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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BRAIN STEM AFFERENTS FROM THE SPINAL CORD IN A SAMPLE OF REPTILIAN AND AMPHIBIAN SPECIES (1969)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 167 (1969), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20436.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postsmolt change in numbers of acetylcholinesterase-positive cells in the pineal organ of the Pacific coho salmon (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase ; Pineal organ ; Parrsmolt transformation ; Development, ontogenetic ; Central nervous system ; Oncorhynchus kisutch (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have examined the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive cells in the pineal organ of different developmental stages of the Pacific coho salmon. Large numbers of AChE cells were present in fresh-water living alevins, in all stages of presmolts (n=307–544), and in adult spawners (n=696–1774) whereas seawater-living postmolts displayed a total lack of labeled cells. The AChE-reactive cells were evently distributed within the pineal end-vesicle and stalk of the presmolts and adults. However, the AChE-positive cells that occurred in the pineal stalk were of a smaller type and more uniform in shape than the cells of the pineal endvesicle. The dense populations of AChE-stained cells in the alevins, were all situated in the caudal part of the pineal end-vesicle. We conclude that changes in pineal metabolism occur in postsmolt salmon that liver in saltwater. It is not clear whether the observed change in pineal AChE expression is an “unspecific” change caused by life in the sea, reflecting alterations that are related to aspects of osmoregulation, and/or is involved in the visual function of the pineal organ resulting from changes in the environmental lighting conditions, e.g., photoperiod, light-intensity, or spectral composition. This study adds to our previous findings of changes that occur in the central nervous system of the salmon during the time of the parr-smolt transformation and migration between limnic and marine environments and indicates a possible central role of the pineal organ in the control of these events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328014
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the brain, retina and nervus terminalis of the sockeye salmon parr, Oncorhynchus nerka (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 403-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Visual system ; Diencephalon ; Retina ; Olfactory system ; Oncorhynchus nerka (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons displaying FMRFamide(Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2)-like immunoreactivity have recently been implicated in neural plasticity in salmon. We now extend these findings by describing the extent of the FMRF-like immunoreactive (FMRF-IR) system in the brain, retina and olfactory system of sockeye salmon parr using the indirect peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. FMRF-IR perikarya were found in the periventricular hypothalamus, mesencephalic laminar nucleus, nucleus nervi terminalis and retina (presumed amacrine cells), and along the olfactory nerves. FMRF-IR fibers were distributed throughout the brain with highest densities in the ventral area of the telencephalon, in the medial forebrain bundle, and at the borders between layers III/IV and IV/V in the optic tectum. High densities of immunoreactive fibers were also observed in the area around the torus semicircularis, in the medial hypothalamus, median raphe, ventromedial tegmentum, and central gray. In the retina, immunopositive fibers were localized to the inner plexiform layer, but several fiber elements were also found in the outer plexiform layer. The olfactory system displayed FMRF-IR fibers in the epithelium and along the olfactory nerves. These findings differ from those reported in other species as follows: (i) FMRF-IR cells in the retina have not previously been reported in teleosts; (ii) the presence of FMRF-IR fibers in the outer plexiform layer of the retina is a new finding for any species; (iii) the occurrence of immunopositive cells in the mesencephalic laminar nucleus has to our knowledge not been demonstrated previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313518
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ascending spinal systems in the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 313-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ascending spinal systems ; Elasmobranch brain ; Comparative neuroanatomy ; Selective silver impregnation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ascending spinal systems in the nurse shark were studied after spinal hemisections by use of the Nauta and Fink-Heimer techniques. The dorsal funicular fibers form a single bundle issuing fibers to the gray substance of the spinal cord, the dorsal funicular nucleus, and the vestibular complex. Some dorsal funicular fibers also appear to contribute to the spinocerebellar tract. The degenerated lateral funicular fibers are segregated into three fasciculi issuing fibers medially as they ascend through the brainstem. The largest target of these fibers is the reticular formation, but diffusely organized axons also reach 1) the gray matter of the spinal cord, 2) the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, 3) the nucleus “A” of the medulla oblongata, 4) the central gray substance of the brainstem, 5) the cerebellar cortex, 6) the cerebellar nucleus, 7) the nucleus intercollicularis, 8) the mesencephalic tectum, and 9) the dorsal thalamus. At the latter site the spinal input appears to partly overlap with the visual input. The results, compared with the strikingly similar findings in other classes of vertebrates, indicate that all vertebrate groups apparently have the same basic components of ascending spinal projections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233622
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of ascending spinal projections in Caiman crocodilus (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 383-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Reptile (caiman) ; Reticular formation ; Tectum ; Thalamus ; Pain pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ascending spinal projections in the caiman (Caiman crocodilus) were demonstrated with Nauta and Fink-Heimer methods following hemisections of the third spinal segment in a series of twelve animals. These results were compared with earlier data in the literature obtained from a turtle, a snake, and a lizard using the same experimental and histological procedures. The results show remarkable similarities considering that each species represents a different reptilian order with different evolutionary history and habitat. However, the caiman displays several important peculiarities. Although the dorsal funiculus of the caiman contains the largest number of ascending spinal projections of the four species examined, this funiculus has not differentiated into cuneate and gracile fasciculi as is the case in the tegu lizard. The ventro-lateral ascending spinal projections follow a fundamentally similar general morphologic pattern in the four species with only minor variations. The anatomical arrangement in the caiman and tegu lizard appears most similar in the high cervical and the medullary regions; however, this is not the case in midbrain and thalamic regions where considerably more extensive projections are seen in the caiman. In the caiman an extensive spinal connection to the ventro-lateral nucleus of the dorsal thalamus is present; this connection is reminiscent of the mammalian spinal projection to the ventro-basal complex. The caiman has in common with the other three reptilian species a small projection to another dorsal thalamic region that is apparently homologous to the mammalian intralaminar nuclei, which are the destination of the mammalian paleospinothalamic tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239122
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cobalt-lysine study of primary olfactory projections in king salmon fry (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 499-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory epithelium ; Olfactory bulb ; Cobaltlysine method ; Teleosts ; Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary olfactory projections in king salmon fry, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were studied with the cobaltlysine technique and after sectioning the entire head in a frozen state. The labeled axons can be traced from the olfactory epithelium, where cobalt was applied, into the olfactory bulb and to the ventral and lateral regions of the ventral telencephalon. The latter projection has not previously been reported, and may in actuality represent a transneuronal transport of cobalt. The terminations in the glomerular layer and in the external cellular layer of the bulb appear to be distributed differently in different parts of the bulb, suggesting regional specializations. A few neurons in the bulb were also always labeled suggesting that they may project to the olfactory epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216475
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terminal distribution of retinal fibers in the tegu lizard (Tupinambis nigropunctatus) (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 591-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Degeneration methods ; Reptiles ; Tegu lizard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retinal projections in the tegu lizard were traced using degeneration-silver methods. Bilateral projections were found to the dorsolateral geniculate and the posterodorsal nuclei. Unilateral, crossed projections were traced to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus, the mesencephalic lentiform nucleus, nucleus geniculatus praetectalis, the ectomammillary nucleus, and the optic tectum. Some of these connections are distinctly different from those reported in other reptiles and suggest that important interspecific variations occur among reptiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233534
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal projections in the electric catfish (Malapterurus electricus) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 497-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Teleost ; Thalamus ; Optic tectum ; Hypothalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The poorly developed visual system of the electric catfish was studied with silver-degeneration methods. Retinal projections were entirely contralateral to the hypothalamic optic nucleus, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the dorsomedial optic nucleus, the pretectal nuclei including the cortical nucleus, and the optic tectum. The small size and lack of differentiation of the visual system in the electric catfish suggest a relatively small role for this sensory system in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237894
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A visual thalamo-telencephalic pathway in a teleost fish (Holocentrus rufus) (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 505-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Visual system ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Thalamus ; Telencephalon ; Geniculo-cortical system ; Teleost fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injections of large doses of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the telencephalon of the squirrel fish (Holocentrus rufus) revealed the first anatomical evidence for a visual thalamo-telencephalic projection in a teleost. The central optic nucleus of the thalamus appears to be the only visual thalamic nucleus projecting to the telencephalon in this species. Since the central optic nucleus has a large tectal input but not a direct one from the retina, it is suggested that a retino-geniculo-telencephalic pathway does not exist in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237895
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connections of the olfactory bulb in the piranha (Serrasalmus nattereri) (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 167-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory system ; Teleost ; Tracer (HRP)-study ; Parcellation theory ; Telencephalon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The connections of the olfactory bulb were studied in the piranha using the Nauta and horseradish-peroxidase methods. Three olfactory tracts project to seven terminal fields in the telencephalon and one in the diencephalon, all of them bilaterally. The contralateral olfactory bulb also receives a small input. All contralateral projections decussate in the anterior commissure and are relatively weak compared to the ipsilateral projections. HRP-containing cells were found in all of the ipsilateral telencephalic aggregates receiving an olfactory tract projection; the contralateral side was free of labeled cell bodies. Although only about one fourth of the entire telencephalon receives a direct olfactory input, the high degree of differentiation of the olfactory system suggests that the piranha depends substantially on the sense of olfaction and that this species may be a good model for further studies on olfactory mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234552
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