ALBERT

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Sperenberger Salzgewasser sind, soweit sie höheren Salzgehalt haben (Krummer See 1,45%, Schneidegraben 1,45% bis etwa 1%), molluskenlos, soweit sie niedrigeren Salzgehalt besitzen (Mellensee und Nottekanal 0,3–0,4%), enthalten sie eine artenarme Molluskenfauna, von der einzelne Arten Merkmale einer Verkümmerung zeigen. Echte Brackwasserarten fehlen. 2. Die Brackwasserfauna der Sperenberger und der übrigen zum Vergleich herangezogenen Gewässer setzt sick vorwiegend, soweit sie aus Gastropoden besteht, aus Pulmonaten zusammen, die also mehr euryhalin zu sein scheinen als die Prosobranchier; am meisten gilt das von den Limnäen. 3. Die faunistischen Befunde und die Experimente zeigen, daß ein erheblicher Teil unserer Süßwassermollusken in brackigen Gewässern leben kann. Zum Schluß meiner Arbeit möchte ich allen Herren, die mich bei der Abfassung derselben unterstützt haben, meinen aufrichtigen Dank aussprechen. Zunächst Herrn Professor Dr. DEEGENER für die Annahme meines Themas und häufig erteilte Ratschläge, ferner Herrn StudienratRoyer für seine Mitteilungen von Funden aus dem Märkischen Museum, Herrn Bergrat Dr.Schmierer für die Liebenswürdigkeit, mit der er mir die Einsichtnahme in die Akten der Geologischen Landesanstalt gestattete, Herrn cand. med.Sachs für vorübergehende Pflege meiner Versuchsbecken, Herrn Dr.Luther, Pässler, Schermer, Steusloff undGassert für Überlassung von Material, HerrnHummel für gelegentliche Teilnahme und Hilfe bei meinen Exkursionen, Herrn stud. phil. Roch für Literaturangaben.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. In den Eikapseln von Bucinum und Purpura werden von zahlreichen Eiern stets nur wenige zu Embryonen. Die Ursache dieses Entwickluingsunterschiedes der Eier ist bis heute unbekannt; aus der Tatsache des Spermiendimorphismus der Prosobranchier ergibt sich vorderhand keine allgemeingültige Erklärung. 2. Die Eier, die sich niche entwiekeln, bleiben bei Buccinum völlig intakt; bei Purpura zerfallen sie zu kleinen Klümpchen von Dotterkugeln. Sie dienen den Embryonen in beiden Fällen zur Nahrung, werden aber niche allmählich aufgenommen und verdant, sondern in großen Mengen aufgeschluckt und im Mitteldarm gespeichert. Dieser schwillt stark an und wird zu einer Art Dottersack. 3. Bei Buccinum geht die Entwicklung der Larven auch während der Eiaufnahme weiter, bei Purpura dagegen stett die Organbildung Solange fast völlig still, bis die Veliger einer Kapsel sämtliche Nähreier aufgenommen haben. 4. Die Anhäufung der Dottermasse im Mitteldarm bewirkt Hemmungen in der Ausbildung mancher Organe. So bleiben Herz und Niere in der Entwicklung zurück und werden durch Larvenorgane lange Zeit ersetzt. Besonders lange wird die Gliederung des dottergefüllten Mitteldarmes in Magen und Leber verzögert. Die Leberbildung beginnt erst, wenn bereits die erste Schalenwindung vollendet ist und die Larvenmerkrmale schon verschwunden sind.

Notes: Summary Trichopsis pumilus has the same system of sound production asTrichopsis vittatus but with morphological differents. As distinguished fromTrichopsis vittatus muscels and tendons of the sound producing mechanism in femals ofTrichopsis pumilus are very reduced. Therefore probable femals ofTrichopsis pumilus are not able to produce sounds.

Notes: Summary Various types of surface microstructures and their distribution in the Giant Antarctic SlaterGlyptonotus antarcticus Eights, 1852, are described in detail. Although no attempt has been made to classify the different kinds of scales, leaf-like modifications, threads and feathery hairs, ideas concerning their origin and their function are presented. At least some of the microstructures described seem involved in discouraging foraminifera and larval stages of sessile organisms to settle upon the cuticle ofClyptonotus.

Notes: Summary The ultrastructural features of oogenesis were examined in the spionid polychaeteStreblospio benedicti. Paired ovaries are attached to the genital blood vessels extending into the coelomic space from the circumintestinal sinus. The genital blood vessel wall is composed of flattened, peritoneal cells, large follicle cells and developing oocytes. Vitellogenesis occurs while the oocytes are attached to the blood vessel wall. Two morphologically distinguishable types of yolk are synthesized. Type I is synthesized first by an autosynthetic process apparently involving pinocytosis and the conjoined efforts of the Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Type II yolk appears later through a heterosynthetic process involving the infolding of the oolemma and the sequestering of materials from the blood vessel lumen by endocytosis. During this process, blood pigment molecules appear to be incorporated into endocytotic pits, vesicles and eventually the forming yolk body. The significance of heterosynthetic yolk formation to the general reproductive strategies of polychaetous annelids is discussed.

Notes: Summary An ocellus of an anthomedusan, Nemopsis dofleini, is composed of sensory and pigment cells and underlain by a nerve plexus and a muscle sheet. A sensory cell is divided into three parts: an apical part from which a single cilium arises, a slender middle part with numerous microtubules and an enlarged basal part that contains an oval nucleus but does not send out an axon. The ocellar cup is occupied by variously remodelled ciliary sheaths that are covered by a few lysosomal projections from the pigment cells. Three modes of synaptic connections — centripetal, centrifugal and two-way — are found between sensory cells and either dendrites or somata of second order neurons. Synaptic vesicles in sensory cells are larger in number, smaller in size and more uniform in shape than those of second order neurons. The soma of a second order neuron lies below the surface layer of an ocellar cup and gives rise to a single cilium that lacks rootlets and the second centriole. The possibility of multimodal sensory perception in and around the ocellar region is discussed.

Notes: Summary The whip organs are situated proximally on the ventral side of most segments of the whip scorpion's whip. As the cuticular layer covering these organs is much thinner than the usual cuticle, the whip organs may be recognized easily under the light microscope as oval regions. The study of the ultrastructure reveals an epithelium characterized by apical and basal invaginations of the cell membrane with numerous mitochondria and prominent whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, the whip organs possess the characteristics required for transepithelial transport processes. The possible function is discussed, based on experimental study.

Notes: Summary Structure and ultrastructure of the papillae in the mantle epithelium of the polyplacophoranAcanthochiton fascicularis are described. They consist to a major part of various secretory cells. Visual cells occur frequently in the papillae. Each of these organs form up to a few spines which have basally a cup of organic material. This connects the calcareous spine with the spine cell and often with a second cell which has distally one cilium. They are tactile receptors. Other spines are only for the defense and can be moved by muscles. They continue to grow basally in contrast to the tactile spines which are pushed off after some time and replaced by new ones formed in the papillae. The aesthetes and the mantle papillae are homologous organs.

Notes: Summary The mature male nephridia ofPolydora ligni andP. websteri (Polychaeta: Spionidae) are segmental organs composed of a ciliated nephrostome connected to a nephridial canal that crosses the intersegmental septum, expands into a large modified part extending dorsally through the coelom and subsequently narrows into a canal terminating in a dorsal nephridiopore. The nephridial canal is ciliated throughout and is composed of several cell types. Cells in the expanded region of the nephridia of both species contain large urn-shaped depressions filled with long microvilli. InP. ligni, one section of a nephridium contains cells packed with electron-dense granules that are not observed inP. websteri. The spermatophores ofPolydora ligni are composed of a central sperm mass surrounded by a layer of randomly oriented tubules that form a capsule around the sperm and taper into a long thin tail. These tubules are identical in dimensions to the microvilli present in parts of a nephridium and apparently are derived from these microvilli. The spermatophore capsule ofP. websteri is composed of similar tubules also presumed to originate from nephridial microvilli. The microvilli in nephridia of both species are surrounded with a glycocalyx that may function as an adhesive to hold the spermatophore capsule together. This glycocalyx may also function as a species specific message when encountered by a receptive female.

Notes: Summary The internal and external structure of the galeae of the adult red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana, was studied using SEM and TEM. The galea broadens from base to truncated tip and its sides are of thick, sculpted cuticle invested with pores and coarse spines. The tip is of thinner, flexible cuticle covered with 8–12 uniporous, blunt-tipped apical pegs and a single, aporous, sharply-pointed apical hair. The coarse spines are singly innervated probable mechanosensilla owing to the tubular body at the distal end of the dendrite. These sensilla likely act as tactile hairs monitoring galeal-effected movements of food particles into the functional mouth. The pores are associated with glands within the galea. The function of the presumed secretion is not known but may be to keep objects and dried saliva from sticking to the mouthparts. The apical pegs are innervated by five neurons, each producing a single dendrite. Four dendrites enter the single peg lumen and communicate with the terminal pore. The fifth differentiates into a tubular body that inserts into the peg base. These are typical insect contact chemosensilla that, because of their location, would taste incoming food. The apical hair has no pores but is innervated by two neurons, each extending a dendrite into the hair lumen in chemosensillar fashion. The sensory mode of this sensillum is unknown but is probably not mechanoor chemoreception. Many of its features, reminiscent of taste hairs, lead us to hypothesize that it represents a one-time chemosensillum recently modified to a new form and sensory mode. Because larval and adult E. americana share similar food plant requirements, we hypothesize that similarities will be seen in their mouthpart sensilla. Comparisons of the adults and larvae show the common features between their respective galeal taste hairs are only those of insect contact chemosensilla in general. However, the adult apical hair and the larval medial sensillum show striking specific structural similarities. We propose that these are true structural and functional homologues.

Notes: Summary The wall of the sinus venosus in an elasmobranchian species, Chimaera monstrosa L. is described. Endocardial cells contain numerous large vacuoles, as well as a number of membrane-bounded, moderately electron dense bodies (MDB). Myocardial cells lie closely packed into bundles surrounded by a basal lamina of about 20 nm thickness, and by large amounts of collagen fibres. These cells are connected by desmosomes of 1–2 µm length and with an intermembranous gap of 10–20 nm. Myocardial cells poor in myofibrils are intermingled with cells containing a well developed contractile material. Atrial specific granules are scarce. Vesiculated nerve processes occur at a distance of about 20 nm from the myocardial sarcolemma. Myocardial cells of the sino-atrial junction appear ultrastructurally similar to those located elsewhere in the sinus venosus. Epicardial cells contain large vacuoles, and have fibrecoated protrusions extending into the pericardial space. The possibility of pacemaker activity in the elasmobranchian sinus venosus is discussed.

Notes: Summary The nature and homologues of the appendages of the anterior end of the polychaete families Sabellidae and Serpulidae have long been discussed. The main purpose of the present investigation, in which seven sabellid and eight serpulid species are studied, is to contribute towards the solution of these problems. At the same time, however, the present study, within its limited range, aims to enlarge our knowledge of the anatomy of the polychaetes in general. Such a knowledge, it is argued, is a prerequisite for further consideration of the phylogeny of the Polychaeta. As shown in many earlier papers, the architecture of the cephalic nervous system and the innervation of the organs and appendages of the anterior end of polychaetes constitute reliable instruments for elucidating the morphological significance of these structures. In the present paper, consequently, extra consideration is given to descriptions of the central nervous system of the sabellids and serpulids studied. The integumental depression found in front of and below the brain of all the sabellids and serpulids here studied is described by the term “dorsal pit”. It is concluded that the dorsal pit within each family in all probability represents a homologous structure, but it is in no way proven that the dorsal pit of the sabellids is equivalent to that of the serpulids. Some earlier literature maintains that paired antennae [antennes de première paire in Binard and Jennerś (1928) terminology] are found in some sabellids and serpulids. In the present paper it is maintained that these structures must instead be interpreted as nuchal organs. Such organs are found in all the sabellid and serpulid species here studied. The Pruvot-Meyer theory which claims that the joint pore of the thoracic nephridia of the “serpulimorphic” families is equivalent to the nuchal organ of other polychaetes is shown to be without foundation, and it is consequently rejected. The histology, vascularization, and innervation of the branchial crown and the appendages of the dorsal lip of the mouth of the species investigated are described. It is concluded that the branchial crown and some (but not all) appendages of the dorsal lip are equivalent to the palps (when present) of the “spiomorphic”, the “drilomorphic”, and the “errant” polychaetes. The appendages of the dorsal lip of the mouth, in most faunistic literature called palps, are found to represent structures of three different kinds and origins: (a) branchial radioli which have become separated from the crown and have fused with the lip, (b) branchial pinnulae which have undergone a similar process of dislocation, and (c) new formations from the walls of the mouth cavity. It is proposed that in comparative-anatomical works these appendages should be called (a) lip-associated radioli, (b) lip-associated pinnulae, and (c) outgrowths of the dorsal lip respectively. As a joint and anatomically neutral term to be used in faunas and descriptions of the outer morphology, the expression “appendages of the dorsal lip” or, more briefly, “(dorsal) lip processes” is proposed. The interrelationships of the Sabellariidae, the Sabellidae, and the Serpulidae are discussed, as is the taxonomic subdivision of the last two families. In agreement with some earlier authors although contrary to others it is thereby maintained that: 1) the suborder Serpulimorpha Hatschek (1893) (inclucing sabellariids, sabellids, and serpulids) does not constitute a natural systematic unit; 2) the sabellids and serpulids, although markedly different in many respects (thoracic membrane, operculum, branchial skeleton), are probably closely related to each other. Earlier arguments supporting this view are corroborated by data on the dorsal lip processes and the architecture of the brain of the two families; 3) Rioja's (1923) division (based on setal structures) of the Sabellidae into the three subfamilies Sabellinae, Fabriciinae, and Myxicolinae is supported by the anatomical data emphasized in the present paper; and 4) within the Serpulidae the genera Apomatus and Protula should be referred to the subfamily Filograninae [as proposed by Rioja (1923), followed, among others, by Fauvel (1927), and Hartmann-Schröder (1971)] and not to the Serpulinae, [as maintained by Hartman (1959) and Fauchald (1977)]. Again, the view presented by the present author is founded on anatomical data (the morphological value of the dorsal lip processes of the genera in question).

Notes: Summary The amphipod species Haploops tubicola has an unusual compound eye that is divided into three separate parts, each with one common cuticular lens. The dorso-frontal eyepair has, in addition to the lens, a so-called vitreous body, which is constructed like a dioptric lens and is inserted in the ray-path. The ‘vitreous body’ is actually — and for which evidence is presented — a secretory product formed in the intercellular spaces of the organ of Bellonci. Histochemical analysis has shown that the secretion is strongly PAS-positive and lacks glycogen.

Notes: Summary Linear viscoelastic properties of laboratory handsheets have been investigated from the two dimensional aspect. According to the linear theory of viscoelasticity, the behavior of transverse isotropic materials such as handsheets subjected to plane stresses is fully described by the two in-plane relaxation functions G11 (t) and G12 (t). In the present paper, some viscoelastic characteristic functions describing responses to in-plane deformation histories are derived from G11 (t) and G12 (t) determined by strip biaxial stress relaxation testing. The predicted uniaxial relaxation function curve was in good agreement with the experimental one, and the viscoelastic Poisson's ratios in uniaxial stress relaxation and in uniaxial constant strain rate extension were decrease functions of time. Effects of beating on the areal dilatation and shear relaxation functions are discussed by introducing the classical concept of relaxation spectrum.

Notes: Summary This electron microscopy study is concerned with the dormant cambial cells in compression wood of Picea abies (L.) Karst. The cambial zone comprised 4–8 rows of fusiform cells. Each radial file contained the group known as Sanio's four, namely an initial, a mother, and two daughter cells. Groups of three, resulting from a failure of a mother or a daughter cell to divide, were also present. Undifferentiated xylem tissue cells occurred singly, in pairs, or in groups of four. These cells and the last-formed tracheids were often enclosed by a common primary wall. The fusiform cells had a large, elongated nucleus, numerous small vacuoles, and a frequently infolded plasma membrane. Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum were rare, while plastids, amyloplasts, and lipid droplets were common. Cambial ray cells contained much lipid material. The tissues were similar to cambial tissues in normal wood of conifers. The present results can only be interpreted in terms of the single layer of initials and sequence of cell divisions established by Sanio. The initial can be located by several criteria in dormant and active cambial regions in conifers. It could be shown that the existence of the group of Sanio's four is better documented in the literature than has so far been recognized. The occurrence of a variable number of primary cell walls is discussed with reference to the concentration of lignin in the middle lamella of mature xylem.

Notes: Summary The technology and chemistry of recent advances in alkaline pulping are reviewed from the standpoint of the authors' work over the past few years. Topics reviewed include soda-amine [particularly soda-ethylenediamine (EDA)], soda-anthraquinone (AQ), kraft-AQ, and soda-AQ/EDA pulping and their effects on pulp strength properties and bleachability. There is evidence to support the concept that the rates of all alkaline delignification reactions, including kraft, are controlled by a reductive step which transfers electrons to the degrading lignin.

Notes: Summary A lignin-carbohydrate material from black spruce (Picea mariana) was treated with a hemicellulase mixture. The carbohydrates in the remaining material were studied by the following methods. a) Treatment with 0.1 M NaOH in the presence of sodium borohydride followed by selective hydrolysis of the furanosidic bonds, b) Smith degradation (periodate oxidation followed by mild acid hydrolysis). The results obtained indicate that lignin is bound to all types of sugar units in the hemicelluloses. For arabino-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan, linkages to the side-chain units seem to dominate. The links to the 4-O-methylglucuronic acid units are ester bonds, probably benzyl ester bonds. Those to the other sugar units in the hemicelluloses are ether bonds, probably benzyl ether bonds. The results suggest, furthermore, that fractions of cellulose are linked to lignin.

Notes: Summary NPA, applied in a 2–3 cm band around the middle protion of 2- or 3-year-old internodes of three vertically-oriented six-year-old Sugi trees (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), brought about abnormal thickening all over the upper segment from the NPA treatment. Xylem tissues above and below the treatment, as well as at the treated area itself, was examined by ordinary light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained seemed to indicate that the tissue formed after treatment in the upper segment of the stem was true compression wood. In the lower segment of the stem, no abnormal tissue but a small amount of latewood-like tissue was produced after treatment. Referring to the previous studies in which morphactin, another IAA transport inhibitor, has induced compression wood, we consider it likely that compression wood formation must be induced by high concentrations of endogenous IAA, which could be brought about by blockage created not only by NPA and morphactins, but also by IAA transport inhibitors in general.

Notes: Summary Tangential latewood sections (60 μm) of Scots pine sapwood were differently treated with chlorite. The subsequently incubated two strains of Bacillus polymyxa caused a weight loss up to about 25%, including a loss of lignin of about 42%. UV-microspectrophotometry of 1 μm-cross-sections prepared from the cultured woody tissues demonstrated that bacteria caused neither quantitative nor qualitative changes of the remaining lignin. The lignin, which was dissociated from the pretreated woody cell wall by bacteria, could not be respired, suggesting that the lignin is a ‘ballast’ to these bacteria that inhibits the dissimilation of the carbohydrates in the wood.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Sphecodes monilicornis fliegt nach Art anderer Schmarotzerbienen an den Nestern des Halictus malachurus K., dringt in diese ein und belegt die von Halictus gegrabenen, mit Futtervorrat versehenen Kammern mit einem Ei. Da er also die vom tHalictus für dessen Nachkommenschaft geleistete Arbeit zur Beherbergung und Aufzucht der Halictus-Larven bzw. die Arbeitsprodukte selbst (Kammer und Futterballen) für seine eigene Brut ausnutzt, ist er ein echter Arbeitsschmarotzer, wie andere Kuckucksbienen, Nomada, Coelioxys, Melecta usw., auch. Er unterscheidet sich aber von diesen 1. durch seinen Kampf mit den Wirtstieren (der aber nicht unbedingt stattzufinden braucht, vgl. S. 447 ff), 2. durch den Verschluß der Kammern und des Flugloches, beides Arbeitsleistungen, die Halictus malachurus K. zwar nicht verrichtet, wohl aber bei allen anderen arbeitenden solitären Bienen zu beobachten sind. Der Schaden, den Sphecodes monilicornis seinem Wirt zufügt, ist meines Erachtens größer als bei anderen Kuckucksbienen. Nicht nur vermindert er, wie andere Schmarotzerbienen auch, durch die Besitznahme einer Anzahl fertiger Kammern dessen Nachkommenschaft, er schließt außerdem durch seine Kämpfe eine Reihe geschlechtsreifer Weibchen von weiterer Eiablage überhaupt aus).

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Umkehr des positiven optischen Charakters der Ruderplättchen der Ctenophoren läßt sick nicht nur durch Zuckersirup und Glycerin —wie Göthlin entdeckte — sondern auch durch Alkohol, Essigsäure, Natronlauge, Ammoniakwasser, Erwärmen, Trocknen der Plättchen herbeifiihren. 2. Dieser Vorgang beruht, wie Göthlin richtig vermutete, hier durch Beobachtung im einzelnen bewahrheitet wind, auf einer orientierten Einlagerung von Lipoiden: denn in manchen der genannten Versuche lassen sich die Lipoidteilchen unter starken Vergrößerungen unmittelbar als kleinste Stäbchen erkennen, die negativ doppelbrechend in bezug auf die Lange and mit dieser den Wimperhaaren parallel angelagert rind. 3. Da die Umkehr des optischen Charakters durch sehr verschiedenartige Eingriffe ausgelöst werden kann — nicht nur durch Schrumpfung bewirkende Flüssigkeiten! —, SO iSt Göthlins (für graue Nerven ausgesprochene) Vermutung, es handle sich um eine Orientierung bereits vorhandener Lipoidteilchen infolge Querschrumpfung eines fibrillären Gefüges (wenigstens für die Wimperplättchen der Ctenophoren) abzulehnen. 4. Vielmehr führen die sonst bekannten Tatsachen über orientierte Einlagerung von Substanzen in fibrilläre Strukturen zur Deutung, daß die zunächst maskierten Lipoide durch die genannten Eingriffe, vermutlich aus der Kittmasse, in Freiheit gesetzt and dabei von den Wimperhaaren orientiert adsorbiert werden. 5. Nach Entfernung der orientiert eingelagerten Lipoide durch geeignete Lösungsmittel (wie sie sich übrigens bei Behandlung der Schwimmplättchen mit Alkohol schließlich von selbst einstellt), hinterbleibt eine positive Doppelbrechung, deren Stärke aber stets schwächer ist als die ursprüngliche, was mit Änderungen im regelmäßigen Verlauf und im Feinbau der Flimmerhaare des Plättchens zusammenhangen dürfte. 6. Der auf optischem Wege erbrachte Nachweis so erheblicher Mengen,von Lipoiden in den Wimperplattchen der Ctenophoren wirft zunächst die Frage each ihrer physiologischen Bedeutung auf — Schutz der Fibrillen vor Verquellung, Betriebsmaterial fur die Wimperbewegung? —und regt zu Nachforschungen darüber an, ob in allen Cilien Lipoide in so auffälliger Menge vorhanden Bind.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aviculariidae besitzen Gnathocoxen, die sick besonders durch folgende Eigentümlichkeiten vor den Gangbeinhüften auszeichnen: Ihre Unterseite ist nach vorn vorgezogen. Das Distalende des Vorderrandes der Unterseite endet in ein Zipfelchen. 2. Die Atypidae besitzen Gnathocoxen mit folgenden Merkmalen: Der distale Endzipfel ist zu einer machtigen Lade geworden. Die Unterseite ist nosh stärker verbreitert als bei den Aviculariidae. 3. Die Gnathocoxen aller Tetrapneumones liegen in einer Ebene mit den Laufbeinhüften, also horizontal. 4. Die Gnathocoxen der Dipneumones liegen stets mehr oder weniger vertikal, wie auch die Cheliceren. 5. Die Pedipalpenhüften der Dipneumones lassen sich folgendermaßen kennzeichnen: Die Ventralseite ist außerordentlich nach vorn distal verbreitert. Die Dorsalseite ist ganz schmal. Sie inserieren am Labrumsockel. Die Lade ist der der Atypidae and damit auch dem Endzipfel und der Unterseitenverbreiterung der Aviculariidae homolog. 6. Die Dysderidae besitzen Gnathocoxen, die noch deutlich den Hüftteil vom Ladenteil unterscheiden lassen. Auch ist bei ihnen noch die Coxalleiste in ihrer urspriinglichen Gestalt zu finden. 7. Die Dipneumones besitzen einen vertikalen präoralen Mundraum, der von beiden Laden and im proximalsten Teile der Ober- und der Unterlippe gebildet wird. 8. Die Skorpione haben einen horizontalliegenden Vormundraum. Er wird gebildet von den Unterseiten beider Pedipalpenhiiften, der Oberlippe und den Laden der beiden ersten Beinpaare. 9. Die Laden der ersten beiden Beinpaare vertreten die Unterlippe bei den Skorpionen. 10. Es ist unwahrscheinlich, daß der Besitz von Kauladen bei den Arachniden ein urspriingliches Merkmal ist, da man dann annehmen müßte, daß diese einst kauen konnten and diese Fähigkeit verloren hätten. 11. Die Mundbildung der Skorpione ist sehr kompliziert. Sie bedeutet den Endpunkt einer Entwicklung. 12. Die Mundbildung der Skorpione ist von allen lebenden Arachniden so gründlich verschieden, daß wir annehmen miissen, she sei isoliert von der Entwicklung der übrigen Gruppen innerhalb der Ordnung ausgebildet worden.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei der dritten Häutung des Spinnenmännchens entsteht am Tasterende eine große, helle Blase, der spätere Bulbus und Tarsus. Vor der Häutung ist die zusammengelegte Haut desselben in einer kleinen spindelförmigen Auftreibung des Tasterendes sichtbas. 2. Die Entuicklung der Organe des Bulbus beginnt distal in der Blase mit dem Auftreten der Primäranlage. 3. Die Primäranlage teilt sich in zwei Teile. Es entwickeln sich aus den beiden Teilen lateral die Capsula und medial das Stema. 4. Der Samenkanal wächst nicht von einer Stelle aus, sondern wird an mehreren Stellen gleichzeitig gebildet, so daß er kurz nach seinem Auftreten von seinem blinden Ende in der Capsula bis zu seinem Austritt aus dem Stema auf den Embolus eine Einheit bildet. 5. Die erste Anlage des Tarsus (Cymbium) findet sich proximal in der Blase als Chitinkern. Von tort wächst das Cymbium lateral um die Capsula herum, so daß these in einer Aushö:hlung des Cymbiums liegt. 6. Die Funktion der nahe dem Ende des Kanals gelegenen sogenanntenFickertschen Drüse ist nicht die einer Drüse, sondern die, bei der Ejaculation des Samens mechanisch behilflich zu sein. 7. Ein Schluß auf die phylogenetische Entwicklung des Bulbus läßt sich aus seiner Ontogenie nicht ziehen.

Notes: Summary The paired buccal ganglia ofHelix pomatia were investigated by light microscopical methods. Number and location of the buccal nerves show a certain variability. The caudal surface of the buccal ganglia was standardized, and the location of single neurones and groups of neurones was entered in the standard sketch. Normally there were found four giant neurones (B1–B4, diam. 120–170 μrn) in each ganglion, three of them in the lateral lobe and one (B4) in the medial lobe. The run of the nerve cell processes of B1–B4 was traced with the aid of retrograde filling with CoCl2 or in series of toluidine blue stained semithin sections. The run of the axons of B1–B4 proved to be constant. The nerve cell processes of each B2 project into both ipsi- and contralateral first salivary gland nerves. Obviously the salivary glands of each side are innervated by both right and left B2. Besides the four giant neurones two characteristic nerve cell groups (diameter of the perikarya 20–30 μrn) could be localized. The staining properties (paraldehyde fuchsin-positive) suggest, that one cell group contains peptidergic neurosecretory material. The second cell group contains catecholamines as it was shown with the aid of formaldehyde induced fluorescence. The results are discussed with findings of different authors at different slugs and snails, to point out homologies in the cellular organization of the buccal ganglia.

Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the auricles, the ostia, and the ventricle of L. asellus and T. marmorea is described. The heart wall consists of an epicardium, a basement membrane, and an inner loose myocardium. The epicardial cells of the auricle are podocytes. The exposed cell body and the branched processes show pedicles. Ventricular epicardium is flat and simple. The slender, unbranched, mononucleated muscle fibres have a peripheral nucleus located midway along the fibre. Mitochondria are peripherally located, leaving the center to longitudinally running thick and thin myofilaments. Dense bodies and attachment plaques make up the Z-material. Sarcomeres and myofibrils are absent, as are transverse tubules and intercalated disks. The sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of peripheral tubules and subsarcolemmal cisternae, some of which radiate, branch, and run between myofilaments. Couplings are lacking. Ventricular fibres in T. marmorea show nexuses and desmosomes; in L. asellus only nexuses. The muscular ostia are tubular, and muscle fibres resemble those of the ventricle; nexuses are detected in T. marmorea and desmosomes in L. asellus. The only nervous elements observed are some nerve processes, structurally similar to those of other molluscs.

Notes: Summary The neuropile regions in the supraesophageal ganglion ofLocusta migratoria were revealed by Bodian staining of frontal and parasagittal sections. A combined recording and staining technique (CoS method, Rehbein et al., 1974) was used to identify physiologically five different types of auditory ventral cord neurons and mark the course of their axons and the positions of the terminal arborizations. The boundaries of the projection regions are described; they include the various multimodal neuropile regions in the ventrolateral protocerebrum. Previously demonstrated instances of convergence with neurons of other sensory systems, and others likely to exist, are considered with respect to their possible significance in neuronal processing within the auditory system.

Notes: Summary The branchial vasculature of the smooth toadfish,Torquiginer glaber, was studied by light microscopic examination of Microfil vascular casts, and scanning electron microscopy of critical point dried tissue and vascular corrosion casts. The anatomy of the respiratory vascular bed was similar to that described for other teleosts. An extensive non-respiratory vascular bed was also present in the gills. In each filament this comprised a series of capillaries arising mainly from the efferent side of the gill circulation (efferent filament artery, efferent lamellar arterioles, branches of the efferent branchial artery), but also from the afferent side (afferent filament artery, afferent lamellar arterioles, lamellar blood channels). The capillaries eventually connected to a system of broadly interconnected sinuses in the filament termed the central canal and the afferent and efferent companion vessels. The sinuses connected with a large subepithelial sinus and a pair of venolymphatic vessels in the gill arch. Connections between the subepithelial sinus of the arch and the anterior venous system were demonstrated. It is suggested that the non-respiratory capillaries serve a nutritive function, while the filament sinuses provide a combined venolymphatic drainage for the filament.

Notes: Summary The hyomandibula is an important element of the head and has been influenced in its structural features by different functions. It is roughly T-shaped with vertical and horizontal ridges. In fish, such asMacropodus opercularis, the deep curve at the antero-dorsal end of this ridge may be correlated with the concentrated force applied by the adductor mandibulae muscles. InMacropodus opercularis, the hyomandibula is shorter and broader than that ofAnabas testudineus andCtenopoma acutirostre. In the latter two genera, almost the entire anterior surface of the vertical ridge is uniformly curved, which may be explained by the distributive force applied by the adductor muscles perpendicularly. InMacropodus, the hyomandibulo-interhyal articulation is not straight along the axis of the interhyal as inCtenopoma, but the interhyal makes an angle of 45

Notes: Summary The types of cell death in the midgut epithelium of the worker honey bee during the larva-to-pupa transformation were analyzed by light and electron microscopes. The metamorphosis begins with an increase in the number of autophagic vacuoles in larval epithelial cells and terminates with lytic destruction of the whole intestinal epithelium. Apoptosis seems to be independent of cell age, but important in fashioning of the new organ. Even in the cells in the regenerative nests of the larval epithelium, from which the pupal epithelium develops, apoptotic death occurs. Single apoptotic cells are eliminated gradually from the primary multilayer tissue until the monolayer pupal epithelium is formed. Some of the apoptotic cells are endocytosed by sister epithelial cells.

Notes: Summary 1. Exocrine glands found in the anterior hindgut of the millipedesPolydesmus angustus andGlomeris marginata should be termed pyloric glands. 2. The pyloric glands ofPolydesmus angustus are appropriately differentiated hindgut epithelial cells. Every single cell shows secretory activity. 3. InGlomeris marginata the pyloric glands are composed of three types of cells: secretory cells, transitional cells, and canal cells. 4. The size and form of the pyloric glands are related to the length of the hindgut. 5. The secrete of the pyloric glands is dispersed on the hindgut intima as a thin film. 6. This secretion layer seems to influence the permeability of the hindgut and play an essential role in the reabsorption of water and other important compounds.

Notes: Summary Adhesive organs of 17 gastrotrich species of the order Macrodasyida and 2 species of the order Chaetonotida (Chaetonotida-Paucitubulatina) can be seen by transmission electron microscopy to comprise two gland cell types. These cells are morphologically similar to viscid and releasing glands of the Turbellaria and so are identified by these same names; the adhesive system in these gastrotrichs is therefore called a duo-gland system considered at least functionally comparable to the duo-gland organs of turbellarians. The two gland cell types project their necks through tubiform extensions of the animal's cuticle. Some adhesive tubules have only one of each gland type; others, even in the same species, may have two viscid and one releasing glands; and compound organs such as posterior footlike appendages may have three and four viscid glands and one releasing gland per tubule. Gland cells in some species have fibers, evidently cytoskeletal in function. The adhesive tubules are quite similar in all of these species and provide few characters for determining within-group relationships of the gastrotrichs. The duo-gland system of the Gastrotricha is probably not homologous with that of the Turbellaria.

Notes: Summary The water-conducting system ofEphydatia fluviatilis includes sluice-like structures at the critical sites, some of them at the surface of the sponge and some inside it. These are dermal pores, pores in the walls of the inhalant and exhalant canals, and the osculum. The characteristic common to all of these openings is the porocyte, a disk-shaped cell with an aperture in the middle, so that it has an annular appearance. The shape and fine structure of the cells with pores, as well as their position in the pinacocyte epithelium and the impermanence of at least the dermal pores, indicate that these cells are regular pinacocytes serving a special function. The porocytes in the walls of the exhalant canals always appear in association with a flagellated chamber, with which they are connected by way of two or three modified choanocytes that form a double cone. The osculum at the distal end of the egestion passage, is the product of two porocytes, derived from the exopinacocyte and the endopinacocyte epithelia and having congruent apertures.

Notes: Summary The morphology and ultrastructure of the ovarioles ofRaphidia flavipes are described. The ovary ofRaphidia shows all the structural elements by which the telotrophic ovarioles of Megaloptera can be distinguished easily from those of polyphage Coleoptera or Hemiptera. This supports the view of sister-group relationship between the Raphididae and the Sialidae.

Notes: Summary On the antennulae ofLeptestheria dahalacensis (Conchostraca) nearly 600 sensory setae of one type are found. They are gathered in groups of 25–30. The single sensory seta is divided into two parts by the basal bead which is easily visible in the light microscope. The basal bead is the socket of the seta, whose wall is mainly built up by the epicuticle. The terminal pellet closes the tip of the seta. The basal bead is derived from the innermost layer of the epicuticle. 4–10 dendrites each with one receptorcilium innervate the receptor. The receptorcilia stretch through the interior part of the receptor and the basal bead into the exterior part, where they branch. They enter the terminal pellet in a porus, which seems to be a moulting porus. The interior part of the receptor is surrounded by 5 sheath cells. During the premoult it becomes obvious, that the socket of the seta is built by the sheath cell 5, the basal bead by the sheath cell 4 and the shaft by the sheath cell 3. For this the sheath cell 3 is divided into two parts. Between this two parts the newly formed cuticle is invaginated. The sheath cell 2 formes the tip and the sheath cell 1 the cuticular sheath of the new bristle.

Notes: Summary A comparative ultrastructural study of trunk segments of a variety of small polychaetes (body diameter less than 250 μrn) was undertaken to determine whether small body size is correlated with deviations from the typical annelid pattern of coelomic organization. Peritoneum is never found covering oblique or parapodial muscles traversing the body cavity. Aside from this, two major patterns of body cavity organization are seen: 1. spacious body cavity with varying extent of peritoneal lining (complete, partial, absent) and 2. the body tending toward the acoelomate condition, as a result of the expansion of lining cells or the lack of initial cavity formation. The significance of these anatomical variations is discussed with respect to functional and phylogenetic considerations.

Notes: Summary Woodlice are unique among the arthropods in moulting in two halves. The intramoult is 1.8 days inOniscus asellus and results from the two halves being out of synchrony throughout the cycle. In the integument, the initiation of a new moult cycle is heralded by epidermal cell vacuolation; a little later, the subepidermal tissue proliferates and, for a brief time, macrophages appear. The cuticle layers are produced in order, starting with epicuticular structures such as tricorns and plaques, followed by the biphasic epicuticle, the lamellate pre-ecdysial cuticle and, after ecdysis, the lamellate postecdysial cuticle. Epicuticle is formed in a continuous sheet along the distal epidermal membrane and postecdysial cuticle from fibres formed within the cell body — both features not reported for other arthropods. Immediately prior to ecdysis the epicuticle and pre-ecdysial cuticle are highly corrugated and the epidermis very constricted as the width of the ecdysing gap is increased by the new cuticle components withdrawing slightly beneath the old cuticle. At this time the space between the two cuticles appears devoid of the fluid that once occupied it, although the ecdysial membrane is still apparent. After ecdysis the appearance of the epicuticle changes due to chemical events which make it relatively impermeable. The pre-ecdysial cuticle also changes in appearance at this time due to the physical stress of expansion. Large cuticle precursor vesicles, similar to those of other Crustacea, are particularly associated with postecdysial cuticle production. In addition there are numerous small vesicles associated with pre-ecdysial cuticle formation. The epidermal vacuoles disappear as postecdysial cuticle is produced so that, when it is complete, the epidermis is again a narrow cell layer. Apolysis occurs straight after this and shortly afterwards the cycle recommences. Unlike other arthropods woodlice do not expand to break free of the old cuticle instead they walk free of either half and then expand. Experimental evidence is given which suggests that woodlice do not take in water to achieve this expansion but rather, they appear to employ internal hydrostatic pressure. Using published data from woodlice endocrinological studies and the present work a possible method of hormonal control of the biphasic moult is suggested.

Notes: Summary The structure of the sound-transmitting apparatus in primitive snakes (Scolecophidia, Henophidia) is reviewed and compared with that of advanced snakes (Caenophidia) and of some fossorial lizards. Assuming a constant course of the chorda tympani, the ophidian stylohyal can be homologized with the intercalary cartilage of lizards while the cartilaginous distal portion of the ophidian stapes represents the internal process. The cladistic significance of the stapes-quadrate-articulation in the Henophidia and Caenophidia is discussed. The Booidea and the Caenophidia show a shift of the stapes-quadrate-articulation which is correlated with changes in the suspensorium as an adaptation to relatively larger prey. However, convergence cannot be ruled out. Dibamus is shown to be the only lizard known so far which approaches the ophidian middle ear structure. Convergence has to be assumed since there is no sign of a stylohyal in Dibamus and since the course of the ramus communicans externus n. facialis cum glossopharyngeo supports the hypothesis that snakes are to be derived from a pre-lacertilian stage of lepidosaurian evolution.

Notes: Summary The antennal circulatory organs of Melolontha are described for the first time. They consist of small sac-like ampullae located near the base of each antenna and connected to a long non-muscular antennal blood vessel. Small branches of this vessel extend into each lamella of the antennal club and open out distally. The membranous wall of the ampulla provides no contractile structures. An outer adjacent compressor muscle is responsible for the pumping movements of the ampulla and antagonist to it is an obviously elastic connective tissue band. The position of this elastic band causes the uncontracted muscle to be pulled away from the ampulla. As a consequence blood can enter the dilated ampulla through a valvular ostium. The functional type of the antennal circulatory organs in Melolontha is compared to that found in other insects and their histologic structure is interpreted in relation to mechanical and hemodynamical aspects. Furthermore the possible function of the antennal hearts in connection with the spreading of its lamellate antennal club is discussed.

Notes: Abstract The posterior colon of worker-caste termites accommdates an abundant, heterogeneous population of procaryotic organisms which are retained by attachment to prominent cuticular spines elaborated from the gut wall. The spines extend to nearly one half the diameter of the lumen and are each supported by a specialized root cell in which bundles of parallel microtubules traverse the cytoplasm from the apical to the basal surfaces. Additional epithelial cells are present which show infoldings of the apical plasma membrane and are overlain by cuticle containing deep, vase-shaped pits opening to the gut lumen. It is proposed that the root cells are designed to resist shearing forces transmitted to the base of each spine during contractions of the gut. The cuticular pits may represent sites of permeability to the end products of microbial metabolism.

Notes: Summary The one-point joint linking the antennula with the carapace in Panulirus argus is described. A strand organ is activated when the antennula is moved in the vertical plane. Its structure, function, and regeneration after severance were investigated. The implications of this system are discussed, starting from the findings that the strand organ counteracts the statocyst (located in the antennula) in such a way that gravity reactions occur only if the body changes its position with respect to gravity.

Notes: Summary Vascular corrosion casts of the brachial circulation in Octopus were observed under the scanning electron microscope. The angioarchitechture, particularly of the smaller vessels, was revealed with a clarity not previously attained. The casts are very similar in appearance with those obtained from vertebrate tissues, emphasizing the convergent development of the closed system in the two groups, and form a useful basis for further study of vascular structure and function in Octopus.

Notes: Summary Kraft and ethanol organosolv lignins from Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica were carboxymethylated with bromoacetic acid. Of the total hydroxyl groups in the lignins, 60–70% were carboxymethylated. The reaction led to an increase of the number-average molecular weights. The moisture adsorption of the carboxymethylated products is about one and a half as high as that of the original lignins. There are no remarkable differences between the solubilities of the treated and untreated products.

Notes: Summary The reactions of quinone methide intermediates during the initial biosynthesis and also the subsequent aging of lignin are reviewed. The reactions during aging should lead to enhanced lignin-carbohydrate bonding and may explain the structural and analytical differences found between DHP and isolated milled wood lignins.

Notes: Summary Crystalline inclusions were observed in more than 50%, silica in nearly 20% of about 1500 wood specimens representing ±750 species from 40 genera of the laurel family. Both types of inorganic cell deposits are described and classified with regard to composition, habit, size, degree of isolation and location. Their diagnostic value and taxonomic implications on the specific, generic and suprageneric level are discussed with respect to intra as well as extrafamiliar relationships.

Notes: Summary The longitudinal permeability of Abies grandis wood swollen to varying degree by water vapour sorption has been measured using a non-swelling liquid. The results obtained show that cell wall swelling causes a reversible decrease in permeability in both air dried and solvent exchange dried specimens. Direct microscopic measurements have shown that change in lumen diameter cannot explain the observed effect. Mathematical analysis of the data suggests that the permeability decrease may be due to increase in thickness of bordered pit membrane fibrils resulting from sorption of water.

Notes: Summary Slow speed wood cutting tests were carried out in which cutting forces were measured as a function of applied tool-work electrical potential. The cutting tool and workpiece were electrically insulated so that there was no current flow. Applied potential had no discernible effect on the cutting forces measured in the cutting of unextracted and extracted wet wood.

Notes: Summary The acoustic velocities of a wide range of particle boards were determined from measurements of the transit times of wave packets through the materials. Velocities measured along the plane of the board are dependent on the properties of the board's skin layer, and are reasonably well correlated with the board's modulus of elasticity (r=0.73) and modulus of rupture (r=0.65). Velocities measured perpendicular to the plane of the board are not so well correlated with the mechanical properties of the board — the most significant being the Z strength parameter (r=0.56). The results suggest that this form of non destructive testing would be more suited to production line monitoring than to replacing or complementing existing test methods.

Notes: Summary The study is concerned with the possibility of demonstrating in the transmission electron microscope components such as copper, chromium and arsenic of preservative salts in the wood cell walls using secondary reactions with chemicals. Among the 18 substances tested only 9 showed a substantial positive effect, which was established on the basis of the electron contrast or depositions obtained within the various wall layers. It is suggested that copper is adsorbed onto the matrix substances of the wood cell wall rather than on cellulose.

Notes: Summary The reduction in hygroscopicity as spruce wood is impregnated with linseed oil may be accounted for using a molecular exclusion model. On the basis of the model, each linseed oil molecule appears to displace 90 water molecules and occupy 6 hydrogen bonding sites in the wood.

Notes: Summary Kraft pulping is interpreted in chemical terms on the basis of results from extensive qualitative and quantitative model experiments. In essence, the behavior of lignin is explained as a competition between degradation reactions, mainly involving aryl ether cleavage with participation of neighboring groups, and condensation reactions, comprising conjugate addition of carbanions to quinone methide intermediates. The initial phase of technical delignification is tentatively ascribed to the cleavage of α- and β-aryl ether bonds in phenolic lignin units, whereas the cleavage of β-aryl ether bonds in non-phenolic lignin units is considered to be the rate-determining reaction of the bulk phase. The residual phase may possibly be attributed to the rupture of C-C linkages and to aryl ether cleavage without neighboring group participation. Experimental support for these correlations is provided. The interplay of the various lignin reactions, illustrated in a summarizing scheme, explains some known observations in kraft pulping. Attention is drawn to analogies between reactions involved in the degradation of carbohydrates and those reponsible for the degradation of lignin. From the chemical standpoint, therefore, the selectivity of delignification is due to differences in the reactivity of the wood polymers, rather than to differences in the mechanisms of the degradation reactions. This fact explains the limitations of selective delignification.

Notes: Summary Previous methods for measuring residual longitudinal growth strain distributions in logs are reviewed. An extension is given of Jacobs' method for measuring growth strains which yields residual strain information at many points in the cross section other than along the diametrical plank. Some of the longitudinal growth strain distributions measured using the new method are presented.

Notes: Summary A method for the derivatization of low molecular weight lignin acidolysis product by reduction-acetylation is described. Borane dimethyl sulfide complex has been used as reducing agent. The derivatives could be analysed by gas chromatography.

Notes: Summary Geographical location (north/south latitude), social position of trees in a forst stand (dominant, codominant, suppressed) and site quality were investigated as to their effect on tracheid length, proportion of latewood and wood density of black pine indigenous to Greece. Tracheid length was fund greater in the northern location, in dominant trees and at intermediate site qualities. Proportion of latewood was higher in the southern location, in suppressed trees and at intermediate site qualities. Density was higher in the southern location, in codominant trees and at good or intermediate site qualities. Statistically, however, many differences at P = 95 % and all differences at P = 99% are not significant. The present study is based on the sampling of 331 trees, 55 years old and older; the probes were taken only from the 10 outer rings, at breast height. The findings from 6 trees, sampled from pith to bark, present disagreement with the above results.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die bisherigen Angaben über Giftwirkungen der Strudelwürmer — im Eingang zusammengestellt — beziehen sick teils auf Wirkungen bei der Aufnahme von Turbellarien per os, teils auf Giftorgane und Giftsecrete, die den Turbellarien als Schutzmittel und zum Nahrungserwerb dienen sollen. 2. Wir konnten zeigen, daß Auszüge von Paludicolen mit physiologischer Kochsalzlösung Warmblütern — Meerschweinchen, Kaninchen und weißen Mäusen — parenteral (intracardial und intraperitoneal) zugeführt, eine Giftwirkung entfalten, genügend, um bei entsprechender Dosierung den Tod der Versuchstiere herbeizuführen. 3. Als giftig in diesem Sinne erwiesen sich alle von uns geprüften Tricladen (Dendrocoelum lacteum, Polycelis nigra und cornuta, Planaria gonocephala und lugubris, Bdellocephala punctata). 4. Als geringste tödliche Menge Tricladenbreies (mit der dreifachen Menge 0,85%iger NaCl-Lüsung 1/2 Stunde extrahiert, intracardiale Injektion), auf 100 g Meerschwein berechnet, erwies sick in unseren Versuchen von Dendrocoelum lacteum 0,15 g, von Polycelis nigra 0,14 g, von Planaria lugubris 0,18 g, von Pl. gonocepluala 0,08 g. 5. Über Art und Sitz des Giftes im Tricladenkörper sowie seine Angriffsweise im Warmblüterorganismus läßt sich noch niehts Näheres sagen. 6. Per os eingefiihrte Tricladen bewirkten weder bei Selbstversuchen noch bei Fütterungsversuchen mit Meerschweinchen und Molchen Schädigungen, obwohl das ablehnende Verhalten der Molche bei Tricladenfütterung auch in diesen Versuchen deutlich hervortrat.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei den Rüsselkäfern aus der Unterfamilie der Rhynchitinae ist die Brutpflege durch Herstellung komplizierter Blattrollen verbreitet. Es ist möglich, die Typen dieser Blattrollung mit der systematischen Gliederung in Einklang zu bringen. Fußend darauf läßt sich die systematische Gliederung auf Grund der Biologie ausbauen. Der Gang der Überlegungen beweist, daß biologische Charaktere als Grundlage für eine systematische Gliederung durchaus geeignet sind. Der Aufbau der Blattrolle einer selteneren heimischen Art wird analysiert und als prinzipiell abweichend von den bisher bekannten Blattrollen der Rhynchitinen erwiesen. Auf Grund der Blattrollenform läßt sich eine neue Gattung Chonostropheus g. n. errichten, deren Vertreter auch morphologisch charakterisiert sind; als typischer Vertreter dieser Gattung hat der einheimische Ahornblattroller Ch. tristis (F.) zu gelten.

Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Poulton erklärt das Entstehen der Ähnlichkeit (von Fliegen mit Bienen) aus ürsprünglich nicht ähnlichen Formen durch aufeinanderfolgendes Ähnlichwerden einzelner Merkmale, die erst in ihrem Zusammenspiel eine Ähnlichkeit ergeben. Er nimmt an, schon das Ähnlichwerden eines einzigen Merkmals unter vielen (nosh nicht ähnlichen) besitze einen wenn auch sehr geringen Auslesewert, biete der Auslese einen Angriffspunkt. Von diesem aus kann dann Auslese die Ähnlichkeit Schritt um Schritt höher führen. Diese Darstellung ist eine abstrakte, unbestimmte; she erscheint als solche indes zwanglos glaubhaft. 2. Mimicry ist ein rein öcologisches Problem. Eine konkret-anschauliche Vorstellung verlangt: Eine Auslese kann erst einsetzen, wenn ein Feind wirklich getäuscht wird. Die Ähnlichkeit muß somit bereits täuschend, d. h. in alien Komponenten fertig, vor aller Auslese vorliegen. Sie kann daher nicht durch Auslese entstehen. Poultons abstrakte Fassung von einem stufenweisen Entstehen der Ähnlichkeit ist in klarer Vorstellung nicht denkbar. Ein ähnliches Merkmal unter mehreren unähnlichen bewirkt noch keine tauschende Ahnlichkeit, hat somit nicht einen geringen, sondern gar keinen Auslesewert. 3. Poultons Formel würde in klarer Vorstellung ein Tier erfordern, das: 1. nach nicht ähnlich ist (dean sonst könnte Auslese nicht als Erzeugerin der Ähnlichkeit hingestellt werden), das aber 2. gleichzeitig schon täuschend dhnlich ist (denn ohne tauschende Ähnlichkeit könnte keine Verwechslung stattfinden, könnte die Auslese nicht einsetzen). Ein solches Wesen ist logisch undenkbar. POULTONs Formel ist ein Versuch, mit unbestimmten Wortwendungen über einen prinzipiell unbehebbaren Widerspruch hinwegzugleiten. 4. Die meisten Vertreter der Trachthypothesen nehmen als Ausgangspunkt eine bereits von vornherein gegebene ,„allgemeine”, „ober-flächliche” Ähnlichkeit an. Deren Herkunft bleibt unerörtert, bleibt “Zufal⌉d d. h. Ergebnis unbekannter Kausalitäten. Auslese soll diese Ahnlichkeit verbessern. 5. Die supponierte „oberfldchliche” Ahnlichkeit muß in jedem Falle groß genug sein, um die Feinde wirklich zu täuschen. Andernfalls setzt keine Auslese ein. Die Ahnlichkeit muß somit von Anfang an eine täuschende, also bereits mehr oder minder vollendete sein. 6. Das Arbeitsfeld der Auslese schmilzt damit auf den schmalen Raum zwischen einer tauschenden and einer noch tauschenderen Ähnlichkeit zusammen. Die Auslese ist nicht mehr schaffend, sondern bloß ausfeilend tätig. 7. Es läßt sich wissenschaftlich nicht rechtfertigen, daß die ursprüngliche täuschende Ähnlichkeit einfach dem Zufall zugeschoben wird, während für eine etwas verbesserte Ähnlichkeit ein grundsätzlich anderes Entstehungsprinzip herbeigerufen wird, eine Hypothese, die auf Schritt und Tritt mit der Wirkhchkeit kollidiert. Zur Erklarung der täuschenden wie der etwas täuschenderen Ähnlichkeit muß es ein einheitlichm Prinzip geben. Tatsächlich gibt es ja auch vollendete Ähnlichkeiten ohne öco-logische Beziehungen („Pseudomimicry”). 8. Soll Ähnlichkeit durch Auslese verbessert werden, dann gilt die Formel: Alle dem Modell eine Spur minder ähnliehen Formen mußten untergehen. Diese Auslese gilt dann für alle dhnlich lebenden Arten des Ausleseortes. Das Dominieren bienenunähnlicher Fliegen an einem Orte erweist z. B. einwandfrei, daß eine Auslese nach Bienenähnlichkeit (d. h. ein Untergang alles Bienenunähnlichen) an diesem Orte nicht stattgehabt hat. 9. Auslese wird vielfach nicht als das allgemeine Erklärungsprinzip, sondern nur als „ein Faktor” der Entwicklung aufgefaßt. Dies erfordert Beantwortung der Frage: Welches sind die anderen Faktoren? Was leisten sie, was leistet Selection? 10. Welches ist das Grundproblem der Tiertrachten? Das Grundproblem der Tiertrachten ist: Wie entstand das specifische Farbungsund Zeichnungsbild, die spezielle Linienführung und Farbentönung jeder einzelnen Art? (Blick in eine Schmetterlings- oder Käfersammlung!) 11. Was leisten die von Selectionismus, Lamarckismus usw. vorgeführten “Faktoren”im Problem der specifischen Linienführung der Tiertrachten? Direkte Bewirkung, Gebrauch and Nichtgebrauch, Befriedigung des Bedürfnisses usw. — keiner dieser „Faktoren” berührt das Grundproblem. Selection macht bestenfalls das Bleiben nützlicher Ausstattungen verständlich, nicht aber ihr Entstehen und noch weniger das Entstehen der tausendfachen Prunktrachten, für die gar keine Nützlichkeit erkennbar ist. 12. Was leistet Selection als „Faktor” zur Erklärung im Trachtenproblem? — Es ist zwanglos denkbar, daß gewisse verbergende Trachten von ihr dominant gemacht wurden, indem alles früher vorhandene in der Umgebung Auffälligere von den Feinden ausgemerzt wurde. Diese Auslese ist nur als abbauendes, gestaltemlerminderndes, nicht Gestalten und Färbungen schaffendes Agens denkbar. Eine solche Auslese stützt die Hypothesen, die mit Selection das Werden neuer Arten zu erklären gedachten, nicht nur nicht, sondern widerspricht ihnen geradezu. 13. Die Ablehnung des Erklärungswertes der Auslese im Trachtenproblem berührt die Gültigkeit der Deszendenzlehre nicht. Lediglich die Ursachen, welche die Entwicklung lenken, werden als derzeit unbekannt erwiesen). 14. Die Existenzsicherung jeder Organismenart besteht in der Produktion hinreichend zahlreicher Nachkommenschaft. Diese muß den ständigen Tribut der Art an ihre natürlichen Feinde decken und überdies noch jenen Überschuß liefern können, der zur Fortpflauzung der Art notwendig ist. 15. Dieser zureichende Überschuß ist das Ergebnis des Zusammenspiels zahlreicher, untrennbar ineinander gewobener öcologischer Bedingungen, die wir heute weder im einzelnen noch im ganzen kennen und zu werten vermögen. Die Färbungen spielen hierbei vielleicht nur eine sehr geringe Rolle. Denn wir finders ja die verschiedenartigsten Trachten üppig gedeihend an einem and demselben Orte nebeneinander.

Notes: Summary The compound eyes ofPieris brassicae L. have a tiered retina. During light and dark adaptation, ultrastructural changes have been observed throughout the length of the ommatidia in the latero-ventral region of the eyes. These changes have been quantitated by mapping at distinct levels of the ommatidia, and plotted as histograms. Both in visual cells and secondary pigment cells and at the attachment region between crystalline cone and rhabdome such ultrastructural changes have been found to be correlated to the state of adaptation. Distal and proximal photoreceptor cells show different adaptation mechanisms. Whereas the distal cells show a clear pupil mechanism in their distal parts, there is only very little horizontal movement of pigment granules in the proximal cells. In the proximal cells, multivesicular bodies (MVB) are always abundant, while in the distal cells their number is small and increases slightly during light adaptation. In the proximal cells light adaptation causes pigment granules, located in the distal process, to move proximally. Increasing the light intensity from 160 to 1600 μW/cm2 results in more intense migration of pigments. In the secondary pigment cells, a slight but significant distal movement of pigment granules is observed at high light intensity. If continued this condition causes the granules to aggregate in the vicinity of the apical cell membrane, and to move up to the distal inflated extensions of the distal processes formed by these cells. In dark adapted eyes, these processes are nearly devoid of pigment and the pigment granules beneath the apical membrane disperse. In addition to these structural changes, there is a tendency for retinal movements at the attachment from crystalline cone to rhabdome. — The various adaptation mechanisms are not equally well developed in different regions of the compound eye.

Notes: Summary The lateral and posterior adhesive organs of an undescribed species ofNeodasys can be seen by electron microscopy to have only one gland cell type. This gland has dense spherical secretion granules like secretion granules of the viscid glands of other gastrotrichs, and it extends to the exterior through a tubular extension of the animal's cuticle, the adhesive tubule, as in other gastrotrichs. Each adhesive gland ofNeodasys has a prominent striated rootlet that extends through its full length, attaching at its distal end to a basal-body-like structure at the tip of the gland's neck. Unlike other gastrotrichs,Neodasys has no second gland type that would be equivalent to a releasing gland. The lateral adhesive organs have a sensory cell closely associated with the gland cell but not in direct communication with the lumen of the tubule; it bears a single cilium that projects alongside the adhesive tubule. The posterior adhesive organ has adhesive gland cells whose necks reach to adhesive tubules on toe-like extensions of the animal's body; sensory cells here are not in a one-to-one association with the tubules; a secretory myoepithelial cell extends to the tip of each toe. The adhesive organs ofNeodasys are interpreted as being of a form that would have been found in a common ancestor to the gastrotrichs and from which the duo-gland organs of other gastrotrichs might have been derived.

Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the compound eye of the Australian tipulid fly,Ptilogyna spectabilis, is described. The ommatidia are of the acone type. The rhabdom corresponds to the basic dipteran pattern with six outer rhabdomeres from retinular cells 1–6 (R1-6) that surround two tiered central rhabdomeres from R7 and 8. Distally, for about 8 μm, the rhabdom is closed. For the remainder, where the rhabdomere of R8 replaces that of R7, the rhabdom is open, and the rhabdomeres lie in a large central ommatidial extracellular space. In the proximal two thirds of the rhabdom, the central space is partitioned by processes from the retinular cells so that the individual rhabdomeres are contained in ‘pockets’. At night the rhabdom abuts the cone cells, but during the day it migrates some 20 μm proximally and is connected to a narrow (1–2 μm) cone cell tract. This tract is surrounded by two primary pigment cells, which occupy a more lateral position at night and thus act like an iris. Pigment in secondary pigment cells also migrates so as to screen orthodromic light above the rhabdom during the day. Between midday and midnight, the rhabdom changes in length and cross-sectional area as a result of asynchrony of the shedding and synthetic phases of photoreceptor membrane turnover. The effects of these daily adaptive changes on photon capture ability are discussed with regard to the sensitivity of the eye.

Notes: Summary The sensory palps of the macrodasyoid gastrotrichTetranchyroderma papii contain processes from two types of cell: 22–23 bipolar primary sensory cells and two to three support cells. In the proximal region of the palp each sensory cell contains a short ciliary segment with a basal body and from this ciliary segment a longer distal segment lacking axonemal microtubules extends through the major part of the length of the palp. Each support cell process bears microvilli and contains a conspicuous bundle of microtubules running the entire length of the process. The cell bodies of both cell types are situated in the epidermis of the head region. The palps are interpreted as having a chemosensory function. They are considered to be homologous to the posterior cephalic sensory organ ofTurbanella cornuta, but not the head tentacles ofChordodasys antennatus or nematode amphids.

Notes: Summary The stylet apparatus ofCarenscoilia bidentata Sopott consists of five hard elements. These are differentiated in a matrix syncytium. During the ontogeny at first microfibrils with a periodic cross-banding arise; then the microfibrils become enveloped by homogenous electron opaque materials. The wall of the developed intracellular hard elements consists of a central layer with microfibrils and outer layers of electron opaque materials. Hard differentiations with a comparable fine structure are only known from other proseriate turbellarians, but not from other platyhelminthes.

Notes: Summary The gulper Pseudomicrothorax dubius ingests a large volume of filamentous blue-green algae within 1–2 min. Immediately after this rapid phagocytosis, the food is enclosed in a single, extremely large food vacuole, which fills up the ciliate almost entirely. During the following hour this giant food vacuole vesiculates. Finally numerous small vacuoles are present, 1–2 μm in diam. Simultaneously the content of the vacuoles is noticeably condensed. At this time the digestion of the food starts as is indicated by numerous dictyosomes, which now surround the periphery of the food vacuoles. Due to both, the prior vesiculation of the food vacuole and the condensation of the food, the digestive enzymes can act very effectively. After 6–8 hours, when the digestion of the food is finished, numerous empty vacuoles are found. Each is characterized by a highly irregular, convoluted outline. Apparently these vacuoles are eventually recycled to the membrane pool of the cell.

Notes: Summary The morphology and vascular anatomy of the gills of the Endeavour dogfish,Centrophorus scalpratus, were studied by light microscopic examination of Microfil vascular casts and scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and critical point dried tissue. The anatomy of the respiratory vasculature was similar to that described for other elasmobranchs. How-ever, it was noted that approximately one-fifth of the total respiratory exchange area lay within a ventilatory deadspace, thus providing a potential respiratory by-pass shunt pathway. An extensive non-respiratory vascular bed was also present in the gills. In each gill filament there was a series of non-respiratory capillaries arising both from the afferent and efferent sides of the gill circulation (filament corpus cavernosum and efferent filament artery respectively). These capillaries eventually connected to a system of broadly interconnected sinuses in the filament termed the central canal and the afferent and efferent companion vessels. These sinuses connected with a large subepithelial sinus in the gill arch and a pair of large sinuses in the interbranchial septum. It is suggested that the non-respiratory capillaries serve a nutritive function, while the filament, septal and arch sinuses provide a venous and/or lymphatic drainage for the gills. The non-respiratory vascular bed of the gills would not function as a respiratory by-pass shunt pathway.

Notes: Summary The eye of the slugAthoracophorus bitentaculatus has a singular feature, namely, unusually long receptoral processes, bearing thousands of microvilli, that extend from the distal ends of the type I sensory cells toward the lens. It is concluded that this hypertrophy of the photoreceptoral apparatus is useful to this nocturnal mollusk that nightly ascends trees to forage and returns “home” at dawn to hide from the light of day. Other ultrastructural features of the eye are described, some of which are similar to and some unlike those of other gastropod eyes.

Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the compound eyes of 13 amphipod species has been investigated. An amphipod type of compound eye can be characterized by the constellation and consistency of a number of morphological features, most of which are also found in other compound eyes. The amphipod eye falls into four sub-categories (types). The ampeliscid type has a tripartite aberrant lens eye; the lysianassid type has a reduced or no dioptric apparatus and a hypertrophied rhabdom; the hyperid type possesses a large number of ommatidial units with long crystalline cones and dark instead of reflecting accessory pigment; and finally, the gammarid type can be interpreted as a generalized amphipod type. The lysianassid type is adapted to low light intensities and demonstrates convergent development with the compound eyes of other deep-sea crustaceans. The ampeliscid type is more similar to the gammarid type. The type characterization of the amphipod compound eye might well serve as a basis and incentive for functional studies also revealing adaptational mechanisms.

Notes: Summary The integument of the woodlouse,Oniscus asellus, consists of a two-layered epicuticle, a largely lamellate procuticle — itself divided into two regions (pre-and postecdysial cuticles), and the epidermis. At the initiation of new cuticle production the epidermal cells become vacuolated and retract away from the cuticle. Apolysis occurs immediately after the cessation of postecdysial cuticle production. The formation of the epicuticle is unique among the arthropods since material aggregates along the distal epidermal membrane. By indenting, doubling back on itself, and incorporating septa, the epicuticle forms surface structures such as plaques and tricorns. The innervation, and so the receptive function of the tricorns is confirmed, but since there is no connection between the old and new receptors during premoult, sensory information from these exoreceptors must be severely curtailed. This may explain the biphasic moult in all isopods since it ensures that only half the body experiences this sensory deprivation at any one time. In terrestrial species there is the additional advantage of restricting the area of permeable new cuticle. The frequency of moulting may be due to the need to renew disrupted receptor surfaces. Tricorns do not appear to be the mechanoreceptors involved in the marked thigmotactic response of woodlice since they do not have the typical internal structure of such receptors; rather, the dendrite —which extends into the lumen of the tricorn —is protected from deformation by the previously unreported combination of a dendritic sheath and a cuticular tube. The modality of tricorns is possibly one of hygro-perception. One of the behavioural responses of woodlice to desiccation is aggregation. The numerical distribution of tricorns over the body surface is admirably suited to assist in the formation and maintenance of such aggregates during desiccation and to their observed dispersal when the relative humidity rises.

Notes: Summary This is the first paper of a series dealing with the new interstitial, monotypic family Lobatocerebridae. The single genusLobatocerebrum is described as a turbellariomorph taxon in the annelid line of evolution. The male genital system, the protonephridial system, the body wall and the anus-hindgut system reveal the most important characteristics for the determination of its phylogenetic position. Although presently the group can not be clearly aligned with any of the classes within the Annelida, the new family is provisionally included into the Oligochaeta, until further, yet undescribed species of this group will reveal better the within-group characterconsistency. Because of the high degree of superficial similarities to the Turbellaria (acoelomate body cavity, complete ciliation, lack of signs of segmentation, special features of the foregut, arrangement of reproductive organs) this paper argues that the Lobatocerebridae may become an important example for trying to understand the origin and evolution of acoelomate flatworms from coelomate ancestors.

Notes: Summary The integument ofCampodea- species, both endogenous and subterranean, shows dermal glands in males and females. Each of them consists of 3 cells: one secretory, one intermediary and one reservoir cell. The secretory product passes through a sieve located at the lower part of the reservoir.