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  • Articles  (116)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; Latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis ; Stichprobenverfahren ; Permutationsmatrizen ; implizite Funktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lateinische Hyperwürfel Stichprobenverfahren (LHS) dienen dazu, in geeigneter Weise die Verteilungsfunktion (zumindest angenähert) der Funktionswerte einer komplexen (impliziten) Funktion, in Abhängigkeit ihrer Variablen werte, zu schätzen. Anwendungen finden sich in Modellen, in denen erforderliche Variablenumformungen nicht möglich sind und in denen die Zahl der Simulationsläufe aus zeitlichen Gründen gering zu halten oder fixiert ist. Es stellt sich die Frage, welche Werte in jedem Lauf den Variablen zuzuordnen sind. Herkömmliche Vorgehensweisen benutzen ausgefeilte, geschichtete Stichprobenverfahren, die jedoch Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Varianz und Kovarianz, aufgrund der Korrelation der Stichprobenpaare, beinhalten können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode beschrieben, den absoluten Fehler zwischen dem tatsächlichen und dem korrelierenden Stichprobenpaar so klein wie möglich zu halten. Selbst für kleine Stichprobenumfänge können dabei schon optimale Pläne erzielt werden. Permutationsmatrizen haben die Eigenschaft, die Summe der Korrelationen zwischen Spaltenpaaren zu minimieren. Die vorgestellte Heuristik ist in der Lage, in allen getesteten Fällen das Optimum zu finden.
    Notes: Abstract The objective of Latin Hypercube Sampling is to determine an effective procedure for sampling from a (possibly correlated) multivariate population to estimate the distribution function (or at least a significant number of moments) of a complicated function of its variables. The typical application involves a computer-based model in which it is largely impossible to find a way (closed form or numerical) to do the necessary transformation of variables and where it is expensive to run in terms of computing resources and time. Classical approaches to hypercube sampling have used sophisticated stratified sampling techniques; but such sampling may provide incorrect measures of the output parameters' variances or covariances due to correlation between the sampling pairs. In this work, we offer a strategy which provides a sampling specification minimizing the sum of the absolute values of the pairwise differences between the true and sampled correlation pairs. We show that optimal plans can be obtained for even small sample sizes. We consider the characteristics of permutation matrices which minimize the sum of correlations between column pairs and then present an effective heuristic for solution. This heuristic generally finds plans which match the correlation structure exactly. When it does not, we provide a hybrid lagrangian/heuristic method, which empirically has found the optimal solution for all cases tested.
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  • 2
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; oxidation ; stability ; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal oxidative stability of various formulations based on emulsion-grade ABS was studied by the chemiluminescence technique. Emulsion products were found to be essentially less stable than ionic mass polymerization resins. Among the antioxidants studied, Santonox R is clearly more efficient than Irganox 1076 and Irganox 3114, and its superiority is reflected primarily in improved induction period values. The introduction of Tinuvin 770 and Tinuvin 328 UV stabilizers into emulsion resins does not change the durability of the products. In mixtures where both Irganox 1076 and UV stabilizers are present, a certain antagonistic effect was noted at high UV stabilizer concentrations.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: metal-oxygen cluster compounds ; heteropoly acids ; stability ; pH ; aqueous solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stabilities of the solid superacids H3Mo12O40, H3PW12O40, H4SiMo12O40 and H4SiW12O40 in aqueous solution have been measured at various values of pH by use of ion chromatographic analyses. The aforementioned acids are completely decomposed at values of pH, 4.0, 5.2, 7.0 and 11.0, respectively. The stabilities in aqueous solution with respect to pH follow the order H4SiW12O40 〉 H3PW12O40 〉 H4SiMo12O40 〉 H3PMo12O40.
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  • 4
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    Positivity 1 (1997), S. 319-330 
    ISSN: 1572-9281
    Keywords: delay equations ; stability ; positive solutions ; spectral growth condition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove stability for a semilinear delay equation, whose nonlinearity is majorized by a linear positive operator. The key ingredients are a spectral condition, positivity of solutions to the linear problem, and lattice properties of the Banach space.
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  • 5
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: differential inclusion ; invariance ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of invariance, stability, asymptotic stability and attainability of a given compact set $$K \subset \mathbb{R}^n $$ with respect to a differential inclusion, have weak and strong versions: the weak version requires existence of a trajectory with the corresponding property, while the strong one requires this property for all trajectories. The following statement is proven in the paper (under slight restrictions) for each of the above-mentioned properties: if K has the weak property with respect to $$\dot x \in F(x) $$ , then there is a (regulation) mapping G such that G(x) ⊂ F(x) ∀ x and G has the strong property with respect to $${\dot x}$$ ε G(x). In addition, certain regularity of the set of solutions of the last inclusion is claimed.
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  • 6
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 365-375 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: set-valued mappings ; vector optimization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We establish optimization results for set-valued mappings, with the image space given by a topological vector space partially ordered by a cone. Moreover, we obtain stability results relative to parametrized optimization problems. We use a weak semicontinuity concept related to the order structure of the image space and show how compactness assumptions used in previous papers can be lightened.
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  • 7
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 379-402 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; stochastic control ; dynamic systems ; economics ; public-sector applications ; optimization ; budgetary policies ; monetary policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we determine optimal budgetary and monetary policies for Austria using a small macroeconometric model. We use a Keynesian model of the Austrian economy, called FINPOL1, estimated by ordinary least squares, which relates the main objective variables of Austrian economic policies, such as the growth rate of real gross domestic product, the rate of unemployment, the rate of inflation, the balance of payments, and the ratio of the federal budget deficit to GDP, to fiscal and monetary policy instruments, namely expenditures and revenues of the federal budget and money supply. Optimal fiscal and monetary policies are calculated for the model under a quadratic objective function using the algorithm OPTCON for the optimum control of nonlinear stochastic dynamic systems. Several control experiments are performed in order to assess the influence of different kinds of uncertainty on optimal budgetary and monetary policies. Apart from deterministic optimization runs, different assumptions about parameter uncertainties are introduced; the results of these different stochastic optimum control experiments are compared and interpreted.
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  • 8
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    Annals of operations research 56 (1995), S. 79-93 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Multistage stochastic programs ; optimization in Banach spaces ; stability ; approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Multistage stochastic programs are regarded as mathematical programs in a Banach spaceX of summable functions. Relying on a result for parametric programs in Banach spaces, the paper presents conditions under which linearly constrained convex multistage problems behave stably when the (input) data process is subjected to (small) perturbations. In particular, we show the persistence of optimal solutions, the local Lipschitz continuity of the optimal value and the upper semicontinuity of optimal sets with respect to the weak topology inX. The linear case with deterministic first-stage decisions is studied in more detail.
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  • 9
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    Annals of operations research 56 (1995), S. 287-311 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Probability functions ; gradient of integral ; sensitivity analysis ; optimization ; discrete event dynamic systems ; shut-down problem ; probabilistic risk analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Probability functions depending upon parameters are represented as integrals over sets given by inequalities. New derivative formulas for the intergrals over a volume are considered. Derivatives are presented as sums of integrals over a volume and over a surface. Two examples are discussed: probability functions with linear constraints (random right-hand sides), and a dynamical shut-down problem with sensors.
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  • 10
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    Journal of heuristics 3 (1997), S. 63-81 
    ISSN: 1572-9397
    Keywords: Large-step Markov chain ; optimization ; simulated annealing ; traveling salesman problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The large-step Markov chain (LSMC) approach is the most effective known heuristic for large symmetric TSP instances; cf. recent results of [Martin, Otto and Felten, 1991] and [Johnson, 1990]. In this paper, we examine relationships among (i) the underlying local optimization engine within the LSMC approach, (ii) the “kick move” perturbation that is applied between successive local search descents, and (iii) the resulting LSMC solution quality. We find that the traditional “double-bridge” kick move is not necessarily optimum: stronger local optimization engines (e.g., Lin-Kernighan) are best matched with stronger kick moves. We also propose use of an adaptive temperature schedule to allow escape from deep basins of attraction; the resulting hierarchical LSMC variant outperforms traditional LSMC implementations that use uniformly zero temperatures. Finally, a population-based LSMC variant is studied, wherein multiple solution paths can interact to achieve improved solution quality.
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  • 11
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    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 9 (1997), S. 463-505 
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Difference equations ; random perturbation ; averaging ; diffusion approximation ; randomly perturbed iterations ; stability ; 3SR60 ; 60H15 ; 60J99
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Let (X, ℬ) and (Y,C) be two measurable spaces withX being a linear space. A system is determined by two functionsf(X): X→ X andϕ:X×Y→X, a (small) positive parameterε and a homogeneous Markov chain {y n } in (Y,C) which describes random perturbations. States of the system, say {x n ɛ ∈X, n=0, 1,⋯}, are determined by the iteration relations:x n+1 ɛ =f(x n ɛ )+ɛϕ(x n ɛ ,Yn+1) forn≥0, wherex 0 ɛ =x 0 is given. Here we study the asymptotic behavior of the solutionx n ɛ asε → 0 andn → ∞ under various assumptions on the data. General results are applied to some problems in epidemics, genetics and demographics.
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  • 12
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 377-390 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: differential inclusions ; stability ; boundedness of solutions ; Lyapunov functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For Lipschitzian differential inclusions, we prove that the existence of suitable Lyapunov functions is necessary for uniform stability and uniform boundedness of solutions.
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  • 13
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    Annals of operations research 57 (1995), S. 217-232 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Scheduling ; robotic cell ; tandem machines ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the scheduling of a robotic cell in which jobs are processed on two tandem machines. The job transportation between the machines is done by a transportation robot. The robotic cell has limitations on the intermediate space between the machines for storing the work-in-process. What complicates the scheduling problem is that the loading/unloading operation times are non-negligible. Given the total number of operationsn, an optimalO(n logn)-time algorithm is proposed together with the proof of optimality.
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  • 14
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 243-260 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Latin hypercube sampling is often used to estimate the distribution function of a complicated function of many random variables. In so doing, it is typically necessary to choose a permutation matrix which minimizes the correlation among the cells in the hypercube layout. This problem can be formulated as a generalized, multi-dimensional assignment problem. For the two-dimensional case, we provide a polynomial algorithm. For higher dimensions, we offer effective heuristic and bounding procedures.
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  • 15
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    BIT 17 (1977), S. 321-328 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: 5.15 ; nonlinear equation ; root finding ; multiple root ; secant method ; Steffensen procedure ; order of convergence ; efficiency ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A superlinear procedure for finding a multiple root is presented. In it the secant method is applied to the given function divided by a divided difference whose increment shrinks toward zero as the root is approached. Two function evaluations per step are required, but no derivatives need be calculated.
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  • 16
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    Advances in computational mathematics 4 (1995), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1572-9044
    Keywords: Wavelets ; biorthogonal wavelets ; stability ; primary 15A12 ; 65F35 ; secondary 42C15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For orthogonal wavelets, the discrete wavelet and wave packet transforms and their inverses are orthogonal operators with perfect numerical stability. For biorthogonal wavelets, numerical instabilities can occur. We derive bounds for the 2-norm and average 2-norm of these transforms, including efficient numerical estimates if the numberL of decomposition levels is small, as well as growth estimates forL → ∞. These estimates allow easy determination of numerical stability directly from the wavelet coefficients. Examples show that many biorthogonal wavelets are in fact numerically well behaved.
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  • 17
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    Annals of global analysis and geometry 13 (1995), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 1572-9060
    Keywords: Gauss curvature ; stability ; 53
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove that a domain on a surface of constant curvature is stable provided the integral of the mean curvature is small enough.
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  • 18
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    Annals of global analysis and geometry 15 (1997), S. 277-297 
    ISSN: 1572-9060
    Keywords: mean curvature ; $$r$$ -mean curvature ; sphere ; stability ; stable
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We deal with compact hypersurfaces immersed in space forms with constant $$r$$ -mean curvature. They are critical points for a variational problem. We show they are stable if and only if they are geodesic spheres, generalizing results on constant curvature hypersurfaces.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: finite difference methods ; wave equation ; accuracy ; stability ; Padé approximants ; order stars ; Riemann surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider three time-level difference schemes, symmetric in time and space, for the solution of the wave equation,u tt =c 2 u xx , given by $$\sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {b_j U_{n + 1,m + j} + } \sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {a_j U_{n,m + j} + } \sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {b_j U_{n - 1,m + j} } = 0.$$ It has already been proved that the maximal order of accuracyp of such schemes is given byp ≤ 2(s + S). In this paper we show that the requirement of stability does not reduce this maximal order for any choice of the pair (s, S). The result is proved by introducing an order star on the Riemann surface of the algebraic function associated with the scheme. Furthermore, Padé schemes, withS = 0,s 〉 0, ands = 0,S 〉 0, are proved to be stable for 0 〈 μ 〈 1, where μ is the Courant number. These schemes can be implemented with high-order absorbing boundary conditions without reducing the range of μ for which stable solutions are obtained.
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  • 20
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 48 (1997), S. 13-32 
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: limit cycles ; vector fields ; oscillation theory ; second-order dynamic systems ; qualitative theory of dynamic systems ; phase portrait ; optimization ; 16th Hilbert Problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a solution to the problem to find isolated closed trajectories of two-dimensional dynamic systems. In contrast to the method of Bendixson’s ring regions, the new method is constructive. It allows the determination of the location of closed trajectories and therefore gives an upper bound for their number. The method is based on the idea to use inherent geometrical and physical extremal properties of these trajectories to transform the problem into an optimization task (isoperimetric problem of variational calculus) that can be solved by numerical algorithms, e.g., by hillclimbing.
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  • 21
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 49 (1997), S. 35-54 
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: dynamical systems ; stability ; pseudo orbit tracing property ; nonstandard analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is known that it is not possible to introduce C0 -structural stability for whole systems in topological dynamics. Using the methods of Nonstandard Analysis, we suggest four different purely topological stability concepts for dynamical systems on compact subsets of Rn. Classically these amount to considering the space of all systems on a given subset of Rn as the fundamental entity when deforming a continuous system (instead of the space of all continuous systems as is normally done in topological dynamics). For two of the introduced stability concepts, we will show that all minimal flows are stable in this sense. Besides this, we will show that one of our stability concepts is related to what is called the pseudo orbit tracing property in a recently published book by Aoki and Hiraide and compare some of our results to the theory of dynamical systems as presented there.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: stability ; chemical species ; solutions ; calibration ; interlaboratory studies ; measurement and testing programme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of chemical species in solution during storage is one of the critical aspect that has to be carefully studied e.g. for calibration purposes or prior to the organization of interlaboratory studies using synthetic solutions. The Measurements and Testing Programme (formerly BCR) is currently undertaking projects to improve the quality of speciation analysis for a variety of species (e.g. As, Hg, Sn, Pb, Cr). In all the cases the stability of these species was carefully studied in the solutions provided to the participants. This paper gives an overview of some of the results obtained in different BCR-projects on speciation analysis.
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  • 23
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    Journal of nonlinear science 5 (1995), S. 373-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1467
    Keywords: Hamiltonian system with symmetry ; relative equilibria ; perturbation ; linearization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A relative equilibrium of a Hamiltonian system with symmetry is a point of phase space giving an evolution which is a one-parameter orbit of the action of the symmetry group of the system. The evolutions of sufficiently small perturbations of a formally stable relative equilibrium are arbitrarily confined to that relative equilibrium's orbit under the isotropy subgroup of its momentum. However, interesting evolution along that orbit, here called drift, does occur. In this article, linearizations of relative equilibria are used to construct a first order perturbation theory explaining drift, and also to determine when the set of relative equilibria near a given relative equilibrium is a smooth symplectic submanifold of phase space.
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  • 24
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1501-1507 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: calcium sulphide ; gypsum ; oxidation ; phosphogypsum ; reduction ; stability ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using a heating rate of 2°C min−1, CaS reacts with oxygen in air from 700°C to form CaSO4, with a complete conversion at 1100°C. Synthesis of CaS from the reaction between CaSO4 containing compounds and carbon compounds in air would not be possible, as the carbon reacts from 600°C with oxygen in the air to give CO2. Heating stoichiometric amounts of carbon and pure CaSO4, synthetic gypsum or phosphogypsum in a nitrogen atmosphere, results in the formation of CaS from 850°C. Using a heating rate of 10°C min−1, the formation of CaS is completed at 1080°C. Addition of 5% Fe2O3 as a catalyst lowers the starting temperature of the reaction to 750°C. Activation energy values at different fraction reaction values (α) differ between 340 and 400 kJ mol−1. The relationship between the activation energy values and conversion (α) indicates that the reaction proceeds via multiple steps.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 625-632 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; NMR ; 8-quinolinol compounds ; TG-DTG ; stability ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solid M-Ox compounds, whereM represents Mg(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and NbO(III), and Ox is 8-quinolinol, have been prepared. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG, DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared absorption spectra (IR) have been used to characterize and to study the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of these compounds.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 807-814 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DTA ; stability ; substituted InF3 glasses
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal properties and devitrification behaviour of substituted InF3 glasses were studied by means of differential thermal analysis. A comparison of various simple quantitative methods to assess the level of stability of multicomponent fluoride glass systems was also made. Most of these methods are based on critical temperatures. In this paper, a new parameter,k d(T), is introduced to the stability criteria. The stabilities of several substituted InF3 glasses were evaluated experimentally and correlated with the activation energies of crystallization via this new kinetic criterion and compared with those evaluated by other criteria.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1572-8951
    Keywords: Protein engineering ; thermolysin ; activity ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermolysin mutants having a variety of amino acid at the 119th position are designed by considering electrostatic field effect upon the active area. The most activated mutant has five times higher hydrolytic activity than the wild type. Negative correlation between the activity and the thermal stability is observed. A combined effect of the flexibility of the substrate binding site and the negative electrostatic field around the site is suggested as a key to enhance the activity.
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  • 28
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 14 (1995), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Nondestructive evaluation ; corrosion monitoring ; electrical impedance tomography ; stability ; numerical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the problem of detecting and assessing, by means of static electrical measurements, damage due to corrosion in a structure. Corrosion damage, which is assumed to occur in an inaccessible part of a specimen, is modelled as material loss. The detection device consists of electrodes which inject DC current and measure voltage potentials in the accessible part of the specimen. The topography of the damaged surface is estimated from the measured data. This research is meant to evaluate if a method based on static electrical measurements has the potential to be developed into a useful nondestructive evaluation tool. We propose computational methods that take the measured data and estimate the unknown damaged surface. The methods are studied in order to understand their properties. Several example calculations from synthetic data are presented. Our findings indicate that such a device has limited resolution. However, it offers several advantages that make it worthwhile to pursue further research.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: acetylcholinesterase ; optimization ; kinetics ; venom ; turnover number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was investigated inWalterinnesia aegyptia venom and characterized with respect to its kinetic properties. It was found that 4.0 ug of crude venom protein and an incubation time of 4.0 min were suitable conditions for linearity of AChE activity at 25°C. The optimum strength of the sodium phosphate buffer was 0.05 M, and the optimum pH was 7.75. The optimum temperature was 30°C. The activation energy and the heat of activation were observed to be 6510 and 5922 cal/mole. The AChE was specific for acetylthiocholine but it did not hydrolyse butyrylthiocholine. The optimum substrate concentration was 3.0 mM but at higher substrate concentrations, the AChE activity declined. The ASCh concentration ranges for different orders of the reactions were determined and kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax, kcat, and ksp) were established at each order of the reaction.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart mitochondria ; lability ; muscle mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; stability ; taurine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We modified the isolation procedure of muscle and heart mitochondria. In human muscle, this resulted in a 3.4 fold higher yield of better coupled mitochondria in half the isolation time. In a preparation from rat muscle we studied factors that affected the stability of oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) and found that it decreased by shaking the preparation on a Vortex machine, by exposure to light and by an increase in storage temperature. The decay was found to be different for each substrate tested. The oxidation of ascorbate was most stable and less sensitive to the treatments. When mitochondria were stored in the dark and the cold, the decrease in oxidative phosphorylation followed first order kinetics. In individual preparations of muscle and heart mitochondria, protection of oxidative phosphorylation was found by adding candidate stabilizers, such as desferrioxamine, lazaroids, taurine, carnitine, phosphocreatine, N-acetylcysteine, Trolox-C and ruthenium red, implying a role for reactive oxygen species and calcium-ions in the in vitro damage at low temperature to oxidative phosphorylation. In heart mitochondria oxphos with pyruvate and palmitoylcarnitine was most labile followed by glutamate, succinate and ascorbate.We studied the effect of taurine, hypotaurine, carnitine, and desferrioxamine on the decay of oxphos with these substrates. 1 mM taurine (n = 6) caused a significant protection of oxphos with pyruvate, glutamate and palmitoylcarnitine, but not with the other substrates. 5 mM L-carnitine (n = 6), 1 mM hypotaurine (n = 3) and 0.1 mM desferrioxamine (n = 3) did not protect oxphos with any of the substrates at a significant level. These experiments were undertaken in the hope that the in vitro stabilizers can be used in future treatment of patients with defects in oxidative phosphorylation. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 61–66, 1997)
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 523-527 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: UF membranes ; alumina ; zirconia coating ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract For improving chemical and thermal stability of γ -Al2O3 membranes boehmite (AlOOH) sol-particles are coated with Zr4+-species with two techniques. These techniques are heterogeneous precipitation (HP-method) and “surface-reaction-followed-by-polycondensation” (SRPC-method). A continuous coating layer is formed at relative low Zr4+-concentration, about one monolayer coverage of boehmite particles, and with the HP-method. For larger concentrations and for the SRPC-method small particles (order 1 nm) of Zr4+-species are formed on the surface of the boehmite particles. After drying and calcination up to 1000°C no continuous layer of a zirconia phase could be detected for all samples. However the thermal stability of the porous structure is improved. Phase transitions of alumina occur at temperatures of 1100°C and the porous structure of the membrane material is then destabilized.
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 523-527 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: UF membranes ; alumina ; zirconia coating ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract For improving chemical and thermal stability of γ-Al2O3 membranes boehmite (AlOOH) sol-particles are coated with Zr4+-species with two techniques. These techniques are heterogeneous precipitation (HP-method) and “surface-reaction-followed-by-polycondensation” (SRPC-method). A continuous coating layer is formed at relative low Zr4+-concentration, about one monolayer coverage of boehmite particles, and with the HP-method. For large concentrations and for the SRPC-method small particles (order 1 nm) of Zr4+-species are formed on the surface of the boehmite particles. After drying and calcination up to 1000°C no continuous layer of a zirconia phase could be detected for all samples. However the thermal stability of the porous structure is improved. Phase transitions of alumina occur at temperatures of 1100°C and the porous structure of the membrane material is then destabilized.
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  • 33
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    Acta mathematicae applicatae sinica 13 (1997), S. 176-187 
    ISSN: 1618-3932
    Keywords: Spherical surface ; pseudospectral method ; vorticity equations ; stability ; convergence
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The pseudospectral method for solving vorticity equations on spherical surface is discussed. An interpolation procedure, which is different from the usual ones, is proposed. Based on such an interpolation, the pseudospectral scheme is constructed. Its generalized stability and convergence are analyzed rigorously. The theoretical analysis and computational skills can also be applied to other nonlinear partial differential equations defined on spherical surface.
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  • 34
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    Numerical algorithms 10 (1995), S. 225-244 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: Cholesky factorization error analysis ; Hankel matrix ; least squares ; normal equations ; orthogonal factorization ; QR factorization ; semi-normal equations ; stability ; Toeplitz matrix ; weak stability ; Primary 65F25 ; Secondary 47B35 ; 65F05 ; 65F30 ; 65Y05 ; 65Y10
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We show that a fast algorithm for theQR factorization of a Toeplitz or Hankel matrixA is weakly stable in the sense thatR T R is close toA T A. Thus, when the algorithm is used to solve the semi-normal equationsR TRx=AT b, we obtain a weakly stable method for the solution of a nonsingular Toeplitz or Hankel linear systemAx=b. The algorithm also applies to the solution of the full-rank Toeplitz or Hankel least squares problem min ||Ax-b||2.
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    Numerical algorithms 14 (1997), S. 343-359 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: progressive interpolation ; stability ; spline ; shape parameters ; geometric continuity ; 41A05 ; 41A15 ; 65D05 ; 65D07
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we study several interpolating and smoothing methods for data which are known “progressively”. The algorithms proposed are governed by recurrence relations and our principal goal is to study their stability. A recurrence relation will be said stable if the spectral radius of the associated matrix is less than one. The iteration matrices depend on shape parameters which come either from the connection at the knots, or from the nature of the interpolant between two knots. We obtain various stability domains. Moving the parameters inside these domains leads to interesting shape effects.
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  • 36
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    Numerical algorithms 10 (1995), S. 245-260 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: Multistep methods ; differential-algebraic equations ; stability ; existence and uniqueness ; convergence of iterative method ; 65L06 ; 65L20 ; 65N22
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Multistep methods for the differential/algebraic equations (DAEs) in the form of $$F_1 (x) = 0, F_2 (x,x',z) = 0$$ are presented, whereF 1 maps from ℝ n to ℝ ′ ,F 2 from ℝ n x ℝ n x ℝ m to ℝ s andr〈n≤r+s=n+m. By employing the deviations of the available existence theories, a new form of the multistep method for solutions of (1) is developed. Furthermore, it is shown that this method has no typical instabilities such as those that may occur in the application of multistep method to DAEs in the traditional manner. A proof of the solvability of the multistep system is provided, and an iterative method is developed for solving these nonlinear algebraic equations. Moreover, a proof of the convergence of this iterative method is presented.
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  • 37
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    Acta mathematicae applicatae sinica 13 (1997), S. 33-44 
    ISSN: 1618-3932
    Keywords: Inverse problem ; hyperbolic equations ; eigenvalue problem ; spectral function ; integral kernel ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the inverse boundary value problem of the hyperbolic system of first-order differential equations is discussed. The estimate of the solution and the quantitative analysis about its stability are obtained, and some stability criteria are established.
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  • 38
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear ; stability ; Lyapunov function
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the paper Lyapumov function for a fourth order linear system is given and stability of the trivial solutions to a class of fourth order nonlinear systems is studied.
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  • 39
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 635-642 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: analytic mechanics ; nonholonomic system ; stability
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability for the equilibrium states of Chaplygin's systems is considered. The equations of motion of Chaplygin's systems and the existence conditions of their equilibrium states are given. Some criteria of stability for the equilibrium. states of Chaplygin's systems are obtained. Two examples are finally given.
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  • 40
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    Discrete event dynamic systems 5 (1995), S. 383-403 
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Discrete event systems ; stability ; boundedness ; Petri nets ; manufacturing systems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Recently it has been shown that the conventional notions of stability in the sense of Lyapunov and asymptotic stability can be used to characterize the stability properties of a class of “logical” discrete event systems (DES). Moreover, it has been shown that stability analysis via the choice of appropriate Lyapunov functions can be used for DES and can be applied to several DES applications including manufacturing systems and computer networks (Passino et al. 1994, Burgess and Passino 1994). In this paper we extend the conventional notions and analysis of uniform boundedness, uniform ultimate boundedness, practical stability, finite time stability, and Lagrange stability so that they apply to the class of logical DES that can be defined on a metric space. Within this stability-theoretic framework we show that the standard Petri net-theoretic notions of boundedness are special cases of Lagrange stability and uniform boundedness. In addition we show that the Petri ent-theoretic approach to boundedness analysis is actually a Lyapunov approach in that the net-theoretic analysis actually produces an appropriate Lyapunov function. Moreover, via the Lyapunov approach we provide a sufficient condition for the uniform ultimate boundedness of General Petri nets. To illustrate the Petri net results, we study the boundedness properties of a rate synchronization network for manufacturing systems. In addition, we provide a detailed analysis of the Lagrange stability of a single-machine manufacturing system that uses a priority-based part servicing policy.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: optimization ; standard clock ; ordinal optimization ; communication network ; voice/data integration ; simulation
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we apply the ideas of ordinal optimization and the technique of Standard Clock (SC) simulation to the voice-call admission-control problem in integrated voice/data multihop radio networks. This is an important problem in networking that is not amenable to exact analysis by means of the usual network modeling techniques. We first describe the use of the SC approach on sequential machines, and quantify the speedup in simulation time that is achieved by its use in a number of queueing examples. We then develop an efficient simulation model for wireless integrated networks based on the use of the SC approach, which permits the parallel simulation of a large number of admission-control policies, thereby reducing computation time significantly. This model is an extension of the basic SC approach in that it incorporates fixed-length data packets, whereas SC simulation is normally limited to systems with exponentially distributed interevent times. Using this model, we demonstrate the effectiveness of ordinal-optimization techniques, which provide a remarkably good ranking of admission-control policies after relatively short simulation runs, thereby facilitating the rapid determination of good policies. Moreover, we demonstrate that the use of crude, inaccurate analytical and simulation models can provide highly accurate policy rankings that can be used in conjunction with ordinal-optimization methods, provided that they incorporate the key aspects of system operation.
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  • 42
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    Discrete event dynamic systems 7 (1997), S. 209-232 
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Stochastic recurrence equations ; performance evaluation ; ergodicity ; stability ; subadditive ergodic theory
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the asymptotic behavior of the stochastic dynamics of discrete event systems. In this paper we focus on a wide class of models arising in several fields and particularly in computer science. This class of models may be characterized by stochastic recurrence equations in ℝK of the form T(n+1) = φ n+1(T(n)) where φ n is a random operator monotone and 1—linear. We establish that the behaviour of the extremas of the process T(n) are linear. The results are an application of the sub-additive ergodic theorem of Kingman. We also give some stability properties of such sequences and a simple method of estimating the limit points.
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    Journal of mathematical imaging and vision 7 (1997), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 1573-7683
    Keywords: relaxation labeling processes ; consistency ; growth transformations ; Liapunov functions ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present some new results which definitively explain thebehavior of the classical, heuristic nonlinear relaxation labelingalgorithm of Rosenfeld, Hummel, and Zucker in terms of theHummel-Zucker consistency theory and dynamical systems theory. Inparticular, it is shown that, when a certain symmetry condition is met,the algorithm possesses a Liapunov function which turns out to be (thenegative of) a well-known consistency measure. This follows almostimmediately from a powerful result of Baum and Eagon developed in thecontext of Markov chain theory. Moreover, it is seen that most of theessential dynamical properties of the algorithm are retained when thesymmetry restriction is relaxed. These properties are also shown tonaturally generalize to higher-order relaxation schemes. Someapplications and implications of the presented results are finallyoutlined.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Decentralized scheduling ; manufacturing systems ; corridor policies ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Sharifnia, Caramanis, and Gershwin [1991] introduced a class of policies for manufacturing systems, called by themlinear corridor policies. They proved that their stability can be discussed by the study of a simpler subset of such policies (cone policies). This paper revisits their work presenting a different description of the dynamics of the systems under study and explores it to device a necessary and sufficient condition for stability, obtained by the strengthening of the assumptions in Sharifnia et al. (1991). This condition is shown to be simply tested (M −1≥0) and valid for various realizations.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: proteins ; aggregation ; reconstitution ; lyophilization ; additives ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. Protein stabilization during lyophilization has previously focused on optimization of the formulation as well as the freezing and dehydration process parameters. However, the effect of the reconstitution medium has been largely neglected. We have investigated its effect on aggregate formation using recombinant keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). Methods. The protein was lyophilized under suboptimal conditions to induce aggregation and precipitation upon reconstitution with water. A series of additives were examined by UV spectrophotometry and size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) for their effects on decreasing the degree of KGF aggregation and precipitation by the increase in recovery of soluble monomer. Results. Several additives resulted in a significant reduction of aggregation, including sulfated polysaccharides, surfactants, polyphosphates, and amino acids. A similar effect was achieved by adjusting the ionic strength of the reconstitution medium. SEC-HPLC indicated that the amount of soluble monomer was also increased by these additives suggesting that the recovery of the soluble protein correlates with the native, monomeric protein. Conclusions. These results suggest that optimization of reconstitution conditions will be a useful methodology for increasing the recovery of soluble, active proteins and that for KGF, the recovery of the soluble protein correlates with the native, monomeric form.
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  • 46
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    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 599-604 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: famotidine ; degradation ; isothermal ; nonisothermal ; kinetics ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of hydrolysis of famotidine in aqueous solution was studied by isothermal and nonisothermal method over the pH range of 1.71 to 10.0. Nonisothermal kinetics was studied with the purpose of determining its use in the establishment of the expiration date of pharmaceutical preparations, particularly drugs in solutions and for assessment of stability characteristics of pharmaceutical formulations during the development stage. A comparison of isothermal (55, 70 and 85°C) and nonisothermal kinetics was performed. Aqueous solutions of famotidine were buffered at pH 1.71, 2.24, 2.66, 4.0, 8.5, 9.0 and 10.0 were used. In the nonisothermal studies, the temperature rate of the reaction was continuously varied throughout the experiment. The energies of activation were found to be in close agreement for isothermal and nonisothermal studies, indicating that nonisothermal studies may save considerable amount of time in the early stages of drug development and stability testing. Logk-pH profiles were constructed for 55, 70 and 85°C from the first-order rate constants obtained from isothermal studies at pH values ranging from 1.71 to 10.00. The pH-rate profile indicated that famotidine undergoes specific acid catalysis in the acidic region and general base catalysis in the alkaline region. Hydrolysis in the acidic and alkaline media resulted in the formation of four and five degradation products, respectively. A possible degradation pathway for the acidic and alkaline hydrolysis was discussed.
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  • 47
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    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 1371-1375 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: prodrug ; bispilocarpic acid diester ; hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin ; inclusion complex ; solubility ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. The effects of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) on the aqueous solubility and stability of two lipophilic bispilocarpine prodrugs were investigated at pH 7.4. Methods. The solubility of prodrugs was studied by phase-solubility method (0–72.5 mM HP-β-CD). The stability of one of the prodrugs was investigated as a function of temperature (40°C–70°C) and HP-β-CD concentration (0–72.5 mM). The apparent rate constants (k 1, k 2) for degradation of prodrug in 1:1 and 1:2 inclusion complexes and apparent stability constants (K 1:1, K l:2) were calculated by the curve-fitting method. Results. The phase-solubility diagrams were classified as Ap-type and the apparent stability constants (K l:l, K l:2) for 1:1- and 1:2-inclusion complexes were calculated to be 143–815 M−l and 29–825 M−1, respectively. The stability of prodrug increased as a function of HP-β-CD concentration over the studied temperature range. The shelf-life (t 90%, calculated by the Arrhenius equation) of the prodrug in 72.5 mM HP-β-CD solution increased 5.1-fold and 6.1-fold at 25°C and 4°C, respectively. Conclusions. The solubility of the prodrugs was shown to increase markedly in phase-solubility studies. The degradation rate of prodrug in stability studies was shown to be slower in the l:2-complex than in the l:l-complex and the relative amounts of complex species were found to be dependent on CD concentration.
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    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 715-719 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: salbutamol base drug ; oleic acid ; propellant ; metered-dose inhaler ; stability ; adsorption
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of oleic acid between Salbutamol base drug and the solvent in metered-dose inhalers (MDI's) has been investigated. The equilibrium surfactant concentration in the drug dispersions has been determined using a colorimetric method. The samples examined contained Salbutamol base drug particles and oleic acid dispersed in different propellant blends of freon 11 and 12. The maximum equilibrium concentration observed depended on the propellant blend used. The propellant blend and the distribution of the surfactant affected the dispersion stability. The effect of the surfactant is illustrated by the adsorption isotherm for oleic acid onto the Salbutamol particles. The results are correlated with zeta-potentials and particle size measurements made on similar systems in order to characterize the properties of surfactant stabilized MDI's.
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  • 49
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    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: aerosol ; lactate dehydrogenase ; nebulizers ; proteins ; ultrasonic nebulization ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic nebulization of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was investigated using a DeVilbiss “Aerosonic” nebulizer. The enzyme (8ml, 0.025mg/ml Na2HPO4, pH 7.0) was completely inactivated after 20 minutes of operation. However, the inactivation profile observed during ultrasonic nebulization was different from that previously observed using air-jet nebulization. At least two mechanisms are involved, one associated with heating and the other with aerosol production. By preventing heating of the nebulizer fluid during operation, the denaturation profile was dramatically altered. By additionally including 0.01% w/v Tween 80 or l%w/v PEG 8000, almost all activity was retained. Similar results were obtained by preventing aerosol production and heating. However, 100% of activity was lost when heating was allowed to occur without aerosol formation. The results demonstrate that cooling in conjunction with a surfactant is one approach that could be used to stabilize proteins to ultrasonic nebulization. However, cooling also significantly reduced solute output from the nebulizer. When operated at 10°C output was negligible. At 50°C the output was 5× greater than that found at room temperature. The median droplet size (µm) was not significantly influenced by the operating temperature of the nebulizer fluid (3.6 ± 0.4, 21°C; 3.9 ± 0.2, 50°C, p = NS (n = 6)) although the size distribution was noted to increase at the higher temperature.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: acyl migration ; peptides ; cyclosporin ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemistry associated with the process of N,O-acyl migration was explored in both cyclic and linear peptides under aqueous acid conditions. The importance of backbone cyclization and N-methylation of the peptide bond on the kinetics of N,O-acyl migration in a series of linear and cyclic peptides related in structure to cyclosporin A (CsA) were examined. The similarity in the chemical reactivity of the cyclic peptide [MeLeu (3-OH)]1-CsA and the corresponding linear peptide [Val-MeLeu (3-OH)-Abu], suggested that for this series, cyclization of the peptide backbone may not play an important role in controlling the kinetics of N,O-acyl migration. In contrast, the disparity in the chemical reactivity of tripeptides [Val-MeLeu (3-OH)-Abu] and [Val-Leu (3-OH)-Abu], indicated that N-methylation of amide bond significantly impacted the kinetics. Various hypothesis are proposed to account for this observation.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: growth hormone ; stability ; poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) ; microencapsulation ; degradation ; sustained release
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. The development of a sustained release formulation for recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) as well as other proteins requires that the protein be stable at physiological conditions during its in vivo lifetime. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres may provide an excellent sustained release formulation for proteins, if protein stability can be maintained. Methods. rhGH was encapsulated in PLGA microspheres using a double emulsion process. Protein released from the microspheres was assessed by several chromatrographic assays, circular dichroism, and a cell-based bioassay. The rates of aggregation, oxidation, diketopiperazine formation, and deamidation were then determined for rhGH released from PLGA microspheres and rhGH in solution (control) during incubation in isotonic buffer, pH 7.4 and 37°C. Results. rhGH PLGA formulations were produced with a low initial burst (〈20%) and a continuous release of rhGH for 30 days. rhGH was released initially from PLGA microspheres in its native form as measured by several assays. In isotonic buffer, pH 7.4 and 37°C, the rates of rhGH oxidation, diketopiperazine formation, and deamidation in the PLGA microspheres were equivalent to the rhGH in solution, but aggregation (dimer formation) occured at a slightly faster rate for protein released from the PLGA microspheres. This difference in aggregation rate was likely due to the high protein concentration used in the encapsulation process. The rhGH released was biologically active throughout the incubation at these conditions which are equivalent to physiological ionic strength and pH. Conclusions. rhGH was successfully encapsulated and released in its fully bioactive form from PLGA microspheres over 30 days. The chemical degradation rates of rhGH were not affected by the PLGA microspheres, indicating that the internal environment of the microspheres was similar to the bulk solution. After administration, the microspheres should become fully hydrated in the subcutaneous space and should experience similar isotonic conditions and pH. Therefore, if a protein formulation provides stability in isotonic buffer, pH 7.4 and 37°C, it should allow for a safe and efficacious sustained release dosage form in PLGA microspheres.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: chimeric antibody ; protein ; immunoconjugate ; lyophilization ; freeze-drying ; stability ; aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chimeric BR96-doxorubicin conjugate (BR96-DOX) is an immunoconjugate designed to specifically target and kill certain tumor cells. The linker between the chimeric BR96 antibody and DOX is an acid-labile hydrazone group which was designed to undergo lysosomal hydrolysis to release DOX in vivo. Stability studies indicated that acid-catalyzed hydrazone hydrolysis was the major degradation route in vitro. Even under optimal conditions of pH and temperature, the stability of BR96-DOX in solution was not acceptable for long-term storage. Lyophilization of BR96-DOX in the presence of added sugars, such as lactose or sucrose, and subsequent storage of the lyophile under refrigeration significantly improved the stability. Therefore lyophilization appears to be a viable approach for achieving long-term stabilization of BR96-DOX.
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    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 305-308 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: RMP-7 ; bradykinin ; stability ; diketopiperazine
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Pharmaceutical research 14 (1997), S. 606-612 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: hIGF-I ; benzyl alcohol ; preferential interaction ; stability ; preservative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. The solubility and physical stability of human Insulin-like Growth Factor I (hIGF-I) were studied in aqueous solutions with different excipients. Methods. The solubility of hIGF-I was determined by UV-absorption and quantification of light blocking particles. The physical stability of hIGF-I was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Results. Human IGF-I precipitated at low temperature in the presence of 140 mM benzyl alcohol and 145 mM sodium chloride. CD data showed that the tertiary structure of hIGF-I during these conditions was perturbed compared to that in 5 mM phosphate buffer. In the presence of benzyl alcohol 290 mM mannitol stabilized hIGF-I. Sodium chloride or mannitol by themselves had no effect on either the solubility or the tertiary structure. Benzyl alcohol was attracted to hIGF-I, whereas sodium chloride was preferentially excluded. The attraction of benzyl alcohol was reinforced by sodium chloride leading to salting-out of hIGF-I. The CD-data indicated interactions of benzyl alcohol with phenylalanine in hIGF-I. Thermal denaturation of hIGF-I occurred in all solutions with sodium chloride, whereas mannitol or benzyl alcohol had no effect on the thermal stability. The thermal stability of hlGF-I was thus decreased in 145 mM sodium chloride although it was excluded from hIGF-I. Conclusions. The self-association and thermal aggregation of hIGF-I is driven by hydrophobic interactions. Benzyl alcohol is attracted to hIGF-I and induces changes in the tertiary structure causing hydrophobic attraction of the protein at low temperatures.
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    Colloid & polymer science 275 (1997), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Key words HCO-10 ; vesicles ; encapsulation ; stability ; solubilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The characteristics of poly(oxyethylene) hydrogenated caster oil ether (HCO-10) vesicles were studied for the standpoints of encapsulation efficiency, stability, solubilization and permeability or barrier efficiency. The vesicles of 5% HCO-10 had 6.24% of calcein-entrapment efficiency and 240 nm of mean diameter. The stability of HCO-10 vesicle suspensions was dependent on their concentrations. In the vesicle suspensions of 10% HCO-10 or more, both the size of the vesicles and the fluidity of the suspensions obviously varied with incubation time, indicating that a flocculation occurred; whereas, the vesicle suspension of 5% HCO-10 was relatively stable. The solubilization process of HCO-10 vesicles by SDS was similar to that of EggPC liposomes. The rate constants for permeation of Cl ion and calcein were 2.46×10-3 s-1 and 5.79×10-5 s-1, respectively, suggesting that HCO-10 vesicles possessed some barrier potential for Cl ion and calcein although they were smaller than those of liposomes. Furthermore, the efflux of the solute such as calcein from HCO-10 vesicles was maximum at 37 °C, where the vesicle membrane was presumably destabilized by dehydration of EOs in HCO-10 molecules.
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  • 56
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    Colloid & polymer science 105 (1997), S. 38-40 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: α-haematite hydrosols ; stability ; urea ; ionic adsorption sequence ; water structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of urea on the stability of α-haematite hydrosols in the presence of various monovalent ions was studied on each side of the pzc (pH 8.2) by measurements of the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of the hydrosol. It was observed that for pHs lower than the pzc, the effect of urea depends strongly on the nature of coagulating ion and on the pH:The CCC values of IO 3 − increases with urea concentrations but those of ClO 4 − and Cl− decreases. For pHs higher than the pzc, an inversion of the cationic adsorption sequence was observed. This behavior is in a good agreement with the well-known action of urea on the structure of water and also with the general property of the α-haematite water interface.
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  • 57
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    Rheologica acta 34 (1995), S. 417-429 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Electrorheology ; nonlinear ; simulations ; stability ; steady shear
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Particle-level simulations are employed to investigate the transition from linear to nonlinear rheological behavior for electrorheological suspensions under start-up of steady shear flow. This transition is found to first arise from the very slight rearrangement of structures, as opposed to the gross rupture of particulate columns. Linear stability analysis shows that these rearrangements occur when the structures are sheared into electrostatically unstable configurations. The rearrangements also produce a second type of relaxation phenomenon that appears at low frequencies and finite strain amplitudes. Incorporating more realistic force descriptions into the idealized simulation model shifts the transition to nonlinear deformation to smaller strain amplitudes, approaching experimentally observed values. The role of the rearrangement of unstable structures on the oscillatory shear flow response is investigated in the following paper, Part II.
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  • 58
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    Rheologica acta 34 (1995), S. 430-439 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Electrorheology ; nonlinear ; simulations ; stability ; viscoelasticity
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the preceding paper, Part 1, the transition from linear to nonlinear behavior for electrorheological (ER) suspensions under start-up of steady shear flow was found to first arise from the slight rearrangement of unstable structures. In this paper, we investigate the transition to nonlinear behavior for ER suspensions under oscillatory shear flow, focusing on the role of the rearrangement of unstable structures, and employing experimental and simulation results. Again, we find that nonlinear deformation first arises from these rearrangements, as opposed to the gross rearrangement or rupture of particulate chains. The Fourier transform of the simulated time-dependent shear stress is employed to quantify the dependence of the critical strain on the deformation frequency and electric field strength. The predicted behavior is consistent with experimental trends. Methods for verifying the predictions are discussed, as well as possible avenues for exploiting this information in improved operating strategies and improved ER fluids.
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  • 59
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    Rheologica acta 36 (1997), S. 367-383 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Viscoelastic flow ; arrays of cylinders ; stability ; porous media
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Low Reynolds number flow of Newtonian and viscoelastic Boger fluids past periodic square arrays of cylinders with a porosity of 0.45 and 0.86 has been studied. Pressure drop measurements along the flow direction as a function of flow rate as well as flow visualization has been performed to investigate the effect of fluid elasticity on stability of this class of flows. It has been shown that below a critical Weissenberg number (Wec), the flow in both porosity cells is a two-dimensional steady flow, however, pressure fluctuations appear above Wec which is 2.95±0.25 for the 0.45 porosity cell and 0.95±0.08 for the higher porosity cell. Specifically, in the low porosity cell as the Weissenberg number is increased above Wec a transition between a steady two-dimensional to a transient three-dimensional flow occurs. However, in the high porosity cell a transition between a steady two-dimensional to a steady three-dimensional flow consisting of periodic cellular structures along the length of the cylinder in the space between the first and the second cylinder occurs while past the second cylinder another transition to a transient three-dimensional flow occurs giving rise to time- dependent cellular structures of various wavelengths along the length of the cylinder. Overall, the experiments indicate that viscoelastic flow past periodic arrays of cylinders of various porosities is susceptible to purely elastic instabilities. Moreover, the instability observed in lower porosity cells where a vortex is present between the cylinders in the base flow is amplifieds spatially, that is energy from the mean flow is continuously transferred to the disturbance flow along the flow direction. This instability gives rise to a rapid increase in flow resistance. In higher porosity cells where a vortex between the cylinders is not present in the base flow, the energy associated with the disturbance flow is not greatly changed along the flow direction past the second cylinder. In addition, it has been shown that in both flow cells the instability is a sensitive function of the relaxation time of the fluid. Hence, the instability in this class of flows is a strong function of the base flow kinematics (i.e., curvature of streamlines near solid surfaces), We and the relaxation time of the fluid.
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  • 60
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    Rheologica acta 36 (1997), S. 367-383 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Key words Viscoelastic flow ; arrays of cylinders ; stability ; porous media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Low Reynolds number flow of Newtonian and viscoelastic Boger fluids past periodic square arrays of cylinders with a porosity of 0.45 and 0.86 has been studied. Pressure drop measurements along the flow direction as a function of flow rate as well as flow visualization has been performed to investigate the effect of fluid elasticity on stability of this class of flows. It has been shown that below a critical Weissenberg number (We c ), the flow in both porosity cells is a two-dimensional steady flow, however, pressure fluctuations appear above We c which is 2.95±0.25 for the 0.45 porosity cell and 0.95±0.08 for the higher porosity cell. Specifically, in the low porosity cell as the Weissenberg number is increased above We c a transition between a steady two-dimensional to a transient three-dimensional flow occurs. However, in the high porosity cell a transition between a steady two-dimensional to a steady three-dimensional flow consisting of periodic cellular structures along the length of the cylinder in the space between the first and the second cylinder occurs while past the second cylinder another transition to a transient three-dimensional flow occurs giving rise to time- dependent cellular structures of various wavelengths along the length of the cylinder. Overall, the experiments indicate that viscoelastic flow past periodic arrays of cylinders of various porosities is susceptible to purely elastic instabilities. Moreover, the instability observed in lower porosity cells where a vortex is present between the cylinders in the base flow is amplified spatially, that is energy from the mean flow is continuously transferred to the disturbance flow along the flow direction. This instability gives rise to a rapid increase in flow resistance. In higher porosity cells where a vortex between the cylinders is not present in the base flow, the energy associated with the disturbance flow is not greatly changed along the flow direction past the second cylinder. In addition, it has been shown that in both flow cells the instability is a sensitive function of the relaxation time of the fluid. Hence, the instability in this class of flows is a strong function of the base flow kinematics (i.e., curvature of streamlines near solid surfaces), We and the relaxation time of the fluid.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 26 (1978), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Geometric programs ; optimization ; generalized reduced gradient method ; nonlinear programming
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the performance of a general-purpose GRG code for nonlinear programming in solving geometric programs. The main conclusions drawn from the experiments reported are: (i) GRG competes well with special-purpose geometric programming codes in solving geometric programs; and (ii) standard time, as defined by Colville, is an inadequate means of compensating for different computing environments while comparing optimization algorithms.
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  • 62
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 549-574 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Boundary control ; wave and plate equations ; optimization ; nonstandard Riccati equations ; input dynamics
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An optimization problem for a control system governed by an analytic generator with unbounded control actions is considered. The solution to this problem is synthesized in terms of the Riccati operator, arising from a nonstandard Riccati equation. Solvability and uniqueness of the solutions to this Riccati equation are established. This theory is applied to a boundary control problem governed by damped wave and plate equations.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Kalman filtering ; Karhunen-Loève expansion ; stability ; observability ; controllability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Several state-space models for estimating a second-order stochastic process are proposed in this paper on the basis of the approximate Karhunen-Loève expansion. Properties of these models are studied and then the Kalman filtering method is applied. The accuracy of the models on the basis of two different situations, deterministic or random inputs, is studied by means of a simulation of a Brownian motion.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 86 (1995), S. 199-222 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Routing ; optimization ; queueing systems ; robustness ; distributed algorithms
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study the effect of arrival model uncertainties on the optimal routing in a system of parallel queues. For exponential service time distributions and Bernoulli routing, the optimal mean system delay generally depends on the interarrival time distribution. Any error in modeling the arriving process will cause a model-based optimal routing algorithm to produce a mean system delay higher than the true optimum. In this paper, we present an asymptotic analysis of the behavior of this error under heavy traffic conditions for a general renewal arrival process. An asymptotic analysis of the error in optimal mean delay due to uncertainties in the service time distribution for Poisson arrivals was reported in Ref. 6, where it was shown that, when the first moment of the service time distribution is known, this error in performance vanishes asymptotically as the traffic load approaches the system capacity. In contrast, this paper establishes the somewhat surprising result that, when only the first moment of the arrival distribution is known, the error in optimal mean delay due to uncertainties in the arrival model is unbounded as the traffic approaches the system capacity. However, when both first and second moments are known, the error vanishes asymptotically. Numerical examples corroborating the theoretical results are also presented.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 363-372 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS regression ; orthogonal expansion ; optimization ; Lagrange multipliers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple iteration algorithm that is faster and less memory-intensive than the NIPALS iteration algorithm for PLS regression is presented. The iteration algorithm is obtained by treating the orthogonal expansion or decomposition of a matrix X as an extremum problem subject to normalization and orthogonality constraint conditions and then solving the problem by use of the method of Lagrange multipliers. The main idea in this method is to find the transformation vector r. The latent variable t is expressed exactly as the linear combination of X-variables with the vector r so that the final regression coefficients can be conveniently provided. In the algorithm the recursion of the orthogonal projection is needed, which is derived by use of a matrix inverse formula. Algorithms are established from the equation for calculating the vector r that are suitable for dealing with three cases of large data sets. The first case is when the number of objects is very large, the number of variables is relatively small and the number of Y-variables is equal to or greater than the number of X-variables. The second case is when the number of objects is very large, the number of variables is relatively small and the number of X-variables is greater than the number of Y-variables. The last case is when the number of variables, either X- or Y-variables, or both, is very large and the number of objects is small.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: sequential response surface modelling ; Williamson ether synthesis ; SN2 ; optimization ; reaction kinetics ; reaction mechanism ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this work the utility of a new method for determining kinetic parameters by sequential response surface modelling, previously described (Part 1), is shown by applying it to an experimental study of a reaction with known kinetics. The nucleophilic substitution reaction between ethoxide and benzyl chloride, the Williamson ether synthesis, was selected as a model reaction. This reaction is known to proceed with second-order kinetics. The method gives access to estimates of initial reaction rate which can be further used to obtain estimates of activation energy and reaction order of reactants. The results obtained are in good agreement with the estimated values of these parameters obtained with conventional kinetic experiments.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 283-308 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: simulated annealing ; threshold acceptance ; wavelength selection ; selectivity ; optimization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Simulated annealing (SA) is a stochastic search method that has been applied to combinatorial search problems in chemometrics. Unlike strict iterative improvement methods, SA tolerates temporary moves to detrimental parameter configurations during an optimization. The method used by SA to decide whether or not to accept detrimental steps is a special case of a more general acceptance rule. The present work investigates the performance of various SA-type algorithms that differ only in the acceptance rule for detrimental steps when optimizing continuous or discrete problems. A method for step width modulation is introduced to overcome the poor ability of SA type algorithms to locate the exact extreme of a function. The studied search strategies are modified for the discrete problem of wavelength selection. In order to evaluate SA-type algorithms and their abilities to deal with the wavelength selection problem, two global measures of selectivity are used as criteria to determine the most suitable wavelength subset that maximizes selectivity for pure component ultraviolet-visible spectra.
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    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 451-457 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: non-linear regression ; optimization ; robust methods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several robust regression methods, including a new proposal, are described and their properties discussed. Resistance to various types of outliers and non-normality is demonstrated. The techniques are applied to non-linear regression models from chemical kinetics and calibration. Optimization of the types of objective functions encountered when applying robust regression is considered.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 1773-1782 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: hydroxy-terminated polysiloxane ; synthesis ; characterization ; molecular weight determination ; stability ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: α,ω-Bis(4-hydroxybutyl) polydimethylsiloxane (molecular weight 1500 to 4500) can be pre-pared with well-controlled molecular weight through the reaction of 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybu-tyl)tetramethyl disiloxane and dimethoxydimethyl silane or diethoxydimethyl silane in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of water and hydrochloric acid. The molecular weight of these hydroxybutyl-terminated polysiloxanes can be determined fairly consistently by a titration method. These polysiloxanes are stable toward cyclization. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 2033-2038 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: ion-conducting polymers ; polar siloxanes ; stability ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of novel poly(urethane-PEO-polar siloxane) copolymers and their complexes with LiClO4 were prepared for assessment as polymer electrolytes and characterized by IR, GPC, and DSC, and their ionic conductivity and thermal stability were tested. The incorporation of polar siloxanes into U-PEO greatly increased conductivity. The highest conductivity was 2.6 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 25°C. The correlation between Tg, conductivity, and the ratio of siloxane to PEO as well as stability of the polymers are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 385-390 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polycarbonate ; maleimide terminated ; synthesis ; crosslinking ; stability ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phenylmaleimide (PMI)- and phenylnadimide (PNI)-terminated bisphenol A polycarbonates (PCs) were prepared by solution or interfacial phosgenation processes, and their thermal crosslinking, both with and without a free radical initiator, and the thermal stability of the resultant network polymers were investigated. m-PMI PCs were prepared by interfacial phosgenation of bisphenol A and m-hydroxyphenylmaleimide, but p-hydroxyphenylmaleimide caused rapid phosgene hydrolysis under interfacial conditions and PCs from it could only be made by solution phosgenation. The degree of crosslinking of PMI PCs, as measured by their gel fraction, heated in the absence of a free radical initiator was generally higher at 250°C than at 300°C and increased with the concentration of PMI end groups. m- and p-PMI PCs form thermosets having nearly complete gel fractions by radical initiated curing at 150-200°C. The gel fraction of these thermosets decreases with exposure to higher temperatures (300°C). This behavior is attributed to BA PC chain degradation induced by nitrogen-containing maleimide reaction products. p-PNI PC was prepared by solution phosgenation and the thermal reaction of it in the presence of the initiator produced only a small increase in molecular weight. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 1161-1169 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: shell ; stability ; critical load
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives the resultant forces and moments, strain energy and work of external forces on the basis of the deformation theory of flexible body. Therefore, in accordance with the principle of virtual displacement, the energy criterion of critical load is obtained and the equilibrium equation and boundary conditions of stability problem are derived.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: stability ; ionic strength ; pH ; critical micelle concentration ; self-micellization
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. PNU-67590A is a water-soluble micellar prodrug of methyl-prednisolone (MP). The major products of degradation of PNU-67590A are MP by hydrolysis and methylprednisolone 17-suleptanate (17-E) by 21 → 17 acyl migration. The effect of ionic strength on micelle formation and stability of PNU-67590A in aqueous solution was examined. Methods. PNU-67590A solutions at pH 2 and 8 and ionic strength of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 M were maintained at 25°C in the dark to measure MP and 17-E levels over time. Results. The rate of degradation of micellar PNU-67590A at pH 8 was less than that of monomeric PNU-67590A, and vice versa at pH 2. Increase in ionic strength decreased both the critical micelle concentration of PNU-67590A and the degradation of micelle PNU-67590A at both pHs, resulting in improved overall stability of PNU-67590A. Conclusions. Formulation of PNU-67590A in a concentrated solution with high ionic strength will maximize stability and shelf-life.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: submicron ; emulsion ; miconazole ; stability ; toxicity ; cryptococcosis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Submicron emulsions of miconazole were stabilized by using a combination of three emulsifiers comprising phospholipids, poloxamer, and deoxycholic acid (DCA). The presence of DCA was vital for prolonged emulsion stability owing to its contribution to the elevated zeta potential of the emulsion. Further, the results by the phospholipid surface labelling colorimetric technique clearly suggested that poloxamer molecules interacted with phospholipid polar-head groups of the mixed DCA-phospholipid interfacial film, resulting in the stabilization of the emulsion by a steric enthalpic entropic mechanism. The plain emulsion vehicle was well tolerated up to a dose of 0.6 ml injected i.v. to BALB/c mice. The maximum tolerated dose of miconazole was 80 and 250 mg/kg in Daktarin® i.v. (a marketed product) and emulsion, respectively, showing an improved safety ratio of 1 to 3 in favor of the emulsion. These results tended to confirm that the adverse effects associated with Daktarin® i.v. injection should be associated with the vehicle rather than with the miconazole itself. In a murine cryptococcosis model, only one mouse out of ten remained alive by day 15 in the infected group treated with Daktarin® i.v., while in the miconazole emulsion treated group, mice began to die from day 16 up to day 25 post inoculation. Thus, the multiple-dose treatment with the miconazole emulsions improved the protection offered to the infected mice. However, the therapeutic levels of miconazole that were reached in the target organ (brain) were lower than those required for complete eradication of Cryptococcus neoformans, which is known to multiply preferentially in the brain.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: lyophilization ; interleukin-2 ; protein conformation ; infrared spectroscopy ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. Examination of the dried-state conformation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) was used to determine the pH conditions and stabilizers that provide optimal storage stability for the lyophilized product. Methods. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and accelerated stability studies which examined solubility, aggregate formation, and covalent cross-linking were used. Results. Varying the pH in the absence of excipients resulted in dramatic differences in the dried state conformation of IL-2. At pH 7, IL-2 unfolds extensively upon lyophilization while at pH below 5 it remains essentially native. Additional unfolding was observed upon incubation at elevated temperatures. A strong direct correlation between the retention of the native (aqueous) structure during freeze-drying and enhanced stability is demonstrated. IL-2 prepared at pH 5 is approximately an order of magnitude more stable than at pH 7 with regard to formation of soluble and insoluble aggregates. A similar pH profile was observed in the presence of excipients, although the excipients alter the overall stability profile. Additional accelerated stability studies examined the stabilizers necessary for optimal stability. Conclusions. Excipients with the capacity to substitute for water upon dehydration better preserve the native structure resulting in enhanced stability. Those that have high glass transition temperatures provide the highest level of stability during storage, although they do not prevent dehydration induced unfolding.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Operations research ; optimization ; allocation ; location-allocation ; existence ; uniqueness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some mathematical aspects are studied for a wide class of problems called continuous allocation problems: Find a mapping, from one given continuous set onto another, to minimize a given function on these sets. Many problems of assortments, catalogs, scheduling, location-allocation, search, etc., fall in this class. Theorems on existence, uniqueness, and continuity of solution are given. A solution technique is given for then-dimensional generalized location-allocation problem, and it is shown to converge on a solution. Finally, an expression is found for the facility density in multiple-facility location-allocation problems when the range of the mapping is continuous (as the number of facilities tends to infinity).
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: n-person games ; stability ; grand coalition ; taxation systems ; nondominated imputation ; multicriteria framework
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In formulating solutions forn-person cooperative games, the concept of stability has played a dominant role. Although the core concept has the strongest stability, the core of a game is often empty. In this paper, the taxation system is incorporated into our framework, so that a modified solution concept, which enjoys the stability of core, can be developed. Various formulations based on principles such astaxation proportional to income andequity after tax are given.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 25 (1978), S. 485-505 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Game theory ; stability ; contraction mappings
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with a class of noncooperative games ofn players that are defined byn reward functions which depend continuously on the action variables of the players. This framework provides a realistic model of many interactive situations, including many common models in economics, sociology, engineering, and political science. The concept of Nash equilibrium is a suitable companion to such models. A variety of different sufficient conditions for existence, uniqueness, and stability of a Nash equilibrium point have been previously proposed. By sharpening the noncooperative aspect of the framework (which is really only implicit in the original framework), this paper attempts to isolate one set of “natural” conditions that are sufficient for existence, uniqueness, and stability. It is argued thatl ∞ quasicontraction is such a natural condition. The concept of complete stability is introduced to reflect the full character of noncooperation. It is then shown that, in the linear case, the condition ofl ∞ quasicontraction is both necessary and sufficient for complete stability.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 145-169 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Stackelberg problem ; multifunctions ; Γ-limits ; existence ; stability ; ε-solutions ; strict ε-solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to study, in a topological framework, existence and stability for the solutions to a parametrized Stackelberg problem. To this end, approximate solutions are used, more precisely, ε-solutions and strict ε-solutions. The results given are of minimal character and the standard types of constraints are considered, that is, constant constraints, constraints defined by a finite number of inequalities, and more generally constraints defined by an arbitrary multifunction.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 339-360 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Approximations ; algorithmic convergence ; optimization
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    Notes: Abstract In an earlier paper, the authors introduced epigraphical nesting of objective functions as a means to characterize the convergence of global optimization algorithms. Epigraphical nesting of objective functions may be looked upon as a relaxation of epigraphical convergence of objective functions, whereby one ensures that epigraphs of the approximations contain asymptotically the epigraph of the objective function of the original optimization problem. In this paper, we show that, for algorithms which seek only a stationary point, convergence can be assured by objective function approximations whose directional derivatives attain an epigraphical nesting property. We demonstrate that epigraphical nesting provides a unifying thread that ties together a number of different algorithms, including those for the solution of variational inequalities and smooth as well as nonsmooth optimization. We show that the Newton method and its variants for unconstrained optimization, successive quadratic programming methods for constrained optimization, and proximal point algorithms (deterministic and stochastic) all construct approximations in which the directional derivatives attain an epigraphical nesting property, even though the approximations themselves fail to attain such a property.
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  • 81
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 85 (1995), S. 705-726 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Nonlinear allocation problems ; networks ; optimization
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem considered is as follows:m resources are to be allocated ton activities, with resourcei contributing linearly to the potential for activityj according to the coefficientE(i,j). The objective is to minimize some nonlinear function of the potentials. If the objective function is sufficiently well behaved, the problem can be solved in finitely many steps using the method described in this paper.
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  • 82
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 93 (1997), S. 635-638 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Polynomial theory ; robustness ; Kharitonov theorem ; stability ; Hurwitz polynomials ; inverse Kharitonov problem ; Rouché theorem
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of the robust stability of a Hurwitz polynomial which is the characteristic polynomial of a discrete-time linear time-invariant system is investigated. A new approach based on the Rouché theorem of classical complex analysis is adopted. An interesting sufficient condition for robust stability is derived. Three examples are included to support the theoretical result.
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  • 83
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 93 (1997), S. 597-607 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; gradient flows ; optimization ; decentralized systems ; performance index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the problem of computing the suboptimal output feedback gains of decentralized control systems is investigated. First, the problem is formulated. Then, the gradient matrices based on the index function are derived and a new algorithm is established based on some nice properties. This algorithm shows that a suboptimal gain can be computed by solving several ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In order to find an initial condition for the ODEs, an algorithm for finding a stabilizing output feedback gain is exploited, and the convergence of this algorithm is discussed. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the proposed algorithm.
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  • 84
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 95 (1997), S. 467-499 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Flight mechanics ; astrodynamics ; celestial mechanics ; Earth-to-Mars missions ; departure window ; arrival window ; optimization ; sequential gradient-restoration algorithm
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the optimal transfer of a spacecraft from a low Earth orbit (LEO) to a low Mars orbit (LMO). The transfer problem is formulated via a restricted four-body model in that the spacecraft is considered subject to the gravitational fields of Earth, Mars, and Sun along the entire trajectory. This is done to achieve increased accuracy with respect to the method of patched conics. The optimal transfer problem is solved via the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm employed in conjunction with a variable-stepsize integration technique to overcome numerical difficulties due to large changes in the gravitational field near Earth and near Mars. The optimization criterion is the total characteristic velocity, namely, the sum of the velocity impulses at LEO and LMO. The major parameters are four: velocity impulse at launch, spacecraft vs. Earth phase angle at launch, planetary Mars/Earth phase angle difference at launch, and transfer time. These parameters must be determined so that ΔV is minimized subject to tangential departure from circular velocity at LEO and tangential arrival to circular velocity at LMO. For given LEO and LMO radii, a departure window can be generated by changing the planetary Mars/Earth phase angle difference at launch, hence changing the departure date, and then reoptimizing the transfer. This results in a one-parameter family of suboptimal transfers, characterized by large variations of the spacecraft vs. Earth phase angle at launch, but relatively small variations in transfer time and total characteristic velocity. For given LEO radius, an arrival window can be generated by changing the LMO radius and then recomputing the optimal transfer. This leads to a one-parameter family of optimal transfers, characterized by small variations of launch conditions, transfer time, and total characteristic velocity, a result which has important guidance implications. Among the members of the above one-parameter family, there is an optimum–optimorum trajectory with the smallest characteristic velocity. This occurs when the radius of the Mars orbit is such that the associated period is slightly less than one-half Mars day.
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  • 85
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 85 (1995), S. 649-676 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Subdifferentials ; convex functions ; quasiconvex functions ; optimization ; minima ; maxima ; necessary conditions ; sufficient conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the γ-subdifferential ∂γ is introduced for investigating the global behavior of real-valued functions on a normed spaceX. Iff: D⊂X → ℝ attains its global minimum onD atx *, then 0∈∂γ f(x *). This necessary condition always holds, even iff is not continuous orx * is at the boundary of its domain. Nevertheless, it is useful because, by choosing a suitable γ∈ℝ+, many local minima cannot satisfy this necessary condition. For the sufficient conditions, the so-called γ-convex functions are defined. The class of these functions is rather large. For example, every periodic function on the real line is a γ-convex function. There are γ-convex functions which are not continuous everywhere. Every function of bounded variation can be represented as the difference of two γ-convex functions. For all that, γ-convex functions still have properties similar to those of convex functions. For instance, each γ-local minimizer off is at the same time a global one. Iff attains its global minimum onD, then it does so at least at one point of its γ-boundary.
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  • 86
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 87 (1995), S. 403-417 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Lyapunov functions ; uncertain systems ; structured uncertainties ; optimization ; multidimensional systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The robust stability problem of a nominally linear system with nonlinear, time-varying structured perturbationsp j ,j=1,...,q, is considered. The system is of the form $$\dot x = A_N x + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^q {p_j A_j x} .$$ When the Lyapunov direct method is utilized to solve the problem, the most frequently chosen Lyapunov function is some quadratic form. The paper presents a procedure of optimization of Lyapunov functions. Under some simple conditions, the weak convergence of the procedure is ensured, making the procedure effective in solving the robust stability problem. The procedure is simple, requiring only numerical routines such as inverting positive-definite symmetric matrices and determining the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of symmetric matrices. It is expected that the optimal Lyapunov function may be used in a robust linear feedback controller design. The examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. As shown when considering a system of dimension 24, the method is effective for large-scale systems.
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  • 87
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    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 27 (1997), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: ST1435 ; stability ; high performance liquid chromatography ; hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin ; hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin ; β-cyclodextrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the chemical stability of the contraceptive steroid progestin, ST1435, in aqueous solution has been studied using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of CD structure, temperature, and CD concentration on the rate of degradation were investigated. It was found that the drug degraded to different extents following a pseudo-first order reaction mechanism. The presence of the host molecules affected the degradation rate as a result of complexation which might result in protection of the labile moiety of the drug molecule against degradation. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin (HE-β-CD) retarded the degradation in contrast to β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) which accelerated the steroid degradation. The stabilizing action of HP-β-CD is larger than that of HE-β-CD. The degradation rate increased upon increasing temperature and the Arrhenius equation is valid. Lineweaver-Burk equation analysis indicated that the steroid included inside the CD cavity degraded three times more slowly than did the free ST1435 in solution. This equation further supported the formation of a 1 : 1 inclusion complex between ST1435 and HP-β-CD with a stability constant of 934.5 M-1 at 65°C.
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  • 88
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    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: DA15C5-iodine complex ; stoichiometry ; stability ; rate constant ; spectrophotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The complex formation reaction between iodine and 1,7-diaza-15-crown-5 (DA15C5) has been studied spectrophotometrically in chloroform at 25°C. The resulting 1:2 (DA15C5:I2) molecular complex was formulated as (DA15C5...;I+)I 3 − . The spectrophotometric results, as well as the conductivity measurements, revealed that the gradual release of triiodide ion from its contact ion paired form in the molecular complex into the solution is the rate determining step of the reaction. The rate constant was calculated ask=(8.8±0.2)×10−3 min−1. The formation constant of the molecular complex was evaluated from the computer fitting of the absorbance-mole ratio data as logK f=6.89±0.09.
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  • 89
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    Statistics and computing 5 (1995), S. 175-190 
    ISSN: 1573-1375
    Keywords: Image analysis ; MAP estimation ; optimization ; simulated annealing ; multi-resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We describe an image reconstruction problem and the computational difficulties arising in determining the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. Two algorithms for tackling the problem, iterated conditional modes (ICM) and simulated annealing, are usually applied pixel by pixel. The performance of this strategy can be poor, particularly for heavily degraded images, and as a potential improvement Jubb and Jennison (1991) suggest the cascade algorithm in which ICM is initially applied to coarser images formed by blocking squares of pixels. In this paper we attempt to resolve certain criticisms of cascade and present a version of the algorithm extended in definition and implementation. As an illustration we apply our new method to a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. We also carry out a study of simulated annealing, with and without cascade, applied to a more tractable minimization problem from which we gain insight into the properties of cascade algorithms.
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  • 90
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    Nonlinear dynamics 7 (1995), S. 11-35 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Periodic solutions ; stability ; local bifurcations ; Fourier series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the application of the method of variable-coefficient harmonic balance to nonautonomous nonlinear equations of the form XsF(X, t:λ), and in particular, a one-degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillator equation describing escape from a cubic potential well. Each component of the solution, X(t), is expressed as a truncated Fourier series of superharmonics, subharmonics and ultrasubharmonics. Use is then made of symbolic manipulation in order to arrange the oscillator equation as a Fourier series and its coefficient are evaluated in the traditional way. The time-dependent coefficients permit the construction of a set of amplitude evolution equations with corresponding stability criteria. The technique enables detection of local bifurcations, such as saddle-node folds, period doubling flips, and parts of the Feigenbaum cascade. This representation of the periodic solution leads to local bifurcations being associated with a term in the Fourier series and, in particular, the onset of a period doubled solution can be detected by a series of superharmonics only. Its validity is such that control space bifurcation diagrams can be obtained with reasonable accuracy and large reductions in computational expense.
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  • 91
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    Nonlinear dynamics 14 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Perturbation methods ; stability ; bifurcation ; codimension two ; periodic and quasi-periodic solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the logical bases of the static perturbation method, which is currently used in static bifurcation analysis, can also be applied to dynamic bifurcations. A two-time version of the Lindstedt–Poincaré Method and the Multiple Scale Method are employed to analyze a bifurcation problem of codimension two. It is found that the Multiple Scale Method furnishes, in a straightforward way, amplitude modulation equations equal to normal form equations available in literature. With a remarkable computational improvement, the description of the central manifold is avoided. The Lindstedt–Poincaré Method can also be employed if only steady-state solutions have to be determined. An application is illustrated for a mechanical system subjected to aerodynamic excitation.
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  • 92
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    Nonlinear dynamics 7 (1995), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Strongly nonlinear oscillators ; nonlinear scales method ; limit cycle ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A non-linear seales method is presented for the analysis of strongly non-linear oseillators of the form % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaamXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbdiqb-Hha4zaadaGaey4kaSIa% am4zaiaacIcacqWF4baEcaGGPaGae8xpa0JaeqyTduMaamOzaiaacI% cacqWF4baEcqWFSaalcuWF4baEgaGaaiaabMcaaaa!4FEC!\[\ddot x + g(x) = \varepsilon f(x,\dot x{\text{)}}\], where g(x) is an arbitrary non-linear function of the displacement x. We assumed that % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaamXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbdiab-Hha4jaacIcacqWF0baD% cqWFSaalcqaH1oqzcaGGPaGaeyypa0Jae8hEaG3aaSbaaSqaaiaaic% daaeqaaOGaaiikaiabe67a4jaacYcacqaH3oaAcaGGPaGaey4kaSYa% aabmaeaacqaH1oqzdaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaabaGaamOBaiabg2% da9iaaigdaaeaacaWGTbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqdcqGHris5aOGae8hE% aG3aaSbaaSqaaiab-5gaUbqabaGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiykaiabgU% caRiaad+eacaGGOaGaeqyTdu2aaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbaaaOGaaiyk% aaaa!67B9!\[x(t,\varepsilon ) = x_0 (\xi ,\eta ) + \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^{m - 1} {\varepsilon ^n } x_n (\xi ) + O(\varepsilon ^m )\], where % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiaabsgacqaH+oaEcaGGVaGaaeizaiaadshacqGH9aqpdaaeWaqa% aiabew7aLnaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaG% ymaaqaaiaad2gaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaadkfadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqa% baGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiykaaaa!4FFC!\[{\text{d}}\xi /{\text{d}}t = \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^m {\varepsilon ^n } R_n (\xi )\], % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiaabsgacqaH3oaAcaGGVaGaaeizaiaadshacqGH9aqpdaaeWaqa% aiabew7aLnaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaG% imaaqaaiaad2gaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaadofadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqa% baGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiilaiabeE7aOjaacMcaaaa!5241!\[{\text{d}}\eta /{\text{d}}t = \sum\nolimits_{n = 0}^m {\varepsilon ^n } S_n (\xi ,\eta )\], and R n,S nare to be determined in the course of the analysis. This method is suitable for the systems with even non-linearities as well as with odd non-linearities. It can be viewed as a generalization of the two-variable expansion procedure. Using the present method we obtained a modified Krylov-Bogoliubov method. Four numerical examples are presented which served to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method.
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    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 10 (1997), S. 343-346 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: charge-transfer complexes ; intrinsic (gas-phase) basicities ; stability ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: ---The standard Gibbs energy changes for the formation of 1:1 charge-transfer complexes between molecular iodine and several bases in solution at 25·0 °C [ΔG0l2(soln)] were determined experimentally. The bases were 2,2,2-trifluoro- ethylamine, cyclopropylamine and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine. These [ΔG0l2(soln)] values, determined in n-heptane, and also that for the formation of the 1:1 complex between 2,2,2-trifluoroethanethiol and molecular iodine in dichloromethane, were found to follow with excellent precision the correlation equations linking ΔG0l2(soln) and the intrinsic (gas-phase) basicities of N(sp3), N(sp2) and S(sp3) bases. These findings strongly support previous conclusions regarding the relationship between gas-phase and solution reactivity data. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: chirality ; cyclopyrrolone ; isomers ; racemization ; stability ; zopiclone ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We investigated the degradation and racemization of zopiclone (ZOP) enantiomers in plasma and partially aqueous solutions (ethanol:phosphate buffer). Degradation and racemization increased with increasing pH and temperature. Degradation products were identified by means of mass spectrometry, which revealed hydrolysis of the carbamate function and opening of the pyrrolidone ring. In plasma, neither degradation nor racemization occurred after 6 months of storage at -20°C and subsequent extraction. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Chirality 7 (1995), S. 439-445 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: 1,2-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidone ; optical resolution ; stability ; racemization ; NMR and polarimetric analysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,2-Dimethyl-3-pyrrolidone is an important intermediate in the synthesis of cycloalkylaminonaphthalenic analgesics. The optical resolution of this compound with L- and D-tartaric acids is described and the behaviour of the diastereomeric tartrates and of the enantiomers in solution was investigated by NMR spectroscopy and polarimetric analysis. Tautomeric equilibria involving C4 and C2 atoms, which are responsible for the instability of the compound, are demonstrated. Theoretical studies of conformational analysis were also made in order to define the relationships between the stability of the conformers of 1,2-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidone and its structural features. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: oligodienyl chain ; transition metals ; synthesis ; stability ; π-coordination ; IR spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The results of investigations performed in the Laboratory of Organometallic Catalysis of the A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis of the RAS are reviewed. The oligodienyl compounds of a series of transition metals, R n olM and R n olMXm (Rol= R′(diene)3–10, where R′ is an alkyl, allyl, alkenyl, or H; (diene)3–10 is an oligodienyl group with 3–10 monomeric diene units; M = Ti3+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Nd3+, Pr3+, Sm3+, and Gd3+; X is a halogen or an electronegative group), have been synthesized for the first time and some of their properties have been studied. The stability of oligodienyl compounds is much higher than that of the corresponding π-alkenyl derivatives. The IR spectra of the compounds synthesized allowed us to conclude that their stability and some peculiarities of the reactions of these compounds can be explained by π-coordination of the isolated double bond of the oligodienyl chain to the transition metal.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4123-4155 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Petrov-Galerkin methods ; weighting parameters ; optimization ; spectral averaged phase errors ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Fourier analysis of the linear and quadratic N + 1 and N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods applied to the one-dimensional transient convective-diffusion equation is performed. The results show that a priori optimization of the N + 1 method is not possible because dissipative errors are introduced as dispersive errors are reduced (any optimization is subjective). However, a priori optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is possible because the reduction of dispersion errors can be accomplished without the addition of artificial dissipation.The Spectrally Weighted Average Phase Error Method (SWAPEM) for the optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is introduced, in which the N + 2 weighting parameter is chosen at each time step to minimize the integral over wave number of the phase error of Fourier modes, weighted by the frequency content of the global solution at the previous time step (obtained via FFT). The method is dynamic, and general in that the dependence of the weighting parameter on the solution waveform is accounted for. Optimal values predicted by the method are in excellent agreement with those suggested by the numerical experimentation of others. Simulations of the pure convective transport of a Gaussian plume and a triangle wave are discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 293-308 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polymer blends ; morphology ; stability ; co-continuity ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The morphological stability of polystyrene high-density polyethylene (PS/PE) blend is investigated in the region of dual-phase continuity. The effect of the addition of a triblock SEBS copolymer to the blends on the stability of these morphologies, is examined. The results show that the morphology of the unmodified blends changes from co-continuous to droplet matrix for PS-rich blends whereas the morphology of a 50/50 blend maintains continuity but coarsened significantly upon annealing at 200°C. In the presence of the copolymer, these morphologies are much more stable. Selective solvent extraction of polystyrene in di-ethyl ether reveals that the level of PS continuity in the 50/50 blend is higher for the unmodified system than for the modified one. Upon annealing, the level of PS continuity significantly increases for the unmodified 50/50 PS/PE blend. The effect of the copolymer content in the blend on the interfacial tension between the two components is also investigated using the breaking thread method. The interfacial tension is found to be reduced from 5.6 to 1.1 mN/m by the addition of 20 parts of the copolymer to the blend. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 977-986 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: sequential function approximation ; interpolation functions ; optimization ; parallel direct search ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computational method for the solution of differential equations is proposed. With this method an accurate approximation is built by incremental additions of optimal local basis functions. The parallel direct search software package (PDS), that supports parallel objective function evaluations, is used to solve the associated optimization problem efficiently. The advantage of the method is that, although it resembles adaptive methods in computational mechanics, an a priori grid is not necessary. Moreover, the traditional matrix construction and evaluations are avoided. Computational cost is reduced while efficiency is enhanced by the low-dimensional parallel-executed optimization and parallel function evaluations. In addition, the method should be applicable to a broad class of interpolation functions. Results and global convergence rates obtained for one- and two-dimensional boundary value problems are satisfactorily compared to those obtained by the conventional Galerkin finite element method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 999-1008 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: optimization ; sensitivity analysis ; constraint approximation ; non-linear analysis ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For the finite element non-linear analysis of engineering problems combined with an optimization method, two techniques - a semi-analytical sensitivity method and bi-point constraint approximation - have been proposed. To validate the proposed methods, a raft foundation on a soil medium has been analysed and the results have been compared. From the numerical results, it has been found that, for non-linear analysis, the semi-analytical sensitivity method is more efficient than the finite difference method and the bi-point approximation gives results which compare favourably with the finite element results. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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