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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (746)
  • Deutschland
  • Niederschlag
  • Pflanzenschädling
  • 2010-2014  (3)
  • 1980-1984  (746)
  • 1925-1929  (31)
  • 2012  (3)
  • 1982  (746)
  • 1929  (13)
  • 1927  (5)
  • 1925  (13)
Collection
Years
  • 2010-2014  (3)
  • 1980-1984  (746)
  • 1925-1929  (31)
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Ergebnisse (Rangordungs- und Korrelationsmethode) der Beziehung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur und des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag folgender Kulturpflanzen: Winterweizen, Winterroggen, Dinkel, Sommerweizen, Sommerroggen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Hopfen, Luzerne, Rotklee, Wiesen, Kartoffeln) KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Vegetationszeit) -, dann Ertrag (Winter- und Sommergetreide) +; Delta T (Winter, Juni und Juli) -, dann Ertrag (Sommergetreide) +; Delta Nied (Winter) +, dann Ertrag (Getreide) -; Delta T (September) - und Delta Nied (Vegetationszeit) +, dann Ertrag (Futterpflanzen) +; Details für einzelne Kulturpflanzen: siehe Artikel
    Keywords: Württemberg ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 2
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    In:  Wisss.Arch. Landw. Abt. A, Pflanzenbau 1:273-329.
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen Klima und Landwirtschaft KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer, Niederschlag und Wind auf das Pflanzenwachstum KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T -, dann Ertrag -; Delta Nied +, dann Ertrag (Hafer) +; Delta Sonn (September) +, dann Zuckergehalt (Rüben) +; Delta Nied - und Delta T +, Roggenanbaufläche 〉 Haferanbaufläche; Delta Nied (Sommer) +, dann Qualität Getreide -; Delta Nied (Juni, Juli) +, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta T (Frühjahr) -, dann Saatkartoffeln +; Delta Nied +, dann Umfang Kleeflächen +;
    Keywords: Schlesien ; 1910-1914 ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Wind ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 3
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    In:  Hannov. land- und forstw. Zeitg.:93-95
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Beschreibung der Witterungsverläufe der Winter und Empfehlungen für die Bodenbearbeitung und Bestandesführung von Winterkulturen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Niederschlag und Temperatur) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Vorjahr) ++, dann Ertrag -; Delta Nied (Winter) +, dann Bodenfeuchte + und somit Ertrag +; Delta T (November) -, dann Ertrag -; Delta T (Winter) +, dann Ertrag +; Delta T (Frühling) +, dann Ertrag -;
    Keywords: Niedersachsen ; 1924-26 ; Insekten ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Roggen ; Weizen ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 4
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    In:  Weinbau und Kellerwirtschaft, 8. Jahrgang, Nr. 19, p. 183-186
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Bericht über die Beobachtungen zur Frostresistenz von Insekten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Frosteinwirkung scheint die Entwicklung der Insekten nicht zu behindern KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Baden ; 1928-1929 ; Insekten ; Forst ; Pflanzenschädling
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  • 5
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    In:  Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Presse, Jahrgang 52, Nr. 38, p. 450
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Allgemeine Beobachtungen zum Rostbefall von Weizen im Jahr 1925 trotz langer Trockenperioden KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss des Niederschlags auf die Infektion; auch kurze starke Niederschläge zwischen langen Trockenperioden sind ausreichend um einen großflächigen Befall zu bewirken. KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Infektion +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1925 ; Anbautermine ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Trockenheit ; Weizen
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  • 6
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    In:  Bad. Blätt. Schädlingsbek. 1, p. 67-68
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Allgemeine Beobachtungen zur Biologie und zum Auftreten des Getreidehähnchens sowie Möglichkeiten zu dessen Bekämpfung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: - KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Baden-Württemberg ; 1924-1925 ; Hafer ; Mais ; Pflanzenschädling ; Weizen ; Gerste
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  • 7
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    In:  Die kranke Pflanze 2, p. 117-119
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Allgemeine Beobachtungen zum Auftreten und zur Wanderung des Getreidelaufkäfers und dessen Larven; Nennung von Möglichkeiten zur Bekämpfung des Insekts KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Abhängigkeit der Stärke des Auftretens von der Temperatur KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+, dann Auftreten der Larven +
    Keywords: Sachsen ; Beginn 20. Jahrhundert ; Insekten ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Pflanzenschädling ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012
    Description: Analysen zum Auftreten des Kohlschotenrüßlers in Raps der Vergangenheit und Abschätzungen zum Befall in der Zukunft mit Ensembleläufen verschiedener Klimamodelle KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beschreibung der Biologie (Überwinterungsdauer, Erstauftreten und Aktivität) der Kohlschotenrüßlers (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Mrsh.)) in Raps in Luxemburg, Auswertung historischer Daten für 1961-90 und Vergleich mit Szenarienzeiträumen (2021-50 bzw. 2069-2098), Bandbreite der Simulationen aus 5 Globalen Klimamodellen (GCM) mit A1B und weiter regionalisiert (25x25km) mit 6 regionalen Klimamodellen KATASTER-DETAIL: Für die Zeit 2090-2099 im Vergleich zu 1980-1999 prognostizieren die GCM bei dem Szenario A1B eine Temperaturzunahme um 2.8 °C (Bandbreite 1.7 bis 4.4 °C) Delta T, dann Auftreten des Kohlschotenrüsslers um 3.3 Tage pro Dekade eher
    Keywords: Großherzogtum Luxemburg ; 1961-90 ; Szenarien ; Klima ; Landwirtschaft ; Pflanzenschädling ; Raps
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012
    Description: Übersicht über bisherige, dokumentiere Zusammenhänge einer Klimaänderung und pilzliche Krankheiten in Raps, Abschätzungen über das Auftreten von Verticillium longisporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria brassicae und Phoma lingam an Raps in der Zukunft KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Projektionen über das Auftreten von pilzlichen Pathogenen in Raps, Basiszeitraum 1971-2000, Szenario A1B, REMO, 2001-2030 und 2071-2100, Zusammenhang zwischen Grad-Tagen(〉0°C), Pflanzenentwicklung und Krankheitsparametern als Regressionsfunktionen im Artikel, jedoch sind feiner aufgelöste Projektion von RCM als Tageswerte erforderlich, um Wachstumszyklen zu simulieren und genauere Aussagen zu erhalten KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T +, dann Zunahme von Verticillium longisporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria brassicae und Phoma lingam an Raps, Signal verstärkt im Szenarienzeitraum 2071-2100, Abnahme von Pyrenopeziza brassicae
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Sachsen, Niedersachsen, Norddeutschland ; 1971-2000 ; Szenarien ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Temperatur ; Raps
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: vgl. Neustädt KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang Witterungsfaktoren in wachstumsrelevanten Zeitspannen mit dem Ertrag verschiedener Kulturen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Oktober bis März) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Januar) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) ++; Delta Nied (Februar) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) 〉 1,5x Mittel, dann Erträge -; Delta Sonn (Mai, im Bezirk Köthen) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) -; Delta Nied (Januar, März, April) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Februar, Mai bis Ernte) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) ++; (Informationen zu den weiteren landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen: siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1900-1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluß der Witterung auf die Qualität von Weizen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Witterungsverhältnisse der letzten 5 bis höchstens 10 Tage vor der Gelbreife sind von entscheidendem Einfluss, Backqualität nimmt von kontinentalem zum maritimen Klima ab KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+, Sonn+, Nied-, dann gute Qualität Nied+, dann Tausendkorngewicht + aber Nied**, dann Tausendkorngewicht - und N-Gehalt +
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Ertrag ; Korrelationsmethode ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 12
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    In:  Artikel; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 213(402-410): 89-142.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Langjährige Feldversuche und Wetteraufzeichnungen der Versuchstation, Korrelationen zwischen Niederschlag und Ernteerträgen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied -, dann Erträge +
    Keywords: Rothamsted (England) ; 1854-1918 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Weizen ; Düngung
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  • 13
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    In:  Buch von: Höhne, E., (1919): Landwirtschaftlich-klimatologische Untersuchung des Gebietes zwiwchen mittlerer Saale und Pleiße und Einteilung in klimatische Unterbezirke auf Grund der Beziehungen zwischen Witterungsfaktoren und Ernteerträgen
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchung zur Beziehung zwischen Witterungsfaktoren und Ernteerträgen in verschiedenen Untersuchungsgebieten mittels Rangordnungsdifferenzen. Betrachtet wurden die Erträge von Roggen, Winterweizen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Sommerweizen, Zuckerrübe, Kartoffel und Erbse KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Niederschlag, Temperatur, Sonnenschein) auf die Erträge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (Oktober bis März) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Januar) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) ++; Delta Nied (Februar) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Mai) 〉 1,5x Mittel, dann Erträge -; Delta Sonn (Mai, im Bezirk Köthen) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) -; Delta Nied (Januar, März, April) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Februar, Mai bis Ernte) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (Mai) +, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) ++; Köthen (Nied 15-30mm im März), (Delta T- im April/Juni, besonders im Mai), dann Winterweizenertrag++ (weitere Informationen zu den weiteren landwirtschaftlicher Kulturpflanzen und Regionen: siehe Artikel)
    Keywords: Sachsen und Thüringen ; 1899-1926 ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Globalstrahlung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 1927
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 15
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 8:425-458
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Auswirkungen über gestaffelte Stickstoff-Düngung auf den Ertrag von Weizen, Gerste, Roggen und Hafer. Angaben zu Temperatur und Niederschlag während der Vegetationszeit, Hinweise auf Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung und Ertrag und Wirkung der Düngung, Bedeutung eines längeren Zeitraums für die Beobachtungen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss von Niederschlag und Temperatur auf den Ertrag von Hafer KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (nach der Saat) +, dann t(Aufgang) - (später); Delta Nied (Ende des Wachstum) -, dann Erträge (Hafer) -; Delta T (20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) +: T 〉 11°C, dann Ertrag (Hafer) -;
    Keywords: Bayern ; 1924-28 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 16
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    In:  Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesellschaft 45:638-643.
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Flora und ihre Verteilung in Deutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Botanik ; Klima ; Phänologie ; Temperatur
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  • 17
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    In:  Arb. der Biol. Reichsanstalt Land. und Forstwissenschaft 17:423-434.
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer und Niederschlag und die Auswirkungen auf Parasiten im Obstbau KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Niederelbe ; 1896-1928 ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Obst ; Parasit
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  • 18
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    In:  Pflanzenbau, Halbmonatsschrift für Saatwesen, Anbau und Pflege der Kulturpflanzen. II. Jahrgang 1925/26 S.106-108.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Einfluss der Trockenheit im Sommer auf Getreide, Leguminosen und Zuckerrüben KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur und des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Pflanzenschädlinge (Erbsenwickler, Fritfliege) +; Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Ertrag (Sommergerste) -;
    Keywords: Pommern ; 1925 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit
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  • 19
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    In:  Zeitschr. Zuckerindus Chechsolovak Republic 49:299-305, 307-312.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Korrelation von 6200 Proben zum Zuckergehalt (6200 Proben) und der Niederschlagshöhe an verschiedenen Standorten über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 5 Jahren KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Tschechien ; 1918-23 ; Zuckerrüben ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag
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  • 20
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    In:  Pflanzenbau, Halbmonatsschr. Saatwesen, Anbau und Pflege der Kultur-Pflanzen 2 (7):109-110.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Beobachtungen zu Ertragsausfällen verschiednener Kulturen aufgrund von Trockenheit, Auswertung von Versuchen mit unterschiedlichem Reihenabstand in Hafer, Bedeutung von wasserkonservierender Bodenbearbeitung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: negativer Einfluss von Trockenheit auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (April, Mai, Juni) -, dann Ertrag -;
    Keywords: Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1925 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren auf verschiedene Kulturen und die Betriebssysteme KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Witterung
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  • 22
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 6:490-496.
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren Niederschlag, Temperatur und Sonnenscheindauer auf die Erträge KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einteilung der Temperatur in Klassen (stark, mittel, gering) und die Beurteilung auf die Erträge in den 6 Provinzen des deutschen Reiches, mit Vermehrung der Niederschlage wahrend der Vegetationszeit Zunahme der Halmfrüchte und der Kartoffeln im gröBten Teile des PreuBischen Staates anfangs, jedoch nd spater wieder abnehmender Trend KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+ (April-Augut), dann Winterweizenerträge + in OstpreuBen, Brandenburg und Sachsen Delte T++ (April-August), dann Winterweizenerträge ++ in Ostpreußen, aber - in Brandenburg und Sachsen Delta T- (April-Augut), dann Winterweizenerträge - in Hannover und der Rheinprovinz Delta T+ (+0.1° Erhöhung Temperaturmittel der Monate April bis September), dann Kartoffel+ in OstpreuBen und Schlesien
    Keywords: Deutschland, teilw. einzelne Regionen ; 1899-1913 ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 23
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    In:  Arb. deut. Landw. Gesell. 354:66
    Publication Date: 1927
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ertrag von Kartoffeln, Hafer und Luzerne und dem Niederschlag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Korrelationen zwischen dem Ertrag von Kartoffeln und Hafer und dem jährlichen Niederschlag, bzw. der jährlichen Anzahl nasser Monate (〉50mm pro Monat); stärkerer Zusammenhang mit jährlichem Niederschlag als mit Anzahl nasser Monate und umso schwächer, je niederschlagsreicher das Jahr, am ausgeprägtesten in Mitteldeutschland selbst auf schweren Böden KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Mitteldeutschland ; 1904-1914, 1922-1924 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag
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  • 24
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    In:  Arbeiten aus der biologischen Bunbdesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft 14, Heft 1; Parey, Springer, Berlin; p.1-76
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Detaillierte Auflistung des Maikäferauftretens verschiedener Jahre aus dem Zeitraum 1900-1920 aus ganz Deutschland in Bezirks- teilw. sogar Gemeindeauflösung wird gegeben. Der Einfluß der Temperatur in Form von 9°C Mitteltemperatur als Grenze für die Generationenanzahl der beiden Maikäferarten Melolontha melolontha L. und Melolontha hippocastani F. wird diskutiert. Eine Karte über die Generationsdauer der beiden Maikäferarten im deutschen Reich, teilweise auf Bezirksebene, ist enthalten. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1855-1923 ; Forst ; Pflanzenschädling
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Einfluß der Witterung auf das Auftreten von Rübenaaskäfer, Zwergzikade, Ackerschnecke, Weizenhalmfliege, Getreideblumenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland, regional aufgelöst ; 1893-1927 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 26
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv 20:140-222.
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Untersuchungen an Ernteergebnissen mittels Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode zur Abhängigkeit von den Witterungsfaktoren. Untersucht wurden die Erträge von Weizen, Roggen, Sommergerste, Hafer, Erbsen und Zuckerrüben KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Sonnenscheindauer) auf die Erträge der Kurlturpflanzen KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Oktober, November) - und Delta T (Januar, Februar) +, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Nied (April, Mai) + und Delta Nied (Februar, März) -, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Sonn (März) +, dann Erträge (Weizen) +; Delta Nied (Mai - Zeit des Schossens) +, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta T (November) -, dann Erträge (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (April, Juni) + und Delta T (April, Juni) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Nied (April, Juni) 〉 180mm, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) -; Delta Sonn (März, April) + und Delta Sonn (Mai) -, dann Erträge (Sommergerste) +; Delta Nied (April bis Juni) +, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Sonn (März, April) +, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta T (Juni) -, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Juni, September) +, dann Erträge (Zuckerrübe) +; Delta Nied (August) +, Zuckergehalt +; Delta T (Juni) +, dann Erträge (Zuckerrübe) +; Delta Sonn (September) +, Qualität der Ernte +; Delta Sonn (März, April) + und Delta Sonn (Mai, Juni) -, dann Erträge (Getreide) +;
    Keywords: Mansfelder See- und Saalkreis, Kreis Querfurt, Kreis Merseburg ; 1900-1925 ; Zuckerrüben ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Gerste ; Erbsen
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  • 27
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    In:  Sächs. Landw. Zeitschr. 77; p.34-35
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Allgemeine Diskussion über die Abhängigkeit verschiedener Schadinsekten von meteorologischen Faktoren.es werden bekannte Informationen zusammengefasst und erklärt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Sachsen ; 1900-1928 ; Pflanzenschädling
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  • 28
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    In:  Hattermann, F. F., Z. W. Kundzewicz, H. S., T. Vetter, W. Kron, O. Burghoff, Y. Hauf, V. Krysanova, F.-W. Gerstengarbe, P. Werner, B. Merz, A. Bronstert (2012a), Flood risk in holistic perspective - observed changes in Germany. In: Changes of flood risk in Europe, IAHS Press, Wallingford, 212-237.
    Publication Date: 2012
    Description: Simulierte und beobachtete Trends der jährlichen Hochwassermaxima KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Trend der Zu- bzw. Abnahme der Andauer der jährlichen Hochwassermaxima in Deutschland für die Vergangenheit KATASTER-DETAIL: Abnahme des mittleren jährlichen Abflusses um 35 % in Baden-Württemberg (Pegel Achstetten/Baierzer Rot) bzw. 21 % in Brandenburg (Pegel Ketzin/Havel) Zunahme des mittleren jährlichen Abflusses um 84 % in Bayern (Pegel Breitenbachkamm/Breitach) bzw. 74 % in Bayern (Pegel Kalteneck/Ilz)
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1951-2003 ; Witterungsextreme ; Hochwasser
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  • 29
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    In:  Kühn-Archiv:53-78.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Einführung der Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode anhand langjähriger Beobachtungen, Einfluss des Niederschlages und der Temperatur auf den Ertrag von Erbsen, Kartoffeln, Weizen, Hafer und Roggen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (März und April) + und Delta Nied (März und April) -, dann Erträge (Erbsen) +; Delta T (Mai und Juni) - und Delta Nied (Mai und Juni) +, dann Erträge (Erbse) +; Delta T (Oktober Vorjahr) +, dann Erträge (Kartoffel) +; Delta T (März) + und Delta T (Mai und Juni) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Winterroggen) +;
    Keywords: Halle ; 1893-25 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Fichte ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 30
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    In:  Diss., Göttingen
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Ergebnisse ( Korrelationsmethode) der Bezeihung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag)und Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (erste 10 Blütetage) -, dann Ertrag (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Beginn der Blüte bis 10 tage nach Ende der Blüte)-, dann Ertrag (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Sommerweizen) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Hafer) +; Delta Tmin (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Gerste) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta Nied (vom Aufgang bis zum Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Erbsen) +; Delta Nied +, dann Ertrag (Vietsbohnen) +;
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-1922 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Erbsen
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  • 31
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    In:  Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell. 40:950-55.
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Weizenqualität und den klimatischen Verhältnissen, Schwerpunkt auf die Physiologie des Samens und Qualität (Backfähigkeit) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Europa ; letzten100 Jahre ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen
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  • 32
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    In:  Sächs. Landw. Zeitschr. 73, p.614
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Beschreibung der Schäden und Erscheinungsformen des Weizenhalmtöters und der Weizenhalmfliege im Jahre 1926 in Sachsen. Nur bedingte Verknüpfung mit klimatischen Parametern. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Sachsen ; 1926 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Weizen
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Lage der Hochs nördlich und südlich des 50. Breitengrades und ihre Bedeutung für die Witterung und Ernteerträge in Mitteldeutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+ (Janurar, Februar, März, Mai und Dezember) durch Abnahem der barometrischen Nordlagen Tmit- (August, September) durch Zunahme der barometrischen Nordlagen Nied+ (Janurar, Apri,, Mai, August, September, Dezember) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!) Nied- (Februar, März, Oktober und November) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!)
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 34
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    In:  Georgine, Jahrgang 102, Nr. 68, p. 806-807
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Biologie und Bekämpfung von Fritfliege, Getreideblumenfliege, scheckige oder gelbe Halmfliege, Weizenfliege, Hessenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind) auf die Schädlinge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, Anzahl Maden der Halmfliege +; Delta Nied (September) + und Delta Wind (September) +, dann Hessenfliege -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1903-1925 ; Insekten ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wind ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 35
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Background information and exercises are provided to: (1) establish or expand understanding of the concepts, methods, and terminology of computer processing of image producing data; (2) develop insight into the advantages of computer based image processing compared with the photointerpretation approach for processing, classifying, interpreting, and applying remote sensing data; (3) foster a broad perspective on the principal of the main techniques for image enhancement, pattern recognition, and thematic classification; (4) appreciate the pros and cons of batch and interactive modes of image analysis; (5) examine and evaluate some specific computer generated products for subscenes in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and (6) interrelate these particular examples of output with more theoretical explanations of computer processing strategies and procedures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 145-232
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  • 36
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Images characteristics of geographic regions other than the northeastern part of the United States are presented for interpretation. Pre- and post-eruption imagery of Mt. St. Helens volcano serves to demonstrate the advantages of thermal infrared sensing, and the potential for developing a timely, decision oriented thematic map to be used in solving drought-related problems in Upper Volta is examined to show the applicability of satellite remote sensing in all geographic areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 455-475
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens in southeast Washington resulted in a pronounced effect on the surface and ground water resources of the state. In response to the volcanic activity, the U.S. Geological Survey intensified statewide surface and ground water sampling programs to determine the nature and magnitude of the volcanic-induced variations. Streams to the east of Mount St. Helens received the major ash fallout. Chemical effects were best noted in smaller streams sampled 60 to 70 miles northeast of Mount St. Helens. The chemical variations observed were pronounced but short lived. Sulfate and chloride increases in anionic composition were prevalent immediately following the eruption; however, the original bicarbonate predominance was again attained within several days. Suspended iron and aluminum concentrations were similarly elevated during the period of greatest ash deposition (highest turbidity); however, the dissolved concentrations remained relatively constant. Depressions of pH were minor and short lived. Streams draining to the south, tributaries to the Columbia river, showed little observable changes in water chemistry. Streams draining to the west (Toutle river and its tributaries) were compositionally affected by the various volcanic activities. Chloride and sulfate anion percentage exceeded the bicarbonate percentage up to one month following the eruption period. Streams and lakes sampled in the immediate vicinity of Mount St. Helens, in addition to trace metals, contained organic compounds derived from decomposing wood buried in the debris deposits. This organic material may constitute a significant source of organic compounds to surface and ground water for some time to come.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 43-46
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  • 38
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The benefits-to-cost ratio of satellite remote sensing, both as a substitute for conventional methods of monitoring and assessing resources, and as a supplement to these methods is examined using a model which analyzes the cost of aerial photography versus satellite scanner for producing and interpreting an image of the Earth's surface sized to LANDSAT dimensions. Examples of cost savings are tabulated for ground surveys, aerial photos, and LANDSAT. Possible additional benefits from LANDSAT D are assessed. The way in which satellites fit into more comprehensive models for resources management is discussed. It is shown that remote sensing is but one essential component in a complex system that aggregates technical. Socioeconomics, political, cultural, and other factors in the human decision process.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 389-407
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  • 39
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Computer processing facilitates extraction of information from every pixel by executing a variety of functional operations, called processed algorithms, in general or specialized routines. The best results are obtained when data from more than one multispectral band are used together. Multivariate tatistical analysis, computer tape characteristics, processing modes, and a choice of systems (batch or interactive) are discussed. The major operations in computer processing elaborated include: preprocessing, enhancement, effects of rationing, and classification. Techniques for multisource data correlation are considered with emphasis on geobased systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 421-453
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  • 40
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives include: (1) developing an understanding of the implications of the term "near surface observations"; (2) associating the appearance of large ground features as seen in satellite imagery with their appearance as seen from the ground; (3) grasping criteria and procedures for selecting training sites on the ground for use in supervised classification; (4) running through an example of training site selection; (5) becoming familiar with several methods of accuracy assessment; (6) becoming aware of the approach and value of making supporting measurements of the spectral and physical properties of materials on the ground and from aircraft; (7) taking note of the different types of instruments used in making specific ground measurements; and (8) appreciating the rationale underlying laboratory and field studies on or near the Earth's surface for the purpose of developing new sensor systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 233-276
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  • 41
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives include: (1) developing a facility for applying conventional techniques of photointerpretation to small scale (satellite) imager; (2) promoting the ability to locate, identify, and interpret small natural and man made surface features in a LANDSAT image; (3) using supporting imagery, such as aerial and space photography, to conduct specific applications analyses; (4) learning to apply change detection techniques to recognize and explain transient and temporal events in individual or seasonal imagery; (5) producing photointerpretation maps that define major surface units, themes, or classes; (6) classifying or analyzing a scene for specific discipline applications in geology, agriculture, forestry, hyrology, coastal wetlands, and environmental pollution; and (7) evaluating both advantages and shortcomings in relying on the photointerpretive approach (rather than computer based analytical approach) for extracting information from LANDSAT data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 101-143
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  • 42
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Activities are provided for: (1) developing insight into the way in which the LANDSAT MSS produces multispectral data; (2) promoting understanding of what a "pixel" means in a LANDSAT image and the implications of the term "mixed pixel"; (3) explaining the concept of spectral signatures; (4) deriving a simple signature for a class or feature by analysis: of the four band images; (5) understanding the production of false color composites; (6) appreciating the use of color additive techniques; (7) preparing Diazo images; and (8) making quick visual identifications of major land cover types by their characteristic gray tones or colors in LANDSAT images.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 81-99
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  • 43
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives of the activities provided include: (1) reading the annotation of a LANDSAT image; (2) becoming acquainted with the characteristics of 1:1,000,000 scale transparencies and prints of MSS images; (3) noting the general information visible in LANDSAT photo products; (4) observing changes of appearance of any ground feature or class in the black and white images made from the four MSS bands and the characteristic color of each class in color composites; (5) determining the degree to which a LANDSAT image meets map accuracy standards and can be fitted to map projections; (6) assessing the effects of LANDSAT enlargements and scale changes and of the limitations of satellite resolution relative to aerial photos; (7) observing the influence of time of acquisition (season) on a scene; (8) getting a feel for image quality as dependent on processing and photoreproduction; (9) appreciating the characteristics of the RBV and thermal band imagery obtained from LANDSAT-3; and (10) becoming familiar with certain attributes of adjacent LANDSAT images which permit them to be joined in mosaics and to be viewed in stereo.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 39-80
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  • 44
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The primary LANDSAT mission and the system requirements are summarized and pertinent parameters of the spacecraft, its orbit, and payload are tabulated. The history acquisition to entry into the archives for storage and product generation and dissemination is recounted. The LANDSAT D data handling plan is discussed showing requirements for both the MSS CCT and the thematic mapper CCT.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 409-419
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  • 45
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The term remote sensing is defined as well as ideas such as class, pattern, feature, pattern recognition, feature extraction, and theme. The electromagnetic spectrum is examined especially those wavelength regions available to remote sensing. Relevant energy and wave propagation laws are discussed and the characteristics of emitted and reflected radiation and their detection are investigated. The identification of classes by their spectral signatures, the multispectral approach, and the principal types of sensors and platforms used in remote sensing are also considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 9-38
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  • 46
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The history of remote sensing is reviewed and the scope and versatility of the several remote sensing systems already in orbit are discussed, especially those with sensors operating in other EM spectral modes. The multisensor approach is examined by interrelating LANDSAT observations with data from other satellite systems. The basic principles and practices underlying the use of thermal infrared and radar sensors are explored and the types of observations and interpretations emanating from the Nimbus, Heat Capacity Mapping Mission, and SEASAT programs are examined. Approved or proposed Earth resources oriented missions for the 1980's previewed include LANDSAT D, Stereosat, Gravsat, the French satellite SPOT-1, and multimission modular spacecraft launched from space shuttle. The pushbroom imager, the linear array pushbroom radiometer, the multispectral linear array, and the operational LANDSAT observing system, to be designed the LANDSAT-E series are also envisioned for this decade.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 327-387
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  • 47
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The use of computer aided classification of LANDSAT data in developing water quality plans for New Jersey watersheds is used to exemplify how a state natural resource management program benefits from satellite imagery. The transition of a research and development system into an operational remote sensing system to help decision makers is demonstrated. Nontechnial issues that can assist (or hinder) an agency in adopting a new technology are examined. The progress of LANDSAT use by state government from the earliest stage of curiosity through to incorporation in actual state planning methods is charted. Potential applications of LANDSAT data to real information needs and solutions to management problems are examined. The problems and mistakes that occurred in using LANDSAT data in the past are discussed as well as the ways by which these problems were overcome.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 309-326
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  • 48
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Information and activities are provided to: (1) enhance the ability to distinguish between a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a data management system; (2) develop understanding of spatial data handling by conventional methods versus the automated approach; (3) promote awareness of GIS design and capabilities; (4) foster understanding of the concepts and problems of data base development and management; (5) facilitate recognition of how a computerized GIS can model conditions in the present "real world" to project conditions in the future; and (6) appreciate the utility of integrating LANDSAT and other remotely sensed data into the GIS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 277-308
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectral and spatial requirements for remote sensing in the next decade are presented. The requirements presented were obtained through extensive literature research and discussions with leading members of the various remote sensing research communities. In the 0.35-2.5 micron region of the spectrum, numerous bands will be needed at bandwidths as narrow as 10-20 nanometers. There is also growing interest in the thermal infrared (8-14 microns). Spatial resolution (instantaneous field of view) of 5 to 10 meters will be of great benefit to many fields of remote sensing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectral bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations. Previously announced in STAR as N82-25602
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 51
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A complete automatic unsupervised classification approach has been developed to estimate the proportion of corn, soybeans, and other crops in a Landsat 5-by-6-nanometer segment. The technique involves extracting crop growth variables that are predictable from agromet models, it provides a signature extension not possible before. The technique has been applied in 3 years (1978-1980) for 56 segments and shows neither a year-to-year effect nor any geographic effect. The results to date are considered far better than those obtainable from any other currently available technique. Nontheless, the technique can be improved to reduce the bias.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Since NASA's program of research concerning remote sensing was initiated in the 1960s, one of its major objectives has been to advance the state-of-the-art in machine processing of satellite acquired multispectral data. Possibilities have been studied regarding a use of these data to identify type, to monitor condition, and to estimate the ontogenetic stage of cultural vegetation. The present investigation provides a review of the state-of-the-art of the technology used to make remote sensing crop production estimates in foreign regions. Attention is given to Landsat data acquisition, aspects of registration and preprocessing, questions of data transformation, data modeling, proportion estimation, labeling, development stage models, crop condition models, and an outlook regarding future developments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Automated information extraction procedures for analysis of multitemporal Landsat data in non-U.S. crop inventory and monitoring are reviewed. Experiments to develop and evaluate crop area estimation technologies for spring small grains, summer crops, corn, and soybeans are discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N82-32793
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Agriculture, which occupies a vital position in the economy of the State of California, depends crucially on the available water. The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) is, therefore, greatly concerned with the total water requirements for agricultural applications. In view of the limitations of an area-limited, single-date survey system, the DWR has been cooperating with NASA and the University of California in a study of the applicability of Landsat imagery and digital data as an aid in making decisions concerning the management of water resources. Attention is given to a statewide inventory of irrigated land, computer-assisted estimation and mapping of irrigated land, and a crop type analysis using Landsat digital data.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The California Integrated Remote Sensing System's San Bernardino County Project was devised to study the utilization of a data base at a number of jurisdictional levels. The present paper discusses the implementation of change-detection and masking techniques in the updating of Landsat-derived land-cover maps. A baseline landcover classification was first created from a 1976 image, then the adjusted 1976 image was compared with a 1979 scene by the techniques of (1) multidate image classification, (2) difference image-distribution tails thresholding, (3) difference image classification, and (4) multi-dimensional chi-square analysis of a difference image. The union of the results of methods 1, 3 and 4 was used to create a mask of possible change areas between 1976 and 1979, which served to limit analysis of the update image and reduce comparison errors in unchanged areas. The techniques of spatial smoothing of change-detection products, and of combining results of difference change-detection algorithms are also shown to improve Landsat change-detection accuracies.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique is examined for improving the comparability of Landsat multisppectral scanner (MSS) data acquired on different dates. The technique involves conversion of digital brightness counts to relative radiance values measured in energy units (milliwatts per square centimeter-steradian). The statistical data of signature from 23 land cover (or biomass) classifications derived from all three Landsats were compared before and after the radiance normalization. Significant convergence occurred among the data sets for mean spectral values and the variances associated with each of seven major land cover types for MSS bands 4, 5, and 7. Overall, the variance attributed to the sensor component was reduced from 5.39 to 2.69 percent, with the largest decrease occurring in band 4 (14.4 percent to 3.7 percent).
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem of estimating the parameters which determine a mixture density is reviewed as well as maximum likelihood estimation for it. A particular iterative procedure for numerically approximating maximum likelihood estimates for mixture density problems is considered. This EM algorithm, is a specialization to the mixture density context of a general algorithm of the same name used to approximate maximum likelihood estimates for incomplete data problems. The formulation and theoretical and practical properties of the EM algorithm for mixture densities are discussed focussing in particular on mixtures of densities from exponential families.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 226-342
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An important question in cluster analysis and pattern recognition is the determination of the number of clusters into which a given population should be divided. Frequently, particularly when certain specific clustering methods are being used, the number of clusters is taken to be equal to the number of modes, or local maxima, in the probability density function underlying the given data set. The use of kernal density estimates in mode estimation is discussed. The test statistic to be used is defined and a bootstrap technique for assessing significance is given. An illustrative application is followed by an examination of the asymptotic behavior of the test statistic.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 195-213
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experience gained in applying nonparametric maximum likelihood techniques of density estimation to judge the comparative quality of various estimators is reported. Two invariate data sets of one hundered samples (one Cauchy, one natural normal) are considered as well as studies in the multivariate case.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 142-164
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  • 61
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem of estimating a density f on R sup d from a sample Xz(1),...,X(n) of independent identically distributed random vectors is critically examined, and some recent results in the field are reviewed. The following statements are qualified: (1) For any sequence of density estimates f(n), any arbitrary slow rate of convergence to 0 is possible for E(integral/f(n)-fl); (2) In theoretical comparisons of density estimates, integral/f(n)-f/ should be used and not integral/f(n)-f/sup p, p 1; and (3) For most reasonable nonparametric density estimates, either there is convergence of integral/f(n)-f/ (and then the convergence is in the strongest possible sense for all f), or there is no convergence (even in the weakest possible sense for a single f). There is no intermediate situation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 9-19
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  • 62
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method of determining three-dimensional motion and structure from two image frames is presented. The method requires eight point correspondences between the two frames, from which motion and structure parameters are determined by solving a set of eight linear equations and a singular value decomposition of a 3x3 matrix. It is shown that the solution thus obtained is unique.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 134-149
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods for the segmentation and recognition of individual targets sensed with forward looking infrared detectors are discussed. Particular attention is given to an adaptive multi-scenario target screener.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 89
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  • 64
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The structural analysis of remotely sensed imagery is defined and basic techniques for implementing the process are described. Structural analysis uses knowledge of the properties of an entity, its parts and their relationships, and the relationships in which it participates at a higher level to locate and recognize objects in a visual scene. The representation of structural knowledge, the development of algorithms for using the knowledge to help analyze an image, and techniques for storage and retrieval of relational models are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 91-132
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  • 65
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Computer-based techniques for automatic photointerpretation based upon information derived from texture and morphology analysis of images are discussed. By automatic photointerpretation, is meant the determination of semantic descriptions of the content of the images by computer. To perform semantic analysis of morphology, a heirarchical structure of knowledge representation was developed. The simplest elements in a morphology are strokes, which are used to form alphabets. The alphabets are the elements for generating words, which are used to describe the function or property of an object or a region. The words are the elements for constructing sentences, which are used for semantic description of the content of the image. Photointerpretation based upon morphology is then augmented by textural information. Textural analysis is performed using a pixel-vector approach.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 87-88
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods used to measure the geometrical properties of regions in a segmented image are discussed including the use of centroids, moments, and principle axes. In addition, statistical picture properties, particularly those which describe visual texture, are discussed. Gray level statistics, local property statistics, and autocorrelation and power spectrum are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 57-84
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  • 67
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Research into the role of cooperative, or relaxation, processes in image segmentation is surveyed. Cooperative processes can be employed at several levels of the segmentation process as a preprocessing enhancement step, during supervised or unsupervised pixel classification and, finally, for the interpretation of image segments based on segment properties and relations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 17-50
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  • 68
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The methodologies and capabilities of image segmentation techniques are reviewed. Single linkage schemes, hybrid linkage schemes, centroid linkage schemes, histogram mode seeking, spatial clustering, and split and merge schemes are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 7-16
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  • 69
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Given N distinct points (X sub i, Y sub i) and N real numbers Z sub i, BSPLASH constructs a function G (x, y) that satisfies G (x sub i, y sub i) = Z sub i for i = 1,..., N. This C(2) interpolant consists of a bicubic spline approximation and Shepard's bivariate interpolant.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 147-178
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The physical and geometric interpretation of a surface fitting technique, multiquadric equations (MQ), is discussed. The relation of this method and its reciprocal form to biharmonic and harmonic techniques respectively, is pointed out. In both forms the solutions may be viewed as being numerical approximations of an integral equation in which an unknown density function is the physical source for disturbing potential (reciprocal-MQ) or elastic displacement (MQ).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 135-146
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An algorithm is described for constructing a smooth computable function, f, defined over the surface of a sphere and interpolating a set of n data values, u sub i, associated with n locations, P sub i, on the surface of the sphere. The interpolation function, f, will be continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives. The locations, p sub i, are not required to lie on any type of regular grid.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 95-119
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  • 72
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A variety of numerical methods for fitting a function to data given at a set of points scattered throughout a domain in the plane are surveyed. Four classes of methods are discussed: (1) global interpolation; (2) local interpolation; (3) global approximation; and (4) local approximation. Also, two-stage methods and contouring are discussed. The surfaces constructed include polynomials, spline functions, and rational functions, among others.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 27-94
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some mathematical/statistical problems within the AgRISTARS program amendable to investigations involving the use of surface fitting techniques are overviewed. The Bayes and maximum likelihood rules, bias determination, regression estimators, parameter estimation, and classifier design are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 7-26
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  • 74
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Image processing and enhancement techniques for improving the geologic utility of digital satellite radar images are reviewed. Preprocessing techniques such as mean and variance correction on a range or azimuth line by line basis to provide uniformly illuminated swaths, median value filtering for four-look imagery to eliminate speckle, and geometric rectification using a priori elevation data. Examples are presented of application of preprocessing methods to Seasat and Landsat data, and Seasat SAR imagery was coregistered with Landsat imagery to form composite scenes. A polynomial was developed to distort the radar picture to fit the Landsat image of a 90 x 90 km sq grid, using Landsat color ratios with Seasat intensities. Subsequent linear discrimination analysis was employed to discriminate rock types from known areas. Seasat additions to the Landsat data improved rock identification by 7%.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An examination of the possibilities of using Landsat data to simulate NOAA-6 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data on two channels, as well as using actual NOAA-6 imagery, for large-scale hydrological studies is presented. A running average was obtained of 18 consecutive pixels of 1 km resolution taken by the Landsat scanners were scaled up to 8-bit data and investigated for different gray levels. AVHRR data comprising five channels of 10-bit, band-interleaved information covering 10 deg latitude were analyzed and a suitable pixel grid was chosen for comparison with the Landsat data in a supervised classification format, an unsupervised mode, and with ground truth. Landcover delineation was explored by removing snow, water, and cloud features from the cluster analysis, and resulted in less than 10% difference. Low resolution large-scale data was determined useful for characterizing some landcover features if weekly and/or monthly updates are maintained.
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-19529)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Apr. 30
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems associated with the use of Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) imagery for the detection of urban growth and land use patterns are discussed. The presence of vegetation, either original or added between scanning periods, has been found to dramatically effect the range of signatures in a given area. Different land use developmental stages have been successfully identified by means of 1:50,000 scale panchromatic aerial photography, a resolution only considered possible by spaceborne instrumentation with the advent of the Landsat D satellite. Textural information generated through the grey-tone spatial-dependency matrix for the Landsat band 5 data is compared for different years and a change detection algorithm is described. It is found that the addition of vegetation during development after the removal of natural vegetation resulted in error of omission in the single band data, which must therefore only be used in concert with other data sources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Procedures necessary for the development of a generalized three-dimensional perspective software capability in support of graphic, topographic, and color mapping of Landsat data are reviewed. The NASA Earth Resources Laboratory developed the procedures in order to facilitate the processing and analysis of disparate, geographically oriented base maps from aircraft and satellite sensors. Perspective displays are obtained through a translation of the space-viewed object to a vantage point coordinate system, followed by a rotation through two angles for alignment along the vantage line of sight, and finally a perspective transformation to yield two-dimensional displays with no hidden lines. Matrix equations for the transformations are reviewed, including scaling, and block diagrams are provided of the data and perspective software systems. The classification data plane may be mapped onto a topographic elevation data plane.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A modified Kubelka-Munk model has been utilized to derive useful equations for the analysis of apparent canopy reflectance. Based on the solution to the model simple working equations were formulated by employing reflectance characteristic parameters. The relationships derived show the asymptotic nature of reflectance data that is typically observed in remote sensing studies of plant biomass. They also establish the range of expected apparent canopy reflectance values for specific plant canopy types. The usefulness of the simplified equations was demonstrated by the exceptionally close fit of the theoretical curves to two separately acquired data sets for alfalfa and shortgrass prairie canopies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Jan. 15
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The following working objectives were adopted: (1) define the current state of knowledge concerning the role of multispectral imaging science in hydrology; (2) identify critical areas where gaps in our knowledge limit opportunities for significant improvements in our understanding of the hydrologic processes; (3) evaluate the potential of multispectral imaging sciences as tools to close these gaps in knowledge; and (4) develop guidelines for a series of remote-sensing-based experiments that would help close these gaps in knowledge and, thereby, provide man with the improved scientific base necessary for better utilization of the world's water resource. The resulting documentation is intended to provide guidance for multispectral imaging programs in the hydrologic sciences with special emphasis on the visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 229-264
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  • 81
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Specific activity in information extraction science (taken to include data handling) is needed to: help identify the bounds of practical missions; identify potential data handling and analysis scenarios; identify the required enabling technology; and identify the requirements for a design data base to be used by the disciplines in determining potential parameters for future missions. It was defined that specific analysis topics were a function of the discipline involved, and therefore no attempt was made to define any specific analysis developments required. Rather, it was recognized that a number of generic data handling requirements exist whose solutions cannot be typically supported by the disciplines. The areas of concern were therefore defined as: data handling aspects of system design considerations; enabling technology for data handling, with specific attention to rectification and registration; and enabling technology for analysis. Within each of these areas, the following topics were addressed: state of the art (current status and contributing factors); critical issues; and recommendations for research and/or development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 265-299
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of multispectral imaging systems in land use, geomorphological, and cartographic applications is examined. Spatial, spectral, and geometric resolution requirements for photo interpretation and multispectral pattern recognition are discussed. The potential contributions of these systems in specific experiments is also included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 115-117
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  • 83
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role that TM and MSS data play in the analysis of spatial patterns for land use/land cover, geomorphology studies, and the development of cartographic products is discussed. Tables listing geographic science data gaps, mission data requirements, and possible future remote sensing missions are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 105-114
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The diurnal variations of soil temperature and moisture content were simulated for a bare agricultural field in the San Joaquin Valley in California. The simulation pertained to the first 72 hours of drying, from saturation, of a sandy, clay loam soil. The results were compared with measurements of soil temperature and moisture content made at the field. Calculated and measured values of soil temperature trends agreed in general, but model results of moisture trends did not replicate observed diurnal effects evident at depths 4 centimeters or more below the surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Science; 133; Apr. 198
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematical model for the use of simultaneous Doppler derived correlated ranges in the geometric mode is presented. The model was tested with data taken during the EDOC-2 campaign with different integration intervals. The results of this adjustment are compared with the EDOC-2 adopted solution and those from an uncorrelated model used earlier to provide more economical calculations. It is shown that the correlated mode is superior to the uncorrelated one when the optimum integration interval of 23 seconds is used.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Basic Res. for the Geodyn. Program; p 46-94
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-22587)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 12; Sept
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The state of the art in remote sensing of the earth and the planets was discussed in terms of sensor performance, signal processing, and data interpretation. Particular attention was given to lidar for characterizing atmospheric particulates, the modulation of short waves by long ocean gravity waves, and runoff modeling for snow-covered areas. The use of NOAA-6 spacecraft AVHRR data to explore hydrologic land surface features, the effects of soil moisture and vegetation canopies on microwave and thermal microwave emissions, and regional scale evapotranspiration rate determination through satellite IR data are examined. A Shuttle experiment to demonstrate high accuracy global time and frequency transfer is described, along with features of the proposed Gravsat, radar image processing for rock-type discrimination, and passive microwave sensing of temperature and salinity in coastal zones.
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-24494)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The decay curves of various triboluminescent-excited materials were obtained, including well-crystallized and poorly crystallized kaolin, bentonite, quartz, sodium chloride, and chalk calcite. A qualitative increase in triboluminescence was observed for kaolin dipped in water or tryptophan solution compared to dry kaolin, and for frozen kaolin and montmorillonite pastes. Theoretical explanations for the tryptophan effect are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Clays and Clay Minerals; 30; 1, 19; 1982
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-17715)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 58; 3, Ma; May 1982
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Scatterometer data from Seasat of the Amazon rain forest were examined to determine if the region is suitable to use as a reference for calibration of radars. The consistency of Skylab data viewing the Amazon region prompted the analyses, and the Seasat-A scatterometer system (SASS) gathered data of the same region at varying angles. The instrument employed a 100 W 14.6 GHz signal with the reflected power sampled 61 times during each 1.89 sec measurement period. Doppler filters were used in 15 parallel channels of reception, and represented areas 20 km by 50-70 km. Tests were made of regional and temporal stability of the Amazon area, with five measurement angles averaged at different incidence angles to find the mean deviation, which was found to be less than 0.5 dB. Diurnal effects were confined to early morning, and further tests are recommended to obtain results for an entire year, to develop screening methods for thick clouds and rain, and to determine the deviation more precisely.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-20; Jan. 198
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of adopting new definitive precession and equinox corrections on the terrestrial reference frame was investigated. It is noted that: (1) the effect on polar motion is a diurnal periodic term with an amplitude increasing linearly in time whole on UT1 it is a linear term; (2) general principles are given to determine the effects of small rotations of the frame of a conventional inertial reference system (CIS) on the frame of the conventional terrestrial reference system (CTS); (3) seven CTS options are presented, one of which is necessary to accommodate such rotation. Accommodating possible future changes in the astronomical nutation is discussed. The effects of differences which may exist between the various CTS's and CIS's on Earth rotation parameters (ERP) and how these differences can be determined are examined. It is shown that the CTS differences can be determined from observations made at the same site, while the CIS differences by comparing the ERP's determined by the different techniques during the same time period.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Basic Res. for the Geodyn. Program; p 2-18
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  • 93
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data requirements, tasks to be accomplished, and the technical approaches to be used in identifying the characteristics of rice for crop inventories are listed as well as methods for estimating crop development and assessing its conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Develop. of Advan. Acreage Estimation Methods; 12 p
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Directional reflectance factors of an alfalfa canopy were determined and related to canopy structure, agronomic variables, and irradiance conditions at four periods during a cutting cycle. Nadir and off-nadir reflectance factors decreased with increasing biomass in Thematic Mapper band 3(0.63-0.69 micrometer) and increased with increasing biomass in band 4(0.76-0.90 micrometer). The sensor view angle had less impact on perceived reflectance as the alfalfa progressed from an erectophile canopy of stems after harvest to a near planophile canopy of leaves at maturity. Studies of directional reflectance are needed for testing and upgrading vegetation canopy models and to aid in the complex interpretation problems presented by aircraft scanners and pointable satellites where illumination and viewing geometries may vary widely. Distinct changes in the patterns of radiance observed by a sensor as structural and biomass changes occur are keys to monitoring the growth and condition of crops.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Oct. 15
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-19528)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique is presented for determining the error in diurnal irradiance measurements that results from the non-Lambertian behavior of a reference panel under various irradiance conditions. Spectral biconical reflectance factors of a spray-painted barium sulfate panel, along with simulated sky radiance data for clear and hazy skies at six solar zenith angles, were used to calculate the estimated panel irradiances and true irradiances for a nadir-looking sensor in two wavelength bands. The inherent errors in total spectral irradiance (0.68 microns) for a clear sky were 0.60, 6.0, 13.0, and 27.0% for solar zenith angles of 0, 45, 60, and 75 deg, respectively. The technique can be used to characterize the error of a specific panel used in field measurements, and thus eliminate any ambiguity of the effects of the type, preparation, and aging of the paint.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 12; May 1982
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-19530)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 3; Jan
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods for the retrieval of ocean surface temperature, surface wind speed, rain rate, cloud height, and the amounts of water vapor and nonprecipitated liquid water over the ocean from Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data are presented. The sensitivity of retrieval algorithms for wind speed and sea surface temperature, in the absence of rain, to the undetected presence of rain, is discussed along with the accuracy of a more general method for the retrieval of rain rate in conjunction with other meteorological parameters. It is concluded that the inability to retrieve the average rain rate accurately at small rain angles is due to the inability of SMMR to distinguish between small raindrops and nonprecipitating droplets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-20; Apr. 198
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A significant waveheight-dependent bias is identified in Seasat-measured surface heights which cannot be neglected when using Seasat data at accuracies within 10 cm. Ten-second averages of the data from 63 waveform sampling rates in the Seasat radar altimeter were least squares fitted with a six-parameter model, the time-origin parameter of which provides a measure of the position of the actual mean radar waveform relative to the sampling rate and therefore provides altitude measurement corrections. Attention is given to actual altimeter point target response function, waveform sampler noise baseline, waveform sampler gain calibration, attitude angle and sea surface skewness, as effects not accounted for in Seasat altimeter measurements and standard data processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Apr. 30
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By means of two simple sampling plans suggested in the accuracy-assessment literature, it is shown how one can use knowledge of map-category relative sizes to improve estimates of various probabilities. The fact that maximum likelihood estimates of cell probabilities for the simple random sampling and map category-stratified sampling were identical has permitted a unified treatment of the contingency-table analysis. A rigorous analysis of the effect of sampling independently within map categories is made possible by results for the stratified case. It is noted that such matters as optimal sample size selection for the achievement of a desired level of precision in various estimators are irrelevant, since the estimators derived are valid irrespective of how sample sizes are chosen.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Mar. 198
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