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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional yield strength properties of jointed rock mass as a homogenized medium (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: jointed rocks ; strength criterion ; homogenization method ; yield design ; anisotropy ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A comprehensive three-dimensional formulation for the strength criterion of regular jointed rocks is derived in this paper. The approach is based upon the implementation of the homogenization method of periodic media within the framework of the yield design theory. A rigorous explicit expression of the macroscopic criterion is given as a function of the strength properties of the intact rock and of the joints modelled as interfaces. Attention is focused on the particular case of an infinitely resistance intact rock. It is shown in particular how the relevant velocity jumps for the homogenized medium can be characterized from the introduction of the set of admissible stress vectors acting upon an elementary surface. The results make it possible to perform the static and kinematic approaches in order to address the stability analysis of rock masses cut by sets of regular joints, even for the three-dimensional geometries.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time dependent mechanical behaviour of loose sands (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 45-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: loose sand ; load controlled triaxial tests ; creep tests ; time dependency delayed mechanical response ; elasto viscoplasticity ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The time dependency of loose sands mechanical behaviour has been experimentally analysed and theoretically interpreted. A series of load controlled triaxial tests, by imposing finite load increments, has been performed. The single load increments are followed by variable time periods, in order to carry out many classical creep tests.According to the authors, the considered time dependency is due to the internal fabric rearrangement of the granular assembly, i.e. to the plastic strain development with time.This mechanical peculiarity is theoretically interpreted by means of an elastoviscoplastic constitutive model. This is a very simple extension of a previous incremental elastoplastic constitutive model and appears to be capable to reproduce experimental data quite well.Finally, the importance of the considered time dependency is underlined, both by considering numerical solutions and in analysing unstable natural and experimental phenomena.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plane shear waves and loss of stability in a saturated granular body (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 25-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: shear waves ; spontaneous liquefaction ; stability ; hypoplasticity ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theoretical study of plane shear waves in a fully saturated granular medium is presented using a hypoplastic constitutive relation for the solid constituent. Dynamic equations for small disturbances about an initial state are derived and analysed with constitutive parameters for Karlsruhe sand. Permanent changes in stresses during the propagation of waves are shown to result in the liquefaction of the material. As follows from the equations, in the general case the propagation is characterized by two different wave speeds, corresponding to the plus or minus sign of the velocity gradient, i.e. to different directions of an instantaneous shear. The values of the wave speeds depend on the initial state (stresses and void ratio) as well as on the orientation of the wave with respect to the principal stresses of the initial stress tensor. If the granular material is loose enough and the initial stress state differs from the hydrostatic one, it is possible that one of the wave speeds becomes imaginary, i.e. physically does not exist. This case means a loss of stability of the body in the sense that a small boundary disturbance results in a flow of the whole mass which cannot be prevented by a boundary control. Such a solution can be viewed as a model of spontaneous liquefaction. The condition obtained for stability is compared with the one derived from the analysis of the second-order work.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computational aspects of a softening plasticity model for plain concrete (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 75-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: concrete modelling ; softening plasticity ; fracture energy models ; stress return ; five parameter model ; improved predictors ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Several computational aspects of the fracture energy based softening plasticity model for plain concrete are considered. A need for a more robust stress return strategy is identified, as the basic closest point projection algorithm leads to regions of nonconvergence, associated with zones of high curvature near the compressive meridian close to the apex. The use of an intermediate stress return to an auxiliary surface to establish an improved predictor is proposed, in conjunction with a controlled scaling of stress return increments, ensuring convergence and providing an efficient and robust stress return strategy.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfm.1600010101
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multiphase medium model for localisation and postlocalisation simulation in geomaterials (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 95-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: multiphase material ; strain localisation ; averaging theories ; pore pressure ; cavitation ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is recalled that negative water pressures are of importance in localisation phenomena of fully saturated, undrained samples of dilatant geomaterials. A model to simulate cavitation phenomena connected with such pore water tractions is developed and implemented in a simplified form in a dynamics code for partially saturated porous media. A case of localisation is studied from the onset of the instability up to the full developed shear band. The weak mesh dependence of the maximum effective plastic strain, due to the employed physical model, is also shown.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigation of concrete fracture under uniaxial compression (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 115-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: concrete ; fracture ; uniaxial compression tests ; boundary restraint ; slenderness ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Localization of deformations has been investigated in a series of displacement controlled uniaxial compression experiments. Of main interest are the effects of specimen slenderness and friction between loading platen and specimen. Both effects have a direct influence on the development of localized fracture zones in the specimen. The results indicate that the use of a double layer of teflon with an intermediate layer of grease yields size-independent results as far as the pre-peak stress-strain behaviour and the peak strength are concerned. However, in terms of stress and strain, a significant influence of both the specimen slenderness and the amount of boundary restraint has been observed in the post-peak regime. It is found that the post-peak curves become almost completely identical when they are plotted in terms of nominal stress and post-peak displacement. For any type of loading platen used, the post-peak relative stress-displacement curves are found to be independent of the specimen height. Furthermore, since during post-peak localization relative sliding and movements of larger parts of the specimen are observed, the definition of a unique Poisson's ratio is virtually impossible.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Damage and localisation in elastic materials with voids (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 129-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: damage ; void growth ; softening ; localisation ; bifurcation ; rupture ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An extension of the theory of elastic material with voids to the case where the material undergoes an irreversible void growth is presented. The particularity of this theory is that the continuum is described by two kinematic variables: the displacements and the variation of the volume fraction of material in the porous continuum. Motion is controlled by two governing equations, the classical one involving the displacement or stresses and another one that involves the other kinematic variable, similar to the governing equation in heat conduction problems. The degradation of the elastic moduli is described in the model by a damage scalar variable. A simplified model where the damage variable is proportional to the irreversible variation of volume fraction of material is discussed. From the governing equations, it is deduced that the equation which governs the growth of damage involves the second gradient of damage and a material parameter which plays the role of an internal length according to the analysis of strain localisation. The finite element implementation of the theory is briefly presented. The two variables are discretised separately and the form of the equations to be solved is similar to those obtained in coupled thermoelasticity. One dimensional finite element results of strain localisation show that a proper convergence upon mesh refinement is obtained. The equation which governs the irreversible variation of volume fraction (or the damage growth) acts as a localisation limiter.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure criterion, flow rule and dissipation function derived from hypoplasticity (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 145-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: constitutive model ; hypoplasticity ; failure criterion ; flow rule ; dissipation function ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Failure criterion, flow rule and dissipation function derived from a class of incrementally non-linear, so-called hypoplastic, constitutive equations are presented. Although the hypoplastic model is developed without recourse to some concepts pertinent to pasticity theory, such as failure surface, plastic potential, flow rule and decomposition of deformation into elastic and plastic parts, it is shown how these concepts may be obtained as natural outcomes of the constitutive model. A connection of the hypoplastic model to Truesdell's hypoelasticity theory and of the derived failure criterion and flow rule to their hypoelastic counterparts is made. By defining the plastic strain rate properly, the dissipation surface is obtained based on the principle of maximum entropy production. Furthermore, the plastic potential is constructed with reference to the direction of plastic strain rate. Finally, the failure surface, flow rule and dissipation surface obtained with a specific hypoplastic constitutive equation are presented and compared with experimental results in the literature.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homogenization for Granular Materials: non reversible behaviour (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 199-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: homogenization ; granular material ; yield surface ; elasticity ; plasticity ; modelling ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Using a homogenization framework, this paper proposes a description of the non-reversible behaviour of granular materials. First the basic equations are reviewed and some general elasticity results are presented with a comparison to DEM simulations. The global non-reversible behaviour is introduced by the definition of local conditions of contact stability: loss of contact and sliding. The first consequence is the possible definition of global yield surfaces and thus failure surfaces. These surfaces are compared to the usual plastic criteria. The influence of the different homogenization parameters introduced by the definition of localization and averaging operators is also studied. In the last section, a simulation of non-reversible behaviour is presented. Comparisons to experimental data are made in the case of simple loading paths (isotropic compression, triaxial test) as well as in complex loading histories.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfm.1600010201
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validity and Limits of the Effective Stress Concept in Geomechanics (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 219-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: effective stress ; theory of mixture ; compressibility ; pore-water pressure ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effective stress concept in geomechanics advocated by Terzaghi is historically reviewed and the mechanical interpretation of this concept is clarified based on the theory of mixtures. In the interpretation of the effective stress concept, both the compressibility of the constituents and the balance of force are taken into consideration. The effectiveness of the effective stress comes from the fact that the descriptions of the effective stress in undrained and unjacketed conditions are approximately equal, although the role of the pore-water pressure under different test conditions is not the same. It is shown that the effective stress concept is also applicable to soft rock. Finally, classical interpretations and various definitions of the effective stresses are critically examined.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creep, damage and failure around large rectangular-like caverns and galleries (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 165-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: creep ; dilatancy ; damage ; stability ; failure ; galleries ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An analysis of stability of rectangular-like galleries or caverns is developed from the point of view of creep, creep failure and short-time failure. The initial stress distribution around the cavern just after excavation is obtained with an exact elastic solution. Further this solution is used in conjunction with an elastic/viscoplastic non-associated constitutive equation to determine first the domains around the excavation where the rock becomes dilatant, where compressible, and where a short-time failure is expected. This constitutive equation is further used to determine the creep of the rock around the opening, and where and when a creep failure is to be expected due to excessive dilatancy. It is shown that the location of the incipient creep failure depends on the stress concentration due to the presence of the ‘corners’, on the possible elongated shape of the cavern, and also to the stress concentration induced by the far field stresses. This location also depends on the internal pressure and on depth, and it can be determined quite accurately. Thus the location of incipient creep damage depends on a variety of parameters and the determination of this exact location is very important, and is described in this paper. It is shown that the evolutive damage is spreading mainly in the direction of minimum far field stresses or in the direction of greater elongation of the cross-section. The same constitutive equation allows us to determine the creep convergence (or divergence) of the walls, where this creep is quite fast and when for the first time the incipient creep failure due to dilatancy is to be expected. This timing depends primarily on the magnitude of octahedral shear stress. The time up to creep failure is shorter if this stress is larger (close to the short-term failure value), but tends towards infinity if the stress is relatively small (close but still above the compressibility/dilatancy boundary). Once the various failure modes are well understood the orientation and magnitude of far field stresses can be determined by this analysis if not known a priori. Also, once the location of losing the stability and that of the volume of rock involved in fast creep and creep failure are determined, one can suggest the optimal design of a support. The way in which the stress variation is influencing the above mentioned problem will be discussed in forthcoming papers. While the authors recognize the importance of the pre-existing rock discontinuities in the overall cavern stability, it was thought that a better understanding of this stability starts from analyzing a rock without such pre-existing discontinuities. The examples are given for rock salt.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfm.1600010202
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Review: Computational Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Günter Hofstetter and Herbert A. Mang. Vieweg, Weisbaden, Germany, 1995. 366pp. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 357-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On shear band localization phenomena of liquid-saturated granular elastoplastic porous solid materials accounting for fluid viscosity and micropolar solid rotations (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 301-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: theory of porous media ; micropolar grain rotations ; liquid-saturated cohesive-frictional granular elastoplastic skeleton materials ; single-surface yield function ; non-associated flow ; shear band localization ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Elastoplastic deformations of cohesive-frictional liquid-saturated granular solid materials can be described by use of a macroscopic continuum mechanical approach within the well-founded framework of the theory of porous media (TPM). In the present contribution, the TPM formulation of the skeleton material is extended by micropolar degrees of freedom in the sense of the Cosserat brothers. Proceeding from two basic assumptions, material incompressibility of both constituents (skeleton material and pore liquid) and geometrically linear solid deformations, the non-symmetric effective skeleton stress and the couple stress tensor are determined by linear elasticity laws. In the framework of the ideal plasticity concept, the plastic yield limit is governed by a smooth and closed single-surface yield function together with non-associated flow rules for both the plastic strain rate and the plastic rate of curvature tensor. Fluid viscosity is taken into account by the drag force.The inclusion of micropolar degrees of freedom, in contrast to the usual continuum mechanical approach to the TPM, allows, on the one hand, for the determination of the local average grain rotations and, on the other hand, additionally yields a regularization effect on the solution of the strongly coupled system of governing equations when shear banding occurs. However, in the framework of the original TPM formulation of fluid-saturated porous materials, the inclusion of the fluid viscosity alone also yields a certain regularization on shear band computations. The numerical examples are solved by use of finite element discretization techniques, where, in particular, the computation of shear band localization phenomena is carried out by the example of the well-known base failure problem of geotechnical engineering. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Closed-form solution on the thermoplastic behaviour of a deep tunnel in a thermal-softening material (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 321-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: thermal-softening behaviour ; transient evolution ; corner flow ; analytical solution ; convergence-confinement concept ; thermomechanical interaction ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A closed-form solution of deep tunnel subject to an internal pressure and to an axisymmetrical time-dependent temperature field is presented. The material is supposed to have a thermal-softening behaviour, the cohesion decreasing with the temperature. The thermal expansion generates plastic zones with face flow and corner flow, which can coexist and interact. The explicit character of the solution allows rigorous demonstrations of the evolution of such plastic zones, as well as other interesting and fundamental properties of the thermoplastic behaviour of deep tunnels. On the other hand, the causal relationship between the thermomechanical loading and the structural response (convergence, extension of rupture zones) is rendered transparent, thanks to the simplicity of the analytical solution. The consequence of thermal-softening is clearly shown by comparison with the analytical solution for a constant cohesion previously established. Quantitatively, its importance is illustrated by a restricted parametric study, to which the analytical solution is ideally suited. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Modelling the strengths of engineering materials in three dimensions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 339-356 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: biaxial tests ; combined stresses ; compressive strength ; engineering materials ; failure ; failure surfaces ; mathematical models ; tensile strength ; triaxial tests ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A general, three-dimensional failure criterion is presented. This criterion is formulated in terms of the first and third stress invariants of the stress tensor, and it involves only three independent material parameters. Although these parameters interact with one another, each parameter corresponds to one of three failure characteristics of material behaviour. These material parameters may be determined from any type of strength test, including the simplest possible, such as uniaxial compression and tension tests or biaxial tests for materials with cohesion and tensile strength, and by triaxial compression tests for materials without tensile strength. The procedure for determination of the three material parameters is demonstrated and comparisons between the failure criterion and experimental results are presented for different types of engineering materials. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Boundary element analysis of the pullout behaviour of an anchor bolt embedded in concrete (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 235-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: boundary element method ; concrete ; fracture mechanics ; fictitious crack model ; crack growth ; contact mechanics ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A boundary element formulation for the analysis of pullout behaviour of an anchor bolt embedded in concrete is presented. The pullout analysis involves modelling two different bodies (i.e. anchor head and concrete) which are in contact over a certain region. The fracture of concrete is represented by the fictitious crack model (FCM) in which the fracture zone is replaced by applying closing forces on both crack surface. The FCM in conjunction with the boundary element method (BEM) allows the simulation of crack growth in concrete in a straight forward manner without remeshing. The crack path need not be known in advance as it is calculated during the iteration process. The numerical results obtained are compared with the round-robin analysis of pullout test proposed by RILEM TC 90-FMA.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hypoplastic relation for granular materials with a predefined limit state surface (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: constitutive law ; plasticity ; hypoplasticity ; asymptotic state ; limit surface ; sand ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A hypoplastic theory for granular materials developed by Gudehus and Bauer is discussed. The description of asymptotic states is of particular interest. Three forms of asymptotic states are defined. Useful criteria to describe the tensorial part of the constitutive relation is developed for one of them, namely for the critical states. The terms proposed by Wu are correlated to the well-known formulations of elastic plastic theory: the Drucker/Prager model and the yield condition by Matsuoka/Nakai. The suitability of the Matsuoka/Nakai criterion for critical states is discussed.Specification of tensorial functions follows in two steps. First the hypoplastic Drucker/Prager model is developed, and then the limit condition by Matsuoka/Nakai is implemented. The resulting tensorial functions require the critical friction angle as the only material constant. The limit condition in critical states obtained from the hypoplastic law coincide with the one by Matsuoka/Nakai. A more comprehensive hypoplastic constitutive relation based on these new tensorial functions is discussed and applied to simulations of element tests. These numerical results are compared with experimental results for sand.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfm.1600010301
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    A matrix formulation for the elastoplastic homogenisation of layered materials (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 273-294 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: homogenisation ; layered media ; non-linear analysis ; plasticity ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this article attention is given to the homogenisation of periodic layered materials. Based on the assumption of a homogeneous state of stress and strain in each layer, a novel matrix formulation capable of representing the elastic behaviour of the composite material is established. The matrix formulation yields a much clearer implementation of linear elastic homogenisation algorithms and a relatively straightforward extension to inelastic behaviour. The theory of plasticity, which is adopted to describe the inelastic behaviour, follows modern concepts, including a unconditionally stable implicit Euler backward return mapping, a local Newton-Raphson method and a consistent tangent stiffness matrix. A comparison between the homogenised continuum and the standard continuum with an exact discretisa tion of the geometry of the composite shows excellent agreement, both in the presence of elastic and inelastic material behaviour.
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    Time-dependent tension softening (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 295-304 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: creep ; effective spring concept ; micromechanical model ; relaxation ; rheological model ; softening-type spring ; tension softening ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A methodology that combines a rheological model for viscoelastic behaviour with a micromechanical model for tension softening through the effective spring concept is developed for materials exhibiting both tension softening and time-dependent behaviour. Spring elements with softening characteristics and dashpot with varying viscosity are used for this purpose. The characteristics of the spring elements and dashpot are obtained from a micromechanical model which relates the microstructure of the material to its tension softening response. The softening-type springs ensure gradual reduction in stiffness, whereas the dashpot with varying viscosity ensures that the retardation and relaxation times equal prescribed values. In this way, both the stress and crack opening are allowed to vary with time to reflect the real behaviour of a time-dependent tension softening material. The methodology is illustrated on the simple Poynting- Thompson rheological model, without restricting its application to more sophisticated models.
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    Numerical analysis of concrete structures subjected to alkali-aggregate reaction (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 305-319 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: concrete structures ; alkali-aggregate reaction ; plasticity ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a simple continuum theory, as recently proposed by Pietruszczak (Int. J. Computers Struct., 58, 1093-1099 (1996)), is applied to describe the mechanical effects of the alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete structures. The formation of alkali- silica gel leads to a progressive expansion of the material. The progress in the reaction is assumed to be coupled with the degradation of mechanical properties, the latter described within the framework of elastoplasticity. The paper discusses the details of the numerical implementation of the constitutive model, including an implicit integration scheme and the computation of an updated tangent operator. Numerical examples are provided to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm. The formulation is then used to analyse the junction between the right-wing dam and the water intake structure of the Beauharnois powerhouse situated in Quebec (Canada). A non-linear 3D finite element analysis is performed simulating the time history of the deformation due to continuing reaction.
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    A unilateral damage model for masonry based on a homogenisation procedure (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 349-366 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: damage ; fracture energy ; homogenisation ; masonry ; mesh dependence ; unilateral effect ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: By considering masonry as a composite material, its mechanical properties are obtained by taking into account the properties of the components (bricks and mortar) through a homogenisation technique. To describe the behaviour of the material components a unilateral damage model is proposed. This model, based on the introduction of three damage variables, describes the behaviour of brittle materials subjected to alternating tensile-compressive cyclic loads. The model is applied to the simulation of tests on masonry panels and miniaturised walls; numerical results are discussed and successfully compared with experimental data.
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    Crush-crack': a non-local damage model for concrete (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 321-347 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: damage ; dilatancy ; failure-modes ; fractures ; localization ; shear ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A model is presented based on the non-local damage theory. It sets out to describe the behavior of concrete under free-variable loads, which are constant in sign. Its purpose is to analyze shear behavior and high strain-gradient localized problems, and it takes Mazar's model as a starting point with reference to the basic idea of a scalar isotropic non-local damage controlled by principal tensile strains. In addition, the other two main features are an internal variable denoted to the control or reversible volumetric expansion in compression, and irreversible strains aimed at modelling crushing in compression and cracks both in tension and compression. As a consequence, induced-anisotropy, dilatancy and path-dep endency can be reproduced. In particular, the modelling of micro- and macrocracks makes it possible to capture mixed-mode cracking as well as aggregate interlock, which requires a residual stiffness to guarantee the transmission of transversal and normal stresses for assigned slips. The model requires the knowledge of the material response in uniaxial tension and compression, and biaxial compression tests which can be introduced directly by adopting experimental curves, or by means of a reduced number of parameters. The effectiveness of the model is shown through comparisons with several sets of experimental tests on both small specimens, assumed to be homogeneous, and boundary value problems.
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    Implicit integration and consistent linearization for yield criteria of the Mohr-Coulomb type (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 367-383 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: plasticitity ; isotropy ; Mohr-Coulomb ; consistent linearization ; algorithmic tangent stiffness ; multisurface plasticity ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, we discuss the efficient treatment of yield criteria that are of the Mohr-Coulomb type for elastic and plastic isotropy. On the basis of the fully implicit method, we derive the explicit expression for the integrated stress along with a flow rule that represents volumetric non-associativity. The integration algorithm covers all the possible cases of regular, corner and apex solutions including the suitable indicator for each case. We also establish the consequent consistently linearized tangent stiffness modulus tensor, which is shown to appear in the form of an additive modification of the continuum tangent stiffness tensor. The convergence properties of the consistent tangent stiffness tensor are compared with its feasible approximations. The results indicate the strongly sensitivity to the proper treatment of the corner conditions at the establishment of the ATS-tensor.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfm.1600010401
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    Examination of the possibility of a fluid-mechanics treatment of dense granular flows (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 1 (1996), S. 385-403 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: granular flow ; constitutive equation ; simple fluid ; friction ; collision ; microstructural model ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The aim of this paper is to examine the possibility of a simple fluid-mechanics treatment of rapid dense granular flows. In other words, we examine whether the constitutive equation can be sought in a simple relationship between the strain-rate and stress tensors. With this aim, we first show that an inclined channel is an appropriate device for providing rheological data. Here we provide a complete rheometrical treatment, which allows to infer the shear-stress/shear-rate curve (for simple shear flows) from the flow-depth/mass-flow-rate curve. Experi-ments performed with glass beads and sand grains revealed an apparent decrease in the shear stress with increasing shear rate. We then demonstrate that this result, although paradoxical, is not unphysical. Moreover, more detailed theoretical analysis shows that the main issues raised by our experiments may be overcome by ‘microstructural’ models. We finally give two examples of models including a single microstructural parameter, which are able to qualitatively account for the main features of our experiments.
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    A continuum model for periodic two-dimensional block structures (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 31-46 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: block structure ; elasticity ; homogenization ; Cosserat continuum ; dynamics ; large deformation ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A continuum model for regular block structures is derived by replacing the difference quotients of the discrete equations by corresponding differential quotients. The homogenization procedure leads to an anisotropic Cosserat Continuum. For elastic block interactions the dispersion relations of the discrete and the continuous models are derived and compared. Yield criteria for block tilting and sliding are formulated. An extension of the theory for large deformation is proposed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Implicit integration of elastoplastic constitutive models for frictional materials with highly non-linear hardening functions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 1-29 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: numerical integration ; constitutive modelling ; frictional materials ; highly non-linear hardening functions ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Constitutive relations in elastoplasticity may be formulated in a variety of ways, and different update algorithms may be employed to solve the resulting equations. Several implicit integration schemes, although some not widely used, have been suggested in the last years. Among them, the closest point projection method (CPPM) has proven to be an effective and robust integration scheme. In order to gain maximum control of the stress projection, a two-level CPPM iteration scheme is proposed. The hardening variables are fixed during the stress projection onto consequently fixed yield surfaces, and after the stress projection, new values of the hardening variables are calculated defining new yield surfaces. The update of the hardening parameters which, in general, may be highly nonlinear functions, may be determined by a combination of a Picard Iteration (PI) on the hardening variables and an adaptative order inverse interpolation (AOII) on the difference of subsequent iterations of the hardening variables.The integration scheme has been implemented in a general constitutive driver which has been formulated independent of the selected constitutive model and easily linked to finite element codes. A third stress invariant dependent, cone-cap elastoplastic constitutive model, referred to as the MRS-Lade, with a highly non-linear hardening function has been used to show the applicability of the proposed iteration scheme. Error analyses and accuracy assessment are presented along with some representative test results. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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    Undrained instability of very loose Hostun sand in triaxial compression and extension. Part 2: theoretical analysis using an elastoplasticity model (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 71-92 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: undrained instability ; static liquefaction ; non-associated plasticity ; loss of uniqueness ; model validations ; very loose sand ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The characteristics of the loss of stability associated with the initiation of the static liquefaction phenomenon is obtained using the CJS model within the elastoplasticity framework. This model is based on the characteristic line concept. The determining factors involved in the prediction of this phenomenon and in the modelling process are identified. The importance of the elastic components is highlighted, in particular its non-linearity. The possibilities and the limits of the proposed model to describe the undrained behaviour of very loose sand are examined, taking into consideration the effects of the more or less complex stress history. Finally, the conditions leading to the appearance of the uniqueness domain are indicated. The findings of this theoretical study rely entirely on the experimental data presented in a companion paper, with emphasis on the triaxial tests on anisotropically consolidated samples. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Experimental analysis and theoretical interpretation of triaxial load controlled loose sand specimen collapses (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 93-120 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: loose sands ; load-controlled triaxial tests ; creep tests ; instability ; theoretical interpretation ; strain-rate sensitivity ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A series of triaxial load-controlled tests is performed.Finite load increments are imposed. The single load-steps are followed by a time period during which the axial load is kept constant.At low stress levels the mechanical response is stable and characterized by a continuous decrease in strain rate with time. At higher stress levels, the mechanical response changes and, subsequently, the collapse takes place.The collapse is unexpected and occurs at a stress level less than that associated with the steady state, experimentally observed by performing strain triaxial controlled tests.In order to interpret such a behaviour, a theoretical discussion is introduced. This is based on a dynamical reinterpretation of the micromechani cal fabric rearrangement of granular assembly.In particular, the role played by the kinetic energy of the system, as well as that played by the anisotropy of the microstructure, have been analysed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Mech. cohesive-frictional mater. 2, 93-120 (1997)
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    Undrained instability of very loose Hostun sand in triaxial compression and extension. Part 1: experimental observations (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 47-70 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: instability ; liquefaction ; laboratory tests ; undrained ; triaxial ; loose sand ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The undrained behavior of very loose Hostun RF sand in triaxial compression and extension tests is described. The samples are consolidated isotropically or anisotropically along constant effective stress ratio paths. Very loose sand exhibits partial liquefaction, deviator peak stress at relatively low to very low axial strain, gradual post-peak stress reduction to a small residual value at large strains, sharp loss of effective mean pressure due to generation of large pore pressure and overall volume reduction. The instability line of Lade is examined in the case of extension tests and extended for anisotropic samples. It is shown that monotonic and anisotropic consolidation strongly influences the instability concept. A higher positive anisotropic consolidation level produces a greater slope of the instability line in compression and a reverse trend can occur in extension. Complex stress history can develop a fossilized instability line depending on the amount of axial strain attained. Effective strain ratio increment at peak has an asymptotic stabilization effect. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Experimental micromechanical analysis of a 2D granular material: relation between structure evolution and loading path (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 121-163 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: granular materials ; micromechanics ; biaxial tests ; complex loading paths ; micro-macro relations ; fabric anisotropy ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with micromechanics of Schneebeli material specimens composed of wooden roller stacks. Several laboratory tests are carried out to analyse the material behaviour under complex loading conditions, involving loading-unloading cycles and principal axes rotations. In order to characterize micromechanical deformation features and structure evolution, a series of pictures is taken during loading. Pictures are then digitized using a stereo device, obtaining the position of each roller. Starting from these data a number of computer programs, conceived for the purpose, allow us to measure micromechanical variables and to analyse their evolution.In the following, after the description of the devices employed in this research, macromechanical results are analysed to evaluate the reliability of the laboratory model. Then, local variables are introduced and the use of continuum mechanics to describe granular materials behaviour is discussed. Finally, the evolution of local kinematic variables is described, focusing interest on the evolution of specimen anisotropy. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Mech. cohesive-frictional mater. 2, 121-163 (1997)
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    Implicit integrations in elastoplastic geotechnics (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 165-183 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: elastoplasticity ; pressure sensitive materials ; constitutive modelling ; dilatancy ; implicit integrations ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper presents the derivation of a fully implicit Newton algorithm for direct integration of constitutive equations, in extended stress-internal variable space, involving hardening or softening of a general dilatant isotropic elastoplastic geomaterial. All relevant derivatives are provided in tensor notation, thus facilitating implementation. The consistent, algorithmic tangent stiffness tensor is derived. The relative accuracy of a template algorithm is assessed on a number of examples by means of iso-error maps. We present a rather simple, one-increment example concerning convergence properties of the Newton iterative scheme at the global, finite element level, associated with the consistent tangent stiffness tensor for integrating the weak form of the equilibrium equations. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Mech. Cohesive-frictional mater. 2, 165-183 (1977)
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    Enhanced finite element formulation for geometrically linear fluid-saturated porous media (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 185-203 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: fluid-saturated porous media ; enhanced element technology ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This contribution is concerned with a new mixed finite element formulation for geometrically linear Terzaghi-Biot type fluid-saturated porous media. To this end, an extended Hu-Washizu type mixed variational principle is presented for fluid-saturated porous continua. Then, a suitable discretization and its implementation are discussed, resulting in an improved element behaviour especially in numerical localization analyses. The intriguing element performance is firstly demonstrated for the case of localization within an elastoplastic compression problem. Finally, an elastoplastic slope stability problem is examined, whereby the new element formulation proves to render more pronounced failure modes as compared with a standard element expansion. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Modelling of pollutant migration in porous media with interfacial transfer: local equilibrium/non-equilibrium (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 205-221 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: pollutant diffusion ; advection ; porous media ; surface transfer resistance ; physical modelling ; homogenization ; model classification ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the paper, an attempt to model local equilibrium and local non-equilibrium in pollutant migration in porous media is presented. Diffusion is assumed to occur in the pores as well as in the solid porous matrix. The macroscopic models are developed using the homogenization method (asymptotic expansion technique). The resulting macroscopic equations show either a one-concentration field or two-concentration fields or memory effects. The domains of validity of all the presented models are also determined. Local cell problems are provided to compute the effective diffusion tensors. The conditions for the local mass equilibrium assumption to be valid are derived in terms of the dimensionless characteristic parameters. The effect of pollutant source distributions is also investigated. © 1997 John Wiley & Son, Ltd.
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    Coherent vortex structures in deforming granular materials (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 223-236 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: granular materials ; vortices ; discrete element method ; coherent structures ; proper orthogonal decomposition ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Discrete element models are used to investigate the formation of coherent structures within a deforming granular material. The numerical models predict the formation of coherent vortex-like structures, even when the boundary deformations introduce zero vorticity. We name these structures circulation cells because the particles instantaneously translate and rotate as a rigid body about a common centre. They occur for all the particle shapes and material properties tested. The size of these coherent structures range from approximately 20 to 600 particles, with the largest structures being limited by the test boundaries. Circulation cells are seen to play an important role in granular deformations including the formation of shear bands. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dilation characteristics of confined concrete (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 237-249 
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    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: concrete ; confinement ; dilation ; fibres ; plastics ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Confinement of concrete enhances it strength and ductility by restraining lateral dilation. The accuracy of a confinement model depends on how well it captures the dilation tendency of concrete. In recent years, external confinement of concrete by fibre composites has become increasingly popular for civil infrastructure applications. This includes fibre-wrapping of existing columns or encasement of concrete in a fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) shell. A total of 54-concrete-filled FRP tubes were tested in uniaxial compression under displacement control mode. Full instrumentation of the specimens has allowed the variation of tangent Poisson's ratio for concrete to be captured. The dilation trend of confined concrete is shown to be a function of jacket stiffness. In steel-encased members, once steel yields, confining pressure becomes constant and the jacket renders itself ineffective in containing the dilation of concrete. On the other hand, for linear-elastic materials such as fibre composites, a strain reversal occurs that results in containment of dilation. A method for predicting the dilation is developed that can be easily adopted in any active confinement model. Moreover, a new confinement model for FRP-encased concrete is discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Hypoplastic model for cohesionless soils with elastic strain range (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 279-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: constitutive model ; hypoplasticity ; plasticity ; grain contacts ; intergranular strain ; strain-space plasticity ; recent history ; small strain ; ratcheting ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In order to eliminate ratcheting a so-called intergranular strain has been added to a hypoplastic constitutive model. This additional state variable represents the deformation of the interface layer between the grains. The new concept is outlined and comparisons with and without intergranular strain are presented. Some comments on numerical implementation and determination of material constants are made. A discussion on the uniqueness of the solution and objectivity of the rate of intergranular strain is added. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    An experimental and theoretical study of a partially saturated collapsible rock (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 2 (1997), S. 251-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1082-5010
    Keywords: Pietra Leccesse chalk ; laboratory tests ; constitutive modelling ; capillary forces ; partial saturation ; collapsible rocks ; Engineering ; Civil and Mechanical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Experiments on Pietra Leccese chalk revealed that many of the material parameters describing its mechanical behaviour, such as the Young's modulus, the uniaxial compressive strength and the plastic yield stress, depend strongly on the water saturation and the ensuing capillary suction. The experimental results show that Bishop's generalized effective stress is not by itself adequate to explain the observed behaviour and in particular the spontaneous collapse which may occur upon water injection under stress. An elastoplastic constitutive model for partially-saturated collapsible rocks is proposed where the capillary suction is assumed to affect primarily the material properties related to the intergranular cohesion, such as the elastic stiffness, the plastic tension cut-off and pressure cap parameters. The model builds upon the well- established Mohr-Coulomb theory of elastoplasticity by including a pressure cap and considering the water saturation as an internal variable. In low levels of water saturation, as is often the case in oil reservoir formations, the experimental and theoretical results demonstrate the potential significance of capillary effects on the response of reservoir rocks, a mechanism that has been largely underestimated in the petroleum industry. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Mineral Fillers in Intumescent Fire Retardant Formulations  -  Criteria for the Choice of a Natural Clay Filler for the Ammonium Polyphosphate/Pentaerythritol/Polypropylene System (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 39-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Addition of natural clay materials in intumescent polypropylene-based formulations (additive: ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol) leads either to a decrease or to an increase of their fire retardant performances versus the chemical or the physical characteristics of the clay materials. A study of the factors affecting these performances has been carried out using linear and principal components analysis. This analysis shows that the results of the evaluation tests (LOI and UL 94) are affected in different ways by the adduct of the different clay material and that an increase in the LOI is not necessarily related to an increase in the UL 94 classification. LOI values are improved by the presence of the montmorillonite and of illite clay minerals which may react with acidic phosphate to form active carbonization catelysts, in addition, the results of the LOI test are improved by the presence of quartz and other foreign minerals in the clay materials. This study discusses the part played by the different constitutive minerals in the formation of defects in the polymer chain during the mixing process. It is proposed that the presence of these defects leads to a change in fire retardant performance.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810200101
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    Letter to the Editor: Fire Resistance of Doors (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 111-111 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Abstract
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    A Comparative Study of the Fire Performance of Halogenated and Non-Halogenated Materials for Cable Applications. Part II Tests on Cable (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 17-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A total of 21 electrical cables were made, all with essentially identical construction but differing in the chemical composition of sheath and/or insulatiòn, which were all commercially available materials, both halogenated and non-halogenated. All cables were tested in two large-scale cable tray tests, ASTM D5424 (CSA FT-4 protocol), with a total length of 2.44 m and IEC 332-3, with a total length of 3.5 m. The cables were also tested in a number of small- and medium-scale tests for flame spread (IEC 695-2-2, IEC 332-1, UL 1581 Part VW1, BS 476 Part 12E, DIN 4102 Part 16), temperature increase (DIN 4102 Part 16) and smoke obscuration (IEC 1034-2, BS 476 Part 12E). Finally, all cables were tested in the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660), horizontally, at incident fluxes of 20, 40 and 70 kW m-2. All the cables passed the mild flammability tests, but distinctions could be made based on the afterflame time observed, where halogenated cables outperformed non-halogenated cables by a significant margin. It was also possible to distinguish between the halogenated and non-halogenated cables on the basis of the cable length charred in some tests. In terms of smoke obscuration, it was found that the rankings offered by the various tests were very different. While non-halogenated cables had improved smoke performance over traditional vinyl types, fluorinated cables performed very well. This confirms the importance of material selection by performance rather than by chemical composition. Almost all cables performed sufficiently well that they generated relatively limited amounts of smoke under realistic end-use fire test conditions. The peak heat release rate in the large-scale cable tray test (ASTM D5424) served as an excellent criterion for discriminating between the fire performance of the various cables (the traditional criterion being char length). The average rate of heat released also served to distinguish between different levels of cable fire performance. Moreover, cables passing the test tended to release less heat and smoke than those that failed. The trends observed in the cone calorimeter heat release test were similar to those in the large-scale test and show good correlation between cable tray char length and cone calorimeter heat release. It was observed that the halogenated cables tested performed better than the non-halogenated cables in terms of heat release rate by factors ranging from two to greater than five. The results indicate that cables with excellent fire performance can be constructed by using a variety of materials. It is thus important to specify fire performance and leave material choice to manufacturers.
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    The Accumulation of Flammable Gases in Cone Calorimeter Tests is Responsible for Flash Ignition of Wool and Cotton Samples (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 107-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a possible explanation is presented for the differences found between the fire behaviour of materials in small-scale cone calorimeter tests and the large-scale furniture calorimeter. The results obtained with cone calorimeter/FTIR equipment at 35 kW m-2 will show that the early flash ignitions of typical materials like cotton and wool are due to the liberation of flammable gases during the pyrolysis phase and the typical ignition situation on the cone calorimeter, that is, the presence of a sparking igniter above the sample. This fast flash ignition and the early heat release behaviour on the cone calorimeter may be in contradiction to the early fire growth in other fire tests where the ignition conditions are clearly different from pyrolysis circumstances, that is, ignition via a burning newspaper, match, gas flame, etc.
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    Influence of Ignition Sources on Heat Release Rate in the Furniture Calorimeter (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: When measuring the production rates of heat and smoke of upholstered furniture the ignition source must not influence the test results. In this paper variations in the strength, application time and geometry of the ignition burner used in the furniture calorimeter are studied. Results from replicate furniture calorimeter chair test show that the burning behaviour is almost independent of the burner intensity in the applied regime.Tests on six different furniture items were performed in the furniture calorimeter. The test objects were exposed to three intensity levels of ignition source. The sources were: a large propane burner giving 30 kW during 120 s and a smaller propane burner used at two levels of heat output, 1.7 and 5.8 kW during 90 s. The results showed that the burning behaviour of the furniture was very similar regardless of which burner was used. This was especially evident when the time regime between 50 and 400 kW was studied. The length of this period is a measurement on how quick untenable conditions are developing in a single, well-ventilated compartment.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810200201
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    Design of Light Steel-framed Walls for Fire Resistance (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 79-96 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Light steel-frame building systems are becoming more prevalent in commercial, industrial and residential construction in New Zealand. Tested fire resistance ratings are generally available for non-load-bearing systems, but not for load-bearing applications. This study investigates the performance of load-bearing light steel-frame systems exposed to fire. Methods are presented for calculating the reduction of steel strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures, and for predicting the deflections resulting from temperature gradients and P-Δ effects. Heat transfer modelling by computer is used to predict steel framing temperatures for systems exposed to the standard ISO 834 time-temperature curve and real fires. Three full-scale furnace tests were carried out to evaluate analytical predictions. A design procedure is proposed.
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    Relationship between fire resistance and fire toleranceThis paper is a contibution from the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada and is published with the approval of the Director of the Division. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 2 (1978), S. 154-162 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Much of the information accumulated on the fire resistance of ‘dividing’ elements can be utilized in the design of buildings for fire safety, if the fire tolerance values are converted into fire resistance. Three methods of conversion, one based on the concept of equal temperature-time areas, the second on the concept of equal maximum temperatures, and the third, Law method, are critically examined and handy conversion tools presented. In the case of the ‘key’ elements of buildings, basing the fire safety design on fire resistance information is not recommended.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080101
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    Some aspects of fire safety design on railways (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 6-9 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080103
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    Toxicity of fire effluents: Application of test data (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The application of the results of any fire toxicity test is extremely difficult because of the complexity of the problem and the limitations of the test. This paper will discuss the potential use of test data in the decision-making process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080102
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    The incapacitative effects of exposure to the thermal decomposition products of polyurethane foams (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 10-16 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The mechanisms of incapacitation resulting from exposures to the thermal decomposition products of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams (PUF) were studied over a range of different temperatures under pyrolytic or non-flaming oxidative decomposition conditions. Individual cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to atmospheres increasing in separate experiments from very low concentrations until early physiological signs of incapacitation were detected. When flexible PUF was pyrolysed at 900°C and rigid PUF was oxidized at 600°C, clear atmospheres containing CO and HCN were produced and the signs of toxicity were very similar to those produced by HCN gas alone, consisting of an episode of hyperventilation followed by a semi-conscious state. Pyrolysis of flexible PUF at 600°C and 300°C produced a dense yellow smoke but no HCN. The signs, consisting of hyperventilation throughout exposure and dyspnoea afterwards, were consistent with pulmonary irritation, Since TDI monmer is not present at 6000 C it is concluded that some as-yet unidentified but highly irritant chemical species is present in smoke from flexible PUF.
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    Flame-retardant paints (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 17-19 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Flame-retardant paints have been developed which can considerably upgrade the performance of combustible substrates in surface spread of flame test, but there is uncertainty as to their benefit in a real fire situation. This is partly owing to the lack of agreement on laboratory test methods and even of their value. Flame-retardant paints commercially available in the United Kingdom are of two types, the intumescent type and the antimony oxide type, and their mechanism of action is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080105
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    Rate of heat release measurements with the Swedish box test (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 20-27 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Swedisn box apparatus was modified to include an oxygen analysis of the exhaust gases to be compared with the conventional exhaust gas temperature measurement. A slow-burning material shows good correlation between the temperature measurement and the rate of heat release. A fast-burning material, however, consumes all the available oxygen, and the temperature measurement becomes a measure of only the thermal properties of the material.
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    An investigation of fire plume impingement on a horizontal ceiling. 1 - Plume region (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 28-39 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental study of buoyant, axisymmetric, turbulent, diffusion flames is described. Measurements included profiles of mean velocity, mean temperature and mean concentrations of major species for flames having heat release rates of 1.67 and 8.51 kW. An integral model was developed and calibrated with both present and earlier measurements. Empirical constants account for flow entrainment and rates of fuel consumption. Overall, the integral model provided satisfactory predictions of bulk velocity, temperature and concentrations in both combusting and non-combusting plumes.
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    A procedure to calculate fire resistance of structural members (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 40-48 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Progress in the field of theoretical prediction of fire resistance has been rapid in recent years. A procedure has been developed at the National Research Council of Canada for calculation of the fire resistance of structural members. The various steps in the construction of a mathematical model to calculate temperatures, deformations and strength are shown using as an example the calculation of the fire resistance of a cylindrical tubular steel column filled with concrete. A comparison of results calculated using the model with those of a fire test is also discussed.
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    Reply to ‘toxicity of Teflon®: Similar results obtained with radient-convective heat sources or in hot fire gases’ (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 55-56 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080111
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    Home Office Legislation, Regulations and Controls in the UK in respect of premises within the scope of the Fire Precautions Act 1971 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 49-53 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Fire Precautions Act 1971, in contrast with previous legislation, is directed exclusively to the provision of fire precautions in buildings after occupation. The system of control is by fire certificate and can be applied to a class of premise (listed in Section 1) by means of a designating order. In the case of any particular use of premise, the Secretary of State, under Section 12, may by Regulation, make provision as to precautions which are to be taken in relation to the risk to persons in case of fire.
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    Toxicity of Teflon®, similar results obtained with radiant-convective heat sources or in the hot fire gases (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 54-55 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080110
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    Reply to: ‘combustion product toxicity: Dependence on the mode of product generation’ and ‘Toxicity of Teflon®: Similar results obtained with radiant-convective heat sources or in hot gases’ (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 56-56 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080112
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080201
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    Test methods and standards. Fire performance of products (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 64-68 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: More than 700 standardized rules for fire testing are used round the world in order to assess the fire safety of materials, products and constructions in different technical fields. This article discusses the reasons for this variety of test methods and evaluation systems and the attempts to create systematic models in this special field of material testing, including new suggestions and developments in ISO and CIB for future approaches.
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    Predicting flash fire protection of clothing from laboratory tests using second-degree burn to rate performance (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 57-63 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Laboratory tests have been developed that evaluate realistically the protective performance of clothing materials and garments. Test conditions are chosen to stress the high temperature resistance of materials in the same manner as in an industrial flash fire exposure. A second degree burn in human tissue is used as the criteria to ate performance of materials. Test results have been correlated between the small-scale lab swatch test and a full-scale instrumented manikin garment test, and these results related to industrial experience. The TPP lab test has been found useful in evaluating the performance of candidate materials as replacement for existing materials with known acceptable protective performance. It can be used to specify the level of protection needed in a garment when the intensity of the exposure hazard is known. Also, the test is especially useful for developing new materials and selecting candidates for additional field testing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080202
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    Effective thermal inertia in relation to normalized heat load (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Normalized heart load, obtained by dividing heat absorption by thermal inertia, is a quantity useful in building design for relating fire severity in fully developed compartment fires to fire severity in standard fire resistance tests. Harmathy has shown how normalized heat load may be used for determining required fire resistance in projected buildings. The present work describes how effective values of thermal inertia can be calculated for such important materials as brick and concrete, both normal and lightweight, for which thermal properties depend strongly upon temperature.
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    Application of test results to analysis and control of fire growth hazards (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Some examples of the application of fire tests to hazard and risk assessment and some of the problems to be encountered are described. Reference is made to theoretical studies designed to show how to obtain basic data on material properties from ignitability and flame spread tests, and recent correlations of the rate of heat release required to cause flashover are presented. Progress in predicting fire growth from theory for certain idealized conditions will increasingly condition the choice of which processes shall be the subject of tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080204
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080301
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    Development of the cone calorimeter - A bench-scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumptionThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Combustion of plastics ; combustion properties ; fire tests ; heat of combustion ; ignitability ; oxygen consumption ; rate of heat release ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new bench-scale rate of heat release calorimeter utilizing the oxygen consumption principle has been developed for use in fire testing and research. Specimens may be of uniform or composite construction and may be tested in a horizontal, face-up orientation, or, for those which do not melt, in a vertical orientation. An external irradiance of zero to over 100 kW m-2 may be imposed by means of a temperature-controlled radiant heater. The rate of heat release is determined by measuring combustion product gas flow and oxygen depletion, while the mass loss is also recorded simultaneously. The instrument has been designed to be capable of higher accuracy than existing instruments and yet to be simple to operate and moderate in construction cost. The instrument is thermed a ‘cone calorimeter’ because of the geometric arrangement of the electric heater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080206
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    Failure probabilities of constructions designed for fire resistance (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 96-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: ‘Normalized heat load’ is a quantifier of the destructive potential of fires, real-world compartment fires and test fires alike. For real-world fires it is subject to some uncertainties owing to the random nature of two of the variables it depends on: ventilation and fire load. For test fires also it is subject to uncertainties owing to a moderate degree of randomness that characterizes the results of test fires. A procedure is described for predicting the failure probability in fire of the boundaries of a compartment designed for fire resistance on the basis of information concerning the characteristics of the compartment and the design value of the fire load. The procedure is essentially deterministic, employing statistical considerations only as far as required by the nature of some of the input variables. With the aid of second-moment analysis, it is possible, furthermore, to design the compartment boundaries for appropriate target failure probabilities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080207
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    A room fire simulation model (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An interactive computer program for simulating the early fire growth in an enclosure is described. The enclosure is assumed to be divided into distinct homogeneous zones. The rate of heat release is defined for the fire and the conservation equations are solved for the zones, yielding the temperature and radiant heat conditions in the fire room. The purpose of the work was to develop a computer program to be used by people working with fire engineering applications and having little experience in computer calculations. The user converses with the program via a terminal connected to the computer. The dialogue is governed by commands adapted to the concepts of the user. Results of the computer model are compared with measured data of the burning of wood and plastic cribs in an enclosure, showing a good agreement between measured and calculated results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080208
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    Specification of combustible materials for passenger train design (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 113-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The general nature of fire problems on energy-conservative passenger trains is described, including a description of vehicle structures and lightweight design. Effects of high energy demand, tunnels and high maximum speeds on fire safety are outlined. The considerations used in design analysis are described, beginning with the development of a ‘worst-case fire scenario’. Typical combustible materials are considered and some of the reasons for choices are given. Notes on cavity and chimney effects emphasize the importance of clear objectives. Structural fire resistance is examined, and the basis of conventional recommendations analysed. The application of British Standard 6336 guidelines on fire tests and hazard assessment is examined. Limitation of fire load density is described, and some problems of calorific value determination outlined. Sources of ignition and hazards from passengers are defined. Flammability and flame-spread control are discussed, and rate of heat release is referred to in the context of fire behaviour. Problems of passenger escape linked to flashover, smoke and combustion gases are dealt with briefly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080302
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    Characterization of the burning behaviour of polymeric materials (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Measurements of the limits of flaming and smoldering combustion and relative rates of burning under elevated temperatures and oxygen-depleted conditions have been used to characterize the fire behaviour of polymeric materials using a semi-empicical approach (based on scientific theory) in terms of Power Law Indices. The work was based on modified current tests; namely the Limiting Oxygen Index (ASTM D2863) at elevated temperatures and the Setchkin Flash and Self-Ignition Test (ASTM D1929) modified to operate in oxygen-depleted atmospheres and to record rate of weight loss. Results show that the relative flammability and rate of burning of materials can change markedly with fire environment, and confirms the need to test materials lunder conditions representative of those of the anticipated end-use hazard.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080304
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    Burning, pyrolysis, combustion and charoxidation. Need for clarifying terminology (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 224-226 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The vague meaning of the word ‘burning’ has long created communication difficulties among fire scientists, and has to unwarranted conclusions. It is suggested that the word ‘burning’ be used as an umbrella term, covering up to three dissimilar types of reactions: pyrolysis or gasification, (gas-phase) combustion, and char-oxidation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080408
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    Rate of heat release by oxygen consumption in an open test arrangement (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 206-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: building materials ; fire tests ; heat release rate ; oxygen consumption ; spectral energy distribution ; weight measurement ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for measuring the rate of heat release from building materials in an open test arrangement. The method is based on an oxygen consumption technique. A vertical sample is placed under an open hood in which the combustion gases and a certain amount of air are collected. The decrease in oxygen concentration and the mass flow of the gases are measured in the exhaust duct. The rate of heat release is then calculated. The equipment has been calibrated with good agreement between input and measured effects. The total response time for the system is 10s. The method has been used for testing building materials at radiation intensities up to 5W Cm-2. It is able to distinguish between different board materials, and the repeatability is good, The paper describes the equipment, including the weighing of a burning sample and the selection of test condition. Smoke and gas analysis can be added when desirable. Some test results with building materials are also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080406
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    Load-bearing Capacity of Nailed Joints Exposed to Fire (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 133-143 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Nailed joints with wood members were exposed simultaneously to standard fire and constant load. Different loads were applied in the range of 0.1 to 0.6 of the estimated failure load at normal temperature. Measurements of the rate of charring and the temperature were used to determine the temperature profiles and further to estimate the reduction in the strength properties. The test results are compared with calculations based on the theory of K. W. Johansen. Three different relations between the reduction of embedding strength and the temperature were investigated. For one of these relations, the theory agrees well with the results obtained in the fire tests. The results of the calculations also show that there is a considerable reduction of the embedding strength during the first period of fire.
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    Is PVC in House Fires the Great Unknown Source of Dioxin? (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An estimate of the annual generation of polychlorodibenzodioxins and furans (PCDD/F) in the United States as a result of PVC burning in house fires is made using building data and fire loss statistics and soot and ash samples obtained from laboratory experiments and building fires involving PVC. Using conservative estimates for construction, fire involvement and formation, dioxin generation from PVC in house fires is estimated to be in the range of 0.074 to 8.6g TEQ yr-1 as soot, 0.4 to 14g TEQ yr-1 as ash, and thus 0.47 to 23g TEQ yr-1 total. The maximum likelihood estimate is approximately 0.3g TEQ yr-1 as soot and 1g TEQyr-1 as ash. Any of these estimates constitutes a minuscule fraction of the 9300g annual air emissions or the 20000-50000g (TEQ) annual deposition from the air estimated by EPA.
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    Spontaneous Ignition of Oil-contaminated Cotton Fabric (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different oil contaminants on the spontaneous ignition behavior of cotton fabric. A series of treated fabrics with different oil contamination percentages was investigated and compared. Measurements were designed and carried out to determine the average time-to-ignition and to study the thermal behavior of systems containing cellulose. The results showed that the time-to-ignition of the contaminated samples has notably decreased, particularly at relatively low temperatures (350-450°C). However, at higher temperatures such effects became insignificant. Differential Thermal Analysis measurements were used to explain the mechanism by which the oils affect the thermal behavior of the sample. The heat evolved due to the oxidation of the oil content is sufficient to increase the rate of cotton depolymerization at the expense of the dehydration mechanism. In other words, the heat evolved promotes the formation of volatiles which are not char precursors.
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    Thermogravimetric Studies of the Pyrolytic Behaviour in Air of Selected Tropical Timbers (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A number of common tropical timbers have been subjected to thermal analytical investigation as part of a wider research programme under air atmospheric conditions. Thermal parameters obtained were correlated with oven-dry densities of the timbers. Two well-defined pyrolysis stages have been observed which occur over the temperature ranges 201-426°C and 397-557°C. The kinetics of the thermal degradation of the timbers were obtained using Broido's analytical procedure. These results were interpreted on the basis of the known mechanism of pyrolysis and the calculated kinetic parameters were discussed within the context of other published values for cellulose.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810200501
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    Effect of Ammonium Hydrogen Carbonate and Sodium Bromide on the Flammability of Hardboard (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 297-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fire retardancy properties of hardboard treated with ammonium hydrogen carbonate (AHC) and sodium bromide were investigated by measuring their ignition time and flame temperature. An increase in ignition time and lowered flame temperature were observed with increased flame retardant (FR) concentration. AHC was found to be less effective as a fire retardant for this material. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Meeting Report: Wood & Fire Safety, 3rd International Scientific Conference, The High Tatras, Slovakia, 6-9 May 1996 (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 305-305 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Abstract
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    Note: Autoignition Temperature of Selected Polymers at Elevated Oxygen Pressure and Their Heat of Combustion (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 301-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Autoignition temperature and heat of combustion are two important parameters in determining the oxygen compatibility of materials. This study investigates the autoignition temperature of 32 polymers at an elevated oxygen pressure of 10.3 MPa and reports their heat of combustion. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810200601
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    UK Research into Protection from Flame and Intense Heat for Military PersonnelPresented at the 21st International Fire Safety Conference, San Francisco, January 1996, and reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Brittanic Majesty's Stationary Office. (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 293-295 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The philosophy behind research into personal protection from flame and intense heat for UK military personnel is addressed. The threat is examined as are methods of measurement and assessment. Finally an overview of the novel techniques which are being pursued at the Science and Technology Division is given. © British Crown Copyright 1996/MOD.
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    An integral model for the transient pyrolysis of solid materials (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 7-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The modelling of the spread of fire and its extinguishment still represents a significant challenge. As part of a combined experimental and computational study of fires we have developed a general Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of fire spread and extinguishment. The primary objective was to produce a flexible computational tool which can be used by engineers and scientists for design or research purposes. The present paper deals with the description and validation of a solid pyrolysis model which has been applied, as a sub-model, in this general computer fire code. The pyrolysis model has been formulated using the heat-balance integral method. The model can be applied to slabs of char forming solids, such as wood, as well as non-charring thermoplastic materials, such as PMMA. Results are compared with analytical solutions, numerical simulations and experimental data. In all cases the integral model performs well. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Testing of mattress composites in the cone calorimeter (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation of cone calorimeter test procedures was performed using two types of mattress composites with various specimen preparations and equipment configurations. The objective was to discover suitable procedures for testing mattress composites. Concurrent with this work a much larger and more sophisticated project known as CBUF was underway in Europe. One of CBUF's secondary objectives was to provide an appropriate test protocol for testing upholstered furniture composites, including mattresses. Most of the CBUF protocol was available at the time of this study and a modified form of the specimen preparation technique was used in this investigation. Preliminary tests found unacceptable test performance with some configurations. Subsequent testing examined variations of the established test protocols and other test procedures. The data sample was small, but observations of the data indicate trends that might be attributable to the use of the different procedures. Significantly it was determined that the edge frame used to hold specimens in place during the test does affect the test results. A modified CBUF protocol proved to be the best procedure, but it requires extensive experience with the CBUF specimen preparation method in order to be able to produce satisfactory specimens. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A Review of Research and an Experimental Study on the Pulsation of Buoyant Diffusion Flames and Pool Fires (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 261-271 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reviews the past research, experimental techniques and scaling relationships used in the studies of oscillatory buoyant diffusion flames and reports an experimental investigation conducted to determine the pulsating characteristics of such flames. The experimental data were obtained by using three techniques, namely, pressure fluctuation measurements, thermal imaging and high-speed video photography. Present findings are compared with data sets reported in the literature and correlations for pulsation frequency suggested by previous studies are independently verified. Analysis of the experimental data on frequency of pulsations in different burners shows that for a fixed-diameter flame the pulsation frequency is almost independent of fuel flow rate. The equation f=1.68D-0.5 gives the best approximation for the relationship between pulsating frequency and diameter over a wide range of data. An alternative way of expressing the relationship between the key variables is St=0.52*(1/Fr)0.505. This proves to be a better way of expressing the relationship since it can include the effect of the fuel flow rate. Slight modifications to this expression allows prediction of flame oscillations under elevated/reduced gravity and isothermal buoyant plumes. This relationship and the observations of the present study confirm the hydrodynamic nature of flame puffing: interplay of buoyancy and fluid motion. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Quantitative Models for Prediction of Toxic Component Concentrations in Smoke Gases from FTIR Spectra (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 273-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper an overview is given of several methods for quantitative analysis of FTIR spectra. Each method has its particular advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, depending on the gas component to be analysed in smoke gas spectra, an optimal choice of method has to be made. This choice depends on several different aspects:• Is the spectral band of interest free of interfering components?• Does the absorption-concentration relation show strong deviations from Beer's law?• Are significant baseline corrections necessary?• Does the applied model need to warn for the presence of unexpected components?• Is it sufficient to use only a few wavenumbers or is a full-spectrum method necessary?It will not be easy to make the appropriate choice. However, in some cases, statistics can help, in others, a good rule of thumb is to keep the choice as simple as possible. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    News (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 20 (1996), S. 306-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810200608
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    Effect of Melting Behaviour on Upward Flame Spread of Thermoplastics (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of melting behaviour on upward flame spread of thermoplastic materials when subjected to small ignition sources and considered to suffer no external flux was studied using large-scale tests. For moderate fire conditions the cone calorimeter was utilized, with the sample set in a vertical orientation to study the melting behaviour of the specimens. Under these conditions the results indicate that the melting behaviour significantly affects upward flame spread behaviour. A pool of the melt which formed at the base of the vertically oriented sample tested creates a pool fire which then controls the fire growth and flame spread. In contrast, it was found that some thermoplastic materials which have higher glass transition temperatures or undergo a special pyrolysis process such as depolymerization, intumescing or charring do not experience significant melting behaviour when exposed to the same thermal insult. As a result, they behave very differently in terms of upward flame spread. The study also indicates that the melting behaviour of thermoplastic materials is an important characteristic in fires which should be taken into account in the development of modelling, in particular for upward flame spread models. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Note: Use of the cone calorimeter for testing non-planar products (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 51-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No Abstract
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    Mathematical models to analyse the effect of physical properties of cigarettes on the propensity of the cigarette to ignite cellulosic fabrics (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A series of 37 cigarettes were analysed to develop a model, based on cigarette physical properties, to predict the ignition propensity of the cigarettes towards cellulosic fabrics. The properties used were: cigarette circumference (in mm), tobacco packing density (in g cm-2), paper permeability (in CORESTA units) and the presence or absence of citrate additives in the paper (used independent of concentration, although typical additions range from 0.5 to 0.8 wt%). Two empirical models were developed, one for low and medium paper permeabilities, and one for very high paper permeabilities (above 50 CORESTA units). The latter exceed the paper permeability of most commercial cigarettes, and have medium to high ignition propensities. Thus, they are probably only of interest from the point of view of a mathematical curiosity. The former model, however, addresses cigarettes in the range where commercial cigarettes are potentially viable. The resulting ignition propensities exhibited cover the entire feasible range, from 0% to 100%. Both models predicted the ignition propensities of the tested cigarettes quite well, within an error range which did not exceed 30% for any cigarette. Physical rationales are presented for the effects of the variables used. However, the rationale for the discontinuity in ignition propensity found for the cigarettes with extremely high paper permeability is less clear. One explanation is that there is probably excess oxygen present so that a fuel/oxygen mixture is obtained with a ratio which is less than the lower flammability limits and is too lean to support combustion. However, further analysis of this issue is warranted. The empirical model for low and medium paper permeability cigarettes is potentially useful for developing cigarettes with lower ignition propensity, since it is a practical way of combining the individual properties that most heavily affect cigarette ignition propensity. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Sandwich panel performance in full-scale and bench-scale fire tests (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 53-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire hazard assessments must be primarily driven by life safety variables. Concern is often highly focused on toxicity issues, since fire deaths, in the majority of cases, are found (in whole or in part) to be due to toxic gas inhalation. Procedures have recently been published by ISO, wherein the toxicity assessment of fire products is focused primarily on bench-scale testing for toxic potency (the ‘per-gram toxicity’). Yet hazards of products with regards to fire toxicity may be determined much more by their differences in burning rates than by any differences in toxic potency. Burning rates are not assessed in the pertinent standards (ISO 13344 and ISO TR 9122). For most product categories, techniques for predicting full-scale burning rates from bench-scale data are not yet in hand. Thus, today the best means of comparing actual, full-scale toxic fire hazards is the full-scale fire test, equipped with additional gas measuring instrumentation. Such an approach is not among the recommended methods of the international standards, yet it is the only one with innate validity. In the present work, a series of sandwich panel products were tested in a full-scale room configuration. Bench-scale comparison was made to the ISO 5660 Cone Calorimeter and the DIN 53436 tube furnace. The toxic gases were quantified in all cases by chemical analysis. The product which showed the best performance in the full-scale tests (rock wool insulated sandwich panel) did not achieve a good fire toxicity performance due to minimization of toxic potency. Instead, the successful performance was attributed wholly to reduction of burning rate. Bench-scale measurements of toxic potency were shown to lack relevance to reality in such cases where even the full-scale toxic potency is not a determining factor. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The influence of novel zinc hydroxystannate-coated fillers on the fire properties of flexible PVC (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS), at levels of 2-5 phr, and the hydrated fillers, magnesium hydroxide (MH) and alumina trihydrate (ATH), at levels of 20-50 phr, are effective flame retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible PVC. Novel ZHS-coated hydrated fillers are found to exhibit markedly improved fire-retardant properties, particularly with regard to increasing LOI values, reducing heat release rates and suppressing smoke generation, when compared with conventional uncoated forms. The ZHS coating appears to change the filler particle morphology and there is evidence that the coating is largely retained on the filler surface after melt processing into the PVC. The improved dispersion of the active tin compound in the polymer matrix leads to enhanced fire retardancy and this, in turn, allows significant reductions to be made in overall filler loading, with no loss in flame-retardant or smoke-suppressant performance. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The cone calorimeter used for predictions of the full-scale burning behaviour of upholstered furniture (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 95-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the EC-sponsored CBUF (Combustion Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture) study three different models were developed for using Cone Calorimeter results to predict full-scale furniture burning. Model I is a correlation-based approach and has the most comprehensive coverage of styles and furniture types. Model II is based on area-convolution. It has been developed, so far, for several of the common upholstered furniture styles. Model III is based on an extension of a thermal flame spread model and is here developed only for mattresses. Models II and III offer the prediction of the burning item's time history, while Model I computes the peak HRR, the time to peak, and several other primary characteristics. The predictability of all three models is good. At present, the models presented do not consider furniture with plastic frames, and only a limited predictability is offered for office-type furnitures items which contain a hard-plastic shell. The models offer a very significant improvement over the existing state of the art. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Correlation of closed-cup flash points with normal boiling points for silicone and general organic compounds (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A correlation has been developed between closed-cup flash points and normal boiling points for silicone compounds. In addition, a more general correlation has been developed between these two properties for the general organic compounds, including silicone compounds. The closed-cup flash points can be predicted using empirical equations. The standard errors of estimate are 11.06 and 11.66°C for silicone compounds and general organic compounds (including silicone compounds), respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Flame retardant and mechanical properties of a copolymer PP/PE containing brominated compounds/antimony trioxide blends and magnesium hydroxide or talc (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The incorporation of two brominated compounds/antimony trioxide blends into a PP-PE copolymer were studied. Both brominated trimethylphenyl indane (FR 1808) and poly(pentabromobenzyl acrylate) (FR 1025) confer good flame retardancy at 40% loading. A comparison was made with the incorporation of magnesium hydroxide at higher loadings (up to 64%) in the same copolymer. The mineral filler improves both fire resistance and stiffness of the copolymer, nevertheless the high loading causes a dramatic decrease in impact resistance. Moreover, the necessary surface treatment of the filler significantly lowers the maximal tensile strength. In order to maximize both fire resistance and mechanical properties, we combined each brominated flame-retardant system (20% in weight) with magnesium hydroxide or talc (20% in weight). Talc is used as reference. These composites show interesting fire-retardant properties in comparison with the copolymers containing only 40% of the brominated flame-retardant systems. In addition, the mechanical properties are on the whole improved. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A comparative study of combustibility and surface flammability of building materials (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Results are presented of a project to evaluate the combustibility and surface flammability of building interior finish materials commonly used in Taiwan. The project was conducted at the Fire Laboratory of the Architecture and Building Research Institute in Taipei. Eighteen different wall-covering materials were tested according to Chinese National Standard (CNS) 6532, which is equivalent to Japanese Industry Standard (JIS) 1321, and according to ASTM E 1354-92 (Cone calorimeter). A comparison of test results is presented, and a qualitative relationship is developed between the performance in the two methods. The classification system for degrees of combustibility developed in Canada by Richardson and Brooks was hereby used to group materials based in performance in the ASTM test method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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