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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 9 (1977), S. 279-298 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): 5S RNA ; Drosophila ; Evolution ; Secondary structure ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The nucleotide sequence ofDrosophila melanogaster 5S RNA has been determined and appears to be homogeneous both in the KC cell line and in the insect at different developmental stages. Experimental evidence on the conformation of this molecule is in agreement with a general class of 5S RNA models.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 181 (1997), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Weakly electric fish ; Gymnotiformes ; Development ; Electric organ ; Electric organ discharge
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract I recorded the electric organ discharges (EODs) of 331 immature Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus 6–88 mm long. Larvae produced head-positive pulses 1.3 ms long at 7 mm (6 days) and added a second, small head-negative phase at 12 mm. Both phases shortened duration and increased amplitude during growth. Relative to the whole EOD, the negative phase increased duration until 22 mm and amplitude until 37 mm. Fish above 37 mm produced a “symmetric” EOD like that of adult females. I stained cleared fish with Sudan black, or fluorescently labeled serial sections with anti-desmin (electric organ) or anti-myosin (muscle). From day 6 onward, a single electric organ was found at the ventral margin of the hypaxial muscle. Electrocytes were initially cylindrical, overlapping, and stalk-less, but later shortened along the rostrocaudal axis, separated into rows, and formed caudal stalks. This differentiation started in the posterior electric organ in 12-mm fish and was complete in the anterior region of fish with “symmetric” EODs. The lack of a distinct “larval” electric organ in this pulse-type species weakens the hypothesis that all gymnotiforms develop both a temporary (larval) and a permanent (adult) electric organ.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 361-365 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Central pattern generators ; Development ; Homarus gammarus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We used the lobster Homarus gammarus to study the ontogeny of neural networks involved in rhythmic behaviours. Since in the adult the neural networks belonging to the stomatogastric nervous system and controlling the rhythmic movements of the foregut are well characterised, we have studied them during ontogeny. While this foregut develops slowly throughout embryonic and larval stages, the neuronal population of these motor networks is quantitatively established since the mid-embryonic period. Moreover, in the embryo, this neural population is organised into a single functional network that displays a unique motor output. By contrast, in the adult the same neuronal elements are organised into three neural networks that express independent motor programs. Our results indicate that the multiple adult networks are partitioned progressively from a single embryonic network during development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 367-372 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cortical magnification ; Somatosensory cortex ; Development ; Evolution ; Behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) has a snout surrounded by 22 fleshy and mobile appendages. This unusual structure is not an olfactory organ, as might be assumed from its location, nor is it used to manipulate objects as might be guessed from its appearance. Rather, the star is devoted to the sense of touch, and for this purpose the appendages are covered with thousands of small mechanoreceptive Eimer's organs. Recent behavioral studies find that the star acts much like a tactile eye, having a small behavioral focus, or “fovea” at the center – used for detailed explorations of objects of interest. The peripheral and central nervous systems of the mole reflect these behavioral specializations, such that the small behavioral focus on the nose is more densely innervated in the periphery, and has a greatly enlarged representation in the somatosensory cortex. This somatosensory representation of the tactile fovea is not correlated with anatomical parameters (innervation density) as found in other species, but rather is highly correlated with patterns of behavior. The many surprising parallels between the somatosensory system of the mole, and the visual systems of other mammals, suggest a convergent and perhaps common organization for highly developed sensory systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Honey bee ; Behavior ; Development ; Neurobiology ; Foraging
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Bees derived from artificially selected high- and low-pollen-hoarding strains were tested for their proboscis extension reflex response to water and varying sucrose concentrations. High-strain bees had a lower response threshold to sucrose than low-strain bees among pre-foragers, foragers, queens and drones. Pre-foraging low-strain workers showed ontogenetic changes in their response threshold to sucrose which was inversely related to age. High-strain foragers were more likely to return with loads of water compared to low-strain foragers. Whereas low-strain foragers were more likely to return with loads of nectar. Low-strain nectar foragers collected nectar with significantly higher sucrose concentrations than did the high-strain nectar foragers. Alternatively, low-strain foragers were more likely to return empty compared to high-strain foragers. These studies demonstrate how a genotypically varied sensory-physiological process, the perception of sucrose, are associated with a division of labor for foraging.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 181 (1997), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Motor pattern ; Motor neurone ; Insect ; Grasshopper ; Development ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract There is a change in the synaptic connections between motor neurones that underlie locust kicking and jumping during maturation following the adult moult. The fast extensor tibiae (FETi) motor neurone makes monosynaptic excitatory connections with flexor tibiae motor neurones that have previously been implicated in maintaining flexor activity during the co-contraction phase of jumping, in which energy generated by the muscles of a hind leg is stored. The amplitude of the FETi spike decreases when repetitively activated, and this decrement is larger in locusts immediately following the adult moult than in mature locusts. The decrement in␣the FETi spike is correlated with a greater decrease in the amplitude of the flexor excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in newly moulted locusts and in turn with the failure of these locusts to kick or jump. The results presented here indicate that the developmental change in the connections between the motor neurones contributes to the change in behaviour following the moult.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1430-3418
    Schlagwort(e): Acherontia styx ; Azadirachtin ; Biogenic amines ; Development ; Nutrition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Previous studies have suggested the involvement of biogenic amines in insect metamorphic events and post-embryonic development. The effect of azadirachtin (AZ), a natural antifeedant and growth-disrupting compound, on the nutrition, development, and biogenic amine contents of the last instar larvae of the Eastern Death’s Head hawk moth, Acherontia styx, was examined. Single doses of AZ, injected into the haemolymph at day 1 post-ecdysis, inhibited food consumption in a dose-dependent manner (ED50 = 0.65±0.08 μg AZ/g body weight), and was found to be highly effective at producing pupal deformities and inhibiting larval growth (0.1–0.2 μg AZ/g body weight range). Biogenic amine contents, namely octopamine (OA), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), in the brain and the haemolymph of 4-day- and 8 day-old larvae were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an electrochemical detector (ECD). A dose-response relationship between AZ and biogenic amine contents in the brain and the haemolymph was also established. Low doses of AZ (0.1–0.2 μg AZ/g body weight) caused a dramatic reduction in OA and 5-HT levels in both the brain and the haemolymph. However, higher doses (0.9–1.2 μg AZ/g body weight) were needed to induce a significant reduction in DA levels. The significance of these findings in relation to the possibility of the involvement of biogenic amines in regulating metamorphic events in insects through mediation of juvenile hormone synthesis and/or release is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 182 (1977), S. 107-116 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Salivary glands ; Ecdysone ; Transcriptional control ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Injection of α-ecdysone into the larval haemolymph of late third instar larvae ofD. virilis induces both the extrusion of secretory proteins and the inactivation of the enzyme glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate-aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.16) in the salivary glands. In the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide the hormone is ineffective. If before adding these inhibitors RNA synthesis is allowed to proceed for 1.5h, or protein synthesis for 2h after ecdysone injection, however, the protein extrusion and the enzyme inactivation do occur. It is proposed that ecdysone controls these two cytoplasmic events at the transcriptional level by the activation of specific Correlations with puff activities are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Gangliosides ; Sialoglycoproteins ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Brain ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The developmental accretion of up to nine individual gangliosides in foetal brains, peri- and postnatal cortices, postnatal cerebelli and olfactory lobes and in the liver and the spleen were investigated in mice and compared with that of glycoprotein-bound sialic acid and the activity of the acetylcholinesterase. In foetal brain and in postnatal liver and spleen more sialic acid was found bound to glycoproteins than to gangliosides. In postnatal brain structures, however, ganglioside-NeuAc predominated and increased between the 7th and 21st d about 2-fold in the olfactory lobes and cerebellum and more than 3-fold in the cortex. During foetal development the relative quantities (mol %) as well as the absolute concentrations (compared with the fresh weight) of GM1, GM2 and GM3 in the brain decreased, whereas those of GD1a, GD1b and GQ increased. This pattern change continued perinatally in the cortex up to the end of the first week. Thereafter the pattern changed little, but the concentration of all gangliosides present increased much more rapidly, especially between the 10th and 13th d. The postnatal cerebellum and olfactory lobes contained higher concentrations of GM1 and GM3 than the cortex, both gangliosides decreasing in favour of their di-, tri- and tetrasialo-homologues during the third postnatal week. In all brains structures the accretion of GD1a and GT1 was proportional to the increase in the activity of the acetylcholinesterase. Unlike the brain structures, the ganglioside pattern in the liver and spleen, characterised by a predominance of monosialogangliosides and of GD3, did not change noticeably during the first three weeks after birth. The coincidence of the changes in ganglioside accretion observed in the different brain structures with successive periods of morphological differentiation further support the suggestion that gangliosides may play an important role in control of the growth and differentiation of developing nerve cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; Compound eye ; shibire ts ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We have analysed the effect of temperature on both developing and adult eye cell clones homozygous forshi ST139, a temperature-sensitive mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster. The mutant gene, autonomous in its cellular expression, causes structural modifications of ommatidial cells when adult clones of cells are exposed to the restrictive temperature (29°C) for several days. However, the mutant phenotype reverses to normal within 4 days at the permissive temperature (20°C). The results of pulse, shift-up and shift-down experiments show that the temperaturesensitive period for developing compound eye cells is from the late second instar up to the early pupa. Cytodifferentiation of compound eye cells is blocked by restrictive temperature treatment during this period, whereas cell proliferation does not seem to be directly affected. These results are discussed with regard to the other known aspects of the phenotype observed in mutant individuals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Nervous system ; Development ; Imaginal discs ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The pathway of adult sensory nerves has been analysed in three experimental situations: (i) in flies with grossly abnormal thoracic morphology resulting from X-irradiation early during development, (ii) in flies which had been subjected to surgical operations late in the larval period, (iii) in homoeotic mutants. The results provide experimental support for a simple mechanism in which developing adult axons join the nearest larval nerve and are guided by it up to the central nervous system. In particular, experimental interference with normal development can result in nerves from different segments, or from dorsal and ventral appendages, joining each other and entering the central nervous system together.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 325-350 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Optic lobes ; Compound eyes ; Development ; Odonata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des résultats antérieurs ayant montré une certaine dépendance du lobe optique envers l'oeil composé au cours du développement post-embryonnaire, il importait de préciser le rôle joué par les fibres post-rétiniennes qui relient ces deux organes. On pouvait, en particulier, se demander si l'activité mitotique du massif d'accroissement commun aux deux ganglions optiques externes (la lamina et la medulla) est contrôlée par le nombre de fibres postrétiniennes néoformées, ou bien si le rôle régulateur des fibres post-rétiniennes s'exerce plus tard, au moment de la différenciation des cellules ganglionnaires. Afin de répondre à ces questions trois types d'opération impliquant l'activité des fibres post-rétiniennes ont été pratiquées: (1) Une déficience en fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées a été obtenue par ablation de la zone d'accroissement oculaire et son remplacement par du tégument banal. (2) Une surcharge en jeunes fibres post-rétiniennes a été réalisée par l'induction de zones d'accroissement oculaires supplémentaires à la suite de rotations antéro-postérieures de volets oculaires. (3) Des “témoins-opérés” ont subi l'ablation, puis la remise en place immédiate de volets oculaires identiques à ceux des séries précédentes. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de préciser les processus régulateurs qui contrôlent la croissance du lobe optique en la rendant dépendante de la croissance de l'oeil sus-jacent. Cette régulation, qui consiste en un ajustement exact du nombre des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles à celui des fibres postrétiniennes, s'exercerait à trois niveaux: (1) Une première régulation de la croissance contrôlerait le nombre total de neuroblastes dans le massif d'accroissement externe, la quantité de ces cellules embryonnaires étant d'autant plus élevé que la densité de fibres post-rétiniennes serait plus forte. Par contre, le taux mitotique du massif d'accroissement, qui s'est révélé invariable, ne serait pas sous le contrôle des fibres post-rétiniennes. (2) Une seconde régulation, beaucoup plus précise, s'effectuant dans la lamina, consisterait en la différenciation des seules cellules ganglionnaires contactées par les fibres post-rétiniennes néoformées, les cellules surnuméraires dégénérant alors rapidement. L'action différenciatrice s'exercant au niveau des autres ganglions, medulla et lobula, nécessiterait la présence à la fois des fibres post-rétiniennes à orientation centripètes, et des fibres centrifuges. (3) Un ultime processus régulateur, qui implique l'intégrité des fibres postrétiniennes, assurerait le maintien des cellules ganglionnaires fonctionnelles.
    Notizen: Summary Since to earlier results indicated a dependence of the optic lobe on the compound eye during post-embryonic development, it appeared essential to specify the part played by the post-retinal fibres connecting these two organs. Especially, we wondered if the mitotic activity in the outer optic anlage common to the two outer optic ganglia (lamina and medulla) was controlled by the number of newly-neoformed post-retinal fibres, or if the regulating influence from the post-retinal fibres takes place later, during the differentiation of the ganglion cells. In order to answer these questions, three kinds of operation were performed: (1) removal, in young larvae, of the zone producing new ommatidia. This operation deprives the optic of the arrival of new post-retinal fibres below the operated level. (2) overloading of post-retinal fibres, by inducing zones that produced supernumerary ommatidia. (3) removal of an ocular volet, followed by its immediate reinsertion, to provide a “surgery-control”. The following results were obtained: (1) A preliminary growth regulation controlled the total number of neuroblasts in the outer optic anlage. However, the permanent mitotic activity of these cells was not controlled by post-retinal fibres. (2) A second regulation, much more precise, occurring in the lamina, consisted in the differentiation of the ganglion cells being affected by the new post-retinal fibres. The supernumerary cells then rapidly degenerated. (3) A last regulatory process, implying the integrity of post-retinal fibres, maintained the ganglion cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Ascidia ; Concanavalin A ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The early development ofPhallusia mammillata eggs, dechorionated with trypsin and treated with Concanavalin A, was studied. Vital staining with a very dilute solution of acridine orange (0.01 μg/ml) helped to visualize the mitochondrial ‘crescent’ by fluorescence. At high concentrations of Concanavalin A (20–200 μg/ml) fertilized eggs did not cleave, but went through early ooplasmic segregation movements (formation of the crescent) and multinuclear syncytia were formed. At lower concentrations of Concanavalin A (less than 10 μg/ml), cleavage occurred, but the blastomeres remained rounded, leading to a grapelike embryo. Eggs attached to Concanavalin A treated nylon surfaces either did not cleave or produced grapelike embryos. Attachment of the eggs did not affect ooplasmic segregation. Considering modern theories of membrane structure it was concluded that Concanavalin A prevented cleavage either by immobilizing surface structures connected with microfilaments or by indirectly modifying other membrane structures. These structures could not have been involved in ooplasmic segregation, but their mobility was necessary for further morphogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Sox ; Zebrafish ; Development ; Brain ; Midbrain-hindbrain boundary
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The Sox family of proteins is thought to act to regulate gene expression in a wide variety of developmental processes. Here we describe the cloning of sox30, a novel sox gene from the zebrafish (Danio rerio). In situ hybridization shows that sox30 is expressed in a restricted manner at the boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain during nervous system development. This expression pattern is in direct contrast to that of most other neuronally expressed Sox genes which are expressed throughout the nervous system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1430-3418
    Schlagwort(e): Nerve cell ; Microelectronics ; Development ; Regeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nerve cell growth is influenced by guiding properties of its substratum. Microfabricated cell culture substrata were used to determine whether rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) nerve cells could detect and integrate simultaneous model adhesive and topographic guidance cues. Interference reflection microscopy demonstrated strips of surface contact under the marginal zone of growth cones on planar surfaces which were coincident with actin immunostaining at the periphery of the C-domain. Clusters of focal contacts below the growth cone C-domain delineated the track edges on adhesive gratings. Neurite extension was guided most effectively by adhesive gratings of 25-μm period where highly aligned cells were typically bipolar. Nanometric steps and differences in surface texture between the adhesive tracks was detected using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Neurites did not align to 12- to 100-μm pitch grooves which were less than 1 μm deep. The proportion of aligned neurites increased with groove depth. Maximum neurite alignment was seen when 6-μm-deep, 25-μm-wide grooves contained superimposed parallel adhesive tracks of matched pitch. Neurites aligned preferentially to adhesive tracks superimposed orthogonally over shallow grooves (1 μm deep). Primary neurites aligned increasingly to grooves with orthogonal adhesive tracks as their depth increased. These neurites frequently had highly branched terminal arbours aligned to the orthogonal adhesive tracks. We conclude that morphogenetic guidance cues can interact synergistically and hierarchically to steer nerve cell growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 27-50 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Compound eye ; Development ; Determination of R7 cells ; sevenless mutant analysis ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary sev LY3,the only existing allele at thesev locus (1–33,2±0,2), behaves as strongly hypomorph or even as amorph. Ommatidia in asev compound eye have only seven receptor cells, the position of the R7 pattern element being vacant. Various criteria showing that the missing cell is R7 have been verified. These include (i) anatomical characteristics ofsev ommatidia; (ii) behaviour of central R cells insev rdgB double mutants; (iii) medullary projection of central R cell axons; and (iv) mitotic pattern ofsev imaginal discs. The analysis of morphogeneticsev-sev + mosaics has shown thatsev is expressed autonomously by R7 cells, indicating that thesev phenotype is not due to asev genotype of ommatidial pattern elements other than R7. The study of third instarsev imaginal discs has not brought any direct evidence for death of clustered presumptive R7 cells; however, clonal analysis of the developingsev compound eye has given evidence of developmental parameters comparable to those ofsev +, therefore favouring the hypothesis that R7 cells die insev mutants. On the other hand,sev + seems to be required for the determination of the R7 cells, since thesev phenotype cannot be uncovered during the last mitoses of heterozygous mutant cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Protein synthesis ; Development ; Antherea pernyi ; Follicles ; Specific ribonuclease
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Crude, cell-free protein-synthesizing systems were prepared from follicles of two different stages of development in the ovariole of the silkmothAntherea pernyi. The efficiency of the translation of natural and synthetic mRNAs in these systems was compared with that in a cell-free wheat germ system. A postmitochondrial extract (S-30) from the follicles almost completely inhibited protein synthesis in a polyribosome-dependent, cell-free systems. A specific ribonuclease, obtained from the post mitochondrial extract by ammonium sulphate precipitation, heat denaturation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, inhibited polyribosome-dependent protein synthesis. The effect of this specific ribonuclease on the structural integrity of radioactive RNAs and ribosomal subunits, which were isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, was also studied.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Heat-Shock Proteins 90 ; Molecular chaperones ; Development ; Amphibian
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Expression and distribution of a constitutive member of the 90 kDa heat-shock protein family, named HSC90, was investigated during amphibian embryonic development. By Northern blot analysis, two hsp90 transcripts (2.5 and 3 kb) which displayed differing developmental regulation were detected during embryogenesis. Expression of the larger transcript (3 kb), which encodes an HSC90-related protein, decreased until the gastrula stage. However, zygotic transcription for this hsc90 gene was found to start from the neurula stage, and the corresponding zygotic hsc90 transcript was specifically located by whole mount in situ hybridization in the anterior neural tube of a late neurula embryo. Later, in a tailbud embryo, hsc90 transcripts were detected in the cephalic region, neural tube, eye vesicles, branchial and mandibular arches and somites. Distribution of the HSC90-related protein was also analysed by immunohistochemistry throughout embryogenesis. As expected, the protein was strongly expressed in the cytoplasm, mainly in the periplasmic area of embryonic tissue cells. Interestingly, HSC90 was also transiently detected in the nuclear area, with this nuclear transfer depending on the chromatin condensation state, up to the blastula stage. During the process of gastrulation, nuclear translocation of HSC90 was also observed at the level of the blastopore dorsal lip, exclusively in cells undergoing invagination.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 182 (1977), S. 329-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Porifera ; Spongillides ; Gemmula ; Development ; Cell differentiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die beschalten Dauerstadien (Gemmulae) des SüßwasserschwammesEphydatia fluviatilis enthalten uniforme, totipotente Statocyten (Thésocyten), aus denen sich im Keimungsverlauf Archaeocyten (ein- und zweikernige) und Histoblasten differenzieren. Letztere treten nach einem gewissen Inkubationszeitraum in der zapfenartigen Zone unter der Mikropyle auf, während sich die übrigen Zelltypen zu einem an der Schalenöffnung orientierten, dreidimensionalen Muster gefälleartig anordnen. Nach Ausbildung eines einschichtigen Pinacocyten-Epithels (primäres Pinacoderm) aus peripher gelegenen, einkernigen Zellen schlüpft das nunmehr im Kapselinneren entstandene Primordium durch die offene Mikropyle und nimmt mit dem Substrat Verbindung auf. Das Primordium entwickelt sich zum frühen Jungschwamm, in den die restlichen Archaeocyten, Histoblasten und auch vereinzelt Skleroblasten einwandern.
    Notizen: Summary The dormant shelled gemmulae of the fresh water spongeEphydatia fluviatilis contain uniform, totipotent statocytes (thésocytes), which can differentiate either into archaeocytes (mono- and binucleated) or into histoblasts. The histoblasts accumulate at the villus near the micropyle. The other cell types orientate in a three-dimensional pattern at the micropyle, according to a developing gradient. After the primary pinacoderm is formed, the sponge primordium is released through the open micropyle. The primordium develops into a new sponge, into which archaeocytes, histoblasts and scleroblasts migrate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Cell division ; Development ; Cryptobiosis ; Nauplius larva
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Cell division during embryonic development of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina has been studied by counting nuclei and mitotic figures. No cell division was observed during development of the encysted gastrula until about an hour before emergence of the embryo (a pre-nauplius) from the cyst, and even then only a few mitotic figures were observed. Following emergence, and during further development up to the stage II nauplius larva an increase of about 25% in the number of cells occurs. However, when the newly hatched larva is exposed to FUdR (10 μg/ml) cell division is largely inhibited, but observable development nevertheless proceeds normally. Evidently all processes involved with the development of the gastrula into a stage II nauplius larva can occur with far fewer cells than normally are present.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Major haemolymph proteins ; Development ; Cuticle ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ceratitis capitata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The developmental profile of the major haemolymph proteins (ceratitins) inCeratitis capitata was studied. Ceratitin concentration in the haemolymph decreases dramatically during the last days of pupal life, while the amounts of ceratitins in whole organism extracts remain unchanged. By electrophoretic, immunological and immunofluorescence techniques it was revealed that ceratitins are reabsorbed by the fat body and a fraction of them is deposited in the cuticle. The possible role of ceratitins is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 206 (1997), S. 541-545 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Drosophila ; Calmodulin ; Gene expression ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The expression of the Drosophila calmodulin (CAM) gene is surprisingly complex. The nervous system, which shows intense transcription in embryogenesis, contains no detectable transcripts at the end of larval life, but becomes transcriptionally active again at pupariation. The gut shows high levels of expression throughout the life cycle, except during pupal reorganization. In contrast, CAM expression in the thoracic muscles drops significantly on transition from pupal to adult life. In the testis, transcription is strongly up-regulated prior to meiosis. Growing cells show lower transcript levels than most differentiated tissues and in general, cells with intense exocytotic or endocytotic activity show the highest mRNA levels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Evolution ; Suppressor of fused ; Hedgehog ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The Suppressor of fused [Su(fu)] gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a protein containing a PEST sequence [sequence enriched in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S) and threonine (T)] which acts as an antagonist to the serine-threonine kinase Fused in Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction during embryogenesis. The Su(fu) gene isolated from a distantly related Drosophila species, D. virilis, shows significantly high homology throughout its protein sequence with its D. melanogaster counterpart. We show that these two Drosophila homologs of Su(fu) are functionally interchangeable in enhancing the fused phenotype. We have also isolated mammalian homologs of Su(fu). The absence of the PEST sequence in the mammalian Su(fu) protein suggests a different regulation for this product between fly and vertebrates. Using the yeast two-hybrid method, we show that the murine Su(fu) protein can interact directly with the Fused and Cubitus interruptus proteins, known partners of Su(fu) in Drosophila. These data are discussed in the light of their evolutionary relationships.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 227-245 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Compound eye ; Development ; Cell lineages ; Genetic mosaics ; Drosophila
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The generalogical relationships of photoreceptor cells within the compound eye ofDrosophila have been studied using cell labelling, with either3H-thymidine or recessive mutations, during the third larval stage. It has been found that photoreceptor and secondary pigment cells arise from different precursor cells. Under the present experimental conditions, precursors of receptor cells give rise to about 8 elements which differentiate as R cells of two different groups. One of the cells differentiates as R7 and the remaining as any one of the R1 to R6. The last cells behave initially as equivalent, and can differentiate within the same or within different, but neighbouring, ommatidia. The class of R1 to R6 cell in which each one of these elements differentiates, seems to depend on the time of its origin. The implications of these findings for the formation of the ommatidial pattern are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Gangliosides ; Development ; Brain ; Chicken
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The developmental profiles of 15 different gangliosides of the optic lobes and cerebrum of the chicken were followed from the 6 th day of incubation to hatching and correlated to morphological development. Five of these gangliosides appearing in both structures between the sixth and tenth day, have not been reported previously in higher vertebrates. Three chromatographed on TLC-plates similarly to GT3, GT2, and GT1c gangliosides, which have been demonstrated in fish brain. One fraction moved just below GQ1b and is suggested, to contain GQ1c. These “novel” gangliosides, which are possibly related to a recently proposed separate and probably phylogenetically older biosynthetic pathway, contained up to 20% of total ganglioside sialic acid. The fifth “novel” fraction, containing up to 16% of total ganglioside-sialic acid, moved below the penta-sialoganglioside GP1 and is suggested to contain hexa-sialogangliosides. There were two main changes in ganglioside synthesis, which were identical in both structures. The first occurred from the sixth to the eleventh day, parallel to decreased proliferation, maximal cell migration and neuroblast differentiation, GD3 and GD2 decreased rapidly in favour of GQ1b, GP1, and to the “novel” fractions, described above. The second occurred from the eleventh to the eighteenth day, parallel to increased growth and arborization of dendrites and axons as well as functional establishment of synaptic contacts, there was a sharp rise in the amount of GD1b, GT1b, and GD1a. Concomitantly the “novel” gangliosides decreased. At hatching GD1a was the predominant ganglioside. GM3, GM2, and GM1 were always minor fractions, each accounting for less than 4% of total ganglioside-sialic acid. GM4 was never detected, indicating neglegible myelinisation until hatching.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Amino acyl-tRNA synthetases ; Development ; Nuclear-mitochondrial interactions ; Neurospora
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The specific activities of the branched chain amino acyl-tRNA synthetases from the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions ofN. crassa were low in dormant conidia and increased during germination, reaching a maximum 8 h after inoculation. This stage of development is characterised by high rates of many other cellular activities. The increases in activity of synthetases of both cytosol and mitochondria are inhibited by cycloheximide indicating that they are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. The mitochondrial synthetases show a stimulation of their specific activity when mitochondrial RNA and protein synthesis are inhibited by either ethidium bromide or chloramphenicol suggesting that a mitochondrial translation product regulates the synthesis of the mitochondrial synthetases. The activities of amino acyl-tRNA synthetases are dependent on energy production. When respiration is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation, synthetase specific activities decrease although the activities of other mitochondrial enzymes like NADH-dehydrogenase increase. This phenomenon suggests that more than one mechanism regulates the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins which are formed on cytoplasmic ribosomes. The synthesis of branched chain amino acyl-tRNA synthetases ofNeurospora is neither repressed by their cognate amino acids, nor is there inhibition by the precursors of these amino acids, as has been observed in other amino acyl-tRNA synthetases of various organism includingNeurospora.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Mollusca ; Cleavage ; Junctions ; Interaction ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In early cleavage stages ofLymnaea stagnalis, three kinds of intercellular junctions could be distinguished up to the sixth cleavage: intermediate, septate and gap junctions. The first two form “junctional belts” located on the cell border at the periphery of the embryo. For the purpose of our study we were most interested in gap junctions as they are alleged to be structures that allow cell-to-cell communication. Gap junctions first appear at the four cell stage. Up to the sixth cleavage no difference in the distribution pattern could be found between and within each of the four quadrants of the embryo. Some of the cell tiers along the animal-vegetal axis lack gap junctions either between the blastomeres within the tier or between the blastomeres from adjacent tiers. All gap junctions observed in freeze fracture replicas show plaques with an irregular IMP pattern. The average IMP diameter measures 12 nm (SD±2 nm). In stages fixed after the fifth cleavage, gap junctions are found between micromeres at the animal pole and the central 3D macromere. This is in agreement with the presumed interaction between these cells at this stage. The possibility of a transition of non-functional into functional gap junctions after the fifth cleavage is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 190 (1981), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Ceratitis capitata ; Major haemolymph proteins ; Development ; Fat body ; Secretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The accumulation of major haemolymph proteins (a group of proteins immunologically related to Calliphorin) their biosynthesis in vivo and in organ culture as well as their secretion, has been studied during the late larval stages and white pupae of the Mediterranean fruit flyCeratitis capitata. The accumulation of major haemolymph proteins in the haemolymph, shows a twenty fold increase from the 4-day old larvae to the white pupae stage, while in the fat body there is only a seven fold increase. It is evident from the in vivo and organ culture studies, that the major haemolymph proteins are synthesized during the late larval stage and their synthesis declines abruptly during the stage of white pupae. It seems also that each polypeptide has its own characteristic developmental kinetics of synthesis. The major haemolymph proteins are synthesized in the fat body and are very quickly secreted into the haemolymph.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Drosophila ; l(1)10Ac locus ; Development ; hsp60 gene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The hsp60 (heat-shock protein 60) gene family of molecular chaperones has been a subject of study in numerous systems due to its important role in the correct folding of non-native proteins in development as well as after heat-shock treatment. Here we present the characterization of the first Drosophila hsp60 homologue. Drosophila HSP60 is most closely related (72% identity across the entire protein sequence) to the mouse mitochondrial HSP60. Western blot experiments indicate that Drosophila HSP60 is enriched in the mitochondrial fraction. The distribution of HSP60 protein is dynamic during fly embryogenesis, suggesting that various cell types might have different HSP60 requirements. The molecular analysis of a P-element-induced mutation that affects the l(1)10Ac locus shows that the transposon is inserted in a 3-kb intron present in the hsp60 gene. By genetic rescue experiments we prove that Drosophila HSP60 is encoded by the essential locus l(1)10Ac opening the possibility for detailed genetic analysis of HSP60 functions in the fly.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Echinoid ; Oogenesis ; Development ; Evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Evolutionary change in developmental mode in sea urchins is closely tied to an increase in maternal provisioning. We examined the oogenic modifications involved in production of a large egg by comparison of oogenesis in congeneric sea urchins with markedly different sized oocytes and divergent modes of development. Heliocidaris tuberculata has small eggs (95 µm diameter) and the ancestral mode of development through feeding larvae, whereas H. erythrogramma has large eggs (430 µm diameter) and highly modified non-feeding lecithotrophic larvae. Production of a large egg in H. erythrogramma involved both conserved and divergent mechanisms. The pattern and level of vitellogenin gene expression is similar in the two species. Vitellogenin processing is also similar with the gonads of both species incorporating yolk protein from coelomic and hemal stores into nutritive cells with subsequent transfer of this protein into yolk granules in the developing vitellogenic oocyte. Immunocytology of the eggs of both Heliocidaris species indicates they incorporate similar levels of yolk protein. However, H. erythrogramma has evolved a highly divergent second phase of oogenesis characterised by massive deposition of non-vitellogenic material including additional maternal protein and lipid. Maternal provisioning in H. erythrogramma exhibits recapitulation of the ancestral vitellogenic program followed by a novel oogenic phase with hypertrophy of the lipogenic program being a major contributor to the increase in egg size.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 209 (1999), S. 460-472 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Insect ; Development ; Homeotic mutant ; Appendage ; Spiracle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Antibodies were used to examine the expression patterns of Antennapedia (Antp), Ultrabithorax (Ubx), Ubx and abdominal-A combined(Ubx/abd-A),and Distalless (Dll) in the embryos of the moth Manduca sexta. We found that the spatial and temporal pattern of Antp expression in Manduca was correlated with the anterior migration of two patches of epithelium that include the anterior-most tracheal pits, and with the development of functional spiracles. Ubx expression showed an intricate pattern which suggests complex regulation during development. Throughout Manduca embryogenesis the expression of Ubx/Abd-A and Dll was similar to that reported for other insects. However, there was no apparent reduction in Ubx/Abd-A expression in the Manduca abdominal proleg primordia that expressed Dll. The expression of these four proteins was also examined in embryosof the Manduca homozygous homeotic mutant Octopod (Octo). The Octo mutation results in the transformation of A1 and A2 in the anterior direction, with homeotic legs appearing on A1 and occasionally A2. Our results suggest that in Octo animals there is a reduction in the level of Ubx protein expression throughout its domain. Based on homeotic gene expression in wild-type and mutant Manduca and in other insects, we discuss potential roles of homeotic genes in insect morphological evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 209 (1999), S. 526-536 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words dachshund ; Retina ; Development ; Limb ; Brain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The Drosophila genes eyeless, eyes absent, sine oculis, and dachshund cooperate as key regulators of retinal cell-fate determination. Homologues of eyeless (Pax6), eyes absent (Eya1-2), and sine oculis (Six3) have been identified and are expressed in the developing vertebrate eye. We have cloned and characterized the structure and expression of mouse Dach, a homologue of Drosophila dachshund. Sequence analysis reveals the presence of two motifs, DD1 and DD2, which may be involved in the function of Dach/Dachshund as gene regulatory factors. In addition, DD1 shares sequence similarity to N-terminal sequences of Ski and SnoN, which are involved in cellular transformation and differentiation. Mouse and human Dach/DACH were localized to chromosome 14E1 and 13q21.3–22, respectively, by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Finally, in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that Dach is expressed in similar tissues to those observed in Drosophila, including the embryonic nervous system, sensory organs, and limbs. The finding of Dach expression in the eye completes the list of vertebrate homologues of eyeless, eyes absent, sine oculis, and dachshund which as a group may function to control cell-fate determination in the vertebrate eye.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 336-343 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amphibian ; Axolotl ; Ikaros ; Hematopoiesis ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  TheIkaros family of transcription factors plays an essential role in hematopoiesis. We report here the structure of cDNA clones encoding two Ikaros isoforms, Ik1 and Ik2, in the Mexican axolotl. The Ik1 cDNA sequence is very similar to that of the rainbow trout, chicken, and mammalian Ik1 sequences. However, a 96 base pair region which encodes the first N-terminal zing finger (F1) is lacking from axolotl Ik1, both in clones from a cDNA library and clones isolated from direct polymerase chain reaction products. A region corresponding to exon 3 is completely absent from the axolotl Ik2 sequence and thus the Ik1 and Ik2 isoforms possess the same number of zinc finger motifs. The structure of these five CC-HH motifs is very well conserved in the axolotl, including the structural deviations from its amino acid consensus composition which are identical in all species analyzed to date. The axolotl Ik1 3′ untranslated region sequence is very long (2538 bp) and contains two UA-rich motifs known as instability determinants and which could play a role in mRNA translational efficiency. Ikaros transcripts are first detected in the ventral blood island of stage 36 embryos, about 24 h before the first heartbeats (late tailbud stage), and then in the major lymphopoietic organs of the developing larvae. In situ hybridization demonstrates that Ikaros transcripts are abundant at the periphery of the thymus lobes, in the presumptive site of early thymocyte differentiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Oecologia 109 (1997), S. 342-352 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Body size ; Development ; Phenology ; Phenotypic plasticity ; Season length
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Field phenologies of high- (ca. 1500 m) and low- (ca. 500 m) altitude populations of the two most common European species of dung flies, Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea, differ quite markedly due to differences in climate. To differentiate genetic adaptation due to natural selection and phenotypic plasticity, I compared standard life history characters of pairs of high- and low-altitude populations from three disjunctive sites in Switzerland in a laboratory experiment. The F1 rearing environment did not affect any of the variables of the F2 generation with which all experiments were conducted; hence, there were no carry-over or maternal effects. In Sc. stercoraria, high-altitude individuals were smaller but laid larger eggs; the latter may be advantageous in the more extreme (i.e. more variable and less predictable) high-altitude climate. Higher rearing temperature strongly decreased development time, body size and the size difference between males and females (males are larger), produced female-biased sex ratios and led to suboptimal adult emergence rates. Several of these variables also varied among the three sites, producing some interactions complicating the patterns. In Se. cynipsea, high-altitude females were marginally smaller, less long-lived and laid fewer clutches. Higher rearing temperature strongly decreased development time and body size but tended to increase the size difference between males and females (males are smaller); it also increased clutch size but decreased physiological longevity. Again, interpretation is complicated by variation across sites and some significant interactions. Overall, genetic adaptation to high-altitude conditions appears weak, probably prevented by substantial gene flow, and may be swamped by the effects of other geographic variables among populations. In contrast, phenotypic plasticity is extensive. This may be due to selection of flexible, multi-purpose genotypes. The results suggest that differences in season length between high- and low-altitude locations alone do not explain well the patterns of variation in phenology and body size.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 12 (1999), S. 32-42 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Arabidopsis thaliana ; Alveoli ; Development ; Endosperm ; Microtubules ; Seeds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The process of endosperm development in Arabidopsis was studied using immunohistochemistry of tubulin/microtubules coupled with light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Arabidopsis undergoes the nuclear type of development in which the primary endosperm nucleus resulting from double fertilization divides repeatedly without cytokinesis resulting in a syncytium lining the central cell. Development occurs as waves originating in the micropylar chamber and moving through the central chamber toward the chalazal tip. Prior to cellularization, the syncytium is organized into nuclear cytoplasmic domains (NCDs) defined by nuclear-based radial systems of microtubules. The NCDs become polarized in axes perpendicular to the central cell wall, and anticlinal walls deposited among adjacent NCDs compartmentalize the syncytium into open-ended alveoli overtopped by a crown of syncytial cytoplasm. Continued centripetal growth of the anticlinal walls is guided by adventitious phragmoplasts that form at interfaces of microtubules emanating from adjacent interphase nuclei. Polarity of the elongating alveoli is reflected in a subsequent wave of periclinal divisions that cuts off a peripheral layer of cells and displaces the alveoli centripetally into the central vacuole. This pattern of development via alveolation appears to be highly conserved; it is characteristic of nuclear endosperm development in angiosperms and is similar to ancient patterns of gametophyte development in gymnosperms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Dioecious plant ; Melandrium album ; Development ; Sex determination ; Organ differentiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Melandrium album (Silene alba) is a dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes (XY system). Sexual dimorphism is a result of developmental blocks in male or female reproductive organ formation within young bipotential flower buds. Progress in understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling sex determination in this species relies on a detailed description of developmental timing in the two sexes, with emphasis on those early stages during which sexual dimorphism is established. We used a combination of histological and scanning electron microscopy analysis to refine the comparative study and description of the staging of male compared to female flower development. We show that (1) female dimorphism results from modifications in flower meristem organisation, namely a sudden arrest of cell divisions in whorl 4 of male flowers at the time when meristem partitioning is achieved between whorls 3 and 4, and (2) male dimorphism is part of the stamen differentiation process corresponding to stamen arrest at the early sporogenous stage in female flowers. Thus, Melandrium is a natural double ”mutant” that is affected in very early and distinct processes of reproductive organ differentiation. Our results are used to discuss the most likely nature of the specific functions controlling sexual dimorphism in Melandrium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Cotyledons ; Brassica ; Development ; Intracellular localization ; Lipase ; Microsomal membrane fraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In homogenates of resting rapeseeds no lipase activity (glycerolester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) could be detected using a titrimetric assay procedure. Following a 30-h lag-phase after imbibition, lipase activity increased sharply, reaching its maximum at day 4 after sowing. Simultaneously triglyceride content of the cotyledons decreased sharply. At any time during the 11-day period of seedling growth examined, only an alkaline lipase activity with a pH optimum around 9 was present. White light had essentially no effect on the development of lipase activity. However, the disappearance of lipase activity from the cotyledons after fat utilization was found to depend on nitrogen nutrition of the seedlings. The activities of the glyoxysomal enzymes catalase and malate synthetase showed the usual rise and fall patterns with peak activities at day 4 after sowing, independently of the mineral nutrition of the seedlings. About 90% of the lipase activity was associated with a microsomal membrane fraction. Resolution of this fraction by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (62,000 g for 14 h) yielded three distinct membrane fractions. Maximum activities of membrane marker enzymes were recovered from the gradients at following densities: The major portion of microsomal protein and lipase activity at 1.085 kg/l; microsomal malate synthetase and phosphorylcholineglyceride transferase at 1.116 kg/l; NADH-cytochrome c reductase and phosphorylcholinecytidyl transferase at 1.133 kg/l. Evidently in rapeseed cotyledons lipase activity is associated only with a discrete microsomal membrane fraction which sediments differently from membrane fractions of the endoplasmic reticulum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 32 (1997), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Key words RNA editing ; C-to-U editing ; IRF170 ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame 3 (ycf3) of maize, consisting of three exons and two group II introns, contains two editing sites. Both of these sites were investigated with respect to the extent of editing in various tissues and different developmental stages. Northern blot analyses show nearly identical transcript patterns of ycf3 in all tissues investigated. In leaf plastids, both editing sites are completely edited, independent of light conditions and developmental stage. In non-leaf plastids, however, one editing site of ycf3 is only partially edited in unspliced transcripts and in one type of partially spliced transcripts. In different developmental stages of the same tissue, on the other hand, no differences in editing efficiency were found. These results indicate that, in partially spliced transcripts, different editing sites of one and the same gene can be edited with different efficiencies in a tissue-specific manner.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Rhizobium ; Bacteroids ; Viability ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Viability of Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteroids isolated from Pisum sativum was determined after sucrose gradient centrifugation of the bacteroids resulting in separation according to developmental stage. The results suggest that past a critical stage of development bacteroids lose viability. Similar experiments with R. japonicum bacteroids having a lower degree of morphological differentiation showed an appreciably higher viability in all gradient fractions. The results support the hypothesis that bacteroid morphology and viability is dependent on the nature of—and length of exposure to—the host plant cytoplasm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Nematophagous fungus ; Giant functional traps ; Mutation ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine yielded two classes of ring trap mutants in the predacious HyphomyceteDactylella brochopaga: strains which could make no traps and those with a proportion of giant, functional traps. A third strain, derived from a trapless strain made abnormally small functional traps. The giant traps are described, together with developmental abnormalities they sometimes display. The characteristics of the chief mutant strains are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Claviceps purpurea ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Sclerotium ; Oleosomes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The development of sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea was investigated by light and electron microscopy. During the first days after infection sterigma and conidiospores are formed. The spores show a moderately developed vacuolar system, they are thick walled and contain about 20% lipid (related to the cell volume) embedded in glycogen. The sterigma are cylindrical unicellular hyphae with electron dense cytoplasm and isolated strongly contrasted lipid droplets. In maturing sclerotia the hyphae become septated with increasingly thick cell walls and a large lipid content. The lipid forms small droplets in young cells, while in the mature sclerotium it occurs in the form of very large drops, occupying the major part of the cell. Simultaneously the composition of the lipid is changed. The mature cells have several nuclei. They are partially connected by osmiophilic substances, forming a network of intercellular spaces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Cellulose enzyme system ; Development ; Acanthamoeba
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In Extrakten wachsender Kulturen von Acanthamoeba castellanii konnte ein cellulose-abbauendes Enzymsystem nachgewiesen werden. Es besteht aus einer reduzierende Zucker abspaltenden Komponente mit einem pH-Optimum bei 4, einer viscositätsverändernden Komponente mit einem pH-Optimum bei 6 und einer β-Glucosidase mit einem pH-Optimum von 3,5. Bei pH 4 sind die Celluloseabbauprodukte Cellobiose und Glucose, bei pH 6 höhermolekulare Oligosaccharide. Während der Entwicklung in einem nährstofffreien Salzmedium nehmen die Cellulaseaktivitäten ab: Vor dem Start der Cellulosesynthese sind noch etwa 30% der ursprünglich vorhandenen Celluloseaktivität nachzuweisen, fertige Cysten besitzen noch etwa 10% der Aktivität. Die Bedeutung des Cellulassenzymsystems wird ausgehend von der Tatsache diskutiert, daß die Excystierung ohne Abbau der Cystenwand, in die die Cellulose eingelagert ist, stattfindet.
    Notizen: Abstract It could be shown that extracts of growing cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii contained a cellulose degrading system. Reducing sugars are split off by one component of this system at an optimum of pH 4, another enzyme changes the viscosity at an optimum of pH 6, and a third component is a β-glucosidase with an optimum at pH 3.5. At pH 4 the cellulose degradation products are cellobiose and glucose; at pH 6 higher molecular weight oligosaccharides are produced. During the development from trophozoites to cysts in a nutrient-free medium, the activities of both cellulases decline: Prior to the start of cellulose synthesis only 30%, and in cysts only 10% of the original existing activities are detectable. The biological function of the cellulase enzyme system is discussed together with a consideration of the fact that excystment takes place without digestion of the cyst wall in which the cellulose is deposited.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Physarum polycephalum ; Amoebae ; Aminopeptidases ; Acid proteases ; Regulation ; Development ; Differential gene activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The cultivation of Physarum polycephalum amoebae in two media with different protein contents revealed a regulation of aminopeptidases and proteases depending on the albumin content of the medium: in growing amoebae and plasmodia the aminopeptidases have similar isoenzyme patterns and relative activities against nitroanilides. One alanine and four leucine aminopeptidase isoenzymes were found within the slightly acid pH range. During growth amoebae secrete—different from plasmodia—leucine aminopeptidase into the medium with low protein content. In an albumin-rich medium additional alanine aminopeptidase activity was found. Out of nine plasmodial proteases four were found in amoebae too. Only one band (pI 3.6) was present in the protein-poor medium. No protease activity could be detected in the proteinrich medium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 123-136 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Fungus ; Cytochemistry ; Microbodies ; Development ; Entophlyctis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ultrastructural localization of peroxidatic activity was investigated in the chytrid Entophlyctis variabilis with the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) cytochemical prodedure. The subcellular distribution of reaction product varied with changes in pH of the DAB medium and with the developmental stage of the fungus. Incubations in the DAB reaction medium at pH 9.2 produced an electron dense reaction product within single membrane bounded organelles which resembled microbodies but which varied in shapes from elongate to oval. At this pH the cell wall also stained darkly. When the pH of the DAB medium was lowered to pH 8.2 or 7.0, DAB oxidation product was localized within mitochondrial cristae as well as in microbodies and zoosporangial walls. As soon as zoospores were completely cleaved out of the zoosporangial cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) also stained. When the wall appeared around the encysted zoospore, ER staining was no longer found. The influence of the catalase inhibitor, aminotriazole, and the inhibitors of heme enzymes, sodium azide and sodium cyanide, on the staining patterns within cells incubated in the DAB media indicates that microbody staining is due to both catalase and peroxidase, mitochondrial staining is due to cytochrome c, and ER staining is due to peroxidase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 975-981 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Arabidopsis ; Fatty acid ; Suppressor ; Development ; Mutant
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The fab2-1 mutant of Arabidopsis is an extreme dwarf as a direct result of an increase in the levels of stearate (18 : 0) in membrane lipids. We isolated a series of lines in which second-site suppressor mutations partly alleviate the dwarf phenotype. In all four of the suppressor lines examined, restoration of more normal morphology is accompanied by decreases in leaf 18 : 0 content. Three of the isolated suppressors suppress the high stearate phenotype in both leaves and seeds. The effects of one of the suppressors, TW2-1, is limited to the leaves. A second allele at the fab2 locus, fab2-2, was also identified and plants homozygous for this allele where intermediate in both plant size and 18 : 0 content between wild-type Arabidopsis and fab2-1 mutants. The alleles at fab2 and the suppressor mutations provided a total of nine genotypes which were analyzed to demonstrate a clear-cut relationship between leaf 18 : 0 content (0.7–19.6% of total leaf fatty acids) and reductions in plant size (24–4 mm). These results illustrate the utility of suppressor analysis for addressing problems in biochemistry and plant biology. They also indicate that the genetic control of plant lipid composition is more complex than previously appreciated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 52 (1978), S. 269-271 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Schlagwort(e): Daphnia Pulex ; Development ; Sex Determination ; Ecological factors ; Identical Chromosome Sets
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Sex-dependent differences in the state of the nuclear chromatin of somatic cells were found in Daphnia pulex. It is suggested that the genome of Daphnia pulex has two developmental programmes based on identical chromosome sets. The female programme consistently functions under a wide range of ecological conditions, whereas the male programme is turned on by specific ecological stimuli. The genes controlling the activation and function of the male programme may be phenotypically latent for many parthenogenetic generations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Synovial joint ; Development ; Hyaluronan ; BMP ; GDF-5 ; Antagonists
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The synovial joint arises from an initial condensation of cells that subsequently develops into distinct skeletal structures, separated by the joint. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) have a fundamental role during skeletogenesis, including joint formation. Development of the joint appears to be dependent on the differential expression/activity of the related BMP and GDF subfamilies. Gdf-5 is expressed in the developing joints and is necessary for the formation of some joints. In contrast, recent data has shown that antagonism of the BMP family is crucial for joint formation. Here, we review mechanisms of how BMP signalling may be antagonised/modified. We also describe the expression of Bmp-2 and Bmp-4 together with two BMP antagonists, chordin and noggin, during chick joint development. Finally, we discuss possible mechanisms of how a joint forms and the evidence that the joint is a ’signalling centre’ that may coordinate the development of adjacent skeletal structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Intestine (rat) ; Development ; Isolated cells ; Enzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A modification of Weiser's (1973) cell isolation method was used in order to study the developmental pattern of various intestinal enzyme activities in villus and crypt cells of normal rats from 5 days after birth until 8 weeks. Alkaline phosphatase and enterokinase activities were always located in the upper villus zone during postnatal development. Enterokinase activity was higher in the upper villus cells during the third week of life than after this period. Aminopeptidase activity was located in the crypt cells during the first week, its maximum activity remained in this area until the third week. At this time, sucrase activity appeared in the crypt cells, then aminopeptidase and sucrase activities rose to the villus zone during the fourth week. Amylase activity was detected along the entire crypt-villus axis 5 days after birth, reaching maximum activity in crypt cells at the end of the first week and in the upper villus cells after the fourth week. In contrast with the other enzymes studied almost all amylase activity was soluble in the youngest animals whereas at weaning most of the activity appeared in a particulate form in the villus cells. But in the crypt cells the ratio between particulate and soluble form remained unchanged until the adult stage. Various hypotheses are advanced to explain the patterns of evolution of the different enzymes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Olfactory organ ; Development ; Melanotaeniidae ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The development of the olfactory organ in the rainbow fish, Nematocentris maccullochi, was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy; it was compared with the developmental process in other teleosts, especially in the closely related atherinids and cyprinodonts. The formation of the nares parallels that in atherinids, salmonids, cyprinids and heterosomats, but differs from that found in cyprinodonts. Another ontogenetic feature in which the olfactory organs of the rainbow fish and also of atherinids differ from those of cyprinodonts, is the occurrence of transitory kinociliary cells which disappear during the postlarval period. The divergent evolutionary pathways are discussed with reference to experimental investigations. During development, ciliated and microvillous receptor cell types occur. At the primary larval stage ciliated receptor neurons are exclusively present. At a later stage the microvillous type develops and becomes equal in frequency. Thus, the microvillous receptor represents a separate type of olfactory neuron and is not a progenitor of the ciliated receptor cell.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Limb ; Development ; Myogenesis ; Vertebrate ; Transcription factors ; Somites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Limb development has become one of the model systems for studying vertebrate development. One crucial aspect in limb development is the origin, differentiation and patterning of muscle. Much progress has been made in recent years towards understanding this process. One of the general observations is that the genes involved in limb muscle development appear to be very similar to those involved in muscle development in other regions of the embryo. In this review, we summarize some of the genes and mechanisms that regulate limb muscle development and discuss various avenues along which a deeper understanding can be gained of how muscle cells originate and differentiate in different tissues during vertebrate development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 19-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsHoxA ; HoxD ; Limb ; Development ; Evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Homeobox genes located in the 5’ part of the HoxA and HoxD complexes are required for proliferation of skeletal progenitor cells of the vertebrate limb. Specific combinations of gene products determine the length of the upper arm (genes belonging to groups 9 and 10), the lower arm (groups 10, 11 and 12) and the digits (groups 11, 12 and 13). In these different domains, individual gene products quantitatively contribute to an overall protein dose, with predominant roles for groups 11 and 13. Quantitative reduction in the gene dose in each set results in truncations of the corresponding anatomical regions. The physical order of the genes in the HoxA and HoxD complexes, as well as a unidirectional sequence in gene activation, allow for completion of the process in a precise order, which in turn makes possible the sequential outgrowth of the respective primordia. While the skeletal patterns of upper and lower limb are relatively stable throughout the tetrapods, more variation is seen in the digits. Molecular analysis of the underlying regulatory processes promises further exciting insights into the genetic control of development, pathology and the course of evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsgli3 ; Ωtalpid ; extra-toes ; Sonic hedgehog ; Retinoic acid ; Development ; Birth defects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Recent evidence indicates that many molecules involved in generating and patterning the limbs also play a role during craniofacial morphogenesis. On the surface, this is an unexpected finding given that these regions of the body have separate evolutionary origins, are composed of different embryonic tissues, and are quite dissimilar in their anatomy. Results from several experiments involving Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid point to a remarkable conservation of the signaling pathways mediated by these morphogens across multiple organ systems. Moreover, mutants such as the extra-toes and doublefoot mouse, and the talpid chicken also provide insights on common developmental processes that underlie the formation of the limbs and face. The identification of highly conserved aspects of morphogenesis is important for understanding fundamental mechanisms of development, as well as for revealing the common denominator of countless birth defects and providing new strategies for their prevention and cure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Tight junctions ; Development ; Mesothelium ; Mouse embryo ; Freeze-fracture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The peritoneal mesothelium of mouse embryos (12 to 18 day of gestation) was studied by freeze-fracture and in sections in order to reveal the initial formation of the tight junctions. Freeze-fracture observations showed three types of tight junctions. Type I consists of belt-like meshworks of elevations on the P face and of shallow grooves on the E face. No tight junctional particle can be seen either on the elevations or in the grooves. Type II shows rows of discontinuous particles on the elevations on the P face. Type III consists of strands forming ridges on the P face. On the E face, the grooves of Type II and III appear to be narrower and sharper than those of Type I. Quantitatively, Type I junctions are most numerous during the early stages (day 12–13) of embryonic development, while Type III junctions become more common in the later stages, and are the only type seen by day 18. Observations on sections, however, fail to distinguish between the three types. The results suggest that an initial sign of tight junction formation is close apposition of the two cell membranes in the junctional domain, without tight junctional particles. Later, the particles appear to be incorporated in the tight junctions and the strands form by fusion of the particles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Axon ; Synapses ; Medulla oblongata ; Gold-fish ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Development of the axon cap neuropil of the Mauthner neuron in post-hatching larval goldfish brains was observed electron-microscopically. The axonal initial segment of newly hatched (day-4) larvae is completely covered with synaptic terminals containing clear spherical synaptic vesicles. Profiles of thin terminal axons, the spiral fibers, containing similar synaptic vesicles, rapidly increase in number around the initial segment and form glomerular neuropil similar to the central core of the adult axon cap by day 7. Three types of synapses are formed in the core neuropil. Bouton-type synapses contacting the initial segment are most abundant in day-4 to-14 larvae; they decrease thereafter and are rare on the distal half of the initial segment of day-40 larvae. Asymmetric axo-axonic synapses are commonly observed between spiral fibers in the core neuropil of day-7 to -19 larvae, but become fewer by day 40. Unique symmetrical axo-axonic synapses showing accumulation of synaptic vesicles on either side of apposed membrane thickenings first appear in day-14 core neuropil, gradually increase in number, and become the predominant type in day-40 core neuropil. Thick myelinated axons, which lose their myelin sheaths in the glial cap cell layer, start to penetrate into the axon cap on day 10. They gradually increase in number and form the peripheral part of the axon cap together with the cap dendrites, which finally grow into the axon cap from the axon hillock region of the Mauthner cell by day 40.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 489-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Vitamin D ; Skin ; Autoradiography ; Hair ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Tritium-labeled 1,25 (OH2) vitamin D3, when injected into vitamin D-deficient adult and pregnant rats is concentrated and retained strongest in nuclei of cells in the outer root sheath of the hair, followed by the stratum granulosum, spinosum, and basale of the epidermis. In the hair follicle, in addition to the most heavily labeled outer root sheath, nuclear labeling exists also in cells of the hair bulb and of the inner root sheath, as well as in basal cells of the sebaceous gland. In contrast, cells of the dermal papilla and the connective tissue of the dermis are generally unlabeled, except for labeled cells in the outer connective tissue sheath at the infundibulum of vibrissae of 20-day fetal rats and a few scattered labeled cells in the dermis, probably macrophages. In the developing hair, in 18- and 20-day fetal rats, a distinct topographic pattern of labeled cells can be seen, which is characteristic of the different stages of hair follicle development. In the hair germ, heavily labeled cells appear first in the stratum spinosum. In the hair peg, they remain in this position in its juxtaepidermal portion; however, when a dermal papilla develops, heavily labeled cells assume a marginal position. This suggests a sequential epidermal-epidermal and mesenchymal-epidermal receptor induction. Injection of tritium labeled 25 (OH) vitamin D3 did not show nuclear concentration in these tissues and excess unlabeled 25 (OH) vitamin D3 — unlike excess 1,25 (OH2) vitamin D3 — did not prevent nuclear uptake of tritium labeled 1,25 (OH2) vitamin D3. The results indicate differential effects of 1,25 (OH2) vitamin D3 on different structures in the epidermis and dermis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 203-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Astrocytes ; Development ; Phagocytosis ; Neuroplasticity ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Previous studies have demonstrated that astrocyte processes are responsible for a spontaneously occurring phagocytosis of boutons on cat spinal motoneurons during the second postnatal week. In the present investigation, the astrocytes and the astrocyte processes in contact with the motoneurons were studied qualitatively and quantitatively during the early postnatal period. It could be concluded that the cells responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons are immature astrocytes. These cells were present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to this period. The type of process responsible for the phagocytosis was present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to and after that period although the relative contribution of such processes to the glia-covered membrane area of the motoneurons was reduced in the older animals. On the basis of these results, the possible specificity of the immature astrocyte as the element responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons during normal development is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 117-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Eminentia mediana ; Neurohypophysis ; Development ; Pituicytes ; Tanycytes ; Astrocytic tanycytes ; Oligodendrocytes ; Astrocytes ; Microglia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The development of the glial cells of the rat median eminence (ME), including the supraependymal cells, was investigated from embryonic day (ED) 14 through postnatal day (PD) 7, and pituicyte development from ED 12 through ED 17. The anlage of the ME and neurohypophysis shows a neuroepithelial-like structure at ED 12. From ED 13 to 15, the cells of both regions start to differentiate. At the ultrastructural level, only one cell type appears. At the beginning of ED 16, glioblasts of the oligodendrocyte and astrocyte series migrate laterally (from the region of the arcuate nucleus) into the ME. Also at this time the first distinctive structural features appear in the neurohypophysial anlage, the cells of which later develop into pituicytes. Starting at ED 18, tanycytes and astrocytic tanycytes arise in the ME from local glial cells, and somewhat later oligodendroblasts and astroblasts are formed from immigrant glioblasts. Due to their common features, the pituicytes, tanycytes and astrocytic tanycytes apparently represent different forms of the same parent cell type. Microglial and supraependymal cells are first seen at ED 12. Initially, they resemble the prenatal phagocytic connective tissue cells and mature in the fetus into typical electron-dense microglia and macrophage-like supraependymal cells. Both cell types are apparently of mesodermal origin. The microglial elements of the ME probably migrate from the mesenchyma through the basement into the nervous tissue. The intraventricular macrophages of the infundibular region may originate from microglia, epiplexal cells and subarachnoid macrophages.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 441-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Somatotroph ; Mammotroph ; Development ; Mouse ; Pituitary
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pars distalis of the pituitary gland of the C57BL mouse was studied by means of electron microscopy during postnatal stages of males ranging in age from newborn through 24 days, with particular emphasis on the somatotrophs and mammotrophs. During this period, growth curves were plotted in order to correlate postnatal growth patterns with the state of differentiation of the somatotrophs in the pars distalis. In the newborn, the somatotrophs show well developed organelles, including rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. These cells are not as densely packed with granules as the adult somatotrophs; however, from days 5 through 24, they show a progressive accumulation of granules. Although mammotrophs are scarce in the newborn, they are readily distinguishable in the pars distalis at 5 days. Male mice in small litters show a progressive increase in body weight between birth and 11–12 days, at which time the rate slackens until 18–19 days when the rate again increases. Growth curves for mice from large litters are similar to those from smaller litters, except that the transitory decrease in rate is more prominent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1997), S. 43-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Optic axons ; Axon navigation ; Growth cones ; Development ; Mammals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Optic axons were labelled with horseradish peroxidase to establish the presence of side branches and examine their distribution and morphology in the developing optic nerve of the quokka wallaby, Setonix brachyurus, the cat and rat at stages when axon numbers are at their peak. In each species, three quarters of the axons were essentially straight and lacked side branches. The remaining axons took significantly longer paths and bore side branches, mostly at points where axons undulated or changed direction. Side branches occurred at intervals of 28–43 µm, had lengths of 2–3 µm and were usually simple rather than branched. A minority (1%) of the axons crossed diagonally between fascicles and two thirds of these had more side branches (interval: 10–18 µm) on the interfascicular portion than were found on the forward-directed axons. A small number of axons (0.01%) doubled back to grow retrogradely towards the eye, these axons also bore relatively more side branches (interval: 8–22 µm), especially at points where the axons changed direction. Ultrastructural reconstruction showed that side branches resembled small axonal profiles and constituted 2% of the total axon number. It is suggested that side branches are involved in the fine-tuning of growth cone navigation. Most side branches are lost by adulthood, indicating their transient nature. The absence of retrogradely-directed axons from adults suggests that cells with such axons are removed by naturally occurring cell death.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Calbindin D28k ; Circumvallate papilla ; Taste buds ; Development ; Degeneration ; Regeneration ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The distribution of calbindin D28k (CB)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the circumvallate papilla (CVP) was examined during development and regeneration following bilateral crush injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve in the rat. In the adult CVP, CB-like immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibers were observed in the subgemmal region and some penetrated into the taste buds. CB-LI was also detected in the cytoplasm of the spindle-shaped gustatory cells in the lower half of the trench epithelium, which contained numerous synaptic vesicles and bundles of intermediate filaments. These CB-IR gustatory cells made synapse-like contacts with CB-IR nerve terminals. Some CB-IR nerve terminals made contacts with the gustatory cells negative for CB-LI. At least three developmental stages were defined with regard to the developmental changes in the distribution of CB-LI: (1) Stage I (embryonic day (E) 18–postnatal day (P)5): CB-IR nerve fibers appeared in the lamina propria just beneath the newly-formed CVP at E18, but the gustatory epithelium of the CVP contained no CB-IR structures. Taste buds with taste pores appeared at P1. (2) Stage II (P5–10): thin CB-IR nerve fibers began entering the trench epithelium, but no CB-IR cells were observed. (3) Stage III (P10–adult): in addition to the intragemmal and perigemmal CB-IR nerve fibers, very few CB-IR cells appeared in the taste buds around P10, and their numbers increased progressively. The changes in the distribution of taste buds and CB-LI following glossopharyngeal nerve injury were similar to those observed during development. On post-operative day (PO) 4, the taste buds and CB-IR cells decreased markedly in number. These CB-IR cells became round in shape, and the number of CB-IR nerve fibers decreased markedly. On PO8, both taste buds and CB-IR cells disappeared completely. The regenerated taste buds were first observed on PO12, increased rapidly in number by PO20, and increased slowly thereafter. CB-IR nerve fibers accumulated at the subgemmal region and began penetrating into the trench wall epithelium around PO16. CB-IR cells appeared between PO20 and PO24, and their numbers increased progressively and reached the normal level on PO40. The topographical localizations of the taste buds and CB-IR cells during development and regeneration were comparable to those of normal animals. The delay of the time courses for appearance of CB-IR nerve fibers and CB-IR cells compared to the appearance of taste buds during development and regeneration suggests that CB in the gustatory epithelium may participate in the survival of the taste bud cells rather than in the induction of the taste buds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words D-aspartate ; Development ; Glutamate ; Retina ; Glutamate transporter (GLAST) ; Rat (Wistar)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The patterns of expression of the glutamate transporter GLAST were compared with the patterns of uptake of exogenous D-aspartate, which is a substrate for all glutamate transporters. At postnatal day 0, fine radial processes and end feet of presumptive Müller cells were weakly immunoreactive for GLAST. At postnatal day 3, intense labelling was associated with astrocytes enveloping newly formed blood vessels on the vitread surface of the retina. Between postnatal days 7 and 10, there was a rapid increase in the intensity of labelling in the Müller cells but clear stratification of GLAST-immunoreactive processes in the inner plexiform layer was not observed until postnatal day 14. By comparison, D-aspartate uptake was initially associated with a wide variety of cellular elements including most neuroblasts, presumptive Müller cells, and astrocytes associated with blood vessels but was absent from the somata of many neurons in the ganglion cell layer and amacrine cell layer. There was a gradual contraction in the numbers of cells that were able to take up D-aspartate, such that, by adulthood, uptake was restricted mainly to Müller cells and astrocytes. We conclude that, during early retinal development, the low levels of GLAST expression by Müller cells permit D-aspartate, and by inference, glutamate, to permeate the retina freely, thus allowing uptake by other glutamate transporters on other cell types. As the retina matures, increased expression of GLAST by Müller cells restricts the access of D-aspartate to other cellular compartments in the retina. This changing pattern of spatial buffering of glutamate by GLAST probably has significant implications regarding our understanding of the role of glutamate during processes such as retinal synaptogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: VEGFR-2 ; VEGFR-3 ; Angiogenesis ; Endothelial cells ; Blood vessels ; Lymphatic vessels ; Development ; Quail embryo
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. We have studied the expression of Quek1 and Quek2 (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, respectively) in quail embryos from day 2 to day 16 by in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled riboprobes on whole-mounts and paraffin sections. Parallel sections were also stained with the QH1 antibody to detect all endothelial cells and with an antibody against α-smooth-muscle-actin to reveal the media of blood vessels. Quek1/VEGFR-2 is a marker of blood-vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells throughout development. In 2-day-old embryos, it is expressed in the intra-embryonic vascular plexus, in cells (most probably angioblasts) located in the paraxial head mesoderm and in the somites, and caudo-laterally from Hensen’s node. Thereafter, until about day 9, Quek1 is expressed in all endothelial cells. Cells positive and negative for Quek1 can later be found within the same vessel. Quek1 is additionally expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells. Occasionally, some non-endothelial cell types express Quek1. Quek2/VEGFR-3 is also a marker of endothelial cells; however, its expression pattern differs from that of Quek1. In 2-day-old embryos, Quek2 is expressed in the notochord and the intra-embryonic vascular plexus. Whereas all endothelial cells are Quek2-positive in 3-day-old embryos, expression is subsequently reduced to a subset of endothelial cells: arteries become Quek2-negative and then expression of Quek2 is limited to a few vessels that appear to be lymphatic. Endothelial cells of lymph nodes and the periaortal lymphatic vessels are Quek2-positive in later stages. A few non-endothelial cells express Quek2.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 211-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Serotonin ; Transporter ; [3H]citalopram ; Autoradiography ; Brain ; Development ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The prenatal development of the serotonin transporter was analyzed in mouse brain and spinal cord by autoradiographic localization of [3H]citalopram binding. Transporter expression started at embryonic day (E) 12 in two discontinuous bands in the anterior and posterior brainstem. Labeling extended cranially and caudally, reaching the basal diencephalon at E 13, the septal complex at E 15, and the cerebral cortex at E 16. The caudal extension of the labeling descended at the ventrolateral margin of the spinal cord and reached lumbar levels at E 14. At E 17–E 18, [3H]citalopram binding emerged in the striatum, amygdaloid area, ventrobasal thalamus, paraventricular and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and substantia nigra. The overall spatiotemporal expression pattern of the serotonin transporter in the mouse agrees with data on the immunohistochemical localization of serotonin in the rat embryo. These results suggest that serotonergic fibers have the equipment to engage in transmitter reuptake long before synapse formation, and that transporter expression might represent a prerequesite for the developmental functions exerted by serotonin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 465-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Steroidogenic cells ; Gonads ; Mouse ; Development ; Ultrastructural differentiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Different steps in mouse ovarian and testicular development have been studied in order to compare the time sequences during the in vivo differentiation of steroidogenic cell populations growing in contact with male and female gonocytes. These time sequences indicated a basic common developmental pattern: early signs of steroid synthesis in the male gonad, but late entering into meiotic prophase of XY germ cells; early meiosis but late steroidogenic activity in the ovary. In both male and female interstitial tissues, signs of involution were found following a period of exponential development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Castration ; LH-cells ; Rat ; Development ; Sex-steroids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of sex-steroids on the LH-cell development in neonatal rats were studied. The cells were stained immunohistochemically by applying anti-HCG serum. On the second day after birth some of the animals of both sexes were gonadectomized and simultaneously injected with testosterone or estradiol (50 or 200 μg). The remaining animals were either gonadectomized or injected with either one of the sex-steroids. The LH-cell numbers in each group were determined on the 12th day of age from serially cut histological sections of the pituitary. In castrated males the number of LH-cells was about twice that of the intact animals. In the so-called sex-zone, LH-cells tended to be hypertrophied in castrates. These alterations in the appearance of LH-cells did not occur after ovariectomy. In gonadectomized animals injected with sexsteroids (200 μg), the cells were markedly reduced in number and size, both in males and females. Testosterone injection (50 μg) into intact newborn animals also suppressed the numerical development of LH-cells, especially in females. These alterations were particularly evident in the sex-zone in both sexes. Thus the present findings show that sex-steroids may be involved in sexual differences in morphological development of LH-cells in newborn rats.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 65-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Freeze-fracture ; Occluding junctions ; Enterocytes ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The architecture of occluding junctions during the differentiation of the mouse duodenum was studied in freeze-fractured material. Irregular zonulae occludentes (ZO) (Type I) are numerous during fetal life, and are characterized by their irregular width, and by the presence of basal open-ended extensions fused with the discontinuous basal strand of the ZO. Regular ZOs (Type II), typical of the adult villous epithelium, appear after Type I junctions by day 16 of gestation. Two patterns are distinguishable: in the first, parallel strands of ridges and furrows are found without crossing branches; in the second pattern, the junction zone is organized like a network of short branches forming various types of polygons. In fetal and adult mice fasciae occludentes (FO) (Type III) are present on the lateral cell membranes; in unfixed specimens particles are found in the furrows of the E-face and pits on the ridges of the P-face. In fixed tissues, the particles are aligned on the ridges of the P-face. These results indicate that fixation with glutaraldehyde modifies considerably the affinity of junctional particles toward the P-face during the fracture process. Moreover, the presence of numerous large FOs on the lateral cell membranes of enterocytes during late fetal life and in the adult, is possibly related to cell movement along the intestinal villi.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 395-403 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Axonal guidance ; Guidance molecules ; Development ; Regeneration ; Astrocytes ; Retino-tectal system ; Microglia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract.  Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons from the temporal retina project to the anterior superior colliculus (SC), whereas nasal retinal axons project to the posterior SC. The stripe assay has shown that temporal retinal axons avoid growing on membrane stripes from the posterior SC but nasal retinal axons show no growth preference. Several putative guidance molecules have been identified in target tissues for these axons during development in vertebrates. Regenerating axons from adult rat retinae also possess the capacity to recognize appropriate target cells and to form functional connections in vivo and in vitro. However, the expression of information for axonal guidance and target recognition in mammals and birds seems to be limited to the period when central nervous system projections develop during embryogenesis. Nevertheless, the deafferented adult rat SC re-establishes target information recognizable by embryonic rat retinae, although the re-expression of guidance factors after deafferentation does not seem to be a mere recapitulation of their normal developmental expression pattern. The roles of astrocytes and microglia in axon guidance are also discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 621-624 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Transthyretin ; Albumin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Development ; Choroid plexus ; Opossum ; Monodelphis domestica (Marsupialia)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The distributions of transthyretin and albumin in the choroid plexus during brain development have been compared. The South American opossum was chosen because the young are born around the time of choroid plexus formation. Previous work showed that in the adult opossum, transthyretin is expressed in the choroid plexus cells. However, systematic studies of transthyretin in the choroid plexus during development have not been carried out before. Transthyretin was present in 90–95% of the choroidal cells from birth to adulthood. In most cells, transthyretin immunoreactivity was concentrated in the apical region of the cytoplasm. Double labelling of choroid plexus sections with antibodies to albumin and transthyretin showed that 1–2% of cells were positive for both proteins. These findings suggest that from the very earliest stage of choroid plexus formation most epithelial cells both synthesize and contain transthyretin, and a few of these transthyretin-synthesizing cells also contain albumin that is probably being transferred from blood to the cerebrospinal fluid.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Enterocytes ; Fish ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The processes of proliferation, cell division and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells have been studied during development of the fish, Barbus conchonius. On the 3rd day, nearly all cells of the presumptive gut proliferate. Once the intestinal epithelium begins to differentiate, a decreasing percentage of proliferative cells can be found. On the 7th day, when intestinal folds start to develop, the proliferative cells become restricted to the future basal parts of the folds. Ultrastructural examination of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells and mitotic cells of 6-day-old larvae shows that functional enterocytes are proliferative. The same feature is suggested for older fish. Proliferating undifferentiated “dark” cells, characterized by many free ribosomes and a few organelles, are also present in the intestinal epithelium of larval fish; they are considered to be stem cells, mainly for goblet cells. Proliferating goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells were not observed. The latter cell type is scarce and has a long turnover time. A common feature of all these dividing cells is the presence of isolated spherical to cylindrical lamellar structures which may have lost contact with the cell membrane during prophase; they probably regain this contact by fusion with the cell membrane at the end of mitosis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): S-100 ; Müller cell ; Astrocyte ; Development ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The rat retina was studied by immunohistochemistry with antibody to S-100 protein during the first three postnatal weeks. Immunoreactive astrocytes are first detected subjacent to the inner limiting membrane close to the optic disc. They gradually increase in number and spread toward the ora serrata along the inner surface of the retina as the development proceeds. S-100-immunostained Müller cells are first identified on the 12th postnatal day although their immunoreactivity is much weaker than that of astrocytes at the same stage. This differential intensity of the immunoreactivity of the two cell types facilitates observation of the entire shape of the astrocyte. This characteristic reveals that cellular investments of blood vessels in the inner retina are formed by astrocytic processes whereas those in the outer plexiform layer are derived from processes of Müller cells. The cellular investment becomes complete by the 18th postnatal day.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 377-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lamina ganglionaris ; Locust ; Neurons ; Development ; Light and electron microscopy ; Golgi study
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The gross structure as well as the neuronal and non-neuronal components of the lamina ganglionaris of the locust Schistocerca gregaria are described on the basis of light- and electron-microscopical preparations of Golgj (selective silver) and ordinary histological preparations. The array of optic cartridges within the lamina neuropile — their order and arrangement — and the composition of the cartridges are described. There are six types of monopolar neurons: three whose branches reach to other cartridges and three whose branches are confined to their own cartridges. Retinula axons terminate either in the lamina or the medulla neuropiles. There are three types of centrifugal neurons, two types of horizontal neuron, as well as glia and trachea in the lamina neuropile. The development of the lamina neuropile is described in terms of developing monopolar and centrifugal axons, growing retinula fibres, and composition of the developing optic cartridges.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 383-393 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Avian skeletal muscle ; Development ; Normal, aneural, paralyzed muscle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The extent to which the motor innervation regulates the embryonic development of skeletal muscle was investigated by comparing changes in normal, aneural, and paralyzed superior oblique muscle of the duck embryo. The muscle was made aneural by permanently destroying the trochlear motor neurons with electrocautery on day 7 i.e., three days prior to innervation. Embryos were paralyzed by daily application of α-bungarotoxin onto the chorioallantoic membrane from day 10 onwards. The differentiation of myoblasts and myotubes in the aneural muscle was severely affected and did not progress to the myofiber stage. A mass of dead cells in the aneural muscle was replaced by connective tissue. Although the differentiation of myoblasts and myotubes was also retarded in the paralyzed muscle, numerous muscle cells progressed to the myofiber stage. Neuromuscular junctions of normal ultrastructure were seen in all paralyzed muscles. Degeneration of some cells in the paralyzed muscle occurred but there was no evidence of a massive wave of cell death similar to that observed in the aneural muscle. These observations suggest that both the trophic factors from the nerve and the nerve-evoked muscle activity are essential for the execution of the developmental program of the muscle. Trophic factors may play a larger role in differentiation, and maintenance of the muscle than muscle activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 303-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Fish scale ; Fine structure ; Development ; Calcification ; Cyprinodon variegatus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Scale formation in Cyprinodon variegatus was found to be initiated at about 26 to 30 days after hatching. Ultrastructural investigation revealed that within 4 to 6 h in the first-formed scales the marginal cells begin to flatten and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which later change to osteoblasts and fibroblasts. These cells are separated from the surrounding epithelial cells by a basal lamina. The osteoid is formed by the marginal and osteogenic cells; the osseous layer by the osteoblasts; and the fibrillary plate by the fibroblasts. The osteoid is formed within 2 to 3 h after the initiation of the scale, and within 20 to 24 h the osseous layer is formed. Hydroxyapatite crystals are deposited in the matrix of the osseous layer without apparent association with collagen fibers. No matrix vesicles or dense bodies are evident at the sites of calcification. The fibrillary plate arises 18 to 20 h after the initiation of the scale. It is also partially calcified, but not before the third week of scale formation. The crystals develop almost exclusively between the collagen fibers at the extreme edge of the calcifying front, but solid calcification of the fibers results with further growth of the crystals. The fibroblasts appear to participate in calcification of the fibrillary plate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neocortex ; Evolution ; Development ; Plasticity ; Visual system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Recently discovered neocortical equivalents in anamniotes and certain patterns of interspecific variability in brain organization provide new insights into evolutionary and ontogenetic mechanisms of development. The new data suggest that nervous systems become more complex, not by one system invading another, but by a process of parcellation that involves the selective loss of connections of the newly formed daughter aggregates and subsystems. The parcellation process is reflected in the normal ontogenetic development of the CNS in a given species and can be manipulated, to a certain extent, by deprivation or surgically induced sprouting. The parcellation theory allows certain predictions about the range of variation of a given system at all levels of analysis including the cellular and aggregate levels. For example, the interspecific variability in organization of cortical columns, thalamic nuclei, cortical areas and tectal layers can be explained. The findings, summarized here, suggest that diffuse, undifferentiated systems existed in the beginning of vertebrate evolution and that during the evolution of complex behaviors, and analytical capacities related to these behaviors, a range of patterns of neural systems evolved that relate to these functions. One principle underlying the growth, differentiation and multiplication of neural systems appears to be the process of parcellation as defined by the theory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 155-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal medulla ; Development ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Small granule cells ; Ultramorphology ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The development of the rat adrenal medulla was studied at the ultrastructural level with particular emphasis placed on early discrimination of different catecholamine-storing cells. The first granule-containing cells, phaeochromoblasts, were seen at day 15 of gestation migrating into the anlage of the cortex. These cells were characterized by a few small granules (80–120 nm in diameter) and a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Presumably due to differentiation into chromaffin cells, they were no longer present after the eighth postnatal day. Maturation of phaeochromoblasts was indicated by an increase in number and size of their storage granules and a decrease in the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Noradrenaline and adrenaline cell types were first clearly discernible at day 21 of gestation. Another cell type, a giant cell, was also recognized at this stage. In the adult animal, noradrenaline, two morphologically different types of adrenaline, and small granule-containing cells were observed. By applying acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, it was found that at day 17 of gestation a small population of granule-storing cells showed strong positive staining in the endoplasmic reticulum. In the adult animal this cell type was further characterized by small-storage granules. Other chromaffin cells began to show weak staining within the endoplasmic reticulum at day 19 of gestation. This staining appeared more frequently within adrenaline than noradrenaline cells. However, even in the adult animal many cells of both types were completely negative. It is concluded that acetylcholinesterase histochemistry is a useful method for early discrimination of small granule-containing cells in the developing rat adrenal medulla.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: FGF-2 ; FGF receptor-1 ; Autonomic nervous system ; Sympathetic preganglionic neurons ; Spinal cord ; Development ; Rat (Wistar)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The development of the nervous system appears to be under the control of multiple growth factors, neurotrophins and cytokines, which may be expressed either continuously or transiently throughout defined stages of cellular generation, proliferation or differentiation. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) cytokines and their receptors are abundantly expressed in the embryonic nervous system but their localization at autonomic levels in the fetal spinal cord has not yet been detailed. Immunoreactivity to FGF-2, probably the best characterized member of the FGF family (FGF-1 to FGF-10) and of one of its high affinity receptors, FGFR-1, was found in autonomic neurons at embryonic day E14, the peak day of generation and proliferation in the common ventral motoneuron pool. It was also continuously present throughout the investigated subsequent stages (E15 to postnatal day P30). Immunogold electron microscopy revealed the cytoplasmic localization of FGF-2 and FGFR-1 in intermediolateral neurons, the major group of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. In these neurons, immunocytochemistry from E14 onwards showed the co-distribution of both markers at the period of axonal outgrowth to peripheral targets, e.g. the adrenal medulla. Our findings suggest autocrine and/or paracrine actions of FGF-2 for sympathetic preganglionic development but do not support its role as a target-derived neurotrophic factor for autonomic neuron development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 251-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Topographic projection ; Eph family receptor Bsk ; Bsk ligands ; Gradients ; Development ; Hippocamposeptal system ; Olfactory and retinotectal systems ; Axonal guidance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract.  Topographic projection is a general feature of brain architecture and is critical for appropriate information processing and coding. Nevertheless, little is known about the mechanisms that govern topographic organization. The Eph family receptor tyrosine kinases and ligands have recently been implicated in the specification of topographic maps. We have shown that Bsk, an Eph family receptor, and its ligands are expressed in a complementary fashion in neurons and targets, respectively, in several neural systems. For example, in the hippocampus, Bsk is expressed in an increasing lateral to medial gradient. In contrast, at least three different ligands, viz., Elf-1, LERK3/Ehk1-L, and AL-1/RAGS/LERK7, are transcribed in complementary (opposing) gradients in the hippocampal subcortical target, the lateral septum. However, the spatial and temporal distribution of the ligands are different, such that combinatorially they specify the full target region during development. Consistent with a key role in hippocamposeptal topographic projection, the ligands selectively inhibit the growth of the topographically inappropriate medial hippocampal neurites but sustain the growth of the appropriate lateral neurites. Our studies indicate that the interaction of Bsk and its ligands restricts the receptor-positive medial neurons to the topographically appropriate, ligand-poor dorsal septal target. In addition to the hippocamposeptal system, Bsk and its ligands are also expressed in afferents and targets of several other systems, including the olfactory and the retinotectal systems. Consequently, Bsk and its ligands may play important roles in neuron-target interactions in multiple neural circuits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Neuropeptides ; Sympathetic ; Development ; Adrenal ; Chromaffin ; Neuron ; Galanin ; Chicken
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The developmental coexpression of galanin-like immunoreactivity with the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was studied in the avian embryo sympathoadrenal system using double-labeling immunocytochemistry. Galanin-like immunoreactivity is expressed by various catecholaminergic cell populations, namely sympathoblasts, chromaffin and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, but not by principal neurons of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. Both galanin and somatostatin immunoreactivities are coexpressed in the adrenal and sympathetic ganglion primordia by the neural precursors, but the subsequent expression pattern of both peptides differs. Our results support the hypothesis that early sympathoblasts express a large repertoire of neuroactive substances and that the expression of these becomes restricted during further development as the sympathoblasts become principal neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Microtubules ; Dendritic spine apparatus ; Synapse ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Using techniques for enhanced microtubular preservation, including albumin pretreatment (Gray, 1975), occipital cortex of rats was studied electron microscopically at various ages of development. A close structural relationship was seen between microtubules, sacs of SER and the postsynaptic “thickening” in primordial spines and with the dense “plate” material of spine apparatuses. Stereoscopic preparations in addition show a more complicated substructure than previously described for the “plate”. Microtubules may contribute to the formation of the “plate” of the spine apparatus which in turn is associated with the postsynaptic “thickening” of the mature spine. Possible functional correlates are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 563-575 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Antennal lobes ; Development ; Sexual dimorphism ; Periplaneta americana
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The postembryonic development of the antennal lobes of Periplaneta americana L. was examined with light- and electron-microscopical methods. There is no difference in the number of glomeruli and neurons in the antennal lobes of larval and adult animals. At hatching, the first larva already possesses the adult number of approximately 125 glomeruli and 500 to 560 deutocerebral neurons in the dorsolateral cell group of each antennal lobe. During postembryonic development the volume of the deutocerebral neurons increases three- to fourfold. The glomeruli of the first larva have about 7 % of the volume of the corresponding adult glomeruli. Since number, pattern, and size ratio of glomeruli (with the exception of the macroglomerulus) are constant in all larval stages and adult animals, it is possible to identify individual glomeruli. During the whole postembryonic development the ordinary glomeruli show a continuous volume increase, which parallels the increase in antennal sensory input. The macroglomerulus develops by way of special growth of two to four neuropil units, but not before the last three to four larval stages and only in males. Its growth precedes the formation of antennal pheromone receptors during the final molt; these receptors are known to project into the macroglomerulus. The development of the macroglomerulus in the last larval stages of the male may be caused by a genetically fixed growth program of specific deutocerebral neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 169-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Adhesion ; Cell lineage ; Development ; Neuromuscular junction ; Serotonin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract During the development of the nervous system, numerous neurons connect to form complex networks. In order to build a functional network each neuron has to establish contacts with appropriate target cells, and at these contacts synapses of the right quality and strength have to be formed. Gaining insight into the mechanisms underlying this complex development is an important step towards a better understanding of how the nervous system is formed and behaviour generated. One model system in which synapse formation can be studied at the morphological, physiological and molecular level is that of the fruitfly Drosophila, and insights gained from Drosophila embryos are reviewed here. The first part of this review deals with the neuromuscular junction as the best-known synaptic contact in Drosophila. It describes: (1) its structure, (2) mechanisms underlying the formation of the neuromuscular cell junction and the arborisation of the presynaptic terminal, and (3) our present understanding of signal-dependent and -independent processes during synapse formation at the neuromuscular junction. The last part of this review deals with the question of how particular neurons can adopt specific synaptic properties, stating as an example the development of the neural lineage of NB7-3, which gives rise to two serotonergic neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Hypothalamus ; GABA ; Neuropeptide Y ; Immunocytochemistry ; Development ; ontogenetic ; Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei) ; Salmo trutta fario (Teleostei)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The neuronal system of the saccus vasculosus of two species of trout was studied with immunocytochemical methods and carboindocyanine-dye (DiI) tract-tracing. The cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting neurons of the saccus were immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Immunostaining of alternate sections of the saccus vasculosus of fry with anti-GAD and anti-NPY indicated that these substances were colocalized. The tractus sacci vasculosi and the neuropil of the nucleus sacci vasculosi were also immunoreactive to these substances. The GABA, GAD, and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity of the saccus vasculosus system appeared early in trout ontogeny. After applying DiI to various levels of the tractus sacci vasculosi of adult trout, we observed massive bilateral saccular projections to the nucleus sacci vasculosi and could follow the course of the sacco-thalamic tract. This tract extended in the subependymal region of the thalamus rostral to the nucleus sacci vasculosi and split into two small tracts that reached the subhabenular-preoptic region. Sacco-thalamic fibers formed extensive periependymal plexuses along their trajectory. Interestingly, no clear evidence of the existence of a saccopetal system was obtained. On the basis of these results, we postulate that the saccus vasculosus system modulates the function of centers of the posterior tubercle and periventricular thalamus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 108 (1981), S. 83-98 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Etioplast ; Prolamellar body ; Protochlorophyll ; Saponin ; Thylakoid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Etioplasts of dark grown plants contain a large paracrystalline prolamellar body (PLB) and, attached to this there are prothylakoid membranes (PTs). PLB-tubules inAvena are composed mainly of two saponins and include only a low percentage of other lipids, protochlorophyll(ide) and proteins. Following the development of etioplasts in darkness from the very beginning until plants loose turgescence one can observe marked changes in ultrastructure. In the early stage of development predominantly PTs are seen in small etioplasts. Wide-type PLBs are small. After eight days there is a well developed stage with the well-known big and highly crystalline PLBs, which are connected to many long PT-membranes. After 13 days the PLBs are not significantly changed, while number and length of PTs are strongly reduced. These morphological observations are quantified by measurements of PLB-area and PT-length per plastid section. Saponin content as a marker for PLB-tubules and protochlorophyll(ide)-content as a marker for PT-membranes were measured. Both methods of determination show in good agreement a peak of development for PTs around day 6–7, and for PLBs around 9–10. Beginning senescence affects PT-membranes and PChl(ide) strongly, while saponins resp. PLBs persist better. These results are presented in view of thylakoid formation during greening, starting from the different etioplast stages.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium-oxalate crystals ; Development ; Mucilage ; Opuntia ficus-indica ; Stereology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In the succulent tissue ofOpuntia ficusindica development of calcium oxalate crystals was followed from the shoot apex to its base, using stereological analysis. The stereological parameters relating to the crystal cells were compared with those of mucilage cells, of the same tissue. A fairly monotonic relation between the stereological parameters of the two populations was noted. The possible physiological relation between the two cell populations is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 152-159 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cellular slime mold ; Dictyostelium discoideum ; Development ; Electronmicroscopy ; Golgi apparatus ; Prespore vacuole
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary When shaken in a glucose-albumin-cyclic AMP medium, dissociated aggregative cells form small clumps in which prespore cells differentiate fairly synchronously (Okamoto 1981). Formation of prespore vacuoles (PSVs) in differentiating prespore cells was examined in these culture conditions, by electronmicroscopy and immunocytochemistry. After 6 hours of culture, a typical Golgi apparatus composed of vesicles and stacked flat cisternae develops near the nucleus. FITC-conjugated antispore serum stains a crescent-shaped region in the cells which seems to correspond to the Golgi area. After 9 hours, flat sacs which contain electron dense lining membrane similar to that of PSVs appear alongside Golgi cisternae. Later, partially and fully round PSVs are observed in this region, suggesting that flat sacs round up to become mature PSVs. After 12 hours, as mature PSVs increase in number, they become dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and a typical Golgi apparatus with cisternae disappears. When cultured in a medium devoid of cyclic AMP, cells develop neither Golgi cisternae nor PSVs. These results strongly suggest that PSVs form from Golgi cisternae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 12-19 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Intercellular spaces ; Parenchyma ; Pisum sativum L. seeds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscopic observations have shown that the intercellular spaces in the storage parenchyma of the cotyledons of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds arise schizogenously. The wall segments adjoining future intercellular spaces display a triple zonation and contain regions with electron-dense material. Space formation starts at the central point of contact between several cells and spreads then further up to the electron-dense, intra-wall structures. As a result of this the electron-dense material is found again in the corners of intercellular spaces. It is proposed that the intra-wall structures may have an important function in limiting the schizogenous process. The localization of the intercellular spaces is thus predetermined. The amount of electron-dense material in their corners increases considerably during further development of the embryo. During germination wall segments between two intercellular spaces diverge resulting in a fusion of several spaces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 104 (1980), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Eimeria stiedai ; Macrogamete ; Ultrastructural changes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The development of the macrogamete ofEimeria. stiedai in the epithelial cells of the bile ducts of rabbits was studied by electron microscopy. A macrogamete was first identified by the presence of a large central nucleus with prominent nucleolus, and subsequently by the appearance of wall forming bodies. The macrogamete was limited by an outer single membrane under which there were remnants of a second membrane. The parasitophorous vacuole, in which the macrogamete was located, was often narrow and it contained no intravacuolar-tubules or -folds. As macrogametogony proceeded wall forming bodies of Type I and II, canaliculi, electron pale spaces (lipid) and polysaccharide granules increased in number. Granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi bodies were present throughout.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 105 (1980), S. 53-67 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Crustacean sensilla ; Development ; Sensilla structure ; Moulting
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The sensilla are associated with 6 enveloping cells. The innermost enveloping cell (e 1) secretes the dendritic sheath (=thecogen cell). All other enveloping cells are involved in the formation of the outer cuticular apparatus in secreting the cuticle of a definite region of the new hair shaft. The development of the new sensilla begins when an exuvial space expands between old cuticle and epithelium. The newly forming hair shafts lie folded back in an invagination of the epidermal tissue. Only a distal shaft part projects into the free exuvial space. The cuticle of the distal and middle shaft region is secreted by the three middle enveloping cells (e 2–e 4) (=trichogen cells), which are arranged around the dendritic sheath. The wall of the cylinder, in which the distal shaft is situated, is formed by the cuticle of the future proximal shaft region. It is secreted by the outer enveloping cells (e 5 and e 6). Furthermore, both enveloping cells form the hair socket (=trichogen-tormogen cells). The outer dendritic segments encased within a dendritic sheath run up through the newly formed hair shaft and continue to the old cuticular apparatus. The connection between sensory cells and old hair shaft is maintained until ecdysis. On ecdysis the old cuticle is shed and the newly formed shaft of the sensillum is everted like the invaginated finger of a glove. The dendritic sheath and the outer dendritic segments break off at the tip of the new hair shaft. Morphologically this moulting process ensures that the sensitivity of the receptors is maintained until ecdysis. The internal organization of the sensory cells shows no striking changes during the moulting cycle. An increased number of vesicles is accumulated distally within the inner dendritic segments and distributed throughout the outer segments of the dendrites. The cytoplasmic feature of the enveloping cells indicates that synthesis and release of substances for the cuticular apparatus of the new sensillum take place.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; rolD promoter ; GUS gene ; Nicotiana tabacum ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary TherolD gene fromAgrobacterium rhizogenes has recently been shown to induce striking precocity of flowering in transgenic tobacco. A transcriptional fusion between 578 bp of therolD upstream regulating sequence and the GUS reporter gene has been transferred to tobacco plants and its expression analysed throughout the whole life cycle of the plant. A detailed histological analysis revealed thatrolD is strongly expressed in elongating and differentiating tissues of each organ, from the mature embryo to the adult plant. In organs with determinate growth, such as cotyledons, leaves and floral parts,rolD expression follows the age gradient of the tissues. In mature tissues,rolD expression is high, begins to decrease with ageing and is switched off when senescence occurs.RolD is also active in the vascular system, in the procambium, pith- and receptacular-meristems. Our data show that expression ofrolD is under developmental control as it correlates with, and may represent a molecular marker for, the elongation/expansion and maturation phases of the plant tissues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 104-115 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Constrictive binary fission ; Cyanobacteria ; Development ; Multiple fission ; Septate binary fission ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural examination of cell division in two baeocyte producing cyanobacteria,Pleurocapsa minor andDermocarpa violaceae, reveals two distinct patterns of binary (transverse) fission. Septate binary fission, inPleurocapsa minor, involves centripetal synthesis and deposition of the mucopolymer cell wall layer (L 2). The ingrowth of the cytoplasmic membrane and L 1 cell wall layer, along with the synthesis of the L 2 cell wall layer, results in the formation of a prominent septum. Partitioning of the cell occurs by the constriction of the outer cell wall layers (L 3 and L 4) through the septum. InDermocarpa violaceae, constrictive binary fission occurs by the simultaneous ingrowth or constriction of the cytoplasmic membrane and all cell wall layers (L1, L2, L3, L4). Septate and constrictive binary fission may proceed symmetrically (medially) or asymmetrically (nonmedially). Multiple fission occurs regularly inDermocarpa violaceae and provides for a rapid means of reproduction when compared to binary fission. Successive radial and tangential divisions of the protoplast result in formation of many small daughter cells (baeocytes). The process of multiple fission is similar to septate binary fission with reduced septa being formed. However, constriction of the outer cell wall layers, through the septa, proceeds concurrently with septum formation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 100 (1979), S. 139-153 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Aegilops comosa var.thessalica ; Cell wall ; Development ; Mestome sheath cells ; Microtubules ; Suberized lamella
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The development of mestome sheath cells ofAegilops comosa var.thessalica was studied by electron microscopy. Anatomical and cytological observations show that this grass belongs to the C3 or non-Kranz plants. In the asymmetrically thickened walls of mestome sheath cells a suberized lamella is present. This lamella is deposited asynchronously. In the midrib and the large lateral bundles it appears first in the outer and inner walls and usually later in the radial walls. In the small lateral bundles its appearance is delayed in the inner walls of those cells situated on the xylem side. At maturity the suberized lamella is observed in all cell walls; however, in the small lateral bundles it is partly or totally absent from the walls of some cells situated on the xylem side. Tertiary wall formation is asynchronous as well, for it generally follows the deposition pattern of the suberized lamella. During the development of the mestome sheath cells microtubules show marked changes in their number and orientation, being fewer and longitudinal during suberin deposition. Dictyosomes are very active and may be involved in primary and tertiary wall formation. Endoplasmic reticulum cisternae are abundant and partly smooth, while plasmalemmasomes may function to reduce the plasmalemma extension. However, cytoplasmic structures that are clearly involved in suberin synthesis could not be identified. Suberized lamellae react strongly with silver hexamine. This is probably due to post-fixation with osmium tetroxide. On the basis of structural characteristics the mestome sheath may be regarded as an endodermis (cf., alsoFahn 1974). The significance of this view for water and assimilate exchange between the mesophyll and the bundle is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Clustering ; Data-processing ; Michigan ; Numerical method ; Phytosociology ; Stratum ; Understory ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary During May and June, 1974, relevés were obtained from 30 plantation stands in the Saginaw Forest in southeastern Michigan. The canopy trees in these plantations were planted between 1904 and 1938. The understory has developed naturally over the years. The forest plantations offer opportunities for study of the effects of the canopy on the structure and species composition of the understory. A new numerical method of data structuring was used, which is based on the detection patterns of associated species within the table of 30 relevés from Saginaw Forest plantations. The method employs two difference measures. DIF 1 uses presence/absence data and DIF 2 the cover/abundance values obtained from the relevés. Both difference measures supply distance values for every pair of relevés. The least dissimilar relevés are then grouped together by the farthest neighbor agglomerative algorithm of Lance & Williams (1967). The DIF 1 analysis was inconclusive, but the DIF 2 analysis gave coherent results. It has shown that relevés with similar canopies have similar understories. The differences in understories among the relevés are due less to species composition than to the relative abundances of the species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant ecology 37 (1978), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Model ; Peat bog ; Simulation ; Vegetation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A dynamic model is developed which simulates changes in peat bogs on different kinds of slopes. The relationships between the elements of the model which include bog plants, fen plants, water, peat and nutrients, are defined based on data from an earlier study of vegetation in the Rothenthurm area in Switzerland, and from published sources. The model is tested for its performance on three types of slope, starting development at a hypothetical state with low amounts of all variables. The development of bogs is traced until a stable state is reached at equilibrium. It is evident from the results that the establishment of a mature stable system takes longest on the flat slope. On all three slopes the peat layer reaches its maximum value before the equilibrium is reached at a slightly reduced peat level. As were observed in the fied, most slope types do not allow a peat bog to persist long under the local climatical conditions, but changes are forced in the vegetation toward a fen type with higher nutrient supply. It was however possible to simulate a stable peat bog when the slope was flat enough (type C in main text). The results of simulation reproduced with reasonable accuracy the shape of the bogs investigated in the field, the abundance of bog and fen plant species, the ground water table, the thickness of peat and the state of nutrient concentrations in the site. The model is rendered to have minimum complexity by assumptions, described in the main text, to reproduce only those properties of peat bogs that were considered primary in importance in the field. The extent to which the model can help to better understand the natural system is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Dune grassland ecosystem ; Germination ; Ozone depletion ; Plant growth ; Seedlings ; UV-absorbing pigments ; UV-B
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The germination of seeds of seven plant species occurring in a dune grassland vegetation of the Netherlands, was studied at four levels of UV-B radiation simulating unto 45% stratospheric ozone reduction during April. With the exception of seeds of Senecio jacobaea, germination of the dune grassland species was not affected by enhanced UV-B irradiance. Although a clear UV-B fluence-response relationship was not observed, the germination rate of S. jacobaea seeds and maximal germination percentage were reduced at enhanced UV-B. Germination rate in the dark was higher than germination in the light for Oenothera biennis, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex obtusifolius and S. jacobaea. Total dry biomass accumulation of seedlings was not affected by increased UV-B radiation in any of the species tested. Clear-cut differences in UV-absorbance of methanolic extracts were observed between species. Enhanced UV-B irradiance stimulated UV-absorbance of seedling extracts of Holcus lanatus and Verbascum thapsus. A clear UV-B fluence-response relationship was observed for both species. The results indicate that germination of the studied plant species probably will not be adversely affected by the expected stratospheric ozone reduction in The Netherlands.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant ecology 43 (1980), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Aegopodion podagrariae ; Arrhenatherion elatioris ; Development ; Dynamics ; Experiment ; Fertilization ; Mowing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Vegetation development in a former orchard on loamy moist soil after removal of the fruit trees under different treatment is described with the help of multivariate methods. Data on 20 plots over 9 years are treated with a simple classification program and a PCA ordination. Two main groups of plots are involved: one in a relatively moist part of the area where the trees were removed in 1970, one in a slightly drier area where the trees had been removed earlier. The first group is characterized by forbs such as Urtica dioica and Lamium maculatum, the second by grasses, mainly Arrhenatherum elatius. Under a mowing regime the plots of the first group change in the direction of the second group. Under continued fertilization the Urtica vegetation can be maintained. Establishment and/or rapid spread of Urtica can be brought about in Arrhenatherum dominated sites by (re-) introduction of nitrogen fertiliser. Not mowing leads to a dense Urtica-Lamium stand in which Lamium maculatum finds an optimum some years after mowing is stopped. The methods of summarizing the site-time data are discussed and some new ones announced for further research.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Key wordsChlamydia trachomatis ; Gene expression Ribosomes ; Protein synthesis ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Following binding and internalization into the host cell cytoplasm, elementary bodies (EB) of the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis undergo a developmental process resulting in production of reticulate bodies (RB), the vegetative growth form of the organism. EB are metabolically inactive, but EB to RB transformation requires bacterial protein synthesis. Using HeLa cells infected with EB of C. trachomatis serovar C, we examined the time of first appearance of transcripts from several genes whose products are required for assembly and function of the chlamydial protein synthetic system. We monitored appearance of chlamydial RNAs using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assays targeting primary transcripts from the bacterial rRNA operons, and mRNAs encoding the glycyl tRNA synthetase and the ribosomal proteins S5 and L5. Transcripts from the proximal rRNA promoters, and those from the r-protein and tRNA synthetase genes, are detectable as early as 4 h after EB–host binding; transcripts from distal rRNA promoters do not appear until 6 h post-infection. Thus, expression of bacterial genes whose products are required for protein synthesis begins earlier in chlamydial EB to RB development than previously thought.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 256 (1997), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ascomycete ; Development ; Mating type ; Nuclear identity ; Podospora anserina
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the heterothallic ascomycete Podospora anserina, the mating-type locus is occupied by two mutually exclusive sequences termed mat+ and mat–. The mat+ sequence contains only one gene, FPR1, while the mat– sequence contains three genes: FMR1, SMR1 and SMR2. Previous studies have demonstrated that FPR1 and FMR1 are required for fertilization. Further analyses have led to the hypothesis that mat+ and mat– genes establish a mat+ and mat– nuclear identity, allowing recognition between nuclei of opposite mating type within the syncytial cells formed after fertilization. This hypothesis was based on the phenotypes of strains bearing mutations in ectopic mat genes. Here we present an analysis of mutations in resident mat– genes which suggests that, unlike FMR1 and SMR2, SMR1 is not involved in establishing nuclear identity. In fact, mutations in these two genes impair nuclear recognition, leading to uniparental progeny, while mutations in SMR1 block the sexual process, probably at a step after nuclear recognition. The nuclear identity hypothesis has also been tested through internuclear complementation tests. In these experiments, the mat– mutants were crossed with a mat+ strain carrying the wild-type mat– genes. Our rationale was that internuclear complementation should not be possible for nuclear identity genes: the relevant genes should show nucleus-restricted expression, and diffusion of their products to other nuclei should not occur. This test confirmed that SMR1 is not a bona fide mat gene since it can fulfill its function whatever its location, in either a mat− or a mat+ nucleus, and even when present in both nuclei. SMR2, but not FMR1, behaves like a nuclear identity gene with respect to internuclear complementation tests. A model is proposed that tentatively explains the ambiguous behaviour of the FMR1 gene and clarifies the respective functions of the three mat– proteins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 262 (1999), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ascidian ; Mutagenesis ; Development ; Ethylnitrosourea (ENU)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Ascidians have been used extensively as model animals for experimental embryology. We report here the results of a pilot study with the aim of developing genetic methods for the ascidian Ciona savignyi. The chemical mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was used to induce point mutations. F1 animals, produced by using sperm from ENU-treated animals to fertilize untreated eggs, were grown to reproductive age. Sperm and eggs collected from the hermaphrodite F1 adults were used to generate self-fertilized F2 broods, which were then screened for recessive, zygotically acting mutations. Animals carrying potential mutations were outcrossed to wild type to test for the heritability of the phenotypes. We report on a number of mutants isolated using this method, including several with abnormalities in tail and notochord development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 207 (1999), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cell wall ; Development ; Pollen ; Tapetum ; Tilia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary InTilia platyphyllos, the anther tapetal cell walls undergo significant modifications from the tetrad stage onwards. During the tetrad stage the inner tangential and radial parts of the tapetal walls begin to dissolve, while the distal parts swell. After the tetrad stage, the distal and outer radial tapetal cell walls become covered by a thick, irregular, highly electron-dense, polysaccharide layer. Striking features of the maturing tapetal walls (microspore stage and later) are electron-translucent, structureless, unstainable angular areas of variable dimensions. Similar electron-translucent areas occur in the exine arcades and apertures, but also isolated in the locular fluid ofT. platyphyllos. Electron-translucent areas, that are also found in the exine arcades and tapetal cells of other angiosperms, can be interpreted as the products of poorly understood metabolic processes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Embryology ; Development ; Embryonic respiration ; Carotenoids in respiration ; Evolution ; Egg hiding ; Mouth brooder ; Young size ; Cichlids ; Mouth fertilization ; Size on release ; Latimeria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis With yolk as a food source, development of Labeotropheus takes place in the buccal pouch of the female until such time as juveniles are formed. Hatching from the vitelline membrane occurs early, after 6 days of incubation, and the eleutheroembryo develops without metamorphic stages directly into a juvenile, forming advanced structures like fins, skeleton and pigments, at a time when a large yolksac is still present. A strong circulatory network on the yolk and anal fin fold, and a yellow carotenoid pigment provide the oxygen supply within the closely packed buccal pouch. A relatively large self-sufficient juvenile, 14% of the adult fish size, is released from the mother's mouth 31 days after fertilization. The evolution of advanced hiding styles in reproductive guilds of fishes is discussed and ends with a speculation that the Latimeria, having had more geological time to refine its hiding style, releases fully developed young, 25 to 30% the size of the adult fish. The advanced style of hiding eggs is accompanied not only with fewer, larger eggs, but also by a successive increase in yolk density in terms of nutrients and respiratory pigments; these in effect determine the size of the released juvenile.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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