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  • Articles  (4,477)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: fixed bed reactor ; immobilization ; dialysis technique ; hybridoma cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract An industrial scale reactor concept for continuous cultivation of immobilized animal cells (e.g. hybridoma cells) in a radial-flow fixed bed is presented, where low molecular weight metabolites are removed via dialysis membrane and high molecular products (e.g. monoclonal antibodies) are enriched. In a new “nutrient-split” feeding strategy concentrated medium is fed directly to the fixed bed unit, whereas a buffer solution is used as dialysis fluid. This feeding strategy was investigated in a laboratory scale reactor with hybridoma cells for production of monoclonal antibodies. A steady state monoclonal antibody concentration of 478 mg l-1 was reached, appr. 15 times more compared to the concentration reached in chemostat cultures with suspended cells. Glucose and glutamine were used up to 98%. The experiments were described successfully with a kinetic model for immobilized growing cells. Conclusions were drawn for scale-up and design of the large scale system. Abbreviations: cGlc – glucose concentration, mmol l-1; cGln – glutamine concentration, mmol l-1; cAmm – ammonia concentration, mmol l-1; cLac – lactate concentration, mmol l-1; cMAb – MAb concentration, mg l-1; D – dilution rate, d-1; Di – dilution rate in the inner chamber of the membrane dialysis reactor, d-1; D0 – dilution rate in the outer chamber of the membrane dialysis reactor, d-1; q*FB,Glc – volume specific glucose uptake rate related to the fixed bed volume, mmol lFB -1 h-1; q*FB,Gln – volume specific glutamine uptake rate related to the fixed bed volume, mmol lFB -1 h-1.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: monoclonal antibody ; immobilization ; collagen gel ; BHK ; productivity ; recombinant ; high density culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Animal cell perfusion high density culture is often adopted for the production of biologicals in industry. In high density culture sometimes the productivity of biologicals has been found to be enhanced. Especially in immobilized animal cell culture, significant increase in the productivity has been reported. We have found that the specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) productivity of an immobilized hybridoma cell is enhanced more than double. Several examples of enhancing productivities have been also shown by collagen immobilized cells. Immobilized cells involve some different points from non-immobilized cells in high density culture: In immobilized culture, some cells are contacted together, resulting in locally much higher cell concentration more than 108 cells/ml. Information originating from a cell can be easily transduced to the others in immobilized culture because the distance between cells is much nearer. Here we have performed collagen gel immobilized culture of recombinant BHK cells which produce a human IgG monoclonal antibody in a protein-free medium for more than three months. In this high density culture a stabilized monoclonal antibody production was found with around 8 times higher specific monoclonal antibody productivity compared with that in a batch serum containing culture. No higher MAb productivity was observed using a conditioned medium which was obtained from the high density culture, indicating that no components secreted from the immobilized cells work for enhancing monoclonal antibody production. The MAb productivity by the non-immobilized cells obtained by dissolving collagen using a collagenase gradually decreased and returned to the original level in the batch culture using a fresh medium. This suggests that the direct contact of the cells or a very close distance between the cells has something to do with the enhancement of the MAb productivity, and the higher productivity is kept for a while in each cell after they are drawn apart.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; immobilization ; laccase ; olive oil mill wastewater ; white rot fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW) by Coriolus versicolor and Funalia trogii was investigated. Initial COD concentration, agitation and inoculum size were all found to be significant for biodegradation. Adding glucose, sulphate or nitrogen had no effect on biodegradation. During growth in optimum conditions, C.versicolor removed approximately 63% COD, 90% phenol and 65% colour within 6 days and F. trogii removed approximately 70% COD, 93% phenol and 81% colour of the OOMW used. The fungi also excreted large amounts of extracellular laccase into the medium. High biodegradation yields were also obtained by fungi immobilized in calcium alginate gels.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Glutaraldehyde ; immobilization ; monochloroacetic acid ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Isostatisches Heißpressen ; SiC ; Gefüge ; Dichte ; Porosität ; Festigkeit ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: NOx-Bildung ; Brennstoffstickstoff ; Stufenverbrennung ; Stufenmischbrenner ; Feuerungen ; Umsatzgrade zu NO ; Stickoxide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 223-225 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: The role and use of experimental laboratory-scale models for predicting the performance of an industrial gas-liquid reactor. The aim of the present work is to illustrate the usefulness of experimental laboratory-scale models for simulating the operation of industrial gas-liquid reactors. After defining the term simulation and establishing the necessary simulation criteria, the authors present various experimental laboratory-scale models and characterize them by the criteria so as to enable selection of one of these models for simulating the operation of an industrial gas-liquid contactor. The respective principles of the differential and integral simulation of an industrial absorber by a “point” model or by an “integral” model are discussed and illustrated with the aid of practical examples. The differential simulation of a packed column by a laboratory agitator vessel and the integral simulation of a pilot scale liquid motivated venturi jet scrubber by a laminar jet are dealt with in detail. Finally, a few industrial applications of this technique published in the literature are presented.
    Notes: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Wert und Nutzen der experimentellen Simulation von Labormodellen bei der verfahrenstechnischen Auslegung von industriellen Gas/Flüssigkeits-Reaktoren hervorzuheben. Der Begriff „Simulation“ wird definiert, und die bei dieser Methode notwendigen Kenngrößen werden hergeleitet; die verschiedenen Laborapparate, die als Modelle in Frage kommen, werden vorgestellt; für jeden von ihnen werden die Bereiche der oben genannten Kenngrößen angegeben, so daß es möglich wird, das für die Simulation eines gegebenen industriellen Gas/Flüssigkeits-Reaktors brauchbare Labormodell auszuwählen. Die Prinzipien der differentiellen (mit einem „Punktmodell“) und der integralen Simulation (mit einem „vollständigen“ Modell) werden dargestellt. Einige praktische Beispiele werden gegeben; auf zwei Anwendungen wird näher eingegangen: die differentielle Simulation einer Füllkörperkolonne mit einem Labor-Rührkesselreaktor und die integrale Simulation eines Venturi-Flüssigkeitsstrahlwäschers durch einen laminaren Strahl. Schließlich werden die bis jetzt veröffentlichten industriellen Anwendungen dieser Simulationsmethode vorgestellt.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 12
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 272-274 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Sieden ; kapillarporöse Strukturen ; Wärme-Rohre(heatpipes) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 14
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 295-295 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Naßoxidation ; Zimmermann-Prozeß ; Kosten ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Finite-Element-Methode ; elastisch-plastische Spannungsanalyse ; Bruchmechanik ; Bauteilzähigkeit ; Versagenshypothesen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 302-302 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 17
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 18
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 344-351 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methodology of scaling up chemical reactors. Although numerous publications emphasise the necessity of a systematic approach in the scaling-up of reactors, this is not always adequately observed in practice. The methodology of scaling-up not only pertains to the chemical reactor itself, but also to all essential components of a chemical process. This article deals exclusively with the scaling-up of reactors, since the extrapolation of reactor parameters presents the greatest difficulties. A description of the mode of approach is followed by an account of how the methodology can be employed, using a few practical examples for illustration.
    Notes: Obwohl die Notwendigkeit einer systematischen Vorgehensweise bei der Maßstabsvergrößerung von Reaktoren in mehreren Veröffentlichungen betont wird, wird dies leider nicht immer hinreichend beachtet. Die Methodik bei der Maßstabsvergrößerung betrifft nicht nur den chemischen Reaktor selbst, sondern auch alle wesentliche Komponenten eines chemischen Verfahrens. Im folgenden wird ausschließlich die Maßstabsvergrößerung von Reaktoren behandelt, weil die Extrapolation der Reaktoren die größten Schwierigkeiten bereitet. Nach der Beschreibung der Vorgehensweise wird anhand einiger praktischer Beispiele gezeigt, wie die Methodik angewendet werden kann.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 379-383 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Suspensionspolymerisation ; Fließbetrieb ; Vinylacetat ; Verweilzeitverteilung ; Teilchengrößenverteilung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Fließbett ; Wirbelschicht ; Gasverteiler ; Blasen ; hydrierende Kohlevergasung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 398-400 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 25
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 446-449 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: The state of the art of extraction with compressed gases. Gases under high pressure have the properties of solvents. Their utilization has led to the development of novel methods of separation, extending materials separation process engineering by a new group of process techniques. Catalysts can be dissolved in high-density gas phases and thus effect favourable reaction conditions.In the neighbourhood of the critical temperature, liquid-like densities of the compressed gas are already achieved at relatively moderate pressures in the range from 50 to about 300 bar. A comparatively high solvent power of the gaseous phase ensues. This property of a compressed gas can be varied within wide limits by a change of pressure and temperature. With decreasing density it approaches the behaviour of a normal gas, with increasing density that of a liquid. Thus, there is the possibility of separating out the dissolved material again. The working temperature of such a process is largely determined by the critical temperature of the gas employed. Since a number of readily available gases have critical temperatures in the region up to 50°C, the first separations to be examined during the development of this process were those of temperature-sensitive and low-volatile mixtures. Polar materials having substantially higher critical temperatures such as ammonia, methanol and water promise a further series of possible applications.
    Notes: Gase unter hohem Druck haben die Eigenschaften von Lösungsmitteln. Ihre Verwendung führt zu neuartigen Trennverfahren, die die Verfahrenstechnik der Stofftrennung um eine Gruppe neuer Verfahrensweisen erweitern. In der chemischen Reaktionstechnik können Katalysatoren in Gasphasen hoher Dichte gelöst und dadurch günstige Reaktionsbedingungen bewirkt werden.In der Nähe der kritischen Temperatur werden bei relativ mäßigen Drücken im Bereich von 50 bis etwa 300 bar bereits flüssigkeitsähnliche Dichten des komprimierten Gases erreicht. Es ergibt sich eine vergleichsweise hohe Lösefähigkeit der gasförmigen Phasen. Diese Eigenschaft eines komprimierten Gases kann durch Ändern von Druck und Temperatur in weiten Grenzen variiert werden. Mit abnehmender Dichte nähert es sich dem Verhalten eines normalen Gases, mit zunehmender Dichte dem einer Flüssigkeit. Somit ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, die gelösten Stoffe wieder auszufällen. Durch die kritische Temperatur des verwendeten Gases ist die Arbeitstemperatur eines solchen Verfahrens weitgehend festgelegt. Da eine Reihe leicht verfügbarer Gase kritische Temperaturen im Bereich bis 50°C besitzen, wurde bei Entwicklung dieser Verfahren zunächst die Trennung temperaturempfindlicher und schwerflüchtiger Stoffmischungen behandelt. Darüber hinaus versprechen polare Stoffe mit erheblich höher liegenden kritischen Temperaturen wie Ammoniak, Methanol und Wasser eine Reihe weiterer Anwendungsmöglichkeiten.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 565-567 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 571-571 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Luftspaltrohr ; Wärmedurchgang ; Kühlung ; Reaktoren ; Katalyse ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 576-577 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Abstrom-Blasensäule ; Gasverdichtung ; Gasförderung ; Strahlpumpe ; Venduri-Düse ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Flüssig/Flüssig-Extraktion ; System Wasser/Aceton/Toluol ; anionaktive Tenside ; Natriumalkylsulfate ; Natrium-n-alkyl-etheralkoholsulfate ; Salz-Einfluß ; aufsteigender Tropfen ; Dispergierung ; Stoffübergang ; Grenzflächenspannung ; kritische Mizellbildungskonzentration ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 580-581 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: volumetrischer Stoffübergangskoeffizient ; Hydrazin-Oxidation ; Katalyse ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 586-586 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 587-591 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Basis for reliable production in the chemical industry. Adoption of stepwise procedures and repeated testing as well as systematic analysis of breakdowns are essential steps in the development, design, and operation of reliable chemical plant. This can be convincingly demonstrated by means of the fundamental approaches employed. However, a discussion of some of the methods of systematic reliability analysis and their application to a simple example reveal the limitations of reliability assurance measures. Reliability in the field of chemistry cannot be quantified at the planning stage. Nevertheless, it can be demonstrated by reference to all experience gained so far that state-of-the-art chemical plant are sufficiently reliable.
    Notes: Schrittweises Vorgehen und ständig wiederkehrende Überprüfungen sowie systematische Störungsanalysen sind wesentliche Elemente bei Entwicklung, Planung und Betrieb sicherer Chemieanlagen. Das läßt sich anhand der grundsätzlichen Vorgehensweisen überzeugend darlegen. Die Diskussion einiger Methoden der systematischen Sicherheitsanalyse und ihre Anwendung auf ein einfaches Beispiel machen andererseits die Grenzen sicherheitstechnischer Maßnahmen deutlich. Die Sicherheit im Chemiebereich ist im Planungsstadium nicht zu quantifizieren. Wohl aber läßt sich durch Hinweis auf alle bisherigen Erfahrungen zeigen, daß nach dem Stand der Technik errichtete Chemieanlagen ausreichend sicher sind.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 38
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 600-606 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: New approaches in flotational processing and waste water treatment in the chemical industry. Flotation has not yet become universally accepted in the chemical industry as a separation technique for the solids/liquid system. This article attempts to discover the reason why. It also presents possibilities enhancing the attractiveness of the flotation technique for recovery of materials and waste water purification in the chemical industry. A brief indication of the phenomena exploited by the flotation technique is followed by a discussion of chemical engineering aspects of this technique in ore and coal flotation and in mechanical waste water purification. A flotation cell without stirrer is presented, as has been designed specifically for the chemical industry. In conclusion, some flotation tasks performed with a laboratory version of this type of cell are presented and discussed. They show that the flotation technique can be a favourable alternative to classical separation techniques in many solids/liquid and liquid/liquid separation tasks, and should therefore be considered in future for appropriate separation problems (particle size ca. 100 μm, solids content ≤ 20 g/l).
    Notes: Die Flotation hat sich in der chemischen Industrie als ein Trennverfahren für das System fest/flüssig bisher noch nicht durchgesetzt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, dafür eine Erklärung zu finden. Gleichzeitig werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die die Flotationstechnik zur Werkstoff-Rückgewinnung und Abwasserreinigung in der chemischen Industrie attraktiv machen könnten. Nach Hinweisen auf die Phänomene, deren sich die Flotationstechnik bedient, werden die verfahrenstechnischen Aspekte dieser Technik bei der Erzund Kohleflotation bzw. bei der mechanischen Abwasserreinigung besprochen. Es wird eine rührerlose Flotationszelle vorgestellt, die speziell für die Belange der chemischen Industrie entwickelt worden ist. Abschließend werden einige Flotationsaufgaben, die mit einer Laborausführung dieses Zellentyps durchgeführt worden sind, vorgestellt und besprochen. Sie zeigen, daß die Flotationstechnik bei vielen Trennaufgaben in den Stoffsystemen fest/flüssig und flüssig/flüssig eine günstige Alternative zu den klassischen Trennverfahren sein kann und sie daher künftig bei entsprechenden Trennproblemen (Teilchengröße ≤ 100 μm, Feststoffgehalt ≤ 20 g/l) in Erwägung gezogen werden sollte.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 620-625 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Automation of chemical plant employing techniques of systems engineering - analysis and trends. Automation techniques involving systems have been advancing as a consequence of tremendous progress in microelectronics. Independently, an altered economic situation in the area of chemistry, which can be characterized by more stringent demands with respect to product quality, is extending the goals of automation, again requiring the methods of systems engineering for their realization. This completes a circle which should also encompass the organization of the departments responsible for automation and related concepts, solutions, and sophisticated engineering methods.
    Notes: Die Automatisierungstechnik mit Systemen konnte sich durch die sehr großen Fortschritte der Mikroelektronik entwickeln. Unabhängig davon führt eine veränderte wirtschaftliche Situation in der Chemie, die sich durch höhere Qualitätsanforderungen charakterisieren läßt, zu erweiterten Automatisierungszielen, die zu ihrer Lösung wiederum systemtechnische Methoden erfordern. Damit schließt sich ein Kreis, in den noch eine Organisation der für die Automatisierung verantwortlichen Abteilungen und darauf abgestimmte Konzepte, Lösungen und weiterentwickelte Ingenieurmethoden einzubeziehen sind.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thoughts on quality assurance in the construction of chemical plant. To be able to operate a chemical plant free of hazards and breakdowns, a wide variety of measures have to be taken to assure quality during planning, during construction and in operation. These measures are outlined with the aid of an example, namely a large reactor. Particular attention is paid to the individual building phases and the intermediate non-destructive tests. The paper also touches on quality planning, quality assurance in operation and the organization of quality systems. The example is intended to show that, however much quality documentation there may be, it cannot replace the willingness of the people involved to adopt a quality-conscious approach to their work and be responsible for the quality of their own workmanship. Educating the employees to think in terms of quality is an important aspect of quality assurance.
    Notes: Um eine Chemieanlage gefahr- und störungsfrei betreiben zu können, ist eine Vielzahl von Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssi-cherung bei der Planung, während des Baus und im Betrieb notwendig. Anhand eines Beispiels, nämlich eines großen Reaktors, werden diese Maßnahmen geschildert. Dabei wird besonders auf die einzelnen Bauphasen und die zwischenge-schalteten zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen eingegangen, berührt werden aber auch die Qualitätsplanung, die Qualitätssiche-rung im Betrieb und die Organisation des Qualitätswesens. Das Beispiel soll zeigen, daß noch so viele Qualitätsdokumentationen die Bereitschaft der beteiligten Menschen, qualitäts-gerecht zu arbeiten und für die Güte der eigenen Leistungen einzustehen, nicht ersetzen können. Deshalb muß die Erziehung zum Qualitätsdenken eine wichtige Aufgabe der Qualitätssicherung sein.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 660-661 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Langrohrverdampfer ; Mehrphasenwendelrohr ; Diinnschichtverdampfer ; Thermolabilitat ; Verweilzeit ; Bugwellen ; Saccharose-Inversion ; Dimensionierung nach minimaler Zersetzung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 666-667 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Vielstoffbetrieb ; Chargenverfahren ; Materialfluß ; langfristige Planung ; Rührwerksbehälter ; Rührwerksdrucknutsche ; Schaufeltrockner ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 47
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 673-682 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Detection of hazardous states of chemical reactors in early stages of runaway. Safe operation of chemical reactors with strongly exothermic reactions requires the availability of measurement devices which are able to detect hazardous reactions in early stages. Only then can one adopt adequate countermeasures and thus avoid such dangerous situations. This paper attempts to show that modern control theory provides model-based state reconstruction methods for the solution of this detection problem. A mathematical model serves as a source of a-priori information on process behaviour in order to reconstruct the whole state vector of the plant from those quantities which are easy to measure. A knowledge of the whole state allows predictive calculation of the reaction and hence early detection of hazardous states. The possibilities of such a concept for the safe operation of strongly exothermic reactions are illustrated by the example of a simple batch process.
    Notes: Um Reaktoren mit stark exothermer Reaktion sicher betreiben zu können, sind Meßeinrichtungen erforderlich, die es gestatten, gefährliche Reaktionszustände bereits im Stadium ihres Entstehens zu erkennen. Nur dann können rechtzeitig geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen eingeleitet werden, um solche Zustände zu vermeiden. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird gezeigt, daß die moderne Regelungstheorie mit ihren modellgestützten Meßverfahren Methoden anbietet, die in der Lage sind, einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Erkennungs problems zu leisten. Diese Methoden benutzen die in Form eines mathematischen Modells vorliegende a-priori-Information über das Prozeßgeschehen, um den gesamten Zustand einer Anlage aus denjenigen Größen zu rekonstruieren, die einer Messung unmittelbar zugänglich sind. Die Kenntnis des gesamten Prozeßzustandes erlaubt dann eine prädiktive Berechnung des zukünftigen Reaktionsablaufs und damit eine frühzeitige Erkennung gefährlicher Reaktionszustände. Die Möglichkeiten eines auf dieser Grundlage basierenden Konzepts zur sicheren Führung stark exothermer Reaktionen werden ausführlich anhand eines einfachen Batch-Prozesses diskutiert.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 737-737 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Aerosol ; Düse ; Sprühen ; Teilchen ; Tropfen ; Zerstäuben ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 50
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 741-741 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: thermische Stoffeigenschaften ; Methan, p, Qm ; T-Daten ; zweiter Virialkoeffizient ; Dampfdruck ; Siededichte ; Taudichte ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 51
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 750-751 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Gasgehaltänderung ; Blasensäule ; Rohrströmung ; Aufwärtsströmung ; Abwärtsströmung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 52
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 877-879 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Blasensäule ; CMC-Lösungen ; Fermentationsmedien ; Gasgehalt ; Phasengrenzfläche ; Stoffübergangszahlen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phase equilibria of binary mixtures of hydrocarbons. Seven methods for the calculation of phase equilibria of binary mixtures from vapour pressure data have been programmed. Results of computations for hydrocarbon mixtures are discussed, using just one regression method and six iteration procedures based on the Gibbs-Duhem equation. The iteration methods use the approximation of experimental vapour pressure data, e. g. by means of cubic splines or orthogonal polynomials. The practical application of the results, e.g. for the simulation of separation columns, requires the regression of the vapour mole fractions following the iterative solution of the Gibbs-Duhem equation.
    Notes: Sieben Verfahren zur Berechnung des Phasengleichgewichts binärer Gemische aus Dampfdruckdaten wurden programmiert, umfassend untersucht und die Ergebnisse von Berechnungen für Kohlenwasserstoff-Gemische diskutiert. Es handelt sich um ein Regressionsverfahren und sechs iterative Verfahren auf der Grundlage der Gibbs-Duhem-Gleichung. Die iterativen Verfahren benötigen die Approximation der experimentellen Dampfdruckdaten z. B. mittels cubic splines oder orthogonalen Polynomen. Für die weitere praktische Anwendung der Ergebnisse, z. B. für die Simulation von Trennkolonnen, ist nach der iterativen Lösung der Gibbs-Duhem-Gleichung die Regression der Dampfmolenbrüche notwendig.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 95-95 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 107-109 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution to energy supply of oil recovered by distillation of oil shale and tar sands. Following a world-wide survey of the most important deposits of oil shale and tar sands, the current activities in the USSR, China and Canada in the field of the industrial recovery of shale oil and bitumen from tar sand are described in broad terms. Thereafter, the current large-scale projects for the production of synthesis oil from these feedstocks are dealt with.The operating method and development status of modern processes for distilling oil shale are covered, as is the working principle of the hot water extraction of tar sand which is already commercially in application. The LR-Process method of operation and its especial feature of circulating the distilled residue as solid heat carrier are discussed in more detail. This is followed by information on the throughput potential of this process. The characteristic reactions influencing the quality of the LR products (oil, gas, residue, flue gas) are handled. Typical quality data for oil and gas obtained from oil shale and tar sands are given.A route is indicated for further processing of the condensate streams from the Lurgi-Ruhrgas Process. This consists of precipitation of solids, distillative separations and one hydrogenation step for the naphtha and oil fraction. These process steps produce a „syncrude“ which can be further processed together with crude oil in conventional refineries. Examples are given for the independent further processing of syncrude to end-products customary on the market.
    Notes: Nach einem weltweiten Überblick über die wichtigsten Lagerstätten von Ölschiefer und Teersand werden die derzeitigen Aktivitäten in der UdSSR, in China und Canada auf dem Gebiet der industriellen Gewinnung von Schieferöl und von Bitumen aus Teersanden in großen Zügen beschrieben. Anschließend werden die heute zur Diskussion stehenden Großprojekte zur Erzeugung von synthetischem Rohöl auf der Basis dieser Ausgangsstoffe aufgezeigt.Arbeitsweise und Entwicklungsstand der modernen Verfahren zur Schwelung von Ölschiefer werden dargestellt, ebenso das Arbeitsprinzip der bereits großtechnisch in Anwendung stehenden Heißwasserextraktion von Teersand. Genauer eingegangen wird auf die Arbeitsweise des Lurgi-Ruhrgas (LR)-Verfahrens und dessen besonderes Merkmal, daß der ausgeschwelte Rückstand als fester Wärmeträger im Kreislauf geführt wird. Es folgen Angaben über das Durchsatzpotential dieses Verfahrens. Die charakteristischen Reaktionen, welche die Qualität der LR-Produkte (Öl, Gas, Rückstand, Abgas) beeinflussen, werden dargestellt. Typische Qualitäten für Öl und Gas auf Basis eines Ölschiefers und eines Teersands werden angegeben.Für die Weiterverarbeitung der Kondensatströme aus dem LR-Verfahren wird ein Weg gezeigt. Dieser besteht aus Feststoffabscheidung, destillativen Trennungen und je einer Hydrierung für die Naphtha- bzw. Ölfraktion. Diese Verarbeitungsschritte ergeben ein „Syncrude“, das mit Rohöl gemeinsam in konventionellen Raffinerien weiterverarbeitet werden kann. Für die selbständige Weiterverarbeitung des Syncrude zu handelsüblichen Endprodukten werden Beispiele gegeben.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum emulsions  -  Properties, stability, and demulsification. Petroleum always occurs together with brine and is often recovered as an water-in-oil emulsion. Emulsions containing more than 90 percent of water are known; they are often very stable. The viscosity of the emulsions rises at a faster rate than the water content and is always significantly higher than that calculated according to the Einstein equation. Petroleum emulsions are stabilized by adsorption of the asphaltenes and petroleum resins colloidally dispersed in the petroleum. These components form mechanically stable films at the water/oil interface. The films contain several anionic, cationic, and amphoteric interfacially active substances, which are associated to form micelles, and which are adsorbed at the oil/water interface as a result of their interfacial activity. The adsorption films are wetted by the oil phase. The emulsions are stable towards coalescence, but not towards flocculation. Demulsifying agents displace the stabilizers from the interface or change their wettability.
    Notes: Erdöl kommt immer zusammen mit Salzwasser vor und wird sehr häufig als Wasser-in-Öl-Emulsion gefördert. Es sind Emulsionen mit mehr als 90% Wasser bekannt. Sie sind oft außerordentlich beständig. Die Viskosität der Emulsionen steigt überproportional mit dem Wassergehalt an und ist regelmäßig wesentlich höher als die nach der Einsteinschen Beziehung berechnete Viskosität. Die Erdöl-Emulsionen sind durch Adsorption der in den Erdölen kolloidal dispergierten Asphaltene und Erdöl-Harze stabilisiert. Diese bilden an den Wasser/Öl-Grenzflächen mechanisch stabile Filme aus. Die Filme enthalten verschiedene anionaktive, kationaktive und amphotere Stoffe, die im Erdöl zu kolloidalen Micellen assoziiert vorliegen, und die aufgrund ihrer Grenzflächenaktivität an den Öl/Wasser-Grenzflächen adsorbiert werden. Die Adsorptionsfilme sind von der Ölphase benetzt. Die Emulsionen sind koaleszenzstabil, nicht aber flockungsstabil. Emulsionsspalter verdrängen die Stabilisatoren von der Grenzfläche oder verändern ihre Benetzbarkeit.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 959-960 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Possibilities and limitations of a deductive approach to the development of industrial catalysts. Solid catalysts are an integral part of most industrial reactors and catalyst development is thus a fundamental part of chemical reaction engineering. While most other chemical plant components can be designed and optimized on the basis of physical theory and well established correlations, such a procedure appears to be inapplicable in catalyst development. Empirical methods are always necessary in this field because the kinetics of chemical reactions taking place at the active component cannot be quantitatively predicted by theory. A stringent analytical approach is needed to deduce the kinetics of chemical transformation at the site of catalytic activity from the observed reactor behaviour. It is then possible to design and optimize the morphology of the catalyst, taking into account the coupling of chemical reactions with transport phenomena. The development of industrial catalysts can be a rational undertaking if empiricism is complemented by engineering principles.
    Notes: Während es für zahlreiche verfahrenstechnische Prozesse eine auf physikalischem Verstehen basierende Grundlegung gibt, die auch präzise Vorhersagen zuläßt, ist dies für den wichtigsten Bestandteil von Reaktionsapparaten, die darin enthaltenen festen Katalysatoren, nur in begrenztem Ausmaß der Fall. Es wird erörtert, wie sich die für die technische Durchführung eines Verfahrens wichtigen Leistungsdaten eines Reaktors auf die Kinetik der Vorgänge an der aktiven Komponente in einem porösen Kontaktkorn zurückführen lassen. Die chemische Kinetik der Reaktionen an der aktiven Komponente ist grundsätzlich nicht aus der Theorie vorausberechenbar. Daher sind empirische Methoden bei der Entwicklung technischer Katalysatoren nicht zu vermeiden. Das bedeutet aber nicht, daß ein rein empirisches Vorgehen der Sache allein angemessen wäre. So kann man z. B. den Einfluß der Morphologie des Kontaktkorns auf die Aktivität und die Selektivität genau vorhersagen. Ein auf Prinzipien der Reaktionstechnik gegründetes methodisches Vorgehen vermindert die Zahl der durch Versuche zu optimierenden Variablen.
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    Keywords: Anemometrie ; Leitfähigkeitssonden ; Zweiphasenströmung ; Bioreaktor ; Turbulenz ; Blasensäule ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 67
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    Keywords: Blasenbildung ; Blasendruck ; Blasendurchmesser ; kritischer Gasdurchsatz ; Strahlgasen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Kohleverflüssigung ; wäßrige Reaktionsphase ; Kohlenmonoxid ; überkritische Bedingungen ; brasilianische Steinkohlen ; Autoklaven-Hydrierung ; Umsatz ; Extraktausbeute ; Öl ; Asphalten ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Füllkörperkolonnen ; Extraktion ; Flutpunkt ; Dimensionsionerung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 72
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 53 (1981), S. 439-444 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Disposal of waste material in hazardous waste-tips. In setting up and operating hazardous waste-tips the greatest of care is necessary, since the public reacts strongly, even to the slightest pollution of the environment in the neighbourhood of such tips. As an example, the waste-tip at Malsch south of Heidelberg is considered from all points of view, beginning with the geological prerequisite, the sealing measurements and control of the tip. The procedures in making applications to authorities, the equipment required and the method of running the tip are also dealt with. Until now, no serious incidents have occurred at the waste-tip at Malsch.
    Notes: Bei der Einrichtung und beim Betrieb von Sonderabfall-Deponien ist größte Sorgfalt nötig, da die Öffentlichkeit sehr empfindlich auch auf geringfügige Beeinträchtigungen der Umwelt in der Umgebung derartiger Deponien reagiert. Am Beispiel der Sonderabfall-Deponie Malsch südlich von Heidelberg wird über alle zu beachtenden Gesichtspunkte berichtet, beginnend mit den geologischen Voraussetzungen, den Dichtungsmaßnahmen und der Kontrolle der Deponie. Im Hauptteil werden u. a. das Antragswesen, die Ausrüstung und der Betriebsablauf behandelt. Bisher gab es in der Sonderabfall-Deponie Malsch keine gravierenden Vorkommnisse.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Mixing of solids: present methods and current state of knowledge in design of equipment. In the design of mixing processes involving solids, power requirements and mixing time are of primary interest. Frictional forces, which are responsible for the resistance to mixing tools, depend on such parameters as fineness and roughness of the material. In addition, the state of compression of the material and geometric considerations exert their influence. Fundamental investigations which involve scale-up are extremely laborious and hence insufficiently available at present. For this reason, design depends mainly on the body of experience available to manufacturers. This paper reviews our present knowledge as illustrated by several well known mixing processes.
    Notes: Für Auslegungen zu Verfahren des Feststoffmischens interessieren hauptsächlich die notwendige Leistung und die Mischzeit. Die für den Werkzeugwiderstand verantwortliche Reibung hängt bei einem Schüttgut außer von Parametern wie Kornfeinheit und -rauhigkeit auch vom Verdichtungszustand des Materials und in starkem Maß von geometrischen Gegebenheiten ab. Weil Grundlagen-Untersuchungen sowohl zur Leistung als auch zur Mischzeit, in die notwendigerweise Fragen der Maßstabsvergrößerung miteinbezogen sein müssen, außerordentlich aufwendig sind und deshalb nur in ungenügendem Maß vorliegen, fehlen der Planung geeignete Unterlagen. Sie ist in hohem Maß auf Erfahrungen von Apparateherstellern angewiesen. In dieser Arbeit soll allgemein, insbesondere aber anhand einiger wichtiger Mischverfahren, der Kenntnisstand umrissen werden.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 252-260 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: lipase ; chemical modification ; stability ; esterification ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Semipurified lipase of Candida rugosa (CRSL) was subjected to chemical modification, and the activities of the modified lipase, in hydrolysis and esterification reactions, were examined. The esterification reactions were carried out in the absence and presence of isooctane. When the enzyme was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), two methodologies were studied. The activation of PEG with p-NO2-phenylchloroformate gives better biocatalysts than those obtained with cyanuric chloride-PEG. The chemical modification with PEG increases the stability of pure lipases in isooctane at 50°C (extreme conditions). The chemically modified enzymes are useful for biotransformations in organic solvents. In addition the nitration of tyrosines with tetranitromethane was also studied. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 252-260, 1997.
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 565-570 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: hybridoma ; hypoosmotic stress ; specific antibody productivity ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To investigate the response of hybridoma cells to hypoosmotic stress, S3H5/γ2bA2 and DB9G8 hybridomas were cultivated in the hypoosmolar medium [Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% serum] resulting from sodium chloride subtraction. Both hybridomas showed similar responses to hypoosmotic stress in regard to cell growth and antibody production. The cell growth and antibody production at 276 mOsm/kg were comparable to those at 329 mOsm/kg (standard DMEM). Both cells grew well at 219 mOsm/kg, though their growth and antibody production were slightly decreased. When the osmolality was further decreased to 168 mOsm/kg, the cell growth did not occur. When subjected to hyperosmotic stress, both cells displayed significantly enhanced specific antibody productivity (qAb). However, the cells subjected to hypoosmotic stress did not display enhanced qAb. Taken together, both hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic stresses depressed the growth of S3H5/γ2bA2 and DB9G8 hybridomas. However, their response to hypoosmotic stress in regard to qAb was different from that to hyperosmotic stress. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Biong 55: 565-570, 1997.
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 547-555 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: ethanol ; cellulose ; hemicellulose ; endoglucanase ; cellulase ; lignocellulose ; biomass ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study demonstrates a new approach to reduce the amount of fungal cellulase required for the conversion of cellulose into ethanol. Escherichia coli KO11, a biocatalyst developed for the fermentation of hemicellulose syrups, was used to produce recombinant endoglucanase as a co-product with ethanol. Seven different bacterial genes were expressed from plasmids in KO11. All produced cell-associated endoglucanase activity. KO11(pLOI1620) containing Erwinia chrysanthemi celZ (EGZ) produced the highest activity, 3,200 IU endoglucanase/L fermentation broth (assayed at pH 5.2 and 35°C). Recombinant EGZ was solubilized from harvested cells by treatment with dilute sodium dodecyl sulfate (12.5 mg/ml, 10 min, 50°C) and tested in fermentation experiments with commercial fungal cellulase (5 filter paper units/g cellulose) and purified cellulose (100 g/L). Using Klebsiella oxytoca P2 as the biocatalyst, fermentations supplemented with EGZ as a detergent-lysate of KO11(pLOI1620) produced 14%-24% more ethanol than control fermentations supplemented with a detergent-lysate of KO11(pUC18). These results demonstrate that recombinant bacterial endoglucanase can function with fungal cellulase to increase ethanol yield during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose. © 1997 Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 547-555, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 577-580 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: mRNA stability ; hairpins ; gene expression control ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An expression system has been developed for the introduction of DNA cassettes into the region between the transcription and translation start sites of a gene of interest. This cassette system was used to engineer mRNA stability through the introduction of hairpins at the 5′ end. A synthetic DNA cassette was designed so that the resulting mRNA hairpin would be positioned one nucleotide from the 5′ mRNA end. The hairpin-containing mRNA exhibited a half-life 3 times that of the mRNA with no hairpin, resulting in increases in both mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that it is possible to engineer mRNA stability as an additional means of controlling gene expression. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 557-580, 1997
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 581-591 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: adsorptive membranes ; oscillatory flow ; integrated processes ; in situ product recovery ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Preferential transport in adsorptive membranes can be used to selectively remove biochemicals directly from fermentation broths. During preferential transport, an adsorbing solute is selectively transported across the membrane while nonadsorbing solutes and cells are retained by the membrane. This technique was used to separate lysozyme directly from a feed containing lysozyme, myoglobin, and yeast cells. We found that because the oscillatory flows used in preferential transport involve strokes that are close to symmetric, they are very efficient in alleviating cake formation due to cell deposition on the membrane surface. Theoretical results suggest that, by optimizing process variables, preferential transport can lead to a continuous concentrated stream of the adsorbing protein. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 54: 581-591, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 592-608 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; metabolic modeling ; sensitivity analysis ; glycolysis ; compartmentation ; transient response ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. The model is based on rate equations for the individual reactions and aims to predict changes in the levels of intra- and extracellular metabolites after a glucose pulse, as described in part I of this study. Kinetic analysis focuses on a time scale of seconds, thereby neglecting biosynthesis of new enzymes. The model structure and experimental observations are related to the aerobic growth of the yeast. The model is based on material balance equations of the key metabolites in the extracellular environment, the cytoplasm and the mitochondria, and includes mechanistically based, experimentally matched rate equations for the individual enzymes. The model includes removal of metabolites from glycolysis and TCC for biosynthesis, and also compartmentation and translocation of adenine nucleotides. The model was verified by in vivo diagnosis of intracellular enzymes, which includes the decomposition of the network of reactions to reduce the number of parameters to be estimated simultaneously. Additionally, sensitivity analysis guarantees that only those parameters are estimated that contribute to systems trajectory with reasonable sensitivity. The model predictions and experimental observations agree reasonably well for most of the metabolites, except for pyruvate and adenine nucleotides. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 592-608, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 609-615 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: interacting populations ; membrane reactor ; induced metabolic changes ; elicitation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a reactor in which two interacting cell populations (microorganisms and plants) could grow under controlled conditions was considered. In this reactor, the cell populations are separated by a membrane which permits semi-in vivo study of induced interaction-specific changes in metabolism. In this paper, the interaction of suspension culture of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and the Oomycete, Phytophthora nicotiana was simulated. The results of the computer simulation show the induced metabolic changes as a consequence of the biological interaction. The paper introduces a novel approach in the strategy for the study of interacting population in suspension cultures. This type of system has potential applications in studies of the regulation of secondary metabolism and for the production of high values pharmaceuticals. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 609-615, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 616-629 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cell adhesion ; radial-flow chamber ; hydrodynamic shear ; detachment kinetics ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The strength of adhesion and dynamics of detachment of murine 3T3 fibroblasts from self-assembled monolayers were measured in a radial-flow chamber (RFC) by applying models for fluid mechanics, adhesion strength probability distributions, and detachment kinetics. Four models for predicting fluid mechanics in a RFC were compared to evaluate the accuracy of each model and the significance of inlet effects. Analysis of these models indicated an outer region at large radial positions consistent with creeping flow, an intermediate region influenced by inertial dampening, and an inner region dominated by entrance effects from the axially-oriented inlet. In accompanying experiments patterns of the fraction of cells resisting detachment were constructed for individual surfaces as a function of the applied shear stress and evaluated by comparison with integrals of both a normal and a log-normal distribution function. The two functions were equally appropriate, yielding similar estimates of the mean strength of adhesion. Further, varying the Reynolds number in the inlet, Red, between 630 and 1480 (corresponding to volumetric flow rates between 0.9 and 2.1 mL/s) did not affect the mean strength of adhesion. For these same experiments, analysis of the dynamics of detachment revealed three temporal phases: 1) rapid detachment of cells at the onset of flow, consistent with a first-order homogeneous kinetic model; 2) time-dependent rate of detachment during the first 30 sec. of exposure to hydrodynamic shear, consistent with the first-order heterogeneous kinetic model proposed by Dickinson and Cooper (1995); and 3) negligible detachment, indicative of pseudo-steady state after 60 sec. of flow. Our results provide rigorous guidelines for the measurement of adhesive interactions between mammalian cells and prospective biomaterial surfaces using a RFC. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 616-629, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 693-700 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: glucose ; lactate ; real-time determination ; hematopoietic cell culture ; colony-forming cells ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose and lactate metabolic rates were evaluated for cultures of cord blood (CB) mononuclear cell (MNC), peripheral blood (PB) MNC, and PB CD34+ cell cultures carried out in spinner flasks and in T-flasks in both serum-containing and serum-free media. Specific glucose uptake rates (qgluc, in micromoles per cell per hour) and lactate generation rates (qlac) correlated with the percentage of colony-forming cells (CFC) present in the culture for a broad range of culture conditions. Specifically, the time of maximum CFC percentage in each culture coincided with the time of maximum qgluc and qlac in cultures with different seeding densities and cytokine combinations. A two-population model (Qlac = α[CFC] + β([TC] - [CFC]), where [TC] is total cell concentration; Qlac is volumetric lactate production rate in micromoles per milliliter per hour; α is qlac for an average CFC; and β is qlac for an average non-CFC) was developed to describe lactate production. The model described lactate production well for cultures carried out in both T-flasks and spinner flasks and inoculated with either PB or CB MNC or PB CD34+ cells. The values for α and β that were derived from the model varied with both the inoculum density and the cytokine combination. However, preliminary results indicate that cultures carried out under the same conditions from different samples with similar initial CD34+ cell content have similar values for β and β. These findings suggest that it should be possible to use lactate production data to predict the harvest time that corresponds to the maximum number of CFC in culture. The ability to harvest ex vivo hematopoietic cultures for transplantation when CFC are at a maximum has the potential to speed the rate at which immunocompromised patients recover. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 693-700, 1997.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: tubular photobioreactors ; light distribution ; average solar irradiance ; light attenuation ; microalgae mass culture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model to estimate the solar irradiance profile and average light intensity inside a tubular photobioreactor under outdoor conditions is proposed, requiring only geographic, geometric, and solar position parameters. First, the length of the path into the culture traveled by any direct or disperse ray of light was calculated as the function of three variables: day of year, solar hour, and geographic latitude. Then, the phenomenon of light attenuation by biomass was studied considering Lambert-Beer's law (only considering absorption) and the monodimensional model of Cornet et al. (1900) (considering absorption and scattering phenomena). Due to the existence of differential wavelength absorption, none of the literature models are useful for explaining light attenuation by the biomass. Therefore, an empirical hyperbolic expression is proposed. The equations to calculate light path length were substituted in the proposed hyperbolic expression, reproducing light intensity data obtained in the center of the loop tubes. The proposed model was also likely to estimate the irradiance accurately at any point inside the culture. Calculation of the local intensity was thus extended to the full culture volume in order to obtain the average irradiance, showing how the higher biomass productivities in a Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640 outdoor chemostat culture could be maintained by delaying light limitation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 701-714, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 715-726 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: fungal morphology ; pellets ; hyphae ; hair of pellets ; agitation intensity ; fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Both parallel fermentations with Aspergillus awamori (CBS 115.52) and a literature study on several fungi have been carried out to determine a relation between fungal morphology and agitation intensity. The studied parameters include hyphal length, pellet size, surface structure or so-called hairy length of pellets, and dry mass per-wet-pellet volume at different specific energy dissipation rates. The literature data from different strains, different fermenters, and different cultivation conditions can be summarized to say that the main mean hyphal length is proportional to the specific energy dissipation rate according to a power function with an exponent of -0.25 ± 0.08. Fermentations with identical inocula showed that pellet size was also a function of the specific energy dissipation rate and proportional to the specific energy dissipation rate to an exponent of -0.16 ± 0.03. Based on the experimental observations, we propose the following mechanism of pellet damage during submerged cultivation in stirred fermenters. Interaction between mechanical forces and pellets results in the hyphal chip-off from the pellet outer zone instead of the breakup of pellets. By this mechanism, the extension of the hyphae or hair from pellets is restricted so that the size of pellets is related to the specific energy dissipation rate. Hyphae chipped off from pellets contribute free filamentous mycelia and reseed their growth. So the fraction of filamentous mycelial mass in the total biomass is related to the specific energy dissipation rate as well.To describe the surface morphology of pellets, the hyphal length in the outer zone of pellets or the so-called hairy length was measured in this study. A theoretical relation of the hairy length with the specific energy dissipation rate was derived. This relation matched the measured data well. It was found that the porosity of pellets showed an inverse relationship with the specific energy dissipation rate and that the dry biomass per-wet-pellet volume increased with the specific energy dissipation rates. This means that the tensile strength of pellets increased with the increase of specific energy dissipation rate. The assumption of a constant tensile strength, which is often used in literature, is then not valid for the derivation of the relation between pellet size and specific energy dissipation rate. The fraction of free filamentous mycelia in the total biomass appeared to be a function of the specific energy dissipation in stirred bioreactors. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 715-726, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 921-926 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: green fluorescent protein ; sensor ; on-line monitoring ; quantitation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We present an intensity based sensor designed for on-line monitoring of green fluorescent protein, a revolutionary marker of protein expression. The device consisted of a blue light emitting diode as the excitation source. A band pass excitation filter cut off light longer than 490 nm. The light was directed into a bifurcated optical fiber bundle with the common end inserted into a stainless steel housing equipped with a quartz window. The fiber bundle and stainless steel housing are steam sterilizable. The emission radiation was collected through a long wave pass filter to reject the excitation light shorter than 505 nm and was detected by a photomultiplier tube. The signal was amplified and sent to a computer for recording time course data. The sensor was tested in an Escherichia coli fermentation of JM105 transformed with pBAD-GFP. The on-line signal was compared to off-line fluorescence spectrophotometer measurements. The on-line profile closely followed the off-line. Western blot data showed that with a time shift, the sensor was able to both continuously and quantitatively monitor expression of green fluorescent protein on-line in real time. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55:921-926, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 909-920 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: baculovirus ; insect cells ; metabolism ; Sf-9; high five™ ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nutrient utilization and byproduct accumulation were monitored in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf-9 and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn-5B1-4 (High Five™) cell lines during growth and following viral infection in suspension cultures in order to develop a better understanding of cell metabolism and to acquire information relevant to large scale fed-batch bioreactors. The utilization of glucose, dissolved oxygen, and amino acids were monitored in Sf-9 cell cultures grown in Sf-900 II serum-free medium (SFM) and in High Five™ cell cultures grown in both Sf-900 II and Express Five SFM. Using the optimal medium for each cell line, i.e., Sf-900 II SFM for Sf-9 cells and Express Five SFM for High Five™ cells, the cell growth rate, maximum cell density, specific glucose and glutamine utilization rates, and specific alanine production rate were comparable during cell growth. In addition, the expression level of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator was comparable in the two cell lines on a per cell basis. It was found, however, that lactate and ammonia accumulated in High Five™ cell cultures, but not in Sf-9 cell cultures. In addition, High Five™ cells utilized asparagine more rapidly than glutamine, whereas Sf-9 cells consumed only minimal asparagine, and the oxygen utilization rate was significantly higher in High Five™ cell cultures. It was also found that the medium had a significant effect on High Five™ cell metabolism, e.g., the specific glucose utilization rate and the specific lactate and alanine production rates were significantly higher in Sf-900 II SFM than in Express Five SFM. In addition, the maximum cell density and specific asparagine utilization rate were significantly higher in Express Five SFM. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55:909-920, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 940-940 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstract.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 56 (1997), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: transesterification ; hydrolysis ; water activity ; cutinase ; gas ; bioreactor ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fusarium solani cutinase supported onto Chromosorb P was used to catalyze transesterification (alcoholysis) and hydrolysis on short volatile alcohols and esters in a continuous gas/solid bioreactor. In this system, a solid phase composed of a packed enzymatic preparation was continuously percolated with carrier gas which fed substrates and removed reaction products simultaneously. A kinetic study was performed under differential operating conditions in order to get initial reaction rates. The effect of the hydration state of the biocatalyst on the kinetics was studied for 3 conditions of hydration (aw = 0.2, aw = 0.4 and aw = 0.6), the alcoholysis of propionic acid methyl ester with n-propanol, and for 5 hydration levels (from aw = 0.2 to aw = 0.6) for the hydrolysis of propionic acid methyl, ethyl or propyl esters. F. solani cutinase was found to have an unusual kinetic behavior. A sigmoid relationship between the rate of transesterification and the activity of methyl propionate was observed, suggesting some form of cooperative activation of the enzyme by one of its substrate. For the hydrolysis of short volatile propionic acid alkyl esters, threshold effects on the reaction rate, highly depending on the water activity and the substrate polarity, are reported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 1-8, 1997.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 56 (1997), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: condensation reactions ; disaccharides ; equilibria ; glucoamylase ; kinetics ; monosaccharides ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Arabinose, fructose, galactose, myo-inositol, lyxose, mannose, ribose, and xylose were incubated individually and with glucose in the presence of Aspergillus niger glucoamylase at pH 4.5 and 45°C. Glucoamylase condenses galactose, glucose, and mannose individually into disaccharides. It also produces mixed disaccharides when each of the eight carbohydrates is incubated with glucose. Many products were identified by gas chromatography of the derivatized reaction mixtures followed by mass spectroscopy of the individual chromatographic peaks. Galacto-, gluco-, or mannopyranosyl rings appear to be present at the nonreducing ends of all the disaccharides produced. Molecules linked through primary hydroxyl groups have the highest equilibrium constants of all products formed, since these bonds are thermodynamically favored. However, glucoamylase is capable of forming bonds with many available hydroxyl groups, as previously demonstrated when it was incubated with glucose alone. Formation rates of different bonds linking different residues vary widely. These results demonstrate that glucoamylase has a wide selectivity toward residues it will condense into disaccharides and toward bonds it will form between them. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 56: 9-22, 1997.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: baculovirus ; multiplicity of infection ; time of infection ; time of harvest ; apolipoprotein E ; insect cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The baculovirus expression vector system was employed to produce human apolipoprotein E and β-galactosidase in order to study the effect of multiplicity of infection on secreted and non-secreted recombinant protein production. Prior knowledge of the influence of other cell culture and infection parameters, such as the cell density at time of infection and the time of harvest, allowed determination of the direct and indirect influences of multiplicity of infection on recombinant protein synthesis and degradation in insect cells. Under non-limited, controlled conditions, the direct effect of multiplicity of infection (10−1−10 pfu/cell) on specific recombinant product yields of non-secreted β-galactosidase was found to be insignificant. Instead, the observed increased in accumulated product was directly correlated to the total number of infected cells during the production period and therefore ultimately dependent on an adequate supply of nutrients. Only the timing of recombinant virus and protein production was influenced by, and dependent on the multiplicity of infection. Evidence is presented in this study that indicates the extremely limited predictability of post-infection cell growth at very low multiplicities of infection of less than 0.1 pfu/cell. Due to the inaccuracy of the current virus quantification techniques, combined with the sensitivity of post-infection cell growth at low MOI, the possibility of excessive post-infection cell growth and subsequent nutrient limitation was found to be significantly increased. Finally, as an example, the degree of product stability and cellular and viral protein contamination at low multiplicity of infection is investigated for a secreted recombinant form of human apolipoprotein E. Comparison of human apolipoprotein E production and secretion at multiplicities of infection of 10−4−10 pfu/cell revealed increased product degradation and contamination with intracellular proteins at low multiplicities of infection.
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  • 92
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 597-598 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Glucose isomerase ; immobilization ; production ; purification ; Streptomyces olivochromogenes PTCC 1457
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Production of glucose isomerase from Streptomyces olivochromogenes PTCC 1457 was followed by its purification and immobilization. Different immobilization methods including the use of a hydrophobic support were investigated.
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  • 93
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1997), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Baker's yeast ; 18-crown-6 ; imines ; immobilization ; oximes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Immobilized baker's yeast entrapped in calcium alginate beads efficiently reduces N-benzylidinemethylamine to N-methylbenzylamine in hexane at 37°C and tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 30°C in the presence of 18-crown-6, while in the presence of water as cosolvent and glucose as an additive N-benzylidinemethylamine undergoes decomposition. Benzaldoxime in a hexane–water (1:9) solvent system containing glucose as an additive is reduced to N-benzylhydroxylamine. On using an ethanol–water (1:1) solvent system, benzaldoxime is converted to benzyl alcohol and in hexane, benzene, THF, hexane–water (1:1) or acetonitrile–water (1:1) solvent systems, or using dried baker's yeast in different solvent systems, transformation of benzaldoxime does not occur.
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  • 94
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 469-473 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; hydroxylation ; immobilization ; polyoxin ; protoplasts ; steroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 95
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 104-117 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Computational fluid dynamics methods are used to provide three-dimensional simulations of a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) autoclave reactor under normal operating conditions. For the conditions used, the reactor is not very well mixed; thus, the common model approximation of a perfectly stirred reactor is not warranted. The simulations verify the sensitive nature of the polymerization reactors and indicate a need for optimizing operating parameters.
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  • 96
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 118-126 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous approach was developed for the simulation of the decoking of an industrial cracking furnace. A one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model, which accounts for the interfacial gradients between the process gas and the coke surface, was used to simulate reactor coils. Both the combustion and steam gasification of the coke layer were taken into account. The reactor model for the decoking was coupled with a detailed firebox simulation model. The initial profile of the coke layer thickness, required for the decoking calculations, was obtained by a run-length simulation. The evolution with time of the temperature distribution inside the cracking coil and in the furnace was generated simultaneously, which made it possible to understand the decoking operation in detail and to predict its duration accurately.
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  • 97
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A semibatch flow scheduling strategy proposed by Teymour and Ray (1989, 1996) is evaluated for a polymerization reaction conducted in a pilot-plant reactor. The reaction used is the free radical terpolymerization of styrene, α-methyl styrene, and acrylic acid monomers initiated by an organic peroxide initiator and carried out in the presence of a reactive glycol ether solvent. This strategy was tested in both single batch and sequential semibatch modes. The process was shown to produce polymer of constant molecular weight properties and composition as inferred from acid number and monomer conversion measurements. This process could be used for obtaining polymer products from a semibatch reactor that are of comparable quality to CSTR products. Results indicate success of this process at meeting this objective; however, practical considerations relating to agitation and temperature control need to be properly addressed to ensure this success.
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  • 98
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady-state simulation of a cocurrently cooled autothermal fixed-bed reactor was carried out using a 2-D heterogeneous mathematical model. The ammonia synthesis was chosen as a case study. Unlike the not-autothermal cocurrent reactor, which is unconditionally stable, the autothermal cocurrent reactor shows multiple steady states within a broad range of operating conditions. This finding, not reported in the literature, is explained through the mass transport from the bottom to the top of the reactor, associated with a feedback of energy. The feedback of heat, which is inherent to autothermal reactors, leads to an ignition-extinction phenomenon similar to that found in the countercurrent configuration. The influence of different parameters on the stability of the autothermal cocurrent reactor was analyzed. The regions where steady-state multiplicity occurs were compared with those presented by the autothermal countercurrent reactor. The influence of an additional heat exchanger on the reactor stability was considered.
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  • 99
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 277-280 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 265-267 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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