wie die beiden anderen, oder das Rhomboïd unsymmetrisch zusammengepresst ist. Es scheint mir, dass dies nicht eine zufällige Variation ist, sondern dass wir gerade durch diese Eigentümlichkeit etwas mehr über die ganze Zusammenstellung des Gebisses erfahren können. Wie ich unten noch näher auseinandersetzen werden, muss man nämlich Rhombodus zu den durophagen Stachelrochen stellen. Bei diesen findet man sehr oft gerade die grössten Zähne in der Mitte des Kiefers. Wenn man nun die Zahl der Zahnreihen, wie es gewöhnlich bei den grosszähnigen Rochen der Fall ist Rhombodus-Unterkiefers zu 7 bis 9 annimmt, so könnte man das Gebiss eines auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, wie es fig. 3 A zeigt, (wobei die verschiedenen obengenannten Formen vorkommen). Es wäre wohl ein grosser Zufall wenn man noch einige Zähne im ursprünglichen Verband finden würde. Wenn einmal die knorpeligen Kiefer aufgelöst sind, bieten die Seitenfurchen nicht genug Festigkeit und fallen die einzelnen Zähne auseinander.

Description: Microtextures of calcite in recent caliche are similar to those of authigenic calcite in Upper Carboniferous, Permian and Lower Triassic continental sandstones and mudstones in the South-Central Pyrenees, Spain. Except for one profile in the Permian, no complete caliche profiles containing calcrete occur in the ancient deposits. It is suggested that the fossil authigenic calcite crystallized in early stages of diagenesis under climatic conditions favourable to the development of caliche.

Description: During a voyage to the West Indies undertaken in 1963-1964 Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK collected many specimens of marine organisms from Piscadera Baai, Curaçao, as a basis for the compilation of a preliminary list of the local fauna and flora. This paper deals with the styelid ascidians which dr. HUMMELINCK entrusted to me and whose study has formed the subject of a student’s nine-month practical course in taxonomy. Only three species, amongst the material collected from Piscadera Bay, seemed to be well enough characterized for them not to need revision. They are Styela partita (Stimpson), 1852, Polyandrocarpa (Eusynstyela) tincta (Van Name), 1902, and Symplegma viride Herdman, 1886. It has, therefore, been necessary to compare my material with earlier collections.

Description: In two previous publications (bibl. 1 and 2) I have brought the formation of calderas into relation with the gas phase, observed by Perret during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906 (bibl. 3). In these papers I arrived at the conclusion that during the gas phase a cylinder is cored out, and that this may be the cause of caldera formation. In the first paper the subject was treated geometrically, while in the second calculations were made of a particular case (the Krakatoa eruption of 1883) to see if they would bear out this theory. This caldera-formation, however, is not a typical case, as there must previously have been an older Krakatoa-caldera, and in Aug. 1883 it was not a large portion of the volcanic cone that disappeared, but only an island which projected little above sealevel; the northern part of the ancient island Rakata, with the volcanoes Perboewatan and Danan. How a caldera might be formed from a cored-out cylinder I have tried to explain in two different ways. In the case of the Tengger-caldera I assumed, in analogy with what happened in Vesuvius after 1906 (bibl. 3 and 4) that the uppermost part of the cylinder was transformed into a funnel-shape by crumbling away of the walls, and that rising lava, as in Vesuvius 1913—1926, formed a flat bottom which continually reached higher levels. This explanation does not apply to the caldera of Krakatoa, as after the great eruption of Aug. 26th to 28th 1883 no further signs of eruption were observed, until in Dec. 1927 a new phase began in this famous volcano. In the case of Krakatoa in 1883, therefore, I thought it justifiable to apply the phenomena, known to occur in coal mining, of recent subsidences which are caused by the working of coal seams lower down.

Description: The genus Kozlowskiellina Boucot, 1957, which comprises about nine species, has a stratigraphic range from Wenlock (Middle Silurian) up to the Upper Emsian (Lower Devonian). In this paper, several characters are described: the micro-ornamentation, the internal characters of the pedicle valve, and the interior of the brachial valve. With respect to these three characters, there is a great diversity within the genus, especially in the pedicle valve, some of the species having dental plates and others lacking these structures. In addition to the description of the micro-ornamentation, a functional interpretation of some features of this ornamentation is given. Because of the diversity, it seems impossible to describe the genus with one chosen type species. Therefore, a historic interpretation is given that represents the essence of the genus. A genus is a group of species which are historically closely related; a description of a genus is the description of the morphological history of that genus. Consequently, an attempt has been made in this paper to define the historic relationship between the different species within the historic group of the genus Kozlowskiellina.

Description: The present relative inaccessibility of Cuba to citizens of the United States has been particularly disappointing since very much still remains for the herpetologist to do in that country. In particular, the province of Oriente is very inadequately known; we know just enough to be aware how much remains uncertain or uninvestigated. The collections at present available point to a truly extraordinary complexity without providing the materials to delineate or understand it. The fauna of the very small area directly available to Americans – the Guantánamo Naval Base – in itself demonstrates some of the surprises and problems but offers a mere taste of the richness in both regards of the province as a whole. The Base has deserved closer attention than it has received. Many species have been described from it (or the vaguer locality “Guantanamo”).

Description: Von Herrn G. I. H. Molengraaff erhielt das Leidener Museum eine Reihe interessanter Korallen aus den Rudistenkalken von Curaçao, und Herr Ch. Weaver, in Seattle, überliess mir die von ihm auf seinen Reisen in den argentinischen Kordilleren gesammelten Korallen zur Bearbeitung. Ferner befand sich in der Sammlung K. Martin des hiesigen Museums noch ein Kalkstück von Curaçao mit einer Koralle, das zwar von Martin bereits erwähnt, aber noch nicht näher untersucht worden war. Schliesslich nehme ich die Gelegenheit wahr, um einige mir vor längerer Zeit von den Herren Steinmann und Windhausen übergebene Stücke zu beschreiben, so wie die Beschreibung einer von mir selbst in der argentinischen Kordillere gesammelten Koralle hier noch nachzuholen. Den oben genannten Herren sei auch an dieser Stelle noch vielmals gedankt für die Freundlichkeit mir das Material zur Untersuchung anzuvertrauen.

Description: DUNN (1926) first proposed that the multiplicity of Cuban species of Eleutherodactylus be separated into four groups. One of these, the auriculatus group, was characterized by him as having a granular belly, short (= patch-like) vomerine series, well developed digital discs, and an external vocal sac in the males. Such a diagnosis has proved increasingly valuable in arranging Cuban Eleutherodactylus, and has resulted (SCHWARTZ, 1965a) in a dendrogram showing the proposed relationships of the members of this assemblage in Cuba. As knowledge of the habits and calls of West Indian frogs has increased, it has become evident that the auriculatus group is widespread throughout both the Greater and Lesser Antilles; in addition to the structural features noted by DUNN, certain characteristics of habitat, habits, and voice show that there is a striking uniformity in these patterns as well. The purpose of the present paper is to summarize the current knowledge of the auriculatus group members in the West Indies. Much of my work in Cuba was under the sponsorship of two National Science Foundation grants (G-3865 and G-6252), and for this financial assistance I am very grateful. Some of the details of calls and calling sites have been reported by my associates in the field: I wish to express my sincere gratitude for their assistance to Miss PATRICIA A. HEINLEIN and Messrs. RONALD F. KLINIKOWSKI, DAVID C. LEBER, and RICHARD THOMAS. Of the 37 species under discussion, I have heard calling and handled all but three in the field; such intimate association is invaluable with these frogs.

Description: Recent investigations of the distribution of trace elements in metamorphic index minerals of metapelites have revealed, that the plurifacial character of the Hercynian metamorphism in this area is confirmed by the distribution of Yttrium in Hercynian garnets of the metamorphic series.

Description: The Alpine-type ultramafic mass of Étang de Lers in the French Pyrenees (the type locality of lherzolite) is transected by a number of hornblendite veins. These veins cut through the lherzolite-pyroxenite layering and obviously are the youngest ultramafic rocks present. Geological field evidence and petrofabric analysis indicate that the whole mass, including the hornblendite veins, was emplaced among Mesozoic sediments as a solid block in Upper Albian or Lower Cenomanian time, immediately before the main phase of Alpine orogenic movements. The rocks of the ultramafic mass are metamorphic tectonites affected by two Alpine sets of fracture cleavages. They do not show, however, any effects of the Alpine low-grade regional metamorphism that affected the country rocks. A detailed study of this ultramafic mass is given in the Ph. D. thesis by Avé Lallemant (1967). K-Ar age measurements were made on the hornblende from a hornblendite vein. The sample was collected at an altitude of 1365 m, about 175 m E. of the northern shore of l’Estagnon (the small pond S. W. of the Etang de Lers). Hornblende makes up about 75 % of the vein rock. Subordinate constituents are brownish augite and opaque ore minerals. The hornblende has a somewhat patchy appearance, with pleochroism from Z = dark yellowish brown (locally with slightly greenish tinge) to Y = brown to chesnut-brown and X = colourless, nz = 1.702 ± 0.002, nx \u2248 1.672, Z/c = 6° and 2VX = 80°. Part of the hornblende crystals are slightly bent.

Description: The formation of thick piles of flysch-like sediments needs the existence of narrowed seas, active denouement of neighbouring continents, and generalized marginal subsidence. These conditions are present during the initial and final stages of Wilson’s perceptive cycle. In this context, the Late Precambrian flysch of the Iberian Massif must be related to the initial rifting, whilst the Culm of southwestern Iberia was accumulated during an episode of Upper Palaeozoic subduction that remained active after the impingement of Iberia against North America. Culm sediments shed from the uplifted collision zone and fed into a remnant ocean that remained at the nonsutured southern border of Iberia. This model of synorogenic flysch formation has been described elsewhere for similar plate arrangements. On other grounds this model provides a framework that explains the different structural and magmatic trends of the Ossa-Morena Zone (near the active margin) in the context of the rest of the Massif (basement reactivation). In addition to this, it seems to support a partly primary origin for the Iberian arc versus a secondary origin.

Description: The influence of the wind laden with sand in modelling pebbles is believed by some authors to be only that of polishing the surface, by others of rounding off bits of stone that already possessed edges and corners, or again by others of wearing any fragment either rounded or angular into definite forms with ridges and facets, dependent on the shape of the basis (Alb. Heim). Experiments, fully confirming the last opinion, are described in this paper: no rounding off took place, while the models were slowly revolved in the sandblast, and vertical planes took on a backward slanting position, cutting eachother along sharp edges. Where sand corrosion is great, as in the desert, the windworn pebbles owe their shape to the laws formulated by Heim; many of the fossil windworn pebbles of Northern Europe have undergone but slight alteration from their original shape and size by the natural sandblast, others seem to have been entirely remodelled by the wind along the lines indicated above.

Description: Da die Originale der von Göppert aus dem Tertiär von Java beschriebenen Arten Piperites Hasskarlianus und Junghuhnites javanicus nicht mehr vorhanden sind, die vorliegenden Beschreibungen für eine Bestimmung aber nicht ausreichen, so sind sie aus der fossilen Flora Javas zu streichen. Das gilt auch von Miquelites elegans, dessen schlechte Erhaltung eine sichere Bestimmung unmöglich macht. Bredaea moroides dagegen ist ebenso wie Naucleoxylon spectabile Crié sowie ein bisher unbeschriebenes Kieselholz von Java eine Dipterocarpacee. Die Stücke werden beschrieben als Dipterocarpoxylon moroides, D. spectabile und D. Göpperti n. sp. Die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese wie andere fossile Dipterocarpoxyla bestimmten rezenten Dipterocarpaceengattungen zuzuweisen, soll später erörtert werden. Frankfurt a/M. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität.

Description: Only one eruption of the island Una-Una (Gulf of Tomini, Northern Celebes), in 1898, has been recorded in historical time; it was described in 1902 by Wichmann (l. c.) after data gathered from different witnesses. No lava flowed out, it was an ash-eruption. During that eruption large mud streams, called lahars, descended along the slope of the volcano and some broad flat-bottomed valleys were eroded (Pl. 44, fig. 4) which are known so very well from some Javanese volcanoes, especially from Mount Kelut. With the latter Una-Una shows many points of resemblance, in shape, structure and in type of the latest eruption. Along one of the large typical lahar valleys we climbed the volcanoe starting near Kololio. Fig. 6 and 7 show the higher parts of our road, typical v-shaped valleys, a product of ordinary water erosion. When seeing such lahar valleys one may presume that the volcano must contain or at least must have contained either a huge crater lake or a filling of loose, sandy, brecciated material strongly impregnated with water. Up to this moment all lava’s, pumice, tuffs and ashes, collected in the island Una-Una are andesitic. The andesite and the andesitic tuffs often show inclusions of carbonated peridotite. It is not impossible that also sediments occur on the island — though on our single trip we did not find them — thus in general structure Una-Una shows some resemblance to the other Togian islands, where, however, the volcanism is now extinct. The crater of the volcano has a diameter of about two kilometers. The textfigure 2 shows a schematic section, a being the western craterrim; b the bottom, consisting of mud, ashes and brecciated volcanic materia] (h) deposited in the crater after the eruption of 1898, thus giving origin to the flat bottom of the caldera-shaped crater. In the central part of the crater is an elevation, c of the same material but strongly metamorphosed by the activity of many solfatara’s which break through it. The author thinks that the elevation and the solfatara’s both owe their origin to a lava plug (g) which after the eruption of 1898 and after the filling up of the crater has penetrated through the crater-pipe and tilted the central part of the crater-bottom, itself not reaching the surface, however, as shown in figure 2 (see also Pl. 44, fig. 5 and Pl. 46, fig. 8). Pl. 46, fig. 9 shows the same phenomenon, a detritus plug in the crater lake of the Kelut volcano, Java. Fig. 2, d is a small crater lake; e is a detritus cone; h is a schematic section through the strato-volcano. In 1901 Professor Molengraaff visited Una-Una and made a fine photograph of the crater, which he kindly gave me for publication (Pl. 46, fig. 8). The activity of solfatara’s was somewhat stronger at the time of his visit; within short intervals a little cloud of smoke escaped from Una-Una, as shown in his sketch (fig. 3). Corals are growing on the submarine slopes in separate colonies. However, no true massive coral reef has been developed, owing to the young erosion stage of this volcanic island; still too large quantities of boulders and smaller detritus material are deposited along the submarine slopes and prevent a more luxurious reef growth.

Description: In Westphalian strata of the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Palencia, Spain, the sphinctozoan sponges Amblysiphonella and Cystauletes are quite common; Sollasia is much rarer. This is the first occurrence of Cystauletes in Europe. The great variability of Amblysiphonella barroisi and Cystauletes mammilosus is demonstrated with abundant material. One new species Cystauletes maior is described. All three genera are associated with Dasycladaceae, which indicates a very shallow water environment.

Description: The Lancara Formation is a unit of carbonate sediments of Lower to Middle Cambrian age in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain. The formation is divisible into a Dolomite Member, a Limestone Member and a Griotte Member. The Dolomite Member and the Limestone Member consist mainly of very shallow marine carbonate sediments, devoid of any fossils. Algal structures like stromatolites and oncolites are the only traces of Cambrian life found in them. It is likely that the Dolomite Member represents a sebkha-facies since it is mainly composed of finely to medium crystalline dolomites with intraformational breccias and ‘birdseye’ structures. The limestones are predominantly intrasparudites with stromatolites and oncolites. Locally the limestones have been subaerially exposed in Cambrian times. The Limestone Member is overlain by the Griotte Member. Locally the contact is disconformable. The Griotte Member is composed of red, argillaceous, nodular limestones and shales. These are very fossiliferous and contain glauconite-like pellets (muscovite-1M). The red color of the sediment is due to dispersed hematite. The nodular structure can have been caused by pressure solution, burrowing or brecciation. The formation as a whole represents a transgressive marine sequence. It starts with sebkha-like deposits and changes upward via algal limestones (algal reef?) into open marine biosparudites and biomicrudites and shales. The subaerial exposure and disconformable contact might indicate a local uplift and local regression of the sea prior to the deposition of the Griotte Member. A brief survey on trace elements (Cu, Co, Ni, Sr) was carried out with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In the ‘sebkha’ dolomites Cu values showed peaks where the dolomites contain argillaceous matter. Co and Ni were predominantly concentrated in the algal limestones and the Griotte Member. Sr values were high in the algal limestones and in a shale bed underlying the stromatolite bed. The dolomites had generally a low Sr. content. The amount of Sr in the Griotte Member was also lower than in the algal limestones.

Description: 1. From 54 female fin whales chosen at random from a greater number of animals from which data and material were collected during the Antarctic whaling season 1962/1963, records have been made of the baleen plates and the ear plugs. For the records the complete baleen plates including the part of the plates embedded in the gum are used. All ear plugs used for this study were complete and undamaged. 2. According to their ovaries and baleen records 50 animals were sexually mature, 4 animals were sexually immature. 3. In each individual the record of the complete baleen plate is entirely comparable to the record of the ear plug, in its general trend and in the sequence of peaks and hollows. Also the regular cyclic repetition found in the records of the baleen plates is present in the records of the ear plugs. The comparison of the records of baleen plates with those of ear plugs is only possible when it starts with the last formed part, forming the basis of the core of the plug and the first part of the cortex of the baleen plate deep in the gum, because these represent both the same moment in the life of the animal which is exactly known, viz. the moment in which the growth stopped due to the death of the animal. Table III “Growth periods” in the ear plug, per period the mean length number of animals i ii m rv V VI vn VIII IX 4 69 2 53 56 8 62 68 72 8 70 67 73 71 10 63 64 63 61 59 5 59 57 60 63 58 57 6 54 57 61 56 58 58 59 5 69 72 68 67 67 65 65 62 1 66 58 51 62 59 54 49 64 48 total mean 63 64 66 64 60 60 61 63 48 4. In the records of baleen plates and ear plugs of a number of immature animals the “double hump” or a part of it was found at the right hand side of both. In some of the animals an “ovulation peak” was present at the same time at the beginning (left hand end) in the record of the baleen plate and ear plug; in both in the same position with respect to the surrounding peaks and hollows. This is also true for the records of ear plugs and baleen plates of older females. 5. The records of the ear plugs can be divided into “growth periods” according to what is done in the records of the baleen plates. In each individual the division between the “growth periods” in the record of the ear plug are in the same position with respect to the sequence of the surrounding peaks and hollows as is found in the record of the complete baleen plate. In both records the cyclic repetition of peaks and hollows in the successive “growth periods” is clear. 6. In 21% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the record of the ear plug is equal to the number present in the record of the baleen plate. In 17% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the record of the baleen plate was lower (1 to 3 “growth periods”) than was found in the record of the ear plug. In 62% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the baleen plate was greater (1 to 6 periods) than was found in the ear plug. 7. Evidence was put foreward that the increase in length of the ear plug is obstructed after the animal has reached a certain age. This moment is not the same for all animals but is probably related to the various “constitution types” present in the catch. It is shown that in the distal end of the ear plug the length of the “growth periods” suddenly decreases, so only a certain maximum number of “growth periods” can be found. In the baleen plate the same situation exists due to wear at the tip of the plate. For these reasons the exact age of a fin whale can only be determined as long as wear at the tip of the baleen plate and compression of the distal layers of the ear plug does not occur. 8. From the evidence put foreward it is clear that age determination in fin whales by simply counting the layers present in the core of the ear plug is far too subjective and does not give reliable results. In our opinion best results for age determination in fin whales are obtained by counting the corpora present in the ovaries of females. When this number is divided by the mean ovulation rate (1.25, see Van Utrecht-Cock, 1966) and by adding 6 years (mean number of years before attainment of sexual maturity) the age of the animals calculated in this way is reasonably accurate.

Description: Larvae of the crabs Menippe mercenaria Say (Menippidae), Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards, Neopanope sayi Smith (Xanthidae), Sesarma cinereum Bosc (Grapsidae), and Libinia emerginata Leach (Majidae) were reared in the laboratory. Starvation periods different in length and timing within the first zoeal stage were studied as to their effects on later development and survival rate. After 1-3 days of initial feeding, most larvae had accumulated enough reserves to reach the second stage, independently of further food availability. The development of the survivors was delayed in the following stages, and their later mortality rate was higher than the fed controls. Starvation periods commencing directly after hatching of the larvae exert far stronger negative effects than those beginning later. All observations suggest a particularly sensitive phase in the beginning of larval life in brachyurans. When initial starvation periods exceed the point-of-no-return (PNR), the larvae will die later, even if feeding begins long before the energy reserves are depleted. Temporary lack of suitable prey may be an ecological factor controlling the survival of crab larvae as effectively as physical factors.

Description: Resistance to starvation in early larval stages of six species of brachyuran crabs representing four families was observed at various constant temperatures. In the optimal temperature range of 25-30°C for these warm temperate crab larvae, survival time of starved zoeae was longer than the development duration time in fed zoeae, while at lower temperatures the relationship of these two duration periods became inversed. This response pattern is found in larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and is considered to be typical for warm temperature brachyuran larvae. It indicates that reserved utilization is strongly controlled by temperature, but not to the same degree as development.

Description: Early diagenetic ultrastructural alterations of benthic foraminifers of the genera Elphidium and Ophtalmina from the shallow water sediments of the Kiel Bight were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Pure solution patterns were deduced from supplementary experiments.Several carbonate destroying processes can be specified by ultrastructural patterns of the shell surfaces. Based on these patterns three zones are established, each showing different mechanisms of shell fragmentation: 1) zone of abrasion, 2) zone of disintegration, 3) zone of corrosion. This zonation depends on the water depth and is caused primarily by water agitation and by undersaturation of the bottom water with respect to carbonate.

Description: The influence of starvation on larval development of the spider crab H. araneus (L.) was studied in laboratory experiments. No larval stage suffering from continual lack of food had sufficient energy reserves to reach the next instar. Maximal survival times were observed at four different constant temperatures (2°, 6°, 12° and 18°C). In general, starvation resistance decreased as temperatures increased: from 72 to 12 days in the zoea-1, from 48 to 18 days in the zoea-2, and from 48 to 15 days in the megalopa stage. The conclusion, based on own observations and on literature data, is that initial feeding is of paramount importance in the early development of planktotrophic decapod larvae. Taking into account hormonal and other developmental processes during the first moult cycle, a general hypothesis is proposed to explain the key role of first food uptake as well as the response pattern of the zoea-1 stage to differential starvation periods.

Description: The vegetation was studied of a number of savannas in northern and southern Surinam, and in French Guiana. The results are compared in particular with the vegetation classification proposed earlier for northern Surinam, and with some records from the northern Rupununi Savanna, Guyana (Van Donselaar 1965). The savannas studied near Brownsweg (northern Surinam) have vegetation types that correspond completely with those of some other savannas of the same geological-pedological type more to the North, as described before. New is the finding of a type of scrub bordering the savanna, being the scrub equivalent of a type of bushes described earlier as the Marlierea type. On the top and the slopes of the Blauwe Berg near Berg en Dal (northern Surinam) an anthropogenic savanna has developed. Two new vegetation types are recorded here that belong to the alliance Rhynchosporo-Trachypogonion. At the foot of the hill a flat savanna supports a vegetation that gives the impression of being of recent origin and unbalanced. It appears possible to apply the existing classification to the communities found on savannas near Cayenne (French Guiana). In this area the conspicuous Byrsonima verbascifolia (var. villosa fo. spathulata) occurs in several undescribed vegetation types that belong to various entities. A xerophilous and a hygrophilous community of Byrsonima verbascifolia are distinguished, belonging to the Rhynchosporo-Trachypogonion and the Bulbostylidion lanatae, respectively. On the Sipaliwini Savanna in southern Surinam most vegetation types do not fit into one of the existing alliances. However, if new alliances would be described, it should be possible to include them into the existing orders. There probably is an alliance, called here “communities of Trachypogon plumosus and Bulbostylis spadicea”, that might be regarded as the southern counterpart of the Rhynchosporo-Trachypogonion in the order Trachypogonetalia plumosi, and a supposed alliance with much Rhynchospora graminea and R. globosa might have the same position with regard to the Imperato-Mesosetion in the order Paspaletalia pulchelli. Among the communities that might be included in the alliance Axonopodion chrysitidis there is one occurring on sandy soil without a hog-wallow structure at the surface. Floristically it has connections with the Paspaletalia pulchelli but it also has many characteristic species of its own. Whether this community has to be placed in a distinct alliance will have to depend on the results of further investigations in this area. Anyhow, more data are needed for the drafting of a complete picture of the rich and interesting Sipaliwini Savanna. On a savanna south-west of the airstrip “Sipaliwini” (southern Surinam) the vegetation consists mainly of communities belonging to the Bulbostylidion lanatae. Summarizing the above-mentioned results, one may say that a number of communities not studied before are added to the picture of the savanna vegetation of the Guianas. It proved possible to integrate these communities without much difficulty in the classification presented earlier that so far has functioned as a practical framework.

Description: Data on structure and chemistry of oil bodies are being provided for twenty species of leafy Hepaticae, most of them belonging to Lejeuneaceae. Oil bodies are described as new for Symbiezidium, which stands out among Lejeuneaceae by its large, Bazzania-type oil bodies. The observed occurence of segmented as well as homogeneous oil bodies in Archilejeunea and Dicranolejeunea constitutes a further break-down of what was generally considered a stable generic character in Lejeuneaceae. Detected chemical compounds include a large number of unidentified terpenoids. Sesquiterpene lactones, traditionally considered important chemical markers for Frullaniaceae, were newly detected in Lepicolea (Lepicoleaceae), Clasmatocolea (Lophocoleaceae) and Omphalanthus (Lejeuneaceae). Of particular chemotaxonomic interest is the discovery of large quantities of pinguisane-type sesquiterpenes in Brachiolejeunea subg. Plicolejeunea, Trocholejeunea and Acrolejeunea, corroborating the close morphological relationship among these three groups, as well as the occurence of two morphologically and chemically distinct races in Gongylanthus granatensis. Obeserved intraspecific chemical variation in Marchesinia brachiata is considered dubious and possibly related to the different states of preservation of the material. Further taxonomic notes include new synonymy in Dicranolejeunea (D. cipaconea (Gott.) Steph. = D. circinnata (Spruce) Steph. syn. Nov.) as well as a key to the five Andean species of Omphalanthus Nees. The morphological circumscription of Omphalanthus is expanded by the inclusion of Brachiolejeunea paramicola Herz. (= O. paramicola (Herz.) Gradst. comb. nov.), characterised by the pluriplicate perianth.

Description: Descriptions and photographs of oil-bodies of Lopholejeunea subfusca, Marchesinia brachiata, Archilejeunea parviflora, Taxilejeunea asthenica, Echinocolea asperrima, Mastigolejeunea auriculata, Cheilolejeunea clausa and Stictolejeunea squamata are given. From the latter species sporophyte characters are reported for the first time.

Description: A pollen diagram from a lake in the former bed of the eastern arm of Lake Agassiz in northern Minnesota records a vegetation of spruce forest followed by immigration successively of Pinus banksiana and (or) P. resinosa at 10 000 B.P., then Abies and Pteridium, and still later Alnus. Between 8000 and 7000 B.P. prairie and (or) Quercus savanna prevailed on the uplands, followed by deciduous forests of mainly Quercus, Ostrya virginiana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and possibly Populus sp. Slightly later, Pinus strobus migrated into the area, resulting in a gradual decline of pollen of deciduous forest types. Betula pollen, however, rises, and there is an indication of a return to prairie conditions prior to 3000 B.P. During the 8000-7000 B.P. dry interval the lowland vegetation consisted of fens of Typha latifolia, Dryopteris thelypteris, and Cyperaceae. Later paludification and lateral expansion of the peatland gave rise to rather rich swamps of Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Alnus rugosa, and Thuja occidentalis. There are some conspicuous peaks of Myrica in the pollen diagram. The time after 3000 B.P. is characterized by much Pinus strobus pollen and minima of deciduous trees and herbs. In the lowlands, formation of raised bogs and poor swamps and fens began, indicating a shift in climate towards wetter conditions. The arrival of white man in the area is reflected by the rise of Ambrosia. The shifts in overall peatland types are clearly accompanied by changes in the species composition of Pediastrum in Myrtle Lake, indicating corresponding changes in the lake waters.

Description: In his preliminary revision of the genus Ceratopteris Benedict (1909) distinguished four species: C. thalictraides (L.) Brongn., C. pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron., C. deltoidea Benedict, and C. lockhartii (Hook. & Grev.) Kunze. Two more names were said to deserve further investigation: C. cornuta (Palisot) LePrieur and C. gaudichaudii Brongn. Since then the first four have not been in dispute, C. cornuta has become generally recognized, and C. gaudichaudii has remained doubtful (Fosberg, 1958). Most of the species of Ceratopteris are widely distributed. Ceratopteris thalictroides occurs in tropical Asia, Australia, and America (Benedict, 1909; Morton, 1967). Ceratopteris pteridoides is known from tropical America, subtropical South America, and continental tropical and subtropical eastern Asia (De Vol, 1957). Ceratopteris deltoidea is now known only from Florida, Central America, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Guyana, and Surinam. It has probably disappeared from Louisiana (Benedict, 1909; De Vol, 1956). Ceratopteris lockhartii is known from Trinidad, Guyana, and French Guiana (Benedict, 1909), C. cornuta from tropical and subtropical Africa, and C. gaudichaudii from Guam.

Description: A general description of the structure of the wood of the Rubiaceae is given, based on examination of samples from most subfamilies. The results of the author’s investigation are compared with the data in the literature. The features of vessels, rays, and parenchyma agree well with those reported by other investigators. When the fibres are divided into libriform fibres and fibre tracheids in the sense of Janssonius, the correlation between the distribution of these organs and recent taxonomic subdivisions of the family is better than when all fibres with bordered pits are regarded as fibre tracheids.

Description: Frutex scandens. Folia petiolis 4-8 mm longis; lamina coriacea, obovatooblonga vel oblonga vel interdum lanceolata, valde asymmetrica, 7-14 cm longa, 2.5-5 cm lata, apice subacuta vel leviter acuminata vel obtusa, basi cuneala vel acuta, costa supra plana vel prominula, subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus supra et subtus plerumque prominentibus; glandulae hypophyllae minutae, saepe vix manifestae, secus marginem seriatim dispositae vel dispersae. Flores in racemis multifloris (ad 50 vel ultra); rhachis 10-15 cm longa, ochracea, furfuraceo-puberula; pedicelli 1-2 cm longi, ca 1 mm in diametro, subtiliter ochraceo-puberuli; nectaria calcariformia, auriculata, parva, ad ca 1 cm longa, calcari clavato, 5-7 mm longo, 1-2 mm in diametro, auriculis calcari paulo brevioribus, 3-4 mm longis; bracteolae perlate triangulares, 1-1.5 mm longae, 1.5-2 mm latae; sepala transverse subelliptica vel suborbicularia, ca 1.5 mm longa, 2-2.5 mm lata; petala oblonga, 4-6 mm longa, 2-3 mm lata, ad basim circa per 1 mm connata, per anthesim reflexa; stamina 5, filamentis applanatis, 3-3.5 mm longis, ad basim ca 1 mm latis, apicem versus angustatis, basibus petalorum insertis, antheris ca 1.5 mm longis; ovarium quinquangulare, 5-loculare, stigmate sessili, crasso, radiato-lobato. typus: Colombia: Chocó: Banks of Quebrada Togoromá, dense tidal forest, June 13, 1944, Killip & Cuatrecasas 39146 (holotype US; isotypes F, MO). Paratypes: Colombia: Valle: Río Calima (región del Chocó); margen derecha, lomas frente a Quebrada de la Brea, Cuatrecasas 21090 (F); Nariño; Western Cordillera, above Diviso (Njambí), Vogel 64 (U).

Description: In this second paper on the biosystematics of the Dutch halophilous Spergularia species, the results are reported of a study of the morphological variation of S. marina by means of population samples from all parts of the Dutch area. This study was supplemented by the rearing of plants from seed samples in the experimental garden. The seeds of S. marina are usually unwinged, but some plants also produce a few broadly winged seeds and in one population plants occur whose proximal capsules contain mainly broadly winged seeds. The differences between the populations persist in cultivation and are chiefly attributable to genetic differences. Winged seeds are upon the average larger and heavier than unwinged ones and also produce larger seedlings than the latter. The relative lengths of fruiting calyx and capsule do not provide a reliable diagnostic character in respect of S. media. The number of stamens per flower varies from 0 to 10 and there are great individual differences in numbers, but in certain plants the average number is always high and in other ones always low. These differences are partly caused by heriditary factors. The growth habit and some other vegetative characters vary too widely to be of appreciable taxonomic significance.

Description: No more tragic a sentence on the future of Philippine forests has ever been uttered than that of the Vice-President. ”To plant five million hectares is no mean joke,” he said. ”This area, equivalent to 17 percent of the total land area of the Philippines, make up our denuded lands.” How this came about is the saddest aspect of the failure of the past administrations to enforce the laws and to preserve the richest resources of the country. The kaingineros and the ruthless adventurers in the logging industry rode and are still riding (on the basis of licenses secured through influence) roughshod over the stringent laws which protect our forests.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson made a botanical expedition to Bt. Tibang, the topographical centre of Borneo in mid-1969. He wrote that it was ”most successful”. Taking into consideration the usual reticence of British explorers, to which Dr. Anderson makes no exception, this exuberant expression points to an exceptional boon in the unravelling of Bornean botany. Mrs. Gemma Cruz Araneta has been appointed Director of the National Museum, Manila, vice Prof. Galo B. Ocampo. She was at one time the Chief Guide and Information Writer of the same office. The holder of a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Foreign Service, she has travelled extensively all over the world, observing museums particularly in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia. She has been the recipient of several awards given by the Philippine Government for public service, and from private organizations for journalism. Incidentally, she won the beauty title of ”Miss International” for 1964 in Long Beach, California.

Description: Dr. Peter S. Ashton of Harvard in June 1980 for three frantic weeks (re)named all Dipterocarpaceae in the BO-Herbarium and, thanks to great help from the staff, succeeded. Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. can hardly be called a junior when on 11 September 1981 he will reach the age of 70. Although kidney failure necessitates dialysis twice a week, he can be regularly seen (as far as smoke permits) at the Rijksherbarium, with great kindness and enthusiasm applying his great memory to pre-identification work.

Description: In 1968 we lost the last of the group of old-time botanists of the Treub period of the Botanic Gardens at Bogor, with the passing away of Prof. Dr. A. Ernst, of Zürich, Sept. 17th, 1968, in the age of 94. Apart from deafness he fortunately remained well until the last. We visited him Aug. 24, 1968, together with Prof. Dr. Markgraf, and it was remarkable to see how vividly he remembered details from his stays in Java. Born in Winterthur, 1875, he stayed most of his life in Zürich where he became an extra-ordinary professor of general botany in 1905, ordinary professor in 1909. He initiated his appointment with his first tour to Java, 1905/06, through a grant of the Swiss Buitenzorg Fund, where he travelled widely, also outside the island. In the company of Campbell, Backer, and Pulle he went also to Krakatau. His restless industry led him to write several reports on this subject in 1907, and later in 1934. Another subject in which this man of wide learning became deeply absorbed was the anatomy and embryology of saprophytes, on which subject he published a series of papers, together with his compatriot Dr. Ch. Bernard. In 1918 he published a great work ”Bastardierung als Ursache der Apogamie im Pflanzenreich”, a hypothesis of experimental and phylogenetic genetics. Since 1922 he was interested in the genetics of Primula on which he experimented and published lavishly. In 1930/31 he made another large study exploration in the East, on which he was accompanied by his second wife, Martha Ernst-Schwarzenbach, a former pupil of his. I vividly remember their pride in having found, at Pasar Ikan, in the Bay of Djakarta, proof of the sexual propagation in Caulerpa. Flower biology and its genetics had his life-long interest; on these subjects he published lavishly in the Archiv of the Julius Klaus Stiftung. Several theses were prepared by his pupils on material collected by him during his two tours. He left us an extra-ordinarily large oeuvre, as the works on the East are only part of the whole work he accomplished. In honour of his 70th birthday a large ”Festgabe” was published in the Archiv Julius Klaus Stiftung, 1945, 568 pp. Mrs. Ernst was specialized in the study of waterplants, their morphology, pollination, etc. She was also a lecturer in the University of Zürich. She was of course much younger than her husband and very vigorous. In his later years she drove him on long tours through Europe and about seven years ago they visited us en route. She must have been a great help to him, also in pursuing his genetical experiments. It was a great blow to him that she died quite suddenly in August 1967. A second old-timer, as devoted as Prof. Ernst to the East, has passed away. Mrs. Mary Strong Clemens died at Chermside Garden Settlement, a home for the aged in the suburbs of Brisbane, on April 13th, 1968, aged 94 or 95. Mrs. Clemens was a remarkable woman, small of stature, but extremely tough, tireless, and fantastically active, simple-minded but extremely kind, devoted to plants and especially to collecting in the wilds; she had a remarkable memory and form-knowledge of plants, but was without ambition to do herself botanical research. Both she and her husband were very religious and this formed an essential part of their life: they lived as Christians, always trusting in God and seeing the good in man. Each meal was preceded by a simple religious song. Though shy by nature she was extremely persevering to convert people and at some time she had a mania to convert me from humanism towards her true religion. Her interesting botanical letters always included clippings from the Scripture. Her most amiable husband, risen from an emigrated miner from Cornwall to the status of Chaplain of the American Army, when pensioned, lived with her in the most simple way. Botany, once her hobby, stimulated by the late Dr. Merrill in the Philippines already as early as 1905, served for them to accumulate money for missionary purpose. Thus he shared her hazards in the forest where she, notwithstanding all the odds of the primitive way of camping and camp gear, of food and clothing, managed to collect an immense number of plants. They employed a few native collectors and thus it came that sometimes errors on habit occur on the labels, as a native collector telling her the plant was an ’akar’, it could be an epiphyte or a climber. Also the zeal to make as many duplicates as possible meant sometimes scrappy material and halved twigs, the making of the sets being mostly done by Clemens, the ticketing by herself. But the bulk of huge material in our herbaria, forming a true scientific memorial of their joint activity, is a worthy testimony of their activity. Clemens himself had little botanical knowledge and interest but he acted as her manager, buying even her clothes and stockings, not always of the proper size. But all these outward things were entirely irrelevant in the distinctly harmonious life of this devoted couple, which in all respects commanded admiration by all of us. I knew them well because they stayed at Bogor for many months in 1932 where I assisted her in the arrangement and pre-identification of their Kinabalu collection made in 1931. He was then 70 and she 60, both still strong and quite insensitive to climate or what else, supported by their faith. To save carrier money she stayed fearless camping and collecting on Kinabalu summit for a fortnight alone, trusting God to look after her, as she told me. During their later collecting work in New Guinea they paid the toll for the primitive way of forest life they led in order to keep expenses low, as he died in 1936, we heard, of food poisoning. I remember their luggage as they came from Kinabalu, with an old guni sack, containing a large piece of bacon green with fungi and some old battered tins of canned food, which they said should by all means be preserved for their next stay on Kinabalu. Her strong faith must have been a great help to overcome the grief of his death. Death meant little to the Clemenses, as according to their philosophy ”there is a natural body and a spiritual body, and I will be clothed by a new body.” Her own, tired, outworn body was turned over to the medical authorities, I heard from Dr. Degener, as she thought it might be of some use to them. She went on collecting for the dual purpose of pursuing her useful scientific collecting hobby and earning money as far as she could for missionary purposes now standing alone for this job. Most unfortunately her immense and extremely valuable Saruwaged collection and herself were caught by the war and though she was, I believe to have heard, exchanged with Japanese prisoners, her collections remained in New Guinea and are in all probability practically lost. During my stay in Japan I have seen in Tokyo a few bundles of duplicates at the University and in the National Museum, obviously shipped during the war. But these could be only a fragment of the certainly immense store she had made of probably about 10.000 collections! They were still in their original packing and had the familiar smell of smoke, because she used during field work to store dried material in racks above the smoke of fires in order to keep them dry and free of insects. After the war she lived in Brisbane and notwithstanding her age went on collecting in Queensland; she had for some time a small niche adjoint to the already so much cramped Brisbane Herbarium. By this concise life sketch and personal impression I want to bring a tribute to both of the Clemenses, ranging foremost among the great collectors in Malesia, a couple quite apart, to be admired and remembered.

Description: In the Flore générale de l’Indochine, 217 families have been described, 1794 genera, c. 9000 species. There is an amount of endemism, on the basis of which attempts have been made towards an inner subdivision of the region. The problem is, that the endemism is of uncertain status. A few percentages in specific endemism are compared: in Capparis, Gagnepain 1939 has 70%, Jacobs 1961 has 24%, in Dillenia, Gagnepain 1938 has 53%, Hoogland 1952 has 12%, in Knema, Lecomte 1914 has 40%, Sinclair 1961 has 0%, in Rhododendron, Dop 1930 has 59%, Sleumer 1958 has 38%, in Anacardiaceae, Lecomte 1908 has 41%, Tardieu-Blot 1962 has 37%, in Connaraceae, Gagnepain 1951 has 76%, Vidal 1962 has 11%, in Sapotceae, Lecomte 1930 has 83%, Aubréville 1963 has 66%. Similar considerations hold for generic endemism. Five percent seems to he endemic, but several genera have heen wrongly placed: Hadongia (Bignon.) = Citharexylum (Verben.); Tardiella (Canell.) = Casearia (Flac.); Saxifragites (Euph.) = Distylium (Hamam.); Capusia (Ochnac.) = Siphonodon (Hippocrat.); Ailanthopsis (Simar.) and Picroderma (Simar.) = Trichilia (Meliac.); Tetramyxis (Simar.) = Allospondias (Anac.); Kerrdora (Thymel.) = Cryptocarya (Laur.).

Description: Dr. B.C. Stone, the present Head of the Botany Unit, is continuing his investigations on Pandanaceae, which form the major research work; and on Rutaceae and Araliaceae, two other families which are his favorites. The genus Freycinetia is the nearest to completion; it is expected to have about 180-200 species when completed monographically. Pandanus is being studied partly at the micromorphological level, and studies of leaf anatomy and cytology and embryology are and have been carried out, with much of this work in the hands of research students. The results of explorations in Mauritius, Madagascar, and East Africa are being readied for publication, including several large papers on the rich pandan-region of Madagascar. This work has been done with the considerable aid of Mr. J.-L. Guillaumet of ’ORSTOM’ in Tananarive, who is continuing to collect material and has found much of interest. Regional treatments of Freycinetia in Borneo, of the same genus in Malaya, of Pandanus in Malaya and of this species in Borneo, are nearly ready for publication or are already in press. A review of Java Pandanaceae is being prepared. A review of Sumatran Pandanaceae is next contemplated. In Rutaceae, the long-awaited monograph of the Hawaiian genus Pelea has finally appeared (Phanerog. Monogr. Tom. III, J. Cramer Verlag, 1969). Also the treatment of Rutaceae for the new Tree Flora of Malaya (ed. T.C. Whitmore) is in preparation. Work in Araliaceae is presently quiescent except a report on some chromosome studies of Polyscias which is to appear in the J. Jap. Bot. in 1969. The MS for the ’Flora of Guam’ is now with the printers and should be out within 2 years of this writing (Sept. 1969). It will appear in the journal ’Micronesica’ (which Dr. Stone founded and continues to co-edit). The then College of Guam has now become the University of Guam (Agana).

Description: Bailey, Irving Widmer (1884-1967) R.H. Wetmore, Phytomorphology 18 (1968) 294-298, phot. Dennstedt, A.W. H. Manitz, August Wilhelm Dennstedt’s Schlüssel zum Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. Taxon 17 (1968) 496-501, 2 tab.). — Rather extensive survey; validly published names are listed, as well as the nomina.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae – b) Fungi & Lichenes – c) Bryophytes – d) Pteridophytes – e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson was on long leave during 1968 and worked in the Edinburgh Herbarium. He is engaged in writing a Manual of the Peat Swamp Forests of Sarawak. This will be primarily for departmental use though it will include descriptions of all arboreal species. In future he intends to write a monograph on the ecology of the peat swamps for Borneo. He retired as Conservator of Forest at Kuching, but will return to assume the post of Head of Research of the Forestry Service, in connection with a five-year plan. Mr. Gilbert Bocquet has been appointed as Konservator der Botanischen Sammlungen, E.T.H., Zürich.

Description: For the most part the species or specific names discussed belong to the genus Polyporus sensu stricto; a few of them belong to Albatrellus S. F. Gray and Coltricia S. F. Gray. It appears not only that the taxonomy of many species is far from settled but also that quite a number of protologues have never been scrutinized with care. Here an attempt is made to emend the names of a number of species. Further studies are needed before some of these species can be definitively delimitated and their nomenclature determined. Polyporus agariceus (König) ex Berk. sensu Bourd. & G. is called P. anisoporus Mont.; P. picipes Fr., P. badius (Pers.) ex S. F. Gray; P. lentus Berk, and allied forms are referred to P. floccipes Rostk., &c. A recapitulation at the end of the paper briefly reviews many of the conclusions.

Description: Ascobolus amethystinus Phill. and Peziza phillipsii Cooke are studied. The two are considered to be synonyms. The new combination Jafneadelphus amethystinus (Phill.) Brumm. is proposed. Saccobolus succineus Brumm. is described as a new species from Thailand.

Description: Two species of Astrosporina and two species of Inocybe from the southern slopes of the Himalayas are described and illustrated. Astrosporina shoreae and I. claviger are described as new. The new combination A. calospora is proposed.

Description: Lepisanthes in the broad sense accepted in the present revision comprises several genera and even two tribes as they were defined by Radlkofer in his Monograph of the family (Pfl. R. Heft 98). An argumentation for this new delimitation has been given in the first part of Chapter II. By analysing the phylogeny of a few characters, an effort has been made to make the mutual relationships within Lepisanthes more clear and to give a synthesis of it (Chapter II, parts 2 and 3). The taxonomie part proper is preceded by three chapters on resp. L. tetraphylla (Chapter III), L. fruticosa (Chapter IV), and L. senegalensis (Chapter V), the three most complex species. Though the treatment is somewhat different, all three chapters are intended to give a picture of the variable complex as a whole as well as an analysis of its elements and an argumentation in defence of the acceptance of such wide limits. The present revision of Lepisanthes is primarily intended as a precursor to the future treatment in the Flora Malesiana. For that reason the species are not all uniformly treated in the Taxonomic part (Chapter VI). The synonymy and typification are complete for all taxa; the genus and the infrageneric taxa are described in full, and the keys to the species are complete. Complete literature and descriptions are given for those species which are exclusively or mainly non-Malesian; in the case of new Malesian species only the Latin diagnosis based upon the type specimen has been given. Under all species or infraspecific taxa all specimens studied are cited except (1) when the number of collections was very large and many of these had already been cited by Radlkofer, either under the same name or under one or more synonyms, and (2) for those regions of which more than 5 collections were seen; in the latter case the number of collections studied has been mentioned. No index has been given to all collections seen; they will be included in a future issue of the Identification Lists of Malaysian Specimens on all Sapindaceae.

Description: The treatment of the genus Adenia in the forthcoming ‘Herbaceous Flora of Upland Kenya’ necessitates the publication of two new taxa, a species and a subspecies, and of three new combinations of subspecific rank.

Description: The wood anatomy of 47 genera of the neotropical Melastomataceae is described in detail. The wood anatomy of the neotropical part of this pantropical family supports the subdivision into two groups: the subfamily Memecyloideae (the genus Mouriri) and the subfamily Melastomatoideae (all other genera). A relationship of Mouriri with other representatives of the family is not supported by the wood anatomical characters, because of differences in fibre type, vessel distribution, and the fibre length/vessel member length ratio, and the presence of included phloem in Mouriri. The subfamily Melastomatoideae is a fairly homogeneous group. Although some characters are very pronounced in some tribes and scarce or absent in other tribes, most tribes show a wide overlap in their wood anatomical features. An important means to distinguish to a certain extent between tribes is the size and shape of the intervascular pits combined with the size and shape of the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits. Three groups can be recognized: type 1. all pits round to slightly oval; type 2. intervascular pits round to oval, and the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits more elongated, oblong to scalariform; type 3. all pits round to oblong and scalariform. Other diagnostic characters are the parenchyma distribution, and the distribution of the fibre pits. The tribe Blakeeae can be separated from the other tribes due to the presence of druses and 2-4-seriate rays. The relationship between wood anatomical characters and habit and habitat, as well as possible phylogenetic trends in the family and classification of the neotropical tribes are discussed.

Description: Haines (1924), Fischer (1928), Mooney (1950), Panigrahi et al (1964), and other workers’ from their studies on the vegetation and flora of Orissa recorded 25 genera and 54 species belonging to the family Orchidaceae. Exhaustive collections made by me since 1968 have yielded a wealth of varieties of forms of orchids, which I have identified with 100 taxa (excluding certain novelties) belonging to 31 genera. I describe here one new species and a variety of the genus Habenaria Willd. Both the taxa resemble in general Habenaria foliosa A. Rich., but differ from it by a number of diagnostic characters.

Description: Typhonium trilobatum, T. flagelliforme, T. roxburghii, and T. blumei are taxonomically distinct, but their epithets (including that of T. divaricatum, nom. illegit.) frequently have been interchanged, primarily because of nomenclatural problems involving synonymy and (mis)typifications. It is concluded that the last monographer (Engler, 1920) used the correct names for the four species, except for what he called T. divaricatum, here called T. blumei.

Description: Beside Saraca celebica from Celebes, presently a second species from East Malesia is described. As based on the revison by Zuyderhoudt (Blumea 15, 1967: 413 – 425), with 8 accepted species, there are now 9 species of Saraca, ranging from India and Indo-China into Malesia east to the Lesser Sunda I. (Flores) and the Moluccas (Halmaheira). The new species, Saraca monadelpha, was initially recognized through a specimen from Halmaheira which was difficult to determine as a Saracca because of its deviating partly fused stamens and its origin beyond the known area of the genus. Of S. celebica the pods were not known until recently collected in Central Celebes The fruits of S. monadelpha are still unknown.

Description: This is a complete revision of this Central and S. American genus, well-known for its cultivated species. The main body consists of a taxonomic revision (text in German, descriptions in Latin); 39 species are keyed out, only one is new, there are I new combination and several new varieties, the latter mostly based on former species; a number of former species have been recognized as hybrids. Localities are very accurately given, often latitude and longitude are added. General chapters include ecology, pollination, palynology (by Dr. Punt), phytochemistry (by Dr. Hegnauer & Dr. Kubitzki), and chromosomes. At the end natural hybrids and those found in gardens are listed, concluded by a listed evaluation of taxa and cultivars found in cultivation. The author concludes that the genus is very homogeneous, also in pollen and chromosomes. This appears also from easy hybridization in which at least 10 species are involved, in culture sometimes even species which are in nature geographically isolated. And hybrids have at least in certain cases proved to be fertile. Even triple hybrids have been found. Because of the very large amount of material studied the species populations and their ranges have become rather clear and hybridization occurs where populations come into contact. From this the author deduces his opinion about the hybrid status of certain specimens. In one biotope only one species occurs and the species are hence replacing either geographically or ecologically. This is obviously comparable to the situation in the genus Geum.

Description: Habitat frequens in collinis arenosis siccissimis Distr. Mossamedes, ex Giraûl usque ad Cabo negro, inprimis locis sabulosis oceano proximis, v. gr. ad „Praia da Amelia”, denso agmine crescens, per totum fere annum florens et fructificans (Junio, Julio et Septb. 1859 legi). Exsic. Welw. Iter Angol. no. 2000. Rhizoma abbreviatum, mox in fibras descendentes solutum; flbrae perplures, elongatae, cylindraceae, simplices, pennae corvinae crassiores, villo albido, velutino, viscido undique obtectae et subsucculentae. Caespites pro soli et expositionis ratione nunc angusti et depressi, pauciculmes, nunc ampliores et altiores, culmos 8—10 et plures emittentes. Folia radicalia dense congesta, in macrioribus arcuatoascendentia, 1—2 pollicaria, in robustioribus erectiuscula, 3—5 pollices longa, angustissima, arcte plicata sive convoluta, subulatim acuminata, rigidula, cinereoglaucescentia, sub lente sulcato-striata et subtiliter scabrido-puberula, successive evoluta atque longe perennantia. Culmi simplices, a basi ascendenter erecti, inferne nodosi, nunc 1—1 ½-pedales, gracillimi et debiles, nunc (in solo humidiusculo vel minus sterili) 2—3-pedales, pennae corvinae fere crassitudine et firmiores, parce foliosi; nodi 2—4, constricti, glabri, fusco-purpurascentes, 1—3 pollices inter se distantes; folia culmi radicalibus quoad figuram et indumentum similia, sed longe vaginata; vaginae glaucescentes, tenuiter puberulae, ad oram pilis albidis fasciculatis prompte deciduis barbulatae, medio parum tumentes, inferiores nodos denudantes, suprema longissima, lamina abbreviata, culmum non raro ad paniculae basim usque vestiens. Panicula erecta, nunc vix 4-pollicaris, laxior et rariflora, sed plerumque elongata, 6—12-pollicaris, densior et multiflora, rachi compresso-angulata glabra, ramis 2—5 fasciculatis levigatis, erecto-patulis, parce ramulosis. Spiculae graciles, absque arista 3—4 lin. longae, pedicellis gracillimis, ipsis aequilongis vel longioribus, apice incrassatis suffultae. Glumae fere aequales, concavae, carinatae, constanter acutae, basi semper, rarius omnino violaceae, dorso undique vel solum juxta carinam hirsutae (nunc penitus glabratae), basi prominenter trinerves. Palea inferior coriacea, glaberrima, trinervis; aristae seta intermedia 1—1 1/3 poll longa, a medio ad apicem pilis hyalinis, tenuissimis, eleganter plumosa, laterales ea dimidio saltern breviores, nudae, divergentes, tenuissime capillares; palea superior abbreviata, obtusa, membranacea; squamulac integrae, acutiusculae, in diversis ejusdem paniculae flosculis diversae magnitudinis, quondam parum evolutae. Ovarium oblongo-ovoideum, stipitatum, glabrum, stigmatibus intense flavis, pilis simplicibus hyalinis plumosis, muco copioso involutis. Caryopsis cylindracea, vertice obtuso stylorum rudimentis biapiculata, basin versus obconico-attenuata, longitudine linearn parum excedens, glaberrima, longitudinaliter unisulcata.

Description: In this report narcotisation, fixation and preservation experiments with marine zooplankton are described. Narcotisation turns out to be useless for mixed plankton samples. M.S. 222 works well as narcotisation medium for organisms to be photographed. Fixation with 4% formalin proved to be a necessary treatment. Afterwards the best preservation method is to use a propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol solution in distilled water or a 2% formalin solution in filtered seawater. Further study is necessary of the use of sea-water as a solution medium, of the pH changes, the osmotic value of the solutions, the longterm use and the subsequent processability of the organisms for histological purposes.