ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: The publication of this volume occurs at the one-hundredth anniversary of 1905, which has been called the annus mirabilus because it was the year of a number of enormous scientific advances. Among them are four papers by Albert Einstein explaining (among other things) Brownian motion, the photoelectric effect, the special theory of relativity, and the equation E = mc2. Also of significance in 1905 was the first application of another major advance in physics, which dramatically changed the fields of Earth and planetary science. In March of 1905 (and published the following year), Ernest Rutherford presented the following in the Silliman Lectures at Yale: "The helium observed in the radioactive minerals is almost certainly due to its production from the radium and other radioactive substances contained therein. If the rate of production of helium from known weights of the different radioelements were experimentally known, it should thus be possible to determine the interval required for the production of the amount of helium observed in radioactive minerals, or, in other words, to determine the age of the mineral." Rutherford E (1906) Radioactive Transformations. Charles Scriber's Sons, NY Thus radioisotopic geochronology was born, almost immediately shattering centuries of speculative conjectures and estimates and laying the foundation for establishment of the geologic timescale, the age of the Earth and meteorites, and a quantitative understanding of the rates of processes ranging from nebular condensation to Quaternary glaciations. There is an important subplot to the historical development of radioisotopic dating over the last hundred years, which, ironically, arises directly from the subsequent history of the U-He dating method Rutherford described in 1905. Almost as soon as radioisotopic dating was invented, it was recognized that the U-He [or later the (U-Th)/He method], provided ages that were often far younger than those allowed by stratigraphic correlations or other techniques such as U/Pb dating. Clearly, as R.J. Strutt noted in 1910, He ages only provided "minimum values, because helium leaks out from the mineral, to what extent it is impossible to say" (Strutt, 1910, Proc Roy Soc Lond, Ser A 84:379-388). For several decades most attention was diverted to U/Pb and other techniques better suited to measurement of crystallization ages and establishment of the geologic timescale. Gradually it became clear that other radioisotopic systems such as K/Ar and later fission-track also provided ages that were clearly younger than formation ages. In 1910 it may have been impossible to say the extent to which He (or most other elements) leaked out of minerals, but eventually a growing understanding of thermally-activated diffusion and annealing began to shed light on the significance of such ages. The recognition that some systems can provide cooling, rather than formation, ages, was gradual and diachronous across radioisotopic systems. Most of the heavy lifting in this regard was accomplished by researchers working on the interpretation of K/Ar and fission-track ages. Ironically, Rutherfordπs He-based radioisotopic system was one of the last to be quantitatively interpreted as a thermochronometer, and has been added to K/Ar (including 40Ar/39Ar) and fission-track methods as important for constraining the medium- to low-temperature thermal histories of rocks and minerals. Thermochronology has had a slow and sometimes fitful maturation from what were once troubling age discrepancies and poorly-understood open-system behaviors, into a powerful branch of geochronology applied by Earth scientists from diverse fields. Cooling ages, coupled with quantitative understanding of crystal-scale kinetic phenomena and crustal- or landscape-scale interpretational models now provide an enormous range of insights into tectonics, geomorphology, and subjects of other fields. At the same time, blossoming of lower temperature thermochronometric approaches has inspired new perspectives into the detailed behavior of higher temperature systems that previously may have been primarily used for establishing formation ages. Increased recognition of the importance of thermal histories, combined with improved analytical precision, has motivated progress in understanding the thermochronologic behavior of U/Pb, Sm/Nd, Lu/Hf, and other systems in a wide range of minerals, filling out the temperature range accessible by thermochronologic approaches. Thus the maturation of low- and medium-temperature thermochronology has led to a fuller understanding of the significance of radioisotopic ages in general, and to one degree or another has permeated most of geochronology. Except in rare cases, the goal of thermochronology is not thermal histories themselves, but rather the geologic processes responsible for them. Thermochronometers are now routinely used for quantifying exhumation histories (tectonic or erosional), magmatism, or landscape evolution. As thermochronology has matured, so have model and interpretational approaches used to convert thermal histories into these more useful geologic histories. Low-temperature thermochronology has been especially important in this regard, as knowledge of thermal processes in the uppermost few kilometers of the crust require consideration of coupled interactions of tectonic, geodynamic, and surface processes. Exciting new developments in these fields in turn drive improved thermochronologic methods and innovative sampling approaches. The chapters This volume presents 22 chapters covering many of the important modern aspects of thermochronology. The coverage of the chapters ranges widely, including historical perspective, analytical techniques, kinetics and calibrations, modeling approaches, and interpretational methods. In general, the chapters focus on intermediate- to low-temperature thermochronometry, though some chapters cover higher temperature methods such as monazite U/Pb closure profiles, and the same theory and approaches used in low-temperature thermochronometry are generally applicable to higher temperature systems. The widely used low- to medium-temperature thermochronometric systems are reviewed in detail in these chapters, but while there are numerous chapters reviewing various aspects of the apatite (U-Th)/He system, there is no chapter singularly devoted to it, partly because of several previous reviews recently published on this topic. Chapter 1 by Reiners, Ehlers, and Zeitler provides a perspective on the history of thermochronology, comments on modern work in this field and general lessons on the potential for noise to be turned into signal. This chapter also provides a summary of the current challenges, unresolved issues, and most exciting prospects in the field. Much of the modern understanding of kinetic controls on apparent ages, thermal histories, and sampling approaches comes from decades of progress in fission-track dating, a method that remains as essential as ever, partly because of the power of track-length measurements and the depth of (at least empirical) understanding of the kinetics of track annealing. Tagami, Donelick and OπSullivan review the fundamentals of modern fission-track dating (Chapter 2). Two of the most commonly dated, well-understood, and powerful minerals dated by fission-track methods are apatite and zircon, and the specifics of modern methods for these systems and their kinetics are reviewed by Donelick, OπSullivan, and Ketcham (Chapter 3), and Tagami (Chapter 4). Although 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He dating methods followed somewhat different paths to their modern thermochronologic incarnations, they have many features in common, especially in the kinetics of diffusion and closure. Zeitler and Harrison review the concepts underlying both 40Ar/39Ar and (U-Th)/He methods (Chapter 5). Zircon was one of the first minerals dated by the (U-Th)/He method, but has only just begun to be used for thermochronometry of both bedrock and detrital samples, as reviewed by Reiners (Chapter 6). Continuous time-temperature paths from intracrystalline variations of radiogenic Ar proven perhaps the most powerful of all thermochronologic approaches, and an innovative analogous approach in He dating (4He/3He thermochronometry) is revealing remarkably powerful constraints on the extreme low temperature end of thermal histories, as reviewed by Shuster and Farley (Chapter 7). Thermochronology of detrital minerals provides unique constraints on the long-term evolution of orogens, sediment provenance, and depositional age constraints, to name a few. Bernet and Garver (Chapter 8) review the essentials of detrital zircon fission-track dating, one of the most venerable and robust of detrital thermochronometers, and in Chapter 9, Hodges, Ruhl, Wobus, and Pringle review the use of 40Ar/39Ar dating of detrital minerals, demonstrating the power of detrital muscovite ages in illuminating variations in exhumation rates in catchments over broad landscapes. (U-Th)/He thermochronometry presents several unique interpretational challenges besides new kinetics and low temperature sensitivity. One of these is long-alpha stopping distances, and its coupling with diffusion and U-Th zonation in age corrections. Dunai reviews modeling approaches to deal with these issues in interpreting low-temperature thermal histories (Chapter 10). Ketcham (Chapter 11) reviews the theory and calibration of both forward and inverse models of thermal histories from fission-track and (U-Th)/He data, and makes some important points about the interpretations of such models. Translating thermal histories into exhumational histories and their tectonic or geomorphic significance across a landscape requires quantitative understanding of the thermal structure of the crust and how it is perturbed, a review of which is presented by Ehlers (Chapter 12). Braun (Chapter 13) illustrates the power of low-temperature thermochronometry to constrain topographic evolution of landscapes over time, using PECUBE. Gallagher, Stephenson, Brown, Holmes, and Ballester present a novel method of inverse modeling of fission-track and (U-Th)/He data for thermal histories over landscapes (Chapter 14). Continuous time-temperature paths from closure profiles or their step-heating-derived equivalents are, to some degree, the holy grail of thermochronology. Harrison, Zeitler, Grove, and Lovera (Chapter 15) provide a review of the theory, measurement, and interpretation of continuous thermal histories at both intermediate and high temperatures, derived from both K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar and monazite U/Pb dating. Extensional orogens provide a special challenge and opportunity for thermochronometry because tectonic exhumation by footwall unroofing often outstrips erosional exhumation, and often occurs at high rates. As Stockli shows (Chapter 16) thermochronology in these setting provides opportunities to measure rates of a number of important processes, as well as obtain a snapshot of crustal thermal structure and its imprint on thermochronometers with varying closure temperatures. Spotila (Chapter 17) reviews the use of thermochronology applied to tectonic geomorphology in a wide range of orogenic settings, introducing the concept of denudational maturity. Thermochronology has found great utility in economic geology, and newly developed approaches pose great potential in this area, and shown by McInnes, Evans, Fu, and Garwin in their review of the use and modeling of thermochronology of hydrothermal ore deposits (Chapter 18). The thermal histories of sedimentary basins are also critical to understanding thermal maturation of hydrocarbons, but are also critical for understanding basin formation, erosional histories of source regions, fluid flow, and climate change and other temporal signals preserved in sedimentary rocks. Armstrong (Chapter 19) reviews these issues and the use of thermochronology in deducing the thermal histories of sedimentary basins. Drawing on large datasets of bedrock apatite fission-track dates, Kohn, Gleadow, Brown, Gallagher, Lorencak, and Noble demonstrate the power of modeling, and, importantly, effectively visualizing, integrated thermotectonic and denudational histories over large regions (Chapter 20). Thermal histories of meteorites provide constraints on a wide range of fundamentally important processes, including nebular condensation and early solar-system metamorphic histories, and the dynamics of interplanetary collisions and shock metamorphism. Min reviews thermochronologic approaches to understanding meteorite thermal histories (Chapter 21), including new methods and approaches. Finally, the importance of robust models with which to interpret thermochronologic data is underscored by the review of the Software for Interpretation and Analysis of Thermochronologic Data (Chapter 22), summarized and compiled by Ehlers, for programs associated with the work of authors in this volume and others.

Description / Table of Contents: In an increasingly globalized world, an understanding of the role of international trade is central to the study of agricultural economics and agribusiness. This text interweaves these two elements, explaining the theories and practices relevant to agricultural trade. Using real-life examples to explain theories and models, the text prepares readers to critically examine agricultural trade issues. In addition to its comprehensive coverage, each chapter features chapter overviews and summaries, key concepts, questions for review, and suggested readings.Explains the theories and practices releva

Description / Table of Contents: The Pollen Flora of Yunnan, China is the first book of the series of pollen morphological studies of tree plants growing in the wild in the Yunnan Province and in the surrounding area of China: Asian Environmental History. The series will present the first detailed work on the pollen flora of China. This book includes electron microscope photographs and light micrographs of 67 species of Gymnosperm, Myricaceae and Juglandaceae and can be used for research on many areas including pollen analysis and plant taxonomy.

Description / Table of Contents: Wissenschaftliche Wahrnehmung von Forschungsinstituten und Wissenschaftlern in aller Welt wird oft anhand ihrer Publikationen gemessen. Dazu werden bibliometrische Indikatoren, etwa die Anzahl der Veröffentlichungen und ihre Zitate, zu Rate gezogen. Mit bibliometrischen Analysen kann der Erfolg von wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten messbar dokumentiert werden. Dies ist ein wichtiger Aspekt gegenüber Entscheidungsträgern und Geldgebern, denn Forschungs- gelder sind knapp und immer lauter wird die Frage, nach welchen Kriterien sie gerecht vergeben werden können. Hier sind bibliometrische Methoden zukünftig stärker gefragt. Bücher zu bibliometrischen Analysen gibt es aber nicht viele. Gut lesbare noch weniger und eigentlich gar keine für Menschen, die nicht Statistiker oder Bibliometriker sind. Alle, die sich mit dieser Art der wissenschaftlichen Bewertung auseinandersetzen möchten oder müssen, vermissen eine knappe und gut lesbare Übersicht über Methoden, Anwendungen aber auch Grenzen bibliometrischer Analysen. Diesen Missstand behebt das vorliegende Buch.

Description / Table of Contents: Ice accretion on structures built on the earth’s surface is discussed. Sources of water are the atmosphere or water bodies near or surrounding the structure. Ice types include frost, rime, glaze, and spray; properties and conditions governing their formation are presented. Methods of estimating accretion rates and total accretion on structures are given, and extracts from U.S. and Canadian codes for ice and wind loads on structures are included. Techniques for preventing or removing ice accretion are presented.

Description / Table of Contents: During the period 1975-1978 the Federal Highway Administration sponsored a series of environmental engineering in­vestigations along the Yukon River to Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. In 1976 the Department of Energy joined these in­vestigations with a series of ecological projects which continue to the present. Both agencies research efforts were con­ducted on a cooperative basis with CRREL’s in-house research program. The objectives of the research focused on 1) an evaluation of the performance of the road, 2) an assessment of changes in the environment associated with the road, 3) documentation of flora and vegetation along the 577-km-long transect, 4) methodologies for revegetation and restoration, and 5) an assessment of biological parameters as indicators of environmental integrity. In support of these objectives, specific studies were undertaken that investigated the climate along the road, thaw and subsidence beneath and adjacent to the road, drainage and side slope performance, distribution and properties of road dust, vegetation distribution, vegetation disturbance and recovery, occurrence of weeds and weedy species, erosion and its control, revegetation and restoration, and construction of the fuel gas line. This report presents background, information on the region, detailed results of the road thaw subsidence and dust investigations, and summaries of revegetation, fuel gas line, vegetation distribution, soil, and weed studies.

Description / Table of Contents: This report discusses the time constraints on measuring the thermal resistance (R-value) of building components. Temperature changes on either side of a building component perturb measurement accuracy. Long measurement times and measurement times corresponding to a consistent diurnal cycle can be satisfactory; however, individual temperature changes cause significant error for shorter measurement periods. This report shows how to scale the thermal properties of individual constituent materials in a building element to determine its characteristic thermal time constant. The report then demonstrates the size of measurement error resulting from a variety of changes in temperature with representative walls of different time constants.

Description / Table of Contents: Eight species of loricate choanoflagellates (Acanthoccidae), Acanthoecopsis spiculifera, Bicosta spinifera, Bicosta antennigera, Callicantha simplex, Calliacantha multispina aff., Crinolina aperta, Diaphanoeca multionnulata, and Parvicorbicula socialis, were observed in samples obtained from the Weddell Sea during the austral summer, 1977. D. multiannulata was described for the first time from these samples; the other organisms have either been described previously or are being described at this time. The distribution of most species within the Weddell Sea was widespread. The distributional, environmental, and morphological range of A. spiculifera, B. spinifera, C. aperta, and P. socialis was expanded. Habitats in which choanoflagellates were found included the water column, the edges of ice floes, ponds on ice floes, and the interiors of ice floes. The presence of choanoflagellates within the ice indicates that there may be a closely coupled trophic relationship with the other two biological components of the ice community, the ice algae and the bacteria. The presence in the ice of seven species with both a caudal appendage and anterior projections suggests a positive relationship between this lorica configuration and the ice habitat. Mechanisms of variance of transverse costal diameters between genera may be useful to the taxonomy and phylogeny of this family.

Description / Table of Contents: Construction pads made of snow were used to build two sections of the Trans Alaska Pipeline and a small gas pipeline during the winter of 1975-76. Construction during the winter has become increasingly common in the Arctic. Surface travel and the use of heavy construction equipment on the unprotected tundra have been severely restricted, even during the winter, so the use of temporary winter roads and construction pads built of snow and ice has been advocated and is being adopted. The three snow construction pads mentioned above were the first snow roads and construction pads used on a large scale in Alaska. Snow roads and construction pads have two objectives: to protect the underlying vegetation and upper layers of the ground, and to provide a hard, smooth surface for travel and the operation of equipment. Several types have been built, and a brief discussion is given of their history and classification systems. The three snow construction pads used in construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and the small gas pipeline in 1975-76 were visited and observed while in use. The Globe Creek snow pad, about 50 miles north of Fairbanks, was built primarily of manufactured snow hauled to the site and watered. With very high densities this pad withstood heavy traffic and use by heavy construction equipment except on one steep slope. There, the use of tracked vehicles and vehicles without front wheel drive disaggregated the snow on and near the surface so that vehicles without front wheel drive were unable to climb the hill. The Toolik snow pad, just north of the Brooks Range, was built of compacted snow and proved capable of supporting the heaviest traffic and construction equipment. The fuel gasline snow pad ran from the northern Brooks Range to the Arctic Coast and also proved capable of supporting the necessary traffic. Both the Toolik snow pad and the fuel gasline snow pad failed in very early May because of unseasonably warm and clear weather before the associated construction projects were completed. However, the three snow pads must be considered successful. Common problems were the lack of snow, slopes, unseasonably warm spring weather, and inexperience on the part of contractors and construction personnel.

Description / Table of Contents: Specimens prepared from various types of ice without introducing excessive defects were tested at temperatures ranging from -2° to -190°C. These tests indicated slightly higher Charpy values at lower temperatures and in more highly dispersed material concentrations. Three modes of fracture occurred during testing. Depending on the temperature and the material composition, either of the first two modes, normal fracture or multiple fracture, will appear and will show a normal frequency distribution of Charpy values in each type of ice. The third mode, fracture from both ends,which frequently occurred in the NH4F doped ice, gave Charpy values two to five times higher than the mean value for normal fracture. It can, therefore, be concluded that certain types of doping can alter the mode of fracture, through which drastic modifications of impact resistance my be possible.

Description / Table of Contents: Four types of roof leaks occurred at a new school building in Chevak, Alaska: 1) blowing snow entered the roof through eave vents and then melted, 2) slush and ice in roof valleys caused meltwater to overflow the valley flash­ing and run into the building, 3) water entered at a roof/wall intersection and 4) in many areas water entered through gaps in the sloping plywood deck. Sealing the eave vents made it impossible for blowing snow to enter the roof at the eaves. Electric heat tapes eliminated the valley icing problem. Missing flashing was responsible for the roof/wall intersection leaks. The absence of a vapor barrier in the roof was the cause of many leaks. We recom­mended that the roof be repaired from the exterior by removing component elements down to the plywood deck,installing an adhered continuous vapor barrier and reassembling the roof. An alternative roof cladding of compos­ition shingles was discussed as was conversion to a “cold roof.” The roof was repaired and modified following our recommendations, and problems appear to have been solved.

Description / Table of Contents: Ohne Kurzreferat

Description / Table of Contents: An account of the results of the 2 March 1987 earthquake in the eastern Bay of Plenty and the aftermath's effects on the people and places on the Rangitaiki Plains

Description / Table of Contents: The IUGS/IAGC Global Geochemical Baselines Programme aims to establish a global geochemical reference baseline for 〉60 determinants in a range of media for environmental and other applications. The European contribution to the programme has been carried out by government institutions from 26 countries under the auspices of the Forum of European Geological Surveys (FOREGS) The main objectives of this European survey were: 1) to apply standardised methods of sampling, chemical analysis and data management to prepare a geochemical baseline across Europe; and 2) to use this reference network to level national baseline datasets. Samples of stream water, stream sediment and three types of soil (organic top layer, minerogenic top and sub soil) have been collected at 900 stations, each representing a catchment area of 100 km2, corresponding to a sampling density of about one sample per 4700 km2. In addition, the uppermost 25 cm of floodplain sediment was sampled from 790 sites each representing a catchment area of 1000 km2. All soil and sediment samples were prepared at the same laboratory, and all samples of particular sample types were analysed by the same method at the same laboratory. More than 50 elements, both total and aqua regia extractable concentrations, and other parameters (such as pH and grain size) were determined on the 〈2 mm grain size fraction of minerogenic samples, and total concentrations of organic soil samples were measured after using a strong acid digestion. Nine laboratories of European geological surveys carried out the analytical work. Altogether, 360 geochemical maps showing the distribution of elements across Europe have been prepared. All the results and field observations are organised in a common database and the maps are published as a Geochemical Atlas of Europe. All the sampling sites were photographed and this photo archive is also available. Samples have been archived in the Slovak Republic for possible future use. Initial results show that the distribution patterns of both water and solid samples are related to such factors as large-scale tectonic provinces, geochemical variation of large lithological units, extension of the Weichselian glaciation, and contamination reflecting industrialized areas and regions of intensive agriculture. Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus, AGI): geochemical surveys, baseline studies, soils, sediments, stream water, sampling, sample preparation, chemical analysis, geochemical maps, atlas, areal geology, Europe

Description / Table of Contents: The primary objectives of this study were to 1) prepare a map from Landsat imagery of the Upper Susitna River Basin drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, 2) identify possible faults and lineaments within the upper basin and within a 100-km radius of the proposed Devil Canyon and Watana dam sites as observed on Landsat imagery, and 3) prepare a Landsat-derived map showing the distribution of surficial geologic materials and poorly drained areas. The EROS Digital Image Enhancement System (EDIES) provided computer- enhanced images of Landsat-1 scene 5470-19560. The EDIES false color composite of this scene was used as the base for mapping drainage network, lakes, glaciers and snowfields, six surficial geologic materials units and poorly drained areas. We used some single-band and other color composites of Landsat images during interpretation. All the above maps were prepared by photointerpretation of Landsat images without using computer analysis, aerial photographs, field data, or published reports. These other data sources were used only after the mapping was completed to compare and verify the information interpreted and delineations mapped from the Landsat images. Four Landsat-1 MSS band 7 winter scenes were used in the photomosaic prepared for the lineament mapping. We mapped only those lineaments related to reported regional tectonics, although there were many more lineaments evident on the Landsat photomosaic.

Description / Table of Contents: This research comprised laboratory testing to determine the properties of asphalt-aggregate mixtures containing three grades of asphalt cements, and analyses to project the performance of pavements containing each of the asphalts, in resisting thermally induced distress and traffic-associated distress. From the results it is concluded that only the softest asphalt cement tested (AC 2.5) would perform satisfactorily in a cold climatic zone. The moderately soft (AC 5) and moderately hard (AC 20) asphalt cements showed little susceptibility to thermal cracking in a moderate and a warm climatic zone, respectively. The AC 2.5 and AC 5 asphalts are not recommended for use in warm climates, however, owing to increased susceptibility to rutting under traffic.

Description / Table of Contents: Weekly measurements of the thickness of lake, river and fast sea ice made over a period of 10 to 15 years at 66 locations in Canada and Alaska are analyzed, and the portion of the data relating to maximum ice thickness and decay (i.e. the decrease in ice thickness) is examined. Ice thickness curves revealed individual patterns of ice decay, and comparisons between locations disclosed major contrasts in the amount of ice accretion and the times of maximum ice and ice clearance. Although many factors affect the ice decay process, this study investigates in detail the effect of thawing temperatures. Concurrent measurements of the air temperature at each location made it possible to analyze the relationship between accumulated thawing degree-days (ATDD) and ice cover decay. Other factors affecting ice ablation and breakup, such as snow-ice formation, snow cover depth, solar radiation and wind are also discussed.

Description / Table of Contents: Winner of the 2006 Giovanni Sartori Book Award, given by the American Political Science Association's Qualitative Methods Section. The use of case studies to build and test theories in political science and the other social sciences has increased in recent years. Many scholars have argued that the social sciences rely too heavily on quantitative research and formal models and thus have attempted to develop and refine rigorous methods for using case studies. This text presents a comprehensive analysis of research methods using case studies and examines the place of case studies in social science methodology. It argues that case studies, statistical methods, and formal models are complementary rather than competitive. The book explains how to design case study research that will produce results useful to policymakers and it emphasizes the importance of developing policy-relevant theories. It offers three major contributions to case study methodology: an emphasis on the importance of within-case analysis, a detailed discussion of process tracing, and development of the concept of typological theories. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences will be particularly useful to graduate students and scholars in social science methodology and the philosophy of science, as well as to those designing new research projects, and will contribute greatly to the broader debate about scientific methods.

Description / Table of Contents: The collection includes papers containing new data on spores-pollen complexes, mammal remnants, stratigraphy, lithological-mineralogical characteristics and paleogeography of the Cenozoic in Yakutia, mainly in the Kolyma basin. Summarizing papers are devoted to the history of vegetation in Yakutia during the Cenozoic and to main stages of the relief-formation of the Primorsk lowland. Stages in which thermoabrasive transformation of the shelf and the sea shore during the Holocene became more active are recognized and related to sea transgressions. An analysis of recent crust movements is given. A method for drawing up neotectonic schemes of a lowland formed on the Cenozoic sedimentary cover is proposed.

Description / Table of Contents: Сборник объединяет статьи, содержащие новые данные по спорово-пыльцевым комплексам, остаткам млекопитающих, стратиграфии, литолого-минералогической характеристике и палеогеографии кайнозоя Якутии, главным образом бассейна р. Колымы . Обобщающие статьи посвящены истории развития растительности севера Якутии в кайнозое и основным этапам рельефообразования Приморской низменности. Выделены этапы активизации термоабразионного преобразования шельфа и морского побережья в голоцене, связанные с трансгрессиями. Анализируются современные движения земной коры. Предлагается методика составления неотектонических схем низменности, развитой на кайнозойском осадочном чехле. Сборник издается к XI Конгрессу Международного союза по изучению четвертичного периода. Книга рассчитана на специалистов в области палеонтологии, стратиграфии, геоморфологии, падеогеографии, неотектоники, геологического картирования и поисков месторождений полезных ископаемых, в особенности в низменных районах с широким развитием рыхлых отложений осадочного чехла.

Description / Table of Contents: Results of impulse radar studies of sea ice give support to the concept of a sea ice model in which the ice bottom is composed of an array of lossy parallel plate waveguides. The fundametal relation between the average bulk brine volume of sea ice and its electrical and strength properties is discussed as is the remote detection of under-ice current alignment. It was found that 1) the average effective bulk dielectric constant is dependent upon the average bulk brine volume of the sea ice; 2) sea ice anisotropy, arising from a bottom structure of crystal platelets with a preferred c-axis horizontal alignment, can be detected by radio echo sounding measurements made not only on the ice surface but also from an airborne platform; 3) the effective coefficient of reflection from the seaiIce bottom decreases with increasing average effective bulk dielectric constant of the ice, decreases with increasing bulk brine volume, and is typically one to two orders of magnitude lower dhan the coefficient of reflection from the ice surface; and 4) the losses In sea ice increase with increasing average bulk brine volume.

Description / Table of Contents: The use of ice as a structural material is common practice for certain applications in cold regions. Techniques such as surface flooding or water spraying are used to accelerate ice growth rates, thereby lengthening the winter construction season. This report examines the heat and mass transfer rates from freely falling water drops in cold air. Design equations which predict the amount of supercooling of the drops as a function of outdoor ambient temperature, drop size and distance of fall are given

Description / Table of Contents: The contribution of brine layers to observed reflective anisotropy of sea ice at 100 MHz is quantitatively assessed. The sea ice is considered to be a stratified, inhomogeneous, anisotropic dielectric consisting of pure ice containing ordered arrays of conducting inclusions (brine layers). Below the transition zone, the ice is assumed to have constant azimuthal c-axis orientation within the horizontal plane, so that the orientation of brine layers is uniform. The brine layers are also assumed to become increasingly well-defined with depth, since adjacent brine inclusions tend to fuse together with increasing temperature. A theoretical explanation for observed reflective anisotropy is proposed in terms of an isotropic electric flux penetration into the brine layers. Penetration anisotropy and brine layer geometry are linked to anisotropy in the complex dielectric constant of sea ice. In order to illustrate the above effects we present a numerical method of approximating the reflected power of a plane wave pulse incident on a slab of sea ice. Mixture dielectric constants are calculated for two polarizations of the incident wave: 1) the electric field parallel to the c-axis direction, and 2) the electric field perpendicular to the c-axis direction. These dielectric constants are then used to calculate power reflection coefficients for the two polarizations. Significant bottom reflection (R ~ 0.08) occurs when the polariza-tion is parallel to the c-axis. However, when the polarization is perpendicular to the c-axis, the return may be almost completely extinguished (R 〈 0.001). This extinction is due primarily to absorptive loss associated with the conduct-ing inclusions and secondarily to an impedance match at the ice/water interface that results in transmission of the wave to the water without reflection.

Description / Table of Contents: Es ist von grossem Interesse, den fundamentalen physikalischen Prozess zu isolieren, der die beobachteten Eigenschaften von Seismizitätsmustern erklärt. Wir präsentieren vier numerische Studien, die die Effektivität von Fluiden und der strukturellen Heterogenität von Verwerfungszonen im Hinblick auf die Genese von Erdbebenkomplexität untersuchen. Die dreidimensionalen, kontinuierlichen Modelle werden von der empirischen `rate and state' Beschreibung der Entwicklung des Reibungskoeffizienten bestimmt, und|vom jeweiligen Problem abhängig|von elasto-hydraulischen Wechselwirkungen oder heterogenen Reibungsverhältnissen auf der zweidimensionalen Verwerfungszone. Zu Beginn wird gezeigt, dass für bestimmte Bereiche von hydraulisch relevanten Parametern der Prozess des `dilatant hardening', d. h. Verhärtungen aufgrund der Erweiterung des Porenraumes, ausreicht, um beschleunigende Instabilitäten zu stabilisieren, was zu heterogenen raum-zeitlichen Verschiebungen führt...

Description / Table of Contents: This book integrates spatial and behavioral perspectives - in a word, those of the Rochester and Michigan schools - into a unified theory of voter choice and party strategy. The theory encompasses both policy and non-policy factors, effects of turnout, voter discounting of party promises, expectations of coalition governments, and party motivations based on policy as well as office. Optimal (Nash equilibrium) strategies are determined for alternative models for presidential elections in the US and France, and for parliamentary elections in Britain and Norway. These polities cover a wide range of electoral rules, number of major parties, and governmental structures. The analyses suggest that the more competitive parties generally take policy positions that come close to maximizing their electoral support, and that these vote-maximizing positions correlate strongly with the mean policy positions of their supporters

Description / Table of Contents: Highest concentrations at ground level are often produced from surface sources with stable atmospheric conditions and near calm winds. This report describes a weighted data methodology developed to predict surface concentrations from stationary wind-tunnel measurements and actual meteorological wind fields. Field measurements made downwind of the Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Station in 1975 have been compared against a set of wind-tunnel measurements around a 1:500 scale model of the same facilities. The weighted data algorithm was realistic in both predicting centerline concentration values as well as the horizontal spread of the plume.

Description / Table of Contents: A mathematical model of coupled heat and moisture flow in soils has been developed. The model includes algorithms for phase change of soil moisture and frost heave and permits several types of boundary and initial conditions. The finite element method of weighted residual (Galerkin procedure) was chosen to simulate the spatial regime and the Crank-Nicholson method was used for the time domain portion of the model. To facilitate evaluation of the model, the heat and moisture fluxes were essentially decoupled; moisture flux was then simulated accurately, as were heat flux and frost heave in a laboratory test. Comparison of the simulated and experimental data illustrates the importance of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. It is one parameter which is difficult to measure and for which only a few laboratory test results are available. Therefore, unsaturated hydraulic conductivities calculated in the computer model may be a significant source of error in calculations of frost heave. The algorithm incorporating effects of surcharge and overburden was inconclusively evaluated. Time-dependent frost penetration and frost heave in laboratory specimens were closely simulated with the model. After 10 days of simulation, the computed frost heave was about 2.3 cm vs 2.0 cm and 2.8 cm in two tests. Frost penetration was computed as 15 cm and was measured at 12.0 cm and 12.2 cm in the two laboratory samples after 10 days.