ALBERT

Description: There comes a time in the history of nearly every genus when it becomes almost immoral to add new species without first having surveyed the genus as a whole. Dendrophthora has reached this state. From the time of its first recognition as a separate entity to the present, new species have been described, often on very tenuous grounds, and usually without an indication of infrageneric relationships, until today we are faced with a staggering mass of specific epithets in complete chaos. The genus has not been comprehensively studied for more than half a century, and no balanced attempt has as yet been made to establish natural divisions within. Having become interested in the morphology of this and the related genus Phoradendron (KUIJT, 1959), I was naturally led on to some taxonomic considerations. My stay in Europe in 1958-1959 enabled me to visit the major European herbaria, and the notes and sketches accumulated there soon pointed the way to the present work.

Description: In the years 1954-1957 The Foundation for Biocenological Research (Stichting tot Onderzoek van Levensgemeenschappen, S.O.L.) carried out an extensive study on the vegetation of about 125 former river beds in the Netherlands. They were situated along the great rivers and their branches, viz. Meuse, Oude Maas (“Old Meuse”), Heusdense Maas (“Heusden Meuse”), Rhine, Lek, Merwede, Waal and IJsel. The work was made possible by a grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Pure Research (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Z.W.O.). Dr. M. F. Mözer Bruijns proposed and supervised the investigation, and Dr. V. Westhoff took part in the interpretation of the results. The field work was carried out by A. J. Quené-Boterenbrood (1954-55), W. A. E. van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink (1955-56), J. van Donselaar (1955— 57), Ir. L. G. Kop (1956-57), P. J. Schroevers (1954-55) and E. E. van der Voo (1954-57). Our study had several aims. The collected material had to contribute to our knowledge of a number of plant species and communities, especially of those playing a part in the hydrosere found in various kinds of water. With respect to the communities it should comprise their floristic composition as well as a definition of their habitat. Moreover, the former river beds should be classified according to their plant communities as well as to their abiotical properties. This classification should be useful as a basis for the choice of future naturereserves (see Gorter and Westhoff, 1952; Van Donselaar, 1956; Westhoff and Leentvaar, 1957).

Description: Op 8 okt 1960 vond de heer J.C. Tanis, custos van het Biologisch Station “Schellingerland” op Terschelling, in de nabijheid van dit Station een bloeiend exemplaar van Erica cinerea L. Na opzending van een bloeiende tak via ondergetekenden naar het Rijksherbarium werd deze determinatie bevestigd. Deze opmerkelijke waarneming geeft aanleiding tot commentaar, temeer, daar men op het eerste gezicht geneigd is, hier enig verhand te zien met de ontdekking van twee andere, mediterraan-atlantische, Erica-soorten in dezelfde omgeving, te weten E. scoparia L. door Th.J. Reichgelt in 1952 (zie van Ooststroora en Reichgelt 1956) en E. ciliaris L. door P. Runge in 1955 (zie Runge 1956, van Ooststroom en Reichgelt 1956).

Description: The following is an author’s summary of the (as yet unpublished) thesis by Dr. J.A.R. Anderson of Kuching, Sarawak (see III. Personal news). Both the author and botanical science are to be congratulated with the completion of this important work, which we hope before long to see in print. The thesis embodies the results of botanical and ecological work on the coastal and deltaic peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei undertaken intermittently over a period of ten years. Profiles of peat swamps have been prepared from the results of the level surveys and peat borings. A characteristic raised bog structure has been found in all swamps. A bog plain is usually present, and is most extensive on more inland swamps. The peat soils are markedly acidic and oligotrophia. Preliminary results from measurements of the stilted water table indicate that variations are more pronounced in the centre of swamps than near the margins. A comprehensive collection of botanical specimens of all flowering plants, ferns and fern allies has been made; 242 tree species have been recorded, and it is considered that knowledge on the representation of the arboreal flora is virtually complete.

Description: The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands. Scientific Result of the Danish Rennell Expedition, 1951, and the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition, 1959. Vol. 5 (Botany and Geology), ed. by Torben Wolff. Danish Science Press, Copenhagen, 1960, 7-152 pp., many figs and photogr. This volume was issued in 5 instalments. The first (1957) contains a paper by N. Foged: Diatoms from Rennell Island. The second (1958) contains papers by E.B. Bartram: Musci, by T. Wolff: Vascular Plants from Rennell and Bellona Islands (a list of 31 spp. identified by F.R. Fosberg, and a few names of seeds), and by J.C. Grover: The Geology of Rennell and Bellona. The third instalment (1960) contains papers by T. Levring: A List of Marine Algae from Rennell Island, and by Lise Hansen: Some Macromycetes from Rennell and Alcester Islands. For the botanist may also be of interest T. Wolff’s general introduction in vol. 1 of the series (1955) 9-31. Proceedings of the Symposium on Humid Tropics Tjiawi (Indonesia) December 1958. Publication of Unesco Science Cooperation Office for Southeast Asia. Printed at New Delhi, no date; received March 1961; xv + 312 pp., map of Brunei, vegetation maps, photogr. Biographical notes of authors; discussions. Sponsored by the Council for Sciences in Indonesia and Unesco; Chairman Prof. Kusnoto Setyodiwiryo.

Description: Alston, A.H.G. J.A. Crabbe, A.H.G. Alston (1902-1958). A bibliography of his writings, with a short introduction and a list of new taxa and nomenclatural changes published by him. J. Soc. Biol. Nat. Hist. 3 (1960) 383-404.

Description: Description de Psilocybe callosa (Fr. per Fr.) Quél., espèce oubliée et mal connue, et de deux espèces nouvelles.

Description: Mycoleptodonoides Nikol. is compared with other genera, Hydnum aitchisonii Berk, is redescribed, and for it the new combination Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (Berk.) Maas G. is proposed.

Description: Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, also known under the synonym S. australis (R. Br.) Lindl., is a terrestrial orchid widely spread in Asia, which is rather well known in Western Europe, because it has repeatedly been found growing spontaneously in pots in orchidhouses. In Blumea 6(2): 361 (1950) the plant described as Ophrys lancea Thunb. ex Sw. was considered to be identical with the first and it was thought that the recombination Spiranthes lancea (Thunb. ex Sw.) B. B. S. was necessary. The reasons given for this transfer were: (1) the short diagnosis of Ophrys lancea given by Winberg in Florula Javanica, p. 8 (1825); (2) the original diagnosis of O. lancea in Swartz’s well-known dissertation on the classification of orchids in Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 21: 223 (1800); (3) the presence of the apparent holotype in the Thunberg herbarium (Uppsala).

Description: Mr F. H. Hildebrand, who is going gradually through the tree species from New Guinea, pointed my attention to this species, the type of which is in the Rijksherbarium at Leyden (in fruiting state). It was collected by Zippelius who rightly recognized its alliance; he added a MS description and gave it the MS name Epicharis lasiocarpa. Miquel subsequently described it in the genus Dysoxylum, but the curved fern-like leaftip and other characters leave no doubt about its belonging to Chisocheton. There are at Leyden two further collections of it from New Guinea, both made by Teysmann, HB 6058 and 6060.

Description: G. abbreviata J.J.S. in Fedde, Rep. 35, 1934, 292; Sleum., Reinwardtia 4, 1957, 172. SUMATRA. Tapanuli, Tele, S. of Sidikalang, Alston 14878. Westcoast, G. Singgalang, 1900 m, Meijer 5919.

Description: The publication of the supplement 1 of the well known and essential reference work of “A Bibliography of Eastern Asiatic Botany” is very welcome. It is a continuation of the original work, which closed with 1936, and extends through 1958. It covers the botanical literature on eastern Asia, as indicated by the title, which comprises China, Japan, Korea, Ryukyu, Mongolia and Soviet eastern Asia, as well as the major published papers appertaining to adjacent areas. It has been prepared on essentially the same pattern as the original volume while the subject index has been treated perhaps in a more thorough manner. The volume contains over 11,000 extensively and carefully annotated entries occupying 414 pages. The work is in English but the titles, papers and author names in oriental characters are fully cited, which is an improvement as compared with the original volume. It includes now the original Chinese, Japanese and Korean titles and author names as published in oriental characters as well as translations or transliterations of them. In addition, the supplement fortunately covers the extensive Russian literature, nearly 1600 entries, on Soviet eastern Asia. All Russian titles are transliterated into Roman letters and are also translated. All these improvements make this bibliography more complete than the original volume and extend its usefulness.

Description: Within the genus Vaccinium L. this revision of its Malaysian species — which comprises more than half of the total number of species of the genus — is the last in a series of modern treatments made for North America by W. H. Camp, for the Pacific area by C. Skottsberg, and for tropical America and tropical Asia by the present author. The work formerly done in Malaysian Vaccinium has been limited to islands, as that by J. J. Smith and Schlechter for a part of New Guinea, by Copeland f. for the Philippines, and by Amshoff for Java, with the shortcomings necessarily connected with such too local work. The sections proposed for the Malaysian species in my general system in 1941 have been found still useful and are kept here except a nomenclatural change in one section and the expansion in species due to the large amount of indetermined material collected in Celebes and especially in New Guinea.

Description: Being engaged during several years with a revision of the grasses preserved in the Rijks-Herbarium at the University of Leyden, my attention was called to the group of the Stipeae, and especially to the very difficult genus of Aristida. After an exhaustive study of the literature, I thought it desirable to have a monograph of this genus, containing extensive keys for the determination of all the species hitherto known, and I resolved to prepare such a work. It has been my good fortune that I had at my disposal not only the valuable collections of the Rijks-Herbarium, but that by the courtesy of the directors of the great herbaria in Europe and in America, I could study many thousands of specimens, among them authentic specimens and types. So several years elapsed before the revision was finished. Before I am going to publish my work, it seemed desirable to prepare a preliminary paper on the subject, dealing with the literature studied and the results of the critical examination of the types, moreover the new species found in herbaria are included in this paper. To find easily the original description and the type specimen, I give in alphabetical order all the species and varieties hitherto described, no matter if they are accepted in my monograph as valid or not.

Description: Our Pinus halepensis is described by DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU in „Traité des arbres et arbustes etc.” 1755 p. 126 as follows: Pinus Hierosolymitana praelongis et tenuissimis viridibus foliis PLUK.: Pin de Jerusalem, dont les feuilles sont très vertes, longues et menues. This circumscription is a phrase without a trivial name. LINNAEUS himself also indicated the species in that period principally by a phrase; a trivial name („nomen triviale”) was added in 1753 for convenience; but LINNAEUS warns emphatically against forgetting the art-name (that is the phrase, „differentia specifica” or „nomen spicificum” of LINNAEUS) ¹). This art-name (phrase) was arranged methodically by him and bad to be such, that there was to be found in it exactly what was wanted to distinguish one species from the remaining known species; 12 words were the highest number allowed ²).

Description: In der obersenonen Mastrichter Tuffkreide finden sich kleine Zähne, die durch ihre glatten Kauflächen und die Furchen an den Seiten des oberen Teiles an Kauplatten von Myliobatis erinneren, einen Rochentypus, der ein an durophage Lebensweise angepasstes Gebiss hat. Niemals findet man aber die für diese Familie so typische langgestreckte Form der Zahnplatten; die Zahnoberfläche hat immer rhombische Form. Dames hat eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diesen Zähnen gegeben, die er für Reste eines Cestracion-artigen Namen Rhombodus Binkhorsti Haies hielt, dem er den gab. Ich möchte hier nur noch einige kurze Bemerkungen hinzufügen. Die Abbildungen (fig. 1) zeigen den typischen rhombenförmigen Umriss der Kaufläche (d). Die durch eine in der Richtung der kurzen Diagonale verlaufende, tiefe Rinne in zwei Hälften geteilte Wurzel hat ebenfalls die Gestalt eines Rhombus (fig. 1, b, e). An der Grenze von Krone und Wurzel findet sich an der einen Seite eine Rinne, an der anderen Seite eine vorspringende Leiste (fig. 1 c). Zusammen mit den verticalen Furchen, mit denen die Seiten versehen sind, hat diese Leiste zur Verbindung der Zähne untereinander zu einem Mahlpflaster gedient. Neben dieser regelmässigen Form, die besonders den grösseren Zähnen eigen ist, fanden sich aber Exemplare, die eine Abweichung zeigen, indem nämlich entweder zwei Seiten eines spitzen Winkels des Rhomboïds länger sind wie die beiden anderen, oder das Rhomboïd unsymmetrisch zusammengepresst ist. Es scheint mir, dass dies nicht eine zufällige Variation ist, sondern dass wir gerade durch diese Eigentümlichkeit etwas mehr über die ganze Zusammenstellung des Gebisses erfahren können. Wie ich unten noch näher auseinandersetzen werden, muss man nämlich Rhombodus zu den durophagen Stachelrochen stellen. Bei diesen findet man sehr oft gerade die grössten Zähne in der Mitte des Kiefers. Wenn man nun die Zahl der Zahnreihen, wie es gewöhnlich bei den grosszähnigen Rochen der Fall ist Rhombodus-Unterkiefers zu 7 bis 9 annimmt, so könnte man das Gebiss eines auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, wie es fig. 3 A zeigt, (wobei die verschiedenen obengenannten Formen vorkommen). Es wäre wohl ein grosser Zufall wenn man noch einige Zähne im ursprünglichen Verband finden würde. Wenn einmal die knorpeligen Kiefer aufgelöst sind, bieten die Seitenfurchen nicht genug Festigkeit und fallen die einzelnen Zähne auseinander.

Description: 1. Im Vorderen Filzmoos am Warscheneck, an einer Stelle ca. 100 m nördlich vom Linzerhaus auf einer Höhe von ca. 1400 m wurde eine Probenserie gesammelt. Die Mächtigkeit der durchbohrten Ablagerungen war 590 cm und die folgenden Schichten wurden gefunden: 0—225 cm Sphagnumtorf 225—285 cm Hypnazeentorf 285—460 cm Kalkgyttja 460—590 cm grauer Ton. Die Filzmoose am Warscheneck wurden von Garns (1947, p. 252) als Karstfilze klassifiziert. Letztere sind eine besondere Art von erodierten Latschenhochmooren, welche auf grösseren Höhen in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen und im Ketten-Jura vorkommen.

Description: The alcyonarian fauna of the West Indies is prolific and conspicuous and has been known for many years, with the natural result that a great many more species have been described than actually exist. The deep-water fauna, which received little attention prior to the work of VERRILL, was thoroughly reviewed by DEICHMANN in 1936. The shallow-water and reef fauna was the subject of a series of extensive papers by KUKENTHAL and his collaborators, KUNZE, MOSER, RIESS, BIELSCHOWSKY, and TOEPLITZ, but this ambitious study appears to have been based upon inadequate collections and its usefulness is seriously limited by the number of synonyms and misidentifications that it contains. No comprehensive survey of the fauna exists, and there is no satisfactory guide for the identification of specimens. This paper, which was prepared at the request of Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Secretary of the Stichting ‘Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen’ (Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles), forms such a guide and at the same time reviews the fauna to the extent permitted by the collections in hand and the literature. With Dr. HUMMELINCK’S collection of West Indian octocorals serving as a nucleus, the pertinent material in the collections of the U.S. National Museum was critically revised and correlated with the literature in order to gain an accurate picture of the known fauna. As a result of this study, it was possible to recognize 75 species of alcyonarians belonging to the orders Telestacea, Alcyonacea, Gorgonacea, and Pennatulacea inhabiting the reefs and shallow waters of the warm western Atlantic. An additional 21 species from deeper water are also included for comparative purposes or because they inhabit the transitional zone just below the region of active reef growth. Seventeen species and a few growth forms are described as new to science. Each species is diagnosed and illustrated with drawings of the details of spiculation and, in the case of new or especially common species, photographs of the colonial form. Taxonomic keys with couplets illustrated for clarity are provided to facilitate the identification of specimens. The species described in this paper are arranged as indicated in the Table of Contents (p. 3—7). A total of 96 species are described from the region including the Bermudas, the southeastern coast of the United States, the Bahamas and Antilles, and the east coast of South America south to the reefs of Brazil. Of these, 52 species occur in the reef habitat proper or closely associated with it, and another 23 species occur in depths of 25 fathoms or less. The orders Telestacea, Alcyonacea, and Pennatulacea are togehter represented by only 13 species within the bathymetric limits set forth, the remaining 83 belonging to the order Gorgonacea. The littoral and reef-dwelling representatives of the last-named order belong for the most part to the two families Plexauridae and Gorgoniidae, which include 35 and 34 species respectively. When the shallow-water alcyonarian fauna is added to the deep-water fauna as reported by DEICHMANN, a total of 196 species is revealed for the area. This is a fauna of only modest proportions when compared with that of the East Indies, where some 445 species (exclusive of Pennatulacea) were obtained by the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, but nevertheless, the gorgonians are the dominant sessile animals on many of the reefs of Florida, the Bahamas, and the Antilles. This dense population consists chiefly of about a dozen species, all the others being rare or of local occurrence, so it appears that the reef fauna is rich in individuals but poor in species. The distribution of alcyonarians is influenced by a variety of factors, among them salinity, temperature, illumination, depth of water, and character of the bottom. It is not possible to single out any one factor as the most important, since they all interact closely, but there is no doubt that temperature is one of the most influential. Although temperature requirements and tolerations have not been determined experimentally for alcyonarians, they can reasonably be assumed to parallel more or less closely those of the principal reef-formers. It has been observed that formation of reefs does not take place in waters that drop below 68°F. for any appreciable period during the winter. Since active growth of reefs occurs at Bermuda, the northernmost limit of the West Indian fauna, its annual minimum temperature of 66°F, may be taken as the limit for reef formation in the West Indian area. Tropical alcyonarians occur up to this minimum isotherm of both coasts of Florida. Most alcyonarians are stenohaline and require salinities within the range found in the open sea. However, the occurrence of a few species, such as Leptogorgia setacea of the southeastern coast of the United States, in the brackish inshore waters of bays and river mouths indicates that a limited degree of euryhalinity does occur in the Octocorallia. A rough and solid bottom is apparently as necessary for the attachment of gorgonian planulae as it is for those of madrepores, and the importance of this requirement is clearly demonstrated on the west coast of Florida, where reef communities gain a foothold only on the scattered solid outcrops on an otherwise broad, sandy shelf. A few species of Gorgonacea are known to live unattached, the colonies apparently doing so in some cases because no suitable objects were available for attachment, in others because they were broken loose from their original solid support but continued to live in a prone position. Certain deep-water gorgonacean groups (families Chrysogorgiidae and Isididae) that inhabit areas with a scarcity of solid material are able to adapt the form of their holdfast to the conditions present at the time of metamorphosis, producing either a calcareous basal disk for attachment to shells and stones, or a branched, rootlike process for anchoring the colony firmly in a muddy bottom. The pennatulaceans, which are adapted for life on soft bottoms, require either sand or mud and therefore are not found closely associated with reef communities. The octocorals of the reefs are restricted bathymetrically to the upper 25 fathoms of water, perhaps because of their symbiotic zooxanthellae, which require sunlight for the process of photosynthesis, but the physiological relationships of zooxanthellae and their coelenterate hosts are in general less clearly understood in the octocorals than in the madrepores, so the cause of the bathymetricphotic correlation cannot be stated in general terms. Obviously, the vertical distribution of those octocorals that are dependent upon their zooxanthellae for nutrition is governed by the physiological requirements of the algae. In those octocorals that are nutritionally independent of their zooxanthellae (as appears to be generally the case among scleractinian corals) other ecological factors must limit bathymetric distribution. In the West Indies, almost all of the shallow-water octocorals, which represent 38% of the total known fauna, belong to the two families Plexauridae and Gorgoniidae. Very few members of these families extend downward below 25 fathoms, and very few members of the deep-water families venture into water shallower than this. In the East Indies, where a rich tropical alcyonarian fauna exists, 59% of the species taken by the ‘Siboga’-Expedition lived in depths shallower than 50 meters, but this fauna is inordinately rich in groups poorly represented in the West Indies, where 85% of the species are gorgonaceans. In both regions, somewhat more than 40% of the gorgonaceans occur in depths less than 50 meters. The alcyonarians are an important component of the reef community, perhaps more so in the West Indies than elsewhere in the tropics because of the great profusion of a few conspicuous forms in the reef habitat. They provide shelter and sustenance for a wide array of casual associates, epizoa, commensals, and parasites, ranging from other coelenterates to fishes. Moreover, when they die they liberate great quantities of calcareous spicules which are then available for incorporation into the general mass of the reef. The alcyonarian fauna of the warm parts of the western Atlantic shows a high degree of endemism and only indistinct subdivision into smaller faunal regions. It is possible to distinguish a Carolinian fauna occupying the southeastern coast of the United States, with part of its species occurring only along the Atlantic coast and part of them with isolated populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico. At least three species follow the continental coast more or less continuously from the Carolinas to Brazil. This is basically a continental fauna and its species do not range out into the West Indian islands. The fauna of the West Indies is essentially an insular fauna and it suffers depletion wherever it invades continental coasts. The largest number of reef dwelling species seems to occur in the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles, the Greater Antilles, and the Florida Keys. At the present time, more species are known from the last-named locality than from the islands of the Greater Antilles, but it has certainly been more thoroughly explored. Intensive collecting will probably reveal an even larger number of species in the northeastern part of the Antilles. Antillean species extend along both coasts of Florida northward to about the 66°F. minimum surface isotherm, but their number is sharply diminished. A small group of the hardiest species reaches Bermuda, which is the northernmost outpost of the West Indian fauna. Records indicate that the Antillean fauna becomes attenuated also toward the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles, and the Leeward Group along the coast of South America has a fauna comparable in many respects with that of Bermuda. However, the fauna of Bermuda is restricted by the low temperature of the water during midwinter (66°F), a limiting factor that does not exist at the low latitude of the Leeward Islands. The fauna must instead be restricted by other ecological factors, perhaps imposed by the proximity of the continental coast. The alcyonarian fauna of the reefs of Brazil, although composed largely of West Indian genera — Plexaurella, Muriceopsis, Lophogorgia — shares few species, perhaps no more than three or four, with the Antillean region to the north, and is probably the most distinct of the subregions of the western Atlantic. Within the broad limits of the warm western Atlantic fauna 1 region, extending from Bermuda south to Brazil, we can distinguish an insular Antillean fauna centered in the northeastern part of the Antilles; a continental Carolinian fauna along the southeastern Atlantic seabord, some of its species with disjunct populations in the Gulf of Mexico and some following virtually the entire coastline from the Carolinas to Brazil; and a Brazilian fauna extending northward along the South American coast as far as Trinidad. The presence in the West Indies of Alcyonarian genera known also in the tropical Indo-West Pacific can be explained only on the basis of former faunal continuity. The presence of a small amphi-American element clearly points to the existence of a continuous East Pacific-West Atlantic (or trans-American) fauna during the past, and the high level of endemism in the West Indian region suggests a subsequent rapid development of a new fauna from remnants of the old, left behind after closure of the Central American seaways. The distribution of modern alcyonarians corroborates the former existence of a great equatorial sea, the Tethys, that permitted circumtropical distribution of marine animals, which geology tells us existed during much of Earth’s history between the Cambrian and the Tertiary.

Description: In two previous publications (bibl. 1 and 2) I have brought the formation of calderas into relation with the gas phase, observed by Perret during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906 (bibl. 3). In these papers I arrived at the conclusion that during the gas phase a cylinder is cored out, and that this may be the cause of caldera formation. In the first paper the subject was treated geometrically, while in the second calculations were made of a particular case (the Krakatoa eruption of 1883) to see if they would bear out this theory. This caldera-formation, however, is not a typical case, as there must previously have been an older Krakatoa-caldera, and in Aug. 1883 it was not a large portion of the volcanic cone that disappeared, but only an island which projected little above sealevel; the northern part of the ancient island Rakata, with the volcanoes Perboewatan and Danan. How a caldera might be formed from a cored-out cylinder I have tried to explain in two different ways. In the case of the Tengger-caldera I assumed, in analogy with what happened in Vesuvius after 1906 (bibl. 3 and 4) that the uppermost part of the cylinder was transformed into a funnel-shape by crumbling away of the walls, and that rising lava, as in Vesuvius 1913—1926, formed a flat bottom which continually reached higher levels. This explanation does not apply to the caldera of Krakatoa, as after the great eruption of Aug. 26th to 28th 1883 no further signs of eruption were observed, until in Dec. 1927 a new phase began in this famous volcano. In the case of Krakatoa in 1883, therefore, I thought it justifiable to apply the phenomena, known to occur in coal mining, of recent subsidences which are caused by the working of coal seams lower down.

Description: Von Herrn G. I. H. Molengraaff erhielt das Leidener Museum eine Reihe interessanter Korallen aus den Rudistenkalken von Curaçao, und Herr Ch. Weaver, in Seattle, überliess mir die von ihm auf seinen Reisen in den argentinischen Kordilleren gesammelten Korallen zur Bearbeitung. Ferner befand sich in der Sammlung K. Martin des hiesigen Museums noch ein Kalkstück von Curaçao mit einer Koralle, das zwar von Martin bereits erwähnt, aber noch nicht näher untersucht worden war. Schliesslich nehme ich die Gelegenheit wahr, um einige mir vor längerer Zeit von den Herren Steinmann und Windhausen übergebene Stücke zu beschreiben, so wie die Beschreibung einer von mir selbst in der argentinischen Kordillere gesammelten Koralle hier noch nachzuholen. Den oben genannten Herren sei auch an dieser Stelle noch vielmals gedankt für die Freundlichkeit mir das Material zur Untersuchung anzuvertrauen.

Description: The influence of the wind laden with sand in modelling pebbles is believed by some authors to be only that of polishing the surface, by others of rounding off bits of stone that already possessed edges and corners, or again by others of wearing any fragment either rounded or angular into definite forms with ridges and facets, dependent on the shape of the basis (Alb. Heim). Experiments, fully confirming the last opinion, are described in this paper: no rounding off took place, while the models were slowly revolved in the sandblast, and vertical planes took on a backward slanting position, cutting eachother along sharp edges. Where sand corrosion is great, as in the desert, the windworn pebbles owe their shape to the laws formulated by Heim; many of the fossil windworn pebbles of Northern Europe have undergone but slight alteration from their original shape and size by the natural sandblast, others seem to have been entirely remodelled by the wind along the lines indicated above.

Description: Da die Originale der von Göppert aus dem Tertiär von Java beschriebenen Arten Piperites Hasskarlianus und Junghuhnites javanicus nicht mehr vorhanden sind, die vorliegenden Beschreibungen für eine Bestimmung aber nicht ausreichen, so sind sie aus der fossilen Flora Javas zu streichen. Das gilt auch von Miquelites elegans, dessen schlechte Erhaltung eine sichere Bestimmung unmöglich macht. Bredaea moroides dagegen ist ebenso wie Naucleoxylon spectabile Crié sowie ein bisher unbeschriebenes Kieselholz von Java eine Dipterocarpacee. Die Stücke werden beschrieben als Dipterocarpoxylon moroides, D. spectabile und D. Göpperti n. sp. Die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese wie andere fossile Dipterocarpoxyla bestimmten rezenten Dipterocarpaceengattungen zuzuweisen, soll später erörtert werden. Frankfurt a/M. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität.

Description: Only one eruption of the island Una-Una (Gulf of Tomini, Northern Celebes), in 1898, has been recorded in historical time; it was described in 1902 by Wichmann (l. c.) after data gathered from different witnesses. No lava flowed out, it was an ash-eruption. During that eruption large mud streams, called lahars, descended along the slope of the volcano and some broad flat-bottomed valleys were eroded (Pl. 44, fig. 4) which are known so very well from some Javanese volcanoes, especially from Mount Kelut. With the latter Una-Una shows many points of resemblance, in shape, structure and in type of the latest eruption. Along one of the large typical lahar valleys we climbed the volcanoe starting near Kololio. Fig. 6 and 7 show the higher parts of our road, typical v-shaped valleys, a product of ordinary water erosion. When seeing such lahar valleys one may presume that the volcano must contain or at least must have contained either a huge crater lake or a filling of loose, sandy, brecciated material strongly impregnated with water. Up to this moment all lava’s, pumice, tuffs and ashes, collected in the island Una-Una are andesitic. The andesite and the andesitic tuffs often show inclusions of carbonated peridotite. It is not impossible that also sediments occur on the island — though on our single trip we did not find them — thus in general structure Una-Una shows some resemblance to the other Togian islands, where, however, the volcanism is now extinct. The crater of the volcano has a diameter of about two kilometers. The textfigure 2 shows a schematic section, a being the western craterrim; b the bottom, consisting of mud, ashes and brecciated volcanic materia] (h) deposited in the crater after the eruption of 1898, thus giving origin to the flat bottom of the caldera-shaped crater. In the central part of the crater is an elevation, c of the same material but strongly metamorphosed by the activity of many solfatara’s which break through it. The author thinks that the elevation and the solfatara’s both owe their origin to a lava plug (g) which after the eruption of 1898 and after the filling up of the crater has penetrated through the crater-pipe and tilted the central part of the crater-bottom, itself not reaching the surface, however, as shown in figure 2 (see also Pl. 44, fig. 5 and Pl. 46, fig. 8). Pl. 46, fig. 9 shows the same phenomenon, a detritus plug in the crater lake of the Kelut volcano, Java. Fig. 2, d is a small crater lake; e is a detritus cone; h is a schematic section through the strato-volcano. In 1901 Professor Molengraaff visited Una-Una and made a fine photograph of the crater, which he kindly gave me for publication (Pl. 46, fig. 8). The activity of solfatara’s was somewhat stronger at the time of his visit; within short intervals a little cloud of smoke escaped from Una-Una, as shown in his sketch (fig. 3). Corals are growing on the submarine slopes in separate colonies. However, no true massive coral reef has been developed, owing to the young erosion stage of this volcanic island; still too large quantities of boulders and smaller detritus material are deposited along the submarine slopes and prevent a more luxurious reef growth.

Description: In the Ordovician sandstones of the Cantabrian Mountains a replacement of the micas by carbonate minerals could be observed. The absence of metamorphic minerals suggests a diagenetic replacement. This is supported by the finding of the same type of replacement in some undisturbed Pliocene sediments of an intramontane basin in the French Pyrenees. It seems that replacement can occur at any stage during diagenesis.

Description: In three former river beds of the river Waal near Zaltbommel a study was made of the factors which determine the differentiation in the vegetation. The water in each of the three beds is eutrophic. One of the beds is situated inside the main dike of the present river, the two other ones outside the latter, i.e. in the area which is exposed to the yearly returning floods. In only one of the two former river beds outside the dike a current is noticeable during these periods. At that time clay is deposited, and the bottom of these two beds accordingly consists of clay. In the former bed that is protected against these floods by the dike, only in the central part of the bottom the clay is still exposed, whereas nearer to the bank it is covered by a layer of peat. The vegetation in so far as it might be regarded as a natural one, was studied in detail, and appeared to consist in the main of a community belonging to the Potamion (in the deeper part), pioneer facies of the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum (Phragmition), later stages in the development of this association (a.o. “floating mat” -communities), one belonging to the Magnocaricion (in the shallower water), and, in the case of the former bed inside the dike, a carr-wood. The vegetation varied, however, in the different beds and eventually also in different parts of the same bed. The way in which the vegetation in the three former river beds differs, appeared to depend i.a. on the degree in which the various species are able to resist the current, and this mainly depends on their way of rooting. Only species like Phragmites and Scirpus lacustris can maintain themselves in places that are exposed to a strong current, because they are firmly anchored in the soil. Weakly anchored species like the two Typha’s are found only in places where there is no current, and the development of floating mats is possible only in stagnant water. Apart from the presence or absence of a current, important factors are the depth of the water and the consistence of the soil in which the plants are rooting. The correlation between the depth of the water and the nature of the vegetation appears in the succession of the Potamion by way of the pioneer facies of the Scirpeto- Phragmitetum to the later stages in the development of this association. In less deep water the consistence of the soil comes to the fore. In the former beds outside the dike the vegetations belonging to the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum grow on a muddy soil showing little or no cohesion, but the Caricetum gracilis-vesicariae (Magnocaricion) is confined to soils showing a higher degree of rigidity. Of great importance is the faculty to multiply vegetatively by means of rhizomes, which is found everywhere where a definite species determines the character of the vegetation, i.e. where a definite facies is present. This applies to the vegetations found on the floating mats too, which possess a frame work consisting of rhizomes. At first the latter belong exclusively to Typha angustifolia, but in subsequent stages of their development rhizomes of other species too take part in the development of this frame work. In the course of their development these floating mats may reach a considerable thickness. This growth in thickness is accompanied by a change in the type of vegetation. In the bed behind the dike the floating mats are particularly well-developed, but at places where in this bed no floating mats are present, the plant remains sink to the bottom, where they give rise to the formation of a layer of peat. On the latter a vegetation of Carex riparia, representing the Magnocaricion, and a Salix cinerea-stand develops. The plant remains found in the bottom (peat as well as clay) were studied by the aid of the microscope, and in this way it proved possible to reconstruct the succession in the beds, except in those places where during the period of flood a current is present, because in that case the plant remains are swept away. It was proved that a vegetation belonging to the Potamion appeared first and was always succeeded by pioneer facies of the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum, eventually followed by later stages in the development of this association. The Caricetum gracilis-vesicariae, on the other hand, was no stage in this succession, but developed in the shallow water of the marginal zone on a bare soil. The floating mats in their initial stage appeared to develop as an extension of a Typha angustifolia-vegetation rooting in the bottom, overgrowing subsequently the pioneer facies of Equisetum fluviatile and/or a Potamion-vegetation. Other species settled on the floating mat as soon as it attained a certain thickness because of sedimentation of clay and/or plant remains. Below the floating mats in the bed behind the dike a layer of peat was found which proved to consist of remains of Stratiotes aloides, a species which at present is met here but rarely. Peat of the same composition was also present below the open spaces between the floating mats, i.e. on the spots where the vegetation of Carex riparia and that of Salix cinerea is found.

Description: In Juni 1960 vond ik in gezelschap van mijn collega’s M. Baaijens en K. Boelens op de noordelijke Makkumer Waard een Carex-soort, die ik niet herkende. Bij determinatie bleek het te zijn de in Nederland niet eerder aangetroffen Carex divisa Huds., welke determinatie bevestigd werd door de heer Th.J. Reichgelt. Alvorens nader op deze nieuwe vondst in te gaan, eerst iets over het terrein waar de plant werd aangetroffen. Langs de zuidelijke en westelijke kust van Friesland zijn na het tot stand komen van de Afsluitdijk en de daarmee gepaard gaande verlaging van de waterstand een aantal zandige platen nagenoeg permanent droog komen te liggen. Alleen hij storm raken de platen door opwaaiing soms overstroomd.

Description: Mr Supadmo, Bogor Herbarium, hopes to make a field trip to the Pakanbaru area in Central Sumatra in 1961.

Description: Flora of Java. In May 1961 the English translation of this great work was completed, except for the Bambusaceae which Mr Ch. Monod de Froideville is engaged in writing up. Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr has finished the nomenclatural polishing. It is hoped that this voluminous work can be published in 1962. The main body was written by Dr. C.A. Backer, who for many families had the assistance of specialists. Forest Botany in North Borneo. Dr. W. Meijer of Sandakan has prepared a mimeographed report under this title, April 1961, 33 pp. He describes summarily the present state of our knowledge, gives particulars about botanical work in North Borneo up till the present, a survey of dipterocarp genera, a tentative list of climbers (a much neglected group!), of palms, gymnosperms, a sketch of forest types, and notes on several related subjects.

Description: Herba valde caespitosa. Folia linearia, interdum falcata, 0.8—4 X 0.2—0.5 cm, vel basi interdum subabrupte usque ad 1 cm dilatata, glabra, axillis pilis longis albis munita. Pedunculi 0.5—4 cm longi, 5—8-costulati. Bracteae involucrantes oblongae vel ovato-oblongae, pallide luteae, glabrae; bracteae florales conchatae, late ovatae, panduratae vel oblongo-obovatae, nigrescentes sed interdum basi pallide lutei, extus parte apicali albo-pilosae. Receptaculum longe pilosum. Flos ♂: sepala 3, interdum 2, connata, basi excepta nigrescentia, parte apicale albo-pilosa; petala 3, connata, glandulosa, extus apice et intus omnino albo- vel luteo-pilosa. Flos ♀: sepala 3, libera, naviculata, nigra, extus parte apicali albo- vel luteo-pilosa; petala 3, inaequalia, extus glabra, intus omnino albo-pilosa, glandulosa; ovarium 3-loculare. Typus: van Steenis 9691 in L. Herbs forming dense semi-globose pin-cushions or cushion-rings of great extent, up to 5 cm high. Leaves linear, sometimes falcate, 0.8—4 by 0.2—0.5 cm, at base sometimes subabruptly broadened to 1 cm, acute, 6—10-nerved, fenestrate, glabrous except for long white hairs in the axils. Peduncles (0.5—)1—2.5(—4) cm long, 5—8-ribbed, glabrous, sheath 0.8—2(—2.5) cm long, at base with long white hairs. Heads obovoid to semi-globose, 2—5 by 2—7 mm, involucral bracts oblong or ovate-oblong, 3.5—4.5 by 1—2 mm, obtuse, 1-nerved, glabrous, pale yellowish, florad bracts conchate, broadly ovate to oblong-obovate, 2.5—3.5 by 1—1.5 mm, cuspidate, sometimes scarious along apical part of margin, blackish at least for ¾, with white hairs on outside in apical part, otherwise glabrous; receptacle with long white hairs. ♂ Flowers: sepals 3, very rarely 2, tubuliformously connate but the two lateral ones connate at base only, boat-shaped, 2.5—3 by about 1 mm, obtuse, with white hairs on outside of apical part, blackish for at least ¾; petals 3, tubuliformously united, very unequal in length, the free lobes oblong, the median one about 1 mm long, the lateral ones about 0.5 mm long, with white hairs along margin and on inside, with an ovoid, black gland on inside; stamens 6, anthers black. ♀ Flowers: sepals 3, free, boat-shaped, 2.5—3.5 by about 1 mm, cuspidate, black, with white hairs on outside of apical part; petals 3, unequal, oblanceolate, the median one longer than the lateral ones, 2.5—3.5 by about 0.5 mm, obtuse, with white or yellowish hairs on inside, with an ovoid, black gland on inside; ovary deeply 3-lobed, about 1 by 1 mm; style about 1.5 mm long, the three filiform branches moreover about 1.5 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous.

Description: Habitat frequens in collinis arenosis siccissimis Distr. Mossamedes, ex Giraûl usque ad Cabo negro, inprimis locis sabulosis oceano proximis, v. gr. ad „Praia da Amelia”, denso agmine crescens, per totum fere annum florens et fructificans (Junio, Julio et Septb. 1859 legi). Exsic. Welw. Iter Angol. no. 2000. Rhizoma abbreviatum, mox in fibras descendentes solutum; flbrae perplures, elongatae, cylindraceae, simplices, pennae corvinae crassiores, villo albido, velutino, viscido undique obtectae et subsucculentae. Caespites pro soli et expositionis ratione nunc angusti et depressi, pauciculmes, nunc ampliores et altiores, culmos 8—10 et plures emittentes. Folia radicalia dense congesta, in macrioribus arcuatoascendentia, 1—2 pollicaria, in robustioribus erectiuscula, 3—5 pollices longa, angustissima, arcte plicata sive convoluta, subulatim acuminata, rigidula, cinereoglaucescentia, sub lente sulcato-striata et subtiliter scabrido-puberula, successive evoluta atque longe perennantia. Culmi simplices, a basi ascendenter erecti, inferne nodosi, nunc 1—1 ½-pedales, gracillimi et debiles, nunc (in solo humidiusculo vel minus sterili) 2—3-pedales, pennae corvinae fere crassitudine et firmiores, parce foliosi; nodi 2—4, constricti, glabri, fusco-purpurascentes, 1—3 pollices inter se distantes; folia culmi radicalibus quoad figuram et indumentum similia, sed longe vaginata; vaginae glaucescentes, tenuiter puberulae, ad oram pilis albidis fasciculatis prompte deciduis barbulatae, medio parum tumentes, inferiores nodos denudantes, suprema longissima, lamina abbreviata, culmum non raro ad paniculae basim usque vestiens. Panicula erecta, nunc vix 4-pollicaris, laxior et rariflora, sed plerumque elongata, 6—12-pollicaris, densior et multiflora, rachi compresso-angulata glabra, ramis 2—5 fasciculatis levigatis, erecto-patulis, parce ramulosis. Spiculae graciles, absque arista 3—4 lin. longae, pedicellis gracillimis, ipsis aequilongis vel longioribus, apice incrassatis suffultae. Glumae fere aequales, concavae, carinatae, constanter acutae, basi semper, rarius omnino violaceae, dorso undique vel solum juxta carinam hirsutae (nunc penitus glabratae), basi prominenter trinerves. Palea inferior coriacea, glaberrima, trinervis; aristae seta intermedia 1—1 1/3 poll longa, a medio ad apicem pilis hyalinis, tenuissimis, eleganter plumosa, laterales ea dimidio saltern breviores, nudae, divergentes, tenuissime capillares; palea superior abbreviata, obtusa, membranacea; squamulac integrae, acutiusculae, in diversis ejusdem paniculae flosculis diversae magnitudinis, quondam parum evolutae. Ovarium oblongo-ovoideum, stipitatum, glabrum, stigmatibus intense flavis, pilis simplicibus hyalinis plumosis, muco copioso involutis. Caryopsis cylindracea, vertice obtuso stylorum rudimentis biapiculata, basin versus obconico-attenuata, longitudine linearn parum excedens, glaberrima, longitudinaliter unisulcata.

Description: Zwischen der Sierra de San Luis und der Sierra de Cordoba ragt im Süden der Senke des Rio Conlara eine Scholle des alten kristallinen Untergrundes aus den Aufschüttungen der Pampa hervor. Ganz in der gleichen Weise wie die beiden grossen benachbarten Gebirge trägt sie auf ihrer Höhe eine alte Einebnungsfläche über die sich plötzlich ein kleiner Gebirgsstock erhebt, die Sierra del Morro. Schon durch Ave Lallemant und Brackebusch war bekannt, dass sich junge Eruptivgesteine am Aufbau dieses Gebirges beteiligen, das sich bis zu einer Höhe von 1600 m erhebt, während die Abtragungsfläche an seinem Fusse durchschnittlich eine Höhe von 1000 m besitzt. Brackebusch hat auch bereits auf die kraterförmige Gestalt dieses Gebirges aufmerksam gemacht und erkannt, dass der Rand des Kraters grösstenteils aus kristallinen Gesteinen besteht und ebenso wie sein Boden nur an einigen Stellen von Effusivgesteinen durchbrochen wird. Im Jahre 1911 besuchte ich zusammen mit Herrn Pastore in Buenos Aires die Sierra del Morro und letzterer hat das interessante Gebirge, dessen Probleme wir bei unserem dreitägigem Besuch nicht restlos lösen konnten, später noch einem eingehenderen Studium unterworfen und eine geologische Detailkarte im Masstabe 1:25000 aufgenommen. Bei meinen Ausführungen stütze ich mich neben meinen eigenen Aufzeichnungen vor allem auf die Ausführungen und Aufnahmen des Herrn Pastore, von dessen Karte ich hier eine vereinfachte Skizze gebe.

Description: En Espagne septentrionale, dans la province de León, à une dizaine de kilomètres au NO de la ville de Cistierna, s’étend un bassin houiller entre le Rio Porma et le Rio Esla, perpendiculaire à ces fleuves et avec la ville de Sabero au centre. La situation précise peut être retrouvée sur les feuilles 130 et 131 du service topographique d’Espagne. Ce bassin houiller de Sabero, dont la longueur est de 13 km et la largeur n’excède pas 2 km, suit une direction franchement E\u2500O au pied du versant méridional de la chaîne des montagnes Cantabriques. Les assises, qui ont un aspect si régulier au bord septentrional du bassin, se comportent d’une manière plus compliquée au bord méridional. Il est rare qu’un horizon spécifique traverse la largeur du bassin sans s’amincir ou sans changer de composition sédimentaire. La plupart des couches de charbon en exploîtation au côté N n’ont pas été retrouvées au côté S. On suppose que l’origine de la cuvette houillère est due à une faille de direction E\u2500O longeant le bord septentrional du bassin. Cette faille hypothétique sépare deux compartiments, dont le compartiment septentrional a fourni, en surgissant, la plupart du matériel détritique. Le compartiment méridional a été basculé, son bord S s’affaisant et son bord N s’élevant. Ces deux phénomènes expliquent le caractère asymétrique du dépôt, aussi bien au point de vue sédimentaire que tectonique. Le plan axial du synclinal dans la série houillère se trouve plus proche de la bordure méridionale du bassin et des plis secondaires se sont formés, là, où la série était le plus mince: c’est à dire, à la même bordure méridionale. Le dépôt est d’un âge stéphanien.

Description: The metamorphic rock sequence, ranging from micaschists to migmatites, and the intrusive rocks, granites and various dykes, of a coastal region of Galicia are described. A map and a general section give their distribution.

Description: Bei den zahlreichen Rekonstruktionen der klimatologischen Verhältnisse, die man für das Ende des Palaeozoikums gemacht hat, ist man fast immer von der Kohlenbildung, der Florenverbreitung und den Vereisungserscheinungen ausgegangen. Der marinen Tierwelt hat man bei der Behandlung dieser Fragen meist nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt, zum Teil fand dies seine Erklärung darin, dass uns die marine Fauna am Ende des Palaeozoikums bis vor kurzem noch recht unvollkommen bekannt war. Die Entdeckung reicher permischer Marinfaunen in den letzten Jahrzehnten hat aber unsere Kenntnis von der permischen, marinen Evertebratenfauna nicht nur ganz erheblich erweitert, sondern vor allem gezeigt, dass in den meisten Tiergruppen die Entwicklung ununterbrochen weitergeht und keine Einschnürung oder gar Unterbrechung erleidet, wie man früher so oft geneigt war anzunehmen. Ja selbst eine in ihren Lebensbedingungen so anspruchsvolle Tiergruppe wie die Korallen hat durch die permische Vereisung offenbar ebensowenig wie durch die quartäre eine erhebliche Unterbrechung in ihrer Entwicklung erfahren, nur ihre Verbreitung wurde auf eine etwas schmalere Zone zu beiden Seiten des Aequators eingeschränkt. Die meisten Forscher, die sich mit klimatologischen Fragen am Ende des Palaeozoikums beschäftigt haben, und eine Erklärung für die scheinbar unipolare Vereisung des Perm zu geben versuchten, kommen schliesslich zu der Annahme, dass die Pole zu dieser Zeit eine andere Lage gehabt haben müssen als heute. Man suchte den Südpol gewöhnlich im Centrum des Gebietes aus dem die glazialen Erscheinungen bekannt geworden waren. So nahm Koken 1) den Pol inmitten des indischen Oceans an, zu einer Zeit als die Vereisungserscheinungen aus Südamerika noch nicht bekannt waren und man auch noch nicht mit der Möglichkeit von Kontinentalverschiebungen rechnete. Wegener 2), der die Kontinente der Südhalbkugel zu einer einheitlichen Kontinentalmasse zusammenschiebt, lässt den Pol von der Ostküste Afrikas im Carbon über den Nordrand des antarktischen Kontinentes nach der Südküste Australiens im Perm wandern. Weder die eine noch die andere Annahme lässt sich nun mit dem Vorkommen einer reichen permischen Warmwasserfauna auf Timor, im malayischen Archipel, vereinbaren. Diese Fauna, die durch niederländische und deutsche Expeditionen auf dieser Insel vor dem Weltkriege gesammelt wurde, ist die reichhaltigste permische Marinfauna, die wir überhaupt kennen. Sie müsste bei der Pollage, die Köppen und Wegener für das Perm annehmen, in einer Breite von etwa 45° gelebt haben. Das Vorkommen einer ausgesprochenen Warmwasserfauna in solcher Nähe eines von einer mächtigen Eiskappe bedeckten Pols scheint mir ausgeschlossen. Wir wissen, dass die intensive Kalkabscheidung, wie sie für Riffkorallen, die grossen Foraminiferen mit kompliziertem Skelett und Kalklagen so charakteristisch ist, nur bei beträchtlich hoher Wassertemperatur stattfinden kann. Für die lebenden Riffkorallen beträgt die Minimumtemperatur etwa 20°, aber für die Nummuliten des Alttertiärs ist sie jedenfalls noch höher gewesen, und das Gleiche dürfen wir auch für die Fusulinen des Carbon und Perm annehmen. Zweck der folgenden Zeilen soll nun sein, zu zeigen, dass es sich bei der Permfauna von Timor wirklich um eine Warmwasserfauna handelt und zweitens, dass diese sicher gleichzeitig mit der permischen Vereisung dort gelebt hat. Als Beweis für die erste Behauptung will ich hier eine Tiergruppe herausgreifen, die als besonders feinfühliger Indikator für die Wassertemperatur zu gelten hat, nämlich die Korallen. Die Anthozoenfauna von Timor ist die reichste, die wir bis jetzt aus dem Perm kennen; sie besteht aus Vertretern der Familien der Zaphrentidae, Axophyllidae und der sogenannten Tabulata und ist mindestens ebenso mannigfaltig, wie die karbonische Korallenfauna 1). Wohl sind unter den eigentlichen Korallen koloniebildende Formen ziemlich selten und nur durch de Gattungen Lonsdaleia und Lonsdaleiastraea vertreten, die noch dazu nicht an denselben Fundstellen gefunden wurden wie die übrige Korallenfauna, die nur aus Tabulaten und Einzelkorallen besteht. Aber auch diese war zweifellos eine typische Warmwasserfauna, eine Art Riffauna, wenn es auch im Perm nicht zur Entwicklung mächtiger Korallenriffe sondern nur ausgebreiteter Korallenrasen kam. Auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Korallenriffen des Devon und Silur spielen die Einzelkorallen eine viel grössere Rolle als auf den lebenden Riffen. Gegenwärtig sind solitäre Korallen, vor allem in der tieferen See, unterhalb der Riffzone, zu Hause, und nur bestimmte Arten kommen als Riffbewohner auch auf den Riffen selbst vor. Im Palaeozoikum und in geringerem Masse auch im Mesozoikum bildeten Einzelkorallen einen wesentlichen Anteil der Riffauna. Wenn auf Timor gewisse Arten von Timorphyllum, Clisiophyllum und Dibunophyllum leicht mit tausenden von Exemplaren gesammelt werden können, so müssen diese Korallen da doch in grossen Mengen gelebt haben, selbst wenn wir annehmen, dass sie an den Fundstellen noch zusammengeschwemmt sind. Vor allem spricht aber die grosse Mannigfaltigkeit der koloniebildenden Tabulaten dafür, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Riffauna zu tun haben. Diese heterogene Gruppe, die auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Riffen eine so grosse Rolle spielt, ist am Ende des Palaeozoikums nicht im Erlöschen begriffen, wie man immer noch, auch in den neuesten Auflagen von Lehr- und Handbüchern, lesen kann, sondern mit einer Mannigfaltigkeit entwickelt, die der im älteren Palaeozoikum zum mindestens gleichkommt. Zum Teil schliessen sich die Formen eng an ältere Gattungen an wie die Favosites-, Pachyporaund Michelina-Arten, z. T. lassen sie noch Beziehungen zu älteren Gattungen, aber doch eine deutliche Weiterentwicklung in bestimmter Richtung erkennen, wie Pseudofavosites, Heterocoenites, Aulohelia; ein grosser Teil der Formen stellt jedoch ganz neuartige Typen dar, von denen es vorläufig überhaupt noch nicht möglich ist, sie an Bekanntes anzuschliessen, wie z. B. Trachypsammia, Dictyopora, Schizophorites usw. Viele der Arten, besonders der Pachyporen, sind ausgezeichnet durch eine starke Verdickung des Skelettes. So werden z. B. bei vielen dieser Formen die Polypenröhren in der Tiefe ganz mit Skieroplasmamasse aufgefüllt, sodass die Zweige der Stücke im Innern eine ganz dichte Struktur bekommen. Hierdurch wurde den verzweigten Kolonien eine grössere Festigkeit verliehen. Solche Skelettverdickungen sind typische Anpassungserscheinungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser in der Riffzone, wie sie übrigens nicht nur die Korallen sondern auch die permischen Crinoiden von Timor in vielen Fällen erkennen lassen. Dazu kommt noch, dass wir von der eigentlichen Korallenfauna von Timor bis jetzt nur eine Auslese kennen. Das Material besteht ja an den Hauptfundplätzen nur aus Bruchstücken von verzweigten Kolonien und den langen gewundenen Einzelkorallen, die zusammengeschwemmt und dabei nach der Grösse sortiert wurden. Das vereinzelte Vorkommen von Bruchstücken grosser Favositesund Lonsdaleia-Kolonien lässt uns aber annehmen, dass auf den permischen Korallenrasen, neben Einzelpolypen und verzweigten Stöcken, auch massige Kolonien vorkommen. Die Art der Zusammensetzung dieser jungpalaeozoischen Riffauna dürfte daher von den älteren Riffaunen dieses Zeitalters nur wenig verschieden gewesen sein. Aber nicht allein die Korallen des Perm von Timor deuten darauf hin, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Warmwasserfauna zu tun haben. Das Gleiche ist der Fall mit der so überaus reichen Crinoidenfauna, ein grosser Teil ihrer Arten dokumentiert sich durch die charakteristischen Anpassungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser als echte Riffbewohner 1). Unter den Brachiopoden gehören die Gattungen Lyttonia und Richthofenia zu den Indikatoren einer Warmwasserfauna, da ihre Verbreitung auf eine aequitoriale Zone beschränkt bleibt, und sie in den brachiopodenreichen Ablagerungen Australiens bereits fehlen. Endlich müssen wir auch, wie schon erwähnt, die Fusulinen zu den Warmwasserbewohnern rechnen. Jungpalaeozoische Fusulinenkalke kommen auf Timor vor, jedoch ist ihr Verband mit den fossilreichen Permschichten noch nicht aufgeklärt. Die Fauna dieser Kalke ist von dem Bearbeiter auf Grund des Vorkommens von Fusulina granum avenae für karbonisch gehalten worden 1), aber diese Art ist neuerdings in Japan gerade zusammen mit Arten der jüngeren permischen Fusulinenfauna gefunden worden, wie Doliolina lepida und Verbeekina Verbeeki; auch auf Sumatra besitzen die Fusulinenkalke aus denen die F. granum avenae zuerst beschrieben wurde, nach neuern Untersuchungen, permisches Alter. Dazu kommt noch, dass Doliolina lepida auf der Timor benachbarten Insel Letti vorkommt, sodass es wohl nur ein Zufall ist, dass diese und andere typische Permformen auf Timor selbst noch nicht nachgewiesen wurden 2).

Description: Von der „Bataafschen Petroleum Maatschappij” erhielt das Leidener Museum eine reichhaltige Sammlung von Fossilien, die durch die Herren Ganz, Gsell u. Freylink in der Umgebung von Payta gesammelt worden waren. Die Fauna ist dadurch besondere interessant, dass sie einen ganz neuartigen Charakter besitzt, der von dem der bis jetzt aus Südamerika bekannten oberen Kreide stark abweicht. Da sich die endgültige Bearbeitung des umfangreichen Materials noch etwas verzögern wird, möchte ich das Vorkommen und seine Fossilführung kurz schildern, vor allem aber die neue Pironaea-Art beschreiben, da das Auftreten dieser interessanten Gattung in Südamerika von besonderer Bedeutung ist, zumal es sich um den ersten Hippurit handelt, der aus diesem Kontinent bekannt wird. Die obere Kreide tritt in der Umgebung von Payta in zwei getrennten Gebieten auf. Das eine befindet sich am Westabhang der Sa. de Amotape. Die Kreide wurde dort zuerst von Bravo 1) aufgefunden und neuerdings von Iddings und Olsson 2) gegliedert. Bei Pan de Azucar und El Muerto liegen schollenförmige Erosionsreste diskordant auf jungpalaeozoischen Schichten, die die ersten Erhebungen der Sa. de Amotape aufbauen. Ein vollständigeres Profil ist im Oberlauf der Quebrada Parinas aufgeschlossen, wo die Kreideschichten in einer grabenförmigen Senke tiefer in das Gebirge eingreifen. Iddings und Olsson unterscheiden von oben nach unten:

Description: In their classical studies on the Alpine glaciation Penck and Brückner gave a small blockdiagram to illustrate the arrangement and shape of the deposits at the lower end of a former glacier: the fluvioglacial series. This diagram has been reproduced in so many text-books, that it may be worth-while pointing out a fault in its construction. The case represented by the authors is that of two terminal amphitheatres lying within eachother (fig. 1) 1). The manner in which the outer moraine with its fluvio-glacial fan of sediments is drawn in on top of the inner moraine proves it to be the younger of the two. In this case the glacier must have ridden over the inner circle, thereby destroying its ridge; but in the drawing this ridge is represented as having been left perfectly intact. On the glacier receding again the material of the older moraine would be found buried under the newer deposits, and only one frontal moraine would be left (fig. 2, A).

Description: Die Versteinerung, welche der nachfolgenden Untersuchung zu Grunde liegt, stammt aus den Unter-Palembangschichten von Pangadang, welches 25 km westlich von Sekajoe gelegen ist, in der Res. Palembang des südlichen Sumatra. Sie befand sich etwa 500 m unterhalb der oberen Grenze dieser Formation und war in einem Tonknollen eingeschlossen, welcher aufgeschlagen die beiderseitigen Abdrücke und den grössten Teil des zugehörigen Steinkerns lieferte. Herr I. M. Kampmeinert, Geologe der „Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij”, entdeckte das Objekt und die genannte Gesellschaft überliess es mir zur Bearbeitung, wofür ich ihr verbindlichst danke. Durch freundlich erteilte Auskunft verpflichtete mich Herr Prof. Dr. Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach; für die Beschaffung schwer zugänglicher Literatur bin ich Herrn Prof. Dr. Matajiro Yokoyama in T\u014dky\u014d und Herrn Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk, Conservator in Leiden, verbunden.

Description: The Spanish region of Galicia is situated in the extreme north-western part of the country due North of Portugal and West of Asturias. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and by the Bay of Biscay to the North (see fig. 1). The area under investigation concerns the western provinces of La Coruña and Pontevedra mainly. Apart from early reconnaissance work by Schulz (1858), Barrois (1892), Sampelayo (1922), Lotze (1945), Carlé (1945), Navarro and del Valle (1959) the area is at present being investigated and mapped on a scale of 1:50.000 by López de Azcona, Parga Pondal and their associates for the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. So far nine sheets and explanatory memoirs have been published between 1948 and 1956. Parga Pondal has also published a geological sketch map on a scale of 1:400.000 and an explanatory note of the province of La Coruña in 1956, and since 1931 he has contributed substantially to the knowledge of Galician geology in a series of papers concerning petrological, mineralogical, tectonic and sedimentological aspects of it. Between 1955 and 1959 de Sitter and Zwart conducted geological research by the Department of Structural and Applied Geology of the University of Leyden in the area between Lage and Malpica. Summaries of their results appeared in 1955 and 1957, while one of their associates, Insinger, published a short account of his work in the vicinity of Mugía in 1961.

Description: During his second Karakoram expedition in 1925 Mr. Ph. C. Visser collected some 70 rock specimens from the valley of the Hunza and its tributaries. The following is a petrographic description of these specimens and I gladly take this opportunity of thanking Mr. Visser for entrusting me with his valuable material. Geologists are much endebted to this energetic explorer for bringing together such a considerable number of samples under circumstances in which all carriage had to be reduced to a minimum and when so many other calls were being made on his time and energy. A collection made by a layman and therefore taken without many observations on mode of occurrence, must naturally be of limited value. When, however, it concerns a region that is almost terra incognita from a geological as well as from a geographical point of view, it may serve to give us an insight into the more salient features, especially petrographic and to some extent structural as well, and therefore constitute an important contribution to geological knowledge. Geologists will all hope that Mr. Visser will soon be in a position to add to the collections he has already made.

Description: In a channel, which will be cut off soon, an investigation has been started in rihich the influence of the changing ecological factors will be studied. A ar’s cycle of Diatoms, investigated in the period March 1959 to March 1960 elded some interesting results. In early June Eucampia zoodiacus E. showed a Maximum, whereas Guinardia flaccida (Castr.) Perag. showed its maximum in July, mhen Eucampia zoodiacus E. was in its turn rare. Porosira glacialis (Grun.) Jörgensen, which comes from more Northern areas showed a maximum in early April. Coscinodiscus gigas praetexta (Janisch) Hustedt appeared regularly from late August, (temp. 20,4° C), until February 1960 (temp. 3,3° C). Hustedt mentions this species as occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. Some additions are made to the existing descriptions of the two last mentioned pecies.

Description: In verband met het hieraan voorafgaande artikel van de heer Van der Ploeg lijkt het mij niet ondienstigs aan te geven, hoe Carex divisa zich van de in ons land voorkomende verwante soorten onderscheidt. Verwarring is alleen mogelijk met een der soorten uit de sectie Arenariae, want buiten deze sectie is C. divisa de enige soort met meer dan een aartje aan de top van de stengel uit het ondergeslacht Vignea, die een ver kruipende wortelstok bezit. Van alle Nederlandse soorten van genoemde sectie verschilt C. divisa – die tot de sectie Divisae behoort – doordat alle aartjes aan de voet vrouwelijk en aan de top mannelijk zijn. Bij de Nederlandse Arenariae zijn of alle aartjes aan de voet mannelijk en aan de top vrouwelijk (C. brizoides, C. praecox, C. ligerica en meestal C. reichenbachii) òf is een deel der aartjes geheel mannelijk of geheel vrouwelijk (C. arenaria, C. disticha en soms C. reichenbachii).

Description: Het Correspondentieblad, dat gedurende enige jaren zijn diensten aan de Nederlandse floristiek en het Nederlandse vegetatie-onderzoek heeft bewezen, wordt met deze aflevering afgesloten. Het zal, zoals wij U reeds eerder mededeelden, in gedrukte vorm worden voortgezet onder de titel „Gorteria”. Als laatste nummer van de serie ontvangt U hierbij een volledige inhoudsopgave van het blad, die naar wij hopen van nut zal kunnen zijn bij het naslaan van de erin voorkomende artikelen en korte mededelingen.

Description: Hut determineren van de in Nederland nog al eens met graan aangevoerde vertegenwoordigers van het Boraginaceae-geslacht Amsinckia Lehm. levert met de in onze flora’s voorkomende tabellen nog al moeilijkheden op. Bij de bewerking van dit geslacht voor de Flora Neerlandica stelden wij een determinatietabel op, die, naar het ons voorkomt, wat meer zekerheid geeft. Voor een juiste bepaling der soorten is het beslist nodig om of levende bloemen te onderzoeken òf gedroogde bloemen op te weken, daar anders het aantal nerven van de bloemkroon en de plaats van inplanting der meeldraden niet te zien zijn.

Description: The frontispiece may not be particularly exciting to the general public, but this new, modest building embodies the extremely welcome news in representing the new Herbarium of the Forest Service in Sarawak at Kuching. This means certainly a milestone in modern botanical progress in this State. Its establishment is due to the energy and tenacity of the forest officers who have during the last ten years done, and are doing, basic research work on the forest composition of Sarawak and Brunei, and to which the name of Mr Browne, Mr Smythies, Mr Anderson and Dr. Brunig will always remain attached. Duplicates of the old but very important collections of Haviland and Hose, Moulton, etc. had for years been housed in the Sarawak Museum, but were badly stored and remained a cinderella because the activities of the Museum were mainly ethnographical, zoological, and archaeological. And although there was recently a temporary honorary curator of plants through the efforts of Mr Seal, the situation became unbearable. But fortunately the darkest hour is before the dawn and it is a great pleasure to all of us that there is now a reasonable place where work on forest exploration and taxonomy of Bornean plants can be performed at Kuching. We offer our sincere congratulations with this achievement to all concerned. May the work and the Herbarium blossom forth in abundant fruitful future development is our ardent wish.

Description: In order to distribute from the British Museum the remainder of C.E. Carr’s Papua, 1935-36, orchid duplicates it has been necessary first to work out a detailed itinerary of his expedition so as to complete the label data accompanying each specimen. This has been done by reference to the counterfoils of his field label books and to one volume of his diary now at the British Museum. This volume, possibly the only one now remaining after Carr’s untimely death before the end of his expedition, contains entries up to Jan. 19, 1936. Resulting from this investigation the details as given under COLLECTING LOCALITIES, sub-heading S.E. NEW GUINEA in Flora Malesiana I, 1 (1950) 100 should now be replaced by the following. Central Division: From Jan.-Aug. 1935 he worked the lowland country around and to the N.W. of Port Moresby, then to the N.E., collecting mainly at Kanosia (sea-level, Jan., Febr., and April), Veiya (sea-level, March), Rouna (1300 ft, April-July) and Koitaki (1500 ft, April-July); began journey towards the Owen Stanley Range (Aug. 16) travelling via Hailogo (3000 ft, Aug. 31-Sept. 4), thence to the S. slopes of the Range camping at Boridi (4700 ft), the chief village of the Seregina tribe; stayed there (Sept.- Dec.) collecting between 3000-5000 ft. Northern Division: Left Boridi (Dec. 3) for a camp at 6000 ft near Alola on the N. side of the Range, collecting there and at the Lala river (5500 ft) from Dec. 1935 to early Jan. 1936; moved to a subsidiary camp nearer the Gap (8000 ft) to work altitudes up to 10,000 ft (Jan. 12-30); continued down to Isuarava collecting there between 3500-4500 ft and again by the Lala river (5000 ft) and that part of the Yodda river just below Isuarava at 3500 ft (Jan. 31-March 15); at Kokoda (1200 ft, March 17-May 23). Last dated specimen was collected at Fara river (May 24, 1936). Although he had originally intended to do so, Carr never reached Mt Victoria (133367 ft). He considered that the difficulties of carrying and provisioning the expedition up to such a high altitude, together, with the cost, were too great to warrant the journey which he reckoned, when at his camp at the Gap, to be at least four days’ march away. It was also his intention to proceed through from Kokoda to Buna on the N. coast in order to have achieved a coast to coast crossing of New Guinea. As the only diary now available does not cover this period of his expedition it is not possible to say whether the few numbers from Saputa (200 ft), Inapa (500 ft) and Buna (sea-level) (April 5-8, 1936) were actually collected en route by Carr himself, or by his native collectors who frequently brought back specimens when sent out in search of food supplies.

Description: Mr J.A.R. Anderson of Kuching, Sarawak, has been awarded the degree of Ph.D. by the University of Edinburgh, in absentia, on July 6, 1961. The title of his thesis is: The ecology and forest types of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei in relation to their silviculture. It is a privilege to insert a summary of it in this Bulletin under VII. For a reference to a preliminary paper, see Bibliography. Mr I.H. Burkill was congratulated on attaining his 90th birthday, May 18, 1960, and, as we learnt from Dr. Holtturn, he in the meantime celebrated his 91th in excellent health. In honour of his birthday the Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, vol. 17, part 3, was dedicated to him and filled with some special articles by Dr. H. Santapau, Mr C.X. Furtado, and Prof. Dr. R.E. Holttum dealt with his activities in India and Malaysia.

Description: Cyatheaceae. Prof. Dr. R.E. Holttum, Kew, is still working on this very large and difficult family for the Flora Malesiana; its treatment will form the 2nd instalment of the Pteridophyte series. Lindsayoid group. Dr. K.U. Kramer, Utrecht, started on revising this group for the Flora Malesiana. He had to interrupt this work because of joining an expedition to Surinam.

Description: Gazetteer to the Philippine Road map, compiled by M. Jacobs. Reprints of precursory papers, as far as available. Dates of Publication. Reprints from Flora Malesiana Bulletin No 14, p. 641 and Wo 15, p. 730. Supplements to the list by W.T. Stearn and M.J.van Steenis-Kruseman.

Description: H.H. Allan, Flora of New Zealand. Vol. 1, 1961, liv + 1085 pp., 40 text figs., 4 end paper maps. Owen, Wellington. The author died in 1957; this volume, which contains the pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and dicots, was seen through the press by Lucy B. Moore. The book weighs no more than 560 grams, so thin the paper is. This will require very careful handling from the reader, but few books are worth it as much as this one. The improvement compared with Cheeseman’s Manual of the New Zealand Flora (1906) is enormous, and shows that the matter has been worked over completely. The introductory matter contains a record of literature on New Zealand Tracheophyta from year to year from 1769 onwards; an explanation of the New Zealand botanical region; a list of plant name authors with brief annotations; a synopsis of orders. Attached at the end are Latin diagnoses of new taxa, a glossary, a list of Maori plant names, and addenda.

Description: Since the beginning of the printing of the author’s revision of ’The Genus Rhododendron in Malaysia’ in July 1959 (published in Reinwardtia 5, 2 (March 1960) 45-231), recently collected herbarium material especially from Borneo and New Guinea has amounted to such an extent, that a supplement becomes necessary. The numbers refer to those given in the author’s above cited work.

Description: Bij het zoeken naar een terrein, waar zoowel stratigrafisch als petrografisch gewerkt zou kunnen worden, viel het oog op de omgeving van het Brembodal. Hiervan bewerkte ik een gedeelte tusschen Caprile en Lenna met als W. grens de waterscheiding over de Pizzo di Mezzodi en Chiappa naar de Disner en de Pizzo di Cusio. In het N. vormde een E.—W. lijn door Caprile sup. naar Sparavera de grens, in het S. het Valle di Lenna en de Brembo, terwijl aan den E. kant als grens werd genomen een lijn van Mojo di Calvi naar Piazzatorre. Ten N.W. hiervan werd gewerkt door den Heer Jong, wiens publicatie binnenkort zal verschijnen, terwijl de Heer Klompé bezig is met de karteering van het gedeelte ten N. van de lijn Caprile—Sparavera. Het veldwerk werd verricht in het voorjaar en in den zomer van de jaren 1926 en 1927. Het verzamelde materiaal, dat ik in het Geologisch Museum te Leiden onderzocht, zal aldaar worden opgeborgen.

Description: The results may be summarized as follows: 1. According to Junghuhn and Verbeek the Diëngplateau is the floor of a large caldera, on which the younger volcanoes as G. Pangonan, G. Sipandoe and G. Pakoewadja have been formed. Nothing confirming this theory was found on the spot. 2. On the contrary the supposed large caldera wall was found to consist of separate points of eruption. To the oldest belong the G. Praoe, G. Sidede and G. Bisma, after which the G. Srodja, followed by the G. Sipandoe and G. Pangonan, the terminal craters of the G. Srodja (5—7) and No. 3 of the G. Bisma and finally the Pakoewadja-Kendel mountains were formed. For a fuller account of the often complex history of the various volcanic centres we must refer the reader to the map fig. 8 and the foregoing pages. The „Maaren”: T. Mendjer, T. Warna-Pengilon, T. Teroes and T. Merdada are the largest and finest examples of the many explosion craters. The most striking example of smaller explosion craters occurs to the east of the G. Pangonan as a straight line in a north-south direction developed as an open fissure between T. Loewoek and T. Teroes. The G. Koenir is a lavadome, and probably the G. Prambanan belongs to the same type. 3. The G. Praoe, G. Sipandoe, G. Pangonan and G. Kendil in joining together encircled a basin that had no outlet, in which the water and erosion products of the surrounding slopes collected — at a later stage peat was also formed. The overflow led to the south by the Kali Toelis. Finally a part of this lake was thus converted into dry land, the present Diëngplateau. In a similar manner the T. Tjebong was formed. The G. Srodja, G. Koenir, G. Pakoewadja and the eruption point No. 12 are grouped in such a manner, that they surround a cup-shaped space with no outlet. 4. After the Hindu civilization had disappeared from Java and the ancient city on the Diëngplateau was deserted, the artificial drainage channel, the Gangsiran Swatama, fell into disrepair and became partly choked up by silt. The water level, that had been artificially depressed by the Hindu’s was thus able to rise to its present height.

Description: Nachfolgendes ist als eine Ergänzung des Compendiums gedacht, welches ich im Jahre 1919 über die Fossilien von Java geschrieben habe; denn seither sind sehr grosse Sammlungen ostindischer Mollusken durch meine Hände gegangen. Zum Teil sind die Untersuchungsresultate in Abhandlungen über die Njalindungschichten sowie über das Pliozän von Cheribon und Atjeh publiziert; aber sehr vieles bedarf noch der Bearbeitung. Die Kenntnis der ostindischen Tertiärfaunen steckt noch immer in den Kinderschuhen. Das gilt nicht nur für das Festland — obwohl die eingehenden Studien des hochverdienten Vredenburg hier in der jüngeren Zeit einen grossen Fortschritt gebracht haben — sondern auch für den Ostindischen Archipel. Noch vor kurzem stellte sich heraus, dass von den pliozänen Gastropoden von Atjeh nicht mehr als ein Drittel in den Sedimenten von Java gefunden war, und im ganzen dürfte noch die Hälfte der tertiären Fossilien des Indischen Archipels unbekannt sein.

Description: In this second paper the red beds outcropping in the northern part of the Duero basin have been treated regarding their mineral and pebble composition, chemical parameters, and surface textures of quartz sand grains, taking as basis the results reported in the first paper. These deposits originate from soils in the source area, and have been rapidly supplied into the basin by braiding rivers. Heavy mineral associations and pebble composition prove the source area to be lying north and west of the area of deposition. Ferric iron oxides, clay mineral associations, and hydrogen ion concentrations point to a red soil formation in the source area which had not yet attained the laterite stage, but which had already suffered alkaline leaching. The presence of frosted and pitted quartz sand grains and the occurrence of marls are due to the high carbonate content of the waters in the area of deposition, which is caused by dissolution of limestones in the source area. The general conclusions from the analyses are: (1) that the red beds are “primary detrital” in the sense of Krynine; (2) that the climate in the mountain area during the red soil formation is presumed to have been a tropical savannah climate, that is, warm and fairly humid, at least seasonally; (3) that the climate was drier in the basin, which favoured the preservation of the red beds. Furthermore, from the presence of blue tourmaline grains within a limited zone, an ancient course of a river in the basin at that particular time could be reconstructed, which gives another indication for a south-easterly drainage direction.

Description: Until recently there was no good general map of the Tengger Mountains, so that in 1914 F. von Wolff (bibl. 1) in his work „Der Vulkanismus”, vol. I, p. 510—511, gives a reproduction of Pr. Junghuhn's map of 1844. For a volcanic district that has frequently been used as an example of a caldera and has been made familiar by the beautiful photographs from the firm of Kurkdjan in Soerabaya, this is an inadequate treatment, especially as Junghuhn's map is not accurate. After I had gained a superficial knowledge of the Tengger Mountains in two excursions in 1918 and 1919, I conceived the plan of making a new general map after the topographical map 1/20.000 of the Netherlands Indian Topographical Service. In 1922 I drew a wall-map 1/20.000 with contour distance of 100 meters, and coloured according to K. Peucker's method (Farbenplastik) (bibl. 2) the preparation of which occupied about a month. Plate 5 is a reduction of this map to 1/100.000, made by the firm of Smulders in the Hague, to whom a word of praise is due for the excellent way in which they have carried it out 1).

Description: The different theories concerning the origin of Salt Domes in Roumania, Germany, Texas, Louisiana, Colorado and Utah are discussed. In Roumania the salt occurs in cores of “Diapir” anticlines. The existance of hills of salt indicates, that the salt is still pushing upwards. In Germany the salt district shows slight folding but the salt itself is intensively folded. The theory of Lachmann-Arrhenius-Harbort explains the salt domes by isostasy combined with a lower specific gravity and greater plasticity of the salt than of the covering layers. This theory is opposed by Stille, who accounts for the salt domes by mesozoic folding. The latter theory has apparently gained preference in America for the explanation of the Salt Domes in Texas and Louisiana, although no indications of folding are met with there. Two series of experiments were carried out. Those of the first series were made to determine the form in three dimensions of the intricate folding, observed in the German salt mines and of which the folds round vertical axes in particular are very remarkable. Further it was the aim to find out if, by making use of forces, which may be compared to isostasy, similar folds could be artificially produced. When using layers of identical plasticity, regular congruous folds occurred (exp. I, 1). When layers of different plasticity alternated with eachother, smaller complicated, dis-harmonious folds arose, superimposed upon larger ones, corresponding to those of the preceeding experiment (exp. I, 2—7). It is important to note that in the field of vertical pressure, by difference in the viscosity between plastic and less plastic material, fissures were torn in the less plastic material, at right angles to the direction of movement, which were filled up by the plastic material. Similar rents may be expected in the salt fields. The experiments of the 2d series were made with a counter pressure equal to half the initial pressure per surface unit. The reason for making these experiments was that in the first series air-spaces occured. In nature, also, a considerable counter-pressure exists, during the rising of the salt in consequence of the weight of the covering layers. Remarkable folds were formed, which, in material of identical plasticity, showed an M-form in vertical section (exp. 1, series II). Exp. 6, series II showed that with a thick series of layers the top layers may begin to move before the lower ones. In this way two M-shapes originated one above the other. Exp. 3 and 4 were made with white paraffin of uniform melting point in which were placed a horizontal row of vertical pillars divided into layers, so as to be able to reconstruct the stream lines of the paraffin. Here the friction between the paraffin and the iron walls of the compression apparatus were seen to exercise an important influence upon the movement of the paraffin. The principle result of the experiments is that all shapes of folds, observed in the German salt domes, can be completely explained by Lachmann’s theory, that is by the isostatic pressing up of the specifically lighter salt in pillar-like masses. This alone, however, does not exclude the possibility that tangential pressure may be partially or entirely responsible for the known phenomena. The senior author gave a lecture on the first series of experiments at Bâle on September 3, 1927, at a meeting of the Mineralogical section of the Schweiz. Naturforschende Gesellschaft (bibl. 19) and at Delft in the annual meeting of the geological section of the Geol. Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap voor Nederland en Koloniën in March 1928.

Description: The account of a twelve day excursion is preceded by a short general description of the Central Pyrenees, their stratigraphy and structure and the regional metamorphism. The day by day description of the excursion follows the route which twice crosses the Paleozoic of the Pyrenees.

Description: Het is vooral door de onderzoekingen der Siboga-expeditie in Nederl. O.-Indië bekend geworden welk een groot aandeel kalkalgen hebben aan den opbouw van riffen (1). De Siboga trof meermalen uitgestrekte rifvormingen aan, die voornamelijk uit Lithothamniën opgebouwd zijn; een bank bij Salyer b.v., die als „koraalbank” op de kaarten vermeld stond, bleek geheel uit opeenhoopingen van Lithothamnium en Halimeda te bestaan; van Haingsisi (S.W. van Timor) wordt een bank vermeld, die nagenoeg uitsluitend uit één soort: Lithothamnium erulescens is samengesteld. In vele gevallen is gebleken, dat kalkalgen nog in grootere mate dan koralen tot de vorming van riffen bijdragen. Zoo is Gardiner door waarnemingen op Funafuti, Fiji, de Chago's en Malediven tot deze ervaring gekomen (2) en het is bekend, dat ook aan de samenstelling der „key’s” in Florida, de riffen der Bahama's, Bermuda's en aan de kust van Porto-Rico, kalkalgen (Melobesia's en Halimeda) een veel grooter opbouwend deel vormen dan rifkoralen (3). Uit oudere geologische formatie's zijn ons dergelijke feiten eveneens bekend. Het talrijke voorkomen van Lithothamniën in Tertiaire sedimenten van de Oost-Indische Archipel was door de onderzoekingen van K. Martin bekend reeds voordat daar de uitgestrekte recente Lithothamniumriffen ontdekt werden (4). Over de kalkalgen uit de Miocene Leitha-kalken van het Weensche Bekken heeft Unger uitvoerig gehandeld (5). Uit de Midden-Trias kennen we de Diplopora-kalksteenen, die over uitgestrekte gebieden in Beieren, Tirol en Zuid-Oost-Europa voorkomen. Een ander voorbeeld leveren de Baltische landen, waar kalksteenen uit Ordovicien en Siluur grootendeels uit kalkalgen opgebouwd zijn. Solenopora compacta Bill is in het Siluur van Gothland, Noorwegen, Engeland, Schotland en Noord-Amerika gevonden geworden in groote hoeveelheden.

Description: A male skull of Tapirus terrestris (L.) originating from Dutch Guiana (Leiden Museum, reg. no. 11632), received from the Rotterdam Zoological Garden through the kind intermediary of Mr. F. J. APPELMAN on July 15, 1952, is remarkable for the abnormal development of its right P1. The full permanent dentition is in place except for the posterior premolars and last molars, which are in alveolo. The teeth are but little worn and, apart from the right P1, they do not show anv unusual characters. The left P1 has the shape normally found in the Brazilian tapir; the crown is triangular with rounded angles, and bears a continuous outer crest (ectoloph) extending from the front angle (parastyle) to the posterior outer cusp (metacone). The position of the central outer cusp (paracone), merged in the crest, is indicated only by a weak vertical ridge on the labial face of the ectoloph, flattening toward the crown base, the paracone style. The posterior inner cusp (hypocone) is a low but distinct, anteroposteriorly elongated elevation of the cingulum. The protocone is just visible as a tiny cusp on the lingual cingulum, internal to the paracone. The labial cingulum is shown as a slight swelling all along the base of the ectoloph. There is a broad posterior root, imperfectly subdivided into a larger labial and a smaller lingual portion, and there is a single anterior root; the roots are but slightly divergent. The anteroposterior diameter of the crown is 17.1 mm, the posterior width, 13.2 mm.

Description: This study deals with the vegetation of about 125 former beds of the larger rivers in the Netherlands. It includes all communities of higher plants except the carrs, which are dealt with in a separate paper by Kop (1961). The investigation of the communities aimed at a knowledge of their floristic composition as well as at a definition of their habitat. The description and the classification of the units was carried out according to the concepts and methods of the Braun-Blanquet school (Braun-Blanquet, 1932, 1951; Becking, 1957). Moreover, among the former river beds types were recognized, characterized by a special set of communities and by correlated abiotical properties. A number of vegetation-units are described here for the first time, viz. The Polygoneto-Nymphoidetum (alliance Potamion) with the subass. typicum and the subass. potametosum pectinati. According to descriptions of vegetations found in the literature the subass. typicum is also present in former river beds of the Rhine in Germany about up to Bingen (LAUTERBRON, 1917); more to the south it is replaced by the Trapo-Nymphoidetum (OBERDORFER, 1957). The Sparganieto-Glycerietum fluitantis polygonetosum (alliance Glycerieto-Sparganion). The main difference with the habitat of the other subassociations (see MAAS, 1959), where the water is moving either permanently (brooks) or at least now and then (ditches), is that the vegetation is influenced by the current only during the shortlasting annual floods. The Cicuteto-Caricetum pseudocyperus (alliance Phragmition) is to be divided into two subassociations, viz. the subass. typicum and the subass. comaretosum. The main difference between the habitats of the two subassociations appears to be that the first is eutrophic and the second more mesotrophic. The Scirpetum triquetri et maritimi typhetosum (alliance Phragmition). In contrast with the other subassociations (see ZONNEVELD, 1960), this one occurs only in oligoto mesohalinic, stagnant water. The Caricetum elatae (alliance Magnocaricion) is revised. Carex hudsonii is the only characteristic species found throughout the area in which the association occurs. The community everywhere participates in the hydrosere on sand or peat. The following subdivision was made: Subass. typicum; the community is eutraphentous; according to the literature it is found in Switzerland (KOCH, 1926), S. Germany (OBERDORFER, 1957) and Belgium (LEBRUN c.s., 1949; VANDEN BERGHEN, 1952 a). Subass. comaretosum: more mesotraphentous than the subass. typicum; found in N. Germany (TÜXEN, 1937; PASSARGE, 1955 b) and the Netherlands. Of the Valerianeto-Filipenduletum (alliance Filipendulo-Petasition) two new subassocaitions are established, viz.: Subass. juncetosum; it is the replacing-community of a mesotraphentous variant of the Alnetum glutinosae. Subass. senecietosum; represented in the river forelands outside the tidal area; it replaces there an eutraphentous Salicion-community, and may be natural if the development of trees is prevented by ice-drift. Eight types of former river beds were distinguished. Two of these could be subdivided into some subtypes. Their classification according to their communities and their abiotical properties is summarized in table 26. Descriptions of habitats which more or less resemble one of these types of former river beds, are known from other parts of the Netherlands and from the adjoining parts of Germany and Belgium. However, as far as we know, of the types described by us, viz. those represented in the river forelands along the upper courses of the rivers, seem to differ from all habitats that have been described so far.

Description: Few cytological data are available of the Loganiaceae. Its subfamily Buddleioideae, often considered a separate family, is a well-defined group, as far as could be concluded from the chromosome number. On the other hand, nothing can be said with certainty of the other subfamily, the Loganioideae, because the available data are still insufficient. Hitherto, the chromosome numbers of the following seven species of Loganioideae, studied by MOHRBUTTER (1936) and Moore (1947), are known: Gelsemium sempervirens 2n = 16 (MOORE, 1947) Strychnos laurina 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Strychnos nux-vomica 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Strychnos sansibariensis 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Spigelia marilandica 2n = 48 (MOORE, 1947) Fagraea fragrans 2n = 12 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Fagraea liloralis 2n = 12 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) These data seem to indicate that the basic chromosome number of the Loganioideae is X = 6.

Description: Während eines Studienaufenthaltes an der Station Internationale de Géobotanique Méditerranéenne et Alpine in Montpellier, Direktor Professor J. Braun-Blanquet, wurden vom Verfasser in Süd-frankreich, (Languedoc), in den Weinbergen der Umgebung Montpelliers sowie im Departement Pyrenees Orientales 72 pflanzensoziologische Aufnahmen gemacht. Nach J. Braun-Blanquet gehört die Vegetation der Weinberge des Languedoc zu der Assoziation Diplotaxidetum erucoidis (Br.- Bl. 1931). J. Braun-Blanquet hat hauptsächlich in den Jahren 1929-1938 in den Weinbergen des Languedoc 36, noch nicht publizierte, Aufnahmen gemacht; später, 1949—1952, kamen noch einige weitere hinzu. Es handelt sich dabei fast ausschliesslich um Herbst-Aufnahmen. In der ersten Periode: 2 Aufnahmen vom September 13 Aufnahmen vom Oktober 7 Aufnahmen vom November 5 Aufnahmen vom Dezember 2 Aufnahmen vom Januar 2 Aufnahmen vom April 1 Aufnahme vom Mai In der zweiten Periode: 1 Aufnahme vom Mai 2 Aufnahmen vom Oktober 1 Aufnahme vom November

Description: Pages 220-279 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1956) are occupied by a list of conserved and rejected names of genera of Spermatophyta. The origins and history of conservation have been discussed by Stafleu (Taxon 5: 85-95). As a result of his study it became evident that the list is no longer in harmony with current concepts of nomenclature and the rules for maintaining them. The desirability of a general revision of the list is obvious; such a revision was begun by Stafleu several years ago. It proved, however, an impossible task for one person to achieve in the intervals between ordinary duties. Consequently application was made by The International Association for Plant Taxonomy to the National Science Foundation (Washington) for a grant in furtherance of this project. The grant was awarded early in 1958, enabling the present authors to work together for some seven weeks in Holland and England, principally in the Institute of Systematic Botany of the University of Utrecht and the Botany Department of the British Museum (Natural History). During this period we completed the verification (begun by Stafleu alone) of almost every citation in the list, and the evaluation of every conservation and rejection in the light of the current rules of nomenclature. The final manuscript was prepared later, in Utrecht and New York; an additional conference of the authors was made possible by Stafleu’s visit to the United States in December, 1958. A proposal has been presented to the Ninth International Botanical Congress, to be held at Montreal in 1959, to replace the current list of conserved and rejected names of genera of Spermatophyta by a new list based on that which follows (see Synopsis of Proposals, Regnum Vegetabile 14: 79. 1959).

Description: The generic name Mapouria Aubl. should be applied to those Psychotrieae in which the following set of characters is found: deciduous stipules, heterostylous flowers, seeds without a longitudinal intrusion on the commissural side and an endosperm in which the spermoderm penetrates in the form of a network which may be confined to the commissural side but which, as a rule, extends over the whole surface. This means that it should be used also for those species which up to now have been included in Grumilea Gaertn. It need not be given up in favour of Psychotria. The name Psychotria may provisionally be retained in the conventional sense, with the proviso, however, that species with deciduous stipules or without a single or double longitudinal intrusion at the commissural side of the seed should be excluded. The endosperm may be ruminate, but the intrusions of the spermoderm should be confined to the bottom of the grooves on the convex side. The choice of a type species for this genus is better postponed until a decision has been reached on the question whether this group of species may be regarded as a natural one.

Description: Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. Naar aanleiding van een publicatie in Corr.bl. no. 17 kan ik berichten, dat ik Chenopodium bonus-henricus jaren geleden óók aan de Noordelijke Lekdijk bij Culemborg heb gevonden. Tot mijn spijt kan ik niet meer precies zeggen, wanneer dat geweest is. Het is vermoedelijk kort na 1945, doch wellicht ook kort voor 1940 of in de eerste oorlogsjaren geweest. Ik vermoed, dat de vindplaats welke genoemd wordt, dezelfde is als destijds de mijne. Elders in het fluviatiele gebied, dat ik tussen Zaltbommel – Culemborg en Tiel zeer vaak bezocht, heb ik de plant nimmer aangetroffen.

Description: Agnihothrudu, V.: A new genus of the helicosporous Basidiomycetes (from North-East India) (Fungi) (Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 44, 1961, 51-54, 1 fig.). Ahmad, S.: Further contributions to the Fungi of West Pakistan 1 (Biologia 6, 1960, 117-136, 17 fig.).

Description: Aiton, W., Hortus Kewensis. Add (to Fl. Mal. I, 4, 1954, clxvi): cf. J. Bot. 61 (1923) 290.

Description: Evidence gathered by expeditions of the University of California’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography during the International Geophysical Year suggests that the East Pacific Rise is one of the largest physical structures on earth. It runs in a sickle-shaped curve from near New Zealand 8,000 miles to the coast of Mexico. There its crest disappears from the maps, unless, as some now think, it underlies the western part of the North American continent. If so, then a previously described shoal area off the coast of Canada, reaching almost to Alaska, can be considered the northernmost end of the crest of the Rise. This would bring the total length to about 10,000 miles. Although the crest lifts itself two miles above the floor of the Pacific it still lies one and a half miles below the ocean surface, except where volcanic islands, such as Easter, thrust upward atop the bulge of the Rise.

Description: Greenhouses appear frequently too low for large palms which outgrow them. This seals their fate and they are removed and destroyed. This seems a pity, as they are sometimes rarities which have served for scientific purpose or description. The idea has come to me that it might be possible to rejuvenate them by marcotting, because so many palms are capable to throw roots from the lower parts of the stem, some being even distinctly stilted, as pandans. It has not come to my knowledge whether it has ever been tried if this method could be successful.

Description: This second Part has its origin principally in Dr. ALFRED REHDER’S “Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs” 1927. That admirable work contains several revolutionary looking changes of names, which changes partly were already propagated in BAILEY’S works of the last years; and I have made a study of those names, beside others. The result is that I cannot in many cases join with REHDER’S new-old names and principles. But when I therefore criticise in all those cases REHDER’S opinion, the reader must not think thereby that I criticise REHDER’S work as a whole. I criticise the names and principles only because I think that these changes and principles are unfavourable with respect to the world’s effort to obtain unity of plantnomenclature; and I don’t think about criticizing the work as a whole. REHDER’S “Manual” is the result of long and arduous work; it is in its relative size the most complete, the sharpest as to the characters, the newest and most usable of all Dendrological works existing. No Dendrologist, even no Botanist, who has to do with Trees and Shrubs, can do without it.

Description: Since 1952 the Geological Department of the Leiden University has carried out the geological mapping of the southern slopes of the Cantabrian Mountains in the provinces of Palencia and León in northern Spain, slowly progressing from east to west. Our interest has been centred almost exclusively on the Palaeozoic rocks. Untill recently very little was known or published about this part of the Cantabrian Mountains. Quiring, 1939, had given some provisional maps, the 1 : 400.000 Spanish maps gave only the broadest of outlines and the survey by Comte dating from before the war was not published until 1959, when our mapping had already covered the same territory. The stratigraphic sequence of the Paleozoic extends from the earliest Cambrian, resting on some Pre-Cambrian (de Sitter, 1961b), up to the highest Carboniferous. The Lower Palaeozoic, Cambrian to Silurian, crops out only in the western portion of the map and has a rather uniform development, described adequately by Comte, 1959, and further details of the Cambrian by Lotze and Sdzuy, 1961. Devonian outcrops occur scattered over the whole map area, and are of particular interest to stratigraphers because of their rich fauna (Comte, 1959, Kullman, 1960). The Devonian is less uniform than the older formations and shows variations indicating its development in well defined separate areas. Comte (1959) gave an excellent description of the rocks of the Bernesga-Esla zone. The development of the Carboniferous sequence is very variable due to several distinct folding periods of varying intensity (de Sitter, 1961a) and its stratigraphical development is still doubtful in many areas.

Description: Unter einem Material von annährerend 1000 Heterastridien aus der Trias von Timor fand sich ein einzelnes Stück mit einer von allen übrigen vollkommen abweichenden Oberflächenbeschaffenheit. Herr Prof. Molengraaff, in Delft überliess mir gütigst auch dieses interessante Exemplar zur Untersuchung, das eine wertvolle Ergänzung des früher durch mich von Timor beschriebenen Heterastridium-Materialss bildet 1). Dem genannten Forscher war seine abweichende Beschaffenheit wohl gleich aufgefallen, denn das Stück war von den übrigen Heterastridien getrennt gehalten worden und wurde mir erst nachträglich zugestellt. Es stammt aus dem Noil Boewan, eben unterhalb Fatoe Boewan, in der Landschaft Amanoeban. Die Blöcke des Noil Boewan stammen wahrscheinlich von Triaskalken aus der Umgebung von Nifoekoko, die eine Anzahl normaler Heterastridien geliefert haben, während die Hauptmenge dieser interessanten Hydrozoen allerdings aus der Umgebung von Baoeng, in der Landschaft Amarassi, kommt. Das vorliegende Stück ist von sphaeroidischer, ziemlich stark abgeplatteter Gestalt: seine Dm. betragen 4,7 cm und 3,6 cm. Die Oberfläche ist allenthalben mit Runzeln bedeckt, die an einigen Stellen aus ziemlich scharfen Kämmen von gebogenem oder winkligem Verlauf bestehen, die sich häufig verzweigen oder kurze Seitenäste entsenden. Diese Kämme können bis 1 cm lang werden, meistens sind sie aber viel unregelmässiger und kürzer; an einigen Stellen lösen sie sich schliesslich in einzelne Höcker oder stachelförmige Vorsprünge auf, wie sie für die gewöhnlichen Heterastridien charakteristisch sind. Bei Betrachtung mit einer stark vergrössernden Lupe sieht man, dass die feine, netzförmige Coenenchymstruktur auf die Flanken der Kämme heraufzieht und erst deren First eine mehr dichte Beschaffenheit annimmt. Am Fusse der Kämme oder Hügel, und in den Tälern zwischen ihnen, beobachtet man vereinzelte Oeffnungen von Zooidröhren, wie sie für alle Heterastridien charakteristisch sind. Auf Querschnitten sieht man, dass die Zooidröhren nicht durchlaufen sondern im Coenenchym blind enden, um dann an einer anderen Stelle wieder aufs neue zu beginnen. Auch sonst stimmt die innere Struktur vollkommen mit der der normalen Heterastridien überein. Wie bei diesen unter den Stachelwarzen, so stehen hier die radialen Skelettfasern unter den Kämmen dichter und in vom First divergierenden Reihen geordnet.

Description: It is well known that before the famous eruption of August 1883 took place, the island Krakatoa consisted of three volcanoes, the basaltic volcano Rakata and the andesitic volcanoes Danan and Perbuwatan. With the great explosion of August 28th of that year Danan, Perbuwatan and the northwestern part of Rakata were entirely destroyed. Since then a coral reef began to grow on the Northwestern slope of the Rakata ruïn at a spot called Black Point (Zwarte Hoek), a place where the basaltic lava of Krakatoa is exposed.

Description: Red sediments of Tertiary age crop out alongside the southern border of the Cantabrian Mountains in the northern part of the Duero basin. They consist mainly of conglomerates with quartzite pebbles, sandstones, and sandy, loamy, and marly deposits, all with a deep red colour. Detailed analyses were made on grain size composition, on pebble roundness, and on sand grain roundness and sphericity. The results are presented in triangle-diagrams for nomenclature, cumulative curves of size frequency distributions, graphs showing changes of sediment properties with transport distance, and in a facies map. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the source area of the sediments was a mountain chain with outcropping Paleozoic and Mesozoic deposits and their weathering products; (2) the transport of the debris occurred by rivers, which flowed in a south-easterly direction; (3) the deposition took place in the mountain foreland, the coarse sediments being deposited nearer to the mountain area than the finer ones; (4) the transport length was fairly short; (5) the conglomerates exposed in the source area provided rounded pebbles to the gravelly sediments deposited in the basins (6) the rivers left the mountain area at the same sites as the present ones. Finally the description of two type locality sections gives an impression of the red bed lithology.

Description: In March 1958 Dr. J. H. WESTERMANN and Mr. H. KIEL collected some fossil Echinids on the islands of St. Kitts and St. Eustatius. The fossils of St. Kitts were found in a yellow limestone (sample nr. 42), situated on the west flank of Brimstone Hill, belonging to a series of peculiar-looking upturned sedimentary beds, occurring around a volcanic plug (MARTIN-KAYE, 1959). According to C. T. TRECHMANN (1932) the fauna of these beds is put down as Pliocene, possibly late Pliocene.

Description: In vorliegender Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, ein nach dem heutigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse vollständiges Verzeichnis der im indomalayischen Raum beheimateten Holzbohrmuscheln oder Terediniden zu geben. Die Grundlage der Untersuchungen bilden die Terediniden-Sammlungen von GONGGRIJP und BIANCHI im Amsterdamer Museum, die des Kgl. Tropeninstituts in Amsterdam sowie die früheren Bearbeitungen des Verfassers von Material aus dem gleichen Gebiet. Außer einer systematischen Aufzählung der dort vorkommenden Gattungen und Arten wird im besonderen die oft recht verwickelte Synonymie berücksichtigt und nach Möglichkeit richtiggestellt. Des weiteren finden wir bei jeder der 31 Arten genaue Angaben der geographischen Verbreitung und in einem ökologischen Abschnitt einen Überblick über die durch indomalayische Terediniden zerstörten Holzarten sowie allgemeine Hinweise bezüglich der Salzgehaltsverhältnisse an den betreffenden Fundorten.

Description: Beschreibung der Geburt von drei Frettchen mit drei Protokollen. In mancher Hinsicht etwa die gleichen Befunde wie MURR (1932). Hier werden nur die abweichenden und neuen Befunde mitgeteilt. 1. Keine Unterschiede zwischen primiparen und pluriparen Tieren. 2. Eine glasige Schleimschnur aus der Vulva ist 2 bis 4 Stunden vor der Austreibung wahrnehmbar. Kurz vor der Geburt steht das Muttertier nur mit gr\xc3\xb6sster Schwierigkeit und liegt oftmals auf dem R\xc3\xbccken. 3. Die Austreibung f\xc3\xa4ngt an mit Pressen. Das Tier nimmt dazu die charakteristische Kothaltung an und geht in die Kotecke. 4. Nachdem die Fruchtblase in der Vulva erschienen ist, wird sie vom Muttertier mit dem Gebiss zerrissen. Nur ausnahmsweise findet ein spontaner Blasensprung statt. 5. Das Junge wird im Liegen weiter ausgetrieben. Die Wehen werden von der Bauchpresse unterst\xc3\xbctzt, wobei die Mutter liegen bleibt. Nur einmal (auf 16 Junge) half die Mutter und zog mit dem Gebiss das Junge auf einmal aus der Vulva. 6. Die Nabelschnur wird von der Mutter mit den Backenz\xc3\xa4hnen durchbissen. Am Bauch des Jungen bleibt ein etwa 2 mm langer Rest \xc3\xbcbrig. Diese L\xc3\xa4nge entspricht genau der Lippendicke des Muttertieres, also der Entfernung ihrer Backenz\xc3\xa4hne vom Nabel des Neugeborenen. 7. Die Nachgeburt wird unmittelbar nach ihrem Erscheinen gefressen, meistens schon bevor man in der Lage ist, diese genau zu beobachten. 8. Auf 16 Junge wurden nur 4 Steisslagen gefunden, also 25%, Kopfendlagen und die Steissendlagen alternierten nicht. 9. In Kopfendlage wird das Junge in Beugehaltung geboren (Kopf liegt der Brust an), aber in Steissendlage ist das Junge gestreckt. 10. Der Mittelwert der Austreibezeit pro Frucht ist in Kopfendlage 3,5 Minuten, oder wenn man von dem erstgeborenen Jungen absieht, 2,6 Minuten, und in Steissendlage nur 43 Sekunden. 11. Zwischen den Geburten von 2 Jungen liegen Zeitabschnitte von 3 bis 74 Minuten. 12. Der Nabelschnurrest am Bauch des Jungen f\xc3\xa4llt ab nach 4 bis 5 Tagen.

Description: Entamoeba invadens RODHAIN is known as a dangerous parasite in reptiles, especially snakes and lizards. Up till now it has mostly been found in specimens which are kept in captivity. When these are carriers they show no signs of disease, but the faeces contain cysts and can infect healthy reptiles. If the reptiles are ill, the symptoms mostly are serious. They begin with a loss of appetite and an increasing need for drinking water. Within a few weeks the faeces merely consist of bloody mucus, containing a large number of hystolytic forms as well as a few cysts of Entamoeba invadens. In the case of Lacerta agilis (STAM, 1958), the animals died on an average within 25 days from inoculation (14 to 34 days). Different species of Natrix which had been infected died in 13 to 77 days from the onset of infection (RATCLIFFE and GEIMAN, 1938). BARROW and STOCKTON (1960) found that the temperature affected the symptoms in infected snakes. When the animals were kept at 13\xc2\xb0 C there were no internal pathological changes within two to six weeks but at 25\xc2\xb0 C these were very clear.\nThese changes, as described by different authors, are ulcers of the colon. In experiments nearly the entire colon is damaged to such an extent that no individual ulcers can be distinguished. Ulcers may also be found in the ilium. The liver may have one or several abscesses. Inflammation sometimes spreads from the gut to the kidneys.

Description: La naissance de jeunes phoques a lieu dans nos r\xc3\xa9gions, en g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ral au cours des mois de juin\xe2\x80\x94juillet. C\xe2\x80\x99est alors qu\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s une gestation d\xe2\x80\x99environ 11 mois, le jeune vient au jour, mesurant 80\xe2\x80\x9485 cm de longueur et pesant de 12 \xc3\xa0 20 kg; il est la plupart du temps d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 recouvert du deuxi\xc3\xa8me pelage brillant aux reflets argent\xc3\xa9s. Le pelage embryonal du d\xc3\xa9but (lanugo) est de fa\xc3\xa7on g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9rale rejet\xc3\xa9 avant la naissance, mais parfois aussi pendant le processus de la mise bas; on le trouve alors sur la c\xc3\xb4te avec l\xe2\x80\x99arri\xc3\xa8re-faix. La m\xc3\xa8re nourrit son rejeton (pup) \xc3\xa0 terre, jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 ce qu\xe2\x80\x99il soit devenu dodu (\xc2\xb1 4 semaines), apr\xc3\xa8s quoi il est abondonn\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 lui-m\xc3\xaame (1). Apr\xc3\xa8s quelques jours ou quelques semaines de difficult\xc3\xa9s, le jeune a finalement appris \xc3\xa0 s\xe2\x80\x99alimenter et se d\xc3\xa9veloppe en \xe2\x80\x9eyearling\xe2\x80\x9d. Jusqu\xe2\x80\x99ici tout est normal et naturel.\nMais il arrive de temps en temps que naissent des jumeaux. Comme chez les phoques c\xe2\x80\x99est la m\xc3\xa8re qui suit le jeune et non le jeune qui suit la m\xc3\xa8re, il en r\xc3\xa9sulte r\xc3\xa9guli\xc3\xa8rement qu\xe2\x80\x99un des jumeaux reste en arri\xc3\xa8re sans assistance maternelle. Vu que la m\xc3\xa8re suit le jeune qui peut-\xc3\xaatre criait le plus fort ou que pour telle ou telle raison elle pr\xc3\xa9f\xc3\xa9ra, il se fait que le deuxi\xc3\xa8me jeune reste sans aide et affam\xc3\xa9, appelant instinctivement l\xe2\x80\x99aide maternelle jusqu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 ce qu\xe2\x80\x99il meure d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9puisement; le nom de \xe2\x80\x9eHeuler-huiler\xe2\x80\x9d (criard) utilis\xc3\xa9 internationalement pour d\xc3\xa9signer le jeune abandonn\xc3\xa9, est donc bien choisi.

Description: Frederik Johannes Appelman werd op 18 juli 1894 te \xe2\x80\x99s-Gravenhage geboren. Reeds als jongen had hij belangstelling voor alles wat dier was, doch speciaal voor vogels. Met jeugdig enthousiasme bracht hij o.a. een eiercollectie bij elkaar. Toen hij zich, ter verrijking van zijn verzameling, echter eens vergreep aan een legsel zwaneneieren in de Haagse hertenkamp, maakte een geduchte vaderlijke schrobbering aan deze activiteiten een hardhandig einde. Mogelijk heeft dit jeugdtrauma er toe bijgedragen dat hij op latere leeftijd voor de museale zo\xc3\xb6logie een ietwat platonische liefde heeft gekoesterd. Frits Appelman werd geen bioloog, omdat hij meende dan uitsluitend tot het onderwijs beperkt te zullen blijven en zijn hart trok naar buiten. Het studievak van zijn keuze werd Tropische Bosbouw. Als Bosbouwkundig ingenieur vertrok hij in 1919 naar het toenmalig Nederlands Indi\xc3\xab, waar hij als houtvester werd geplaatst bij de Dienst van het Boswezen. Die functie vervulde hij op verschillende standplaatsen. Door herhaalde overplaatsingen kwam hij met vrijwel geheel Insulinde in kennis en met zijn intense belangstelling voor tropische natuur werd ieder contact met een nieuw landschap tot een blijvende ervaring. Inmiddels doorliep hij vlot zijn rangen. Hij werd in 1928 bevorderd tot Opperhoutvester en in 1940 tot Inspecteur bij de Dienst van het Boswezen voor de Inspectie Grote Oost. Dat betekende een ressort van de afmetingen van West Europa en een gelegenheid om nader kennis te maken met de biologische aspecten van het merkwaardige Indo-Australische overgangsgebied. Na de Japanse inval in 1941 kwam Ir. Appelman als krijgsgevangen reserveofficier in een interneringskamp terecht. Bij de bevrijding aanvaardde hij zo spoedig mogelijk zijn oude functie. In 1947 werd hij gepensioneerd en repatrieerde. Daarmede was zijn Indische carri\xc3\xa8re op normale wijze be\xc3\xabindigd.\nReeds tijdens zijn langdurige diensttijd bij het Boswezen was Ir. Appelman zeer actief werkzaam op het gebied van Wildlife-management. Als beheerder van natuurreservaten en gouvernementsbossen ontwierp hij systemen voor wild-tellingen en paste die ook in de practijk toe. Hij publiceerde talrijke artikelen in \xe2\x80\x9eDe Tropische Natuur\xe2\x80\x9d, \xe2\x80\x9eTectona\xe2\x80\x9d (o.m. J. F. Kools en F. J. Appelman; Inventarisatie van den Wildstand. Tectona III, afl. 7/8, juli/aug. 1949) en vroegere Ned. Ind. couranten, meestal over de grote wilde diersoorten. Verder verscheidene bijdragen in Der Zoologischen Garten, Mededelingen der Ned. Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming en het Avicultural Magazin. Het ontwerp van de Nieuwe Jachtwet voor Nederlands Indi\xc3\xab kwam van zijn hand. Zijn grote verdiensten op dit gebied vonden erkenning in zijn benoeming tot Officier in de Orde van Oranje Nassau.

Description: From its origin, the right aortic arch passes anteriorly, and obliquely to the right; in this part of its course it gives off the two carotid arteries, or as the case may be (e.g., in Uropeltis melanogaster (GRAY)) the common carotid trunk. It then curves dorsally, medially, and caudally. At the end of the dorsal curve, the right aortic arch gives off the vertebral artery, which runs cranially, close to the ventral surface of the vertebral column, to enter the parietes at a greater or smaller distance behind the head. In its further course, the right aortic arch fuses with the left aortic arch to form the dorsal aorta, which passes caudally close to the ventral surface of the vertebral column. The intercostal arteries arise from the vertebral artery, from the right aortic arch (between the origin of the vertebral artery and the fusion of the two aortic arches), and from the dorsal aorta. These intercostal arteries pass dorsally, and they enter the parietes in varying ways, as has been described by BEDDARD (1903; 1904a, b; 1906a, b; 1908; 1909) in a series of papers on the anatomy of snakes. This author has pointed to the possible taxonomic value of the differences shown by the various genera and species, which he examined. However, before definite conclusions can be drawn, it will be necessary to examine more genera and species. Studying the intercostal arteries of snakes is time-consuming; their number may be very high (e.g., 156 in a specimen of Xenopeltis unicolor Reinw.), and every artery has to be checked, because various types of intercostal arteries may occur in one individual.\nThe following types of intercostal arteries can be distinguished.

Description: The presence of five specimens of Gough Island Gallinules, Porphyriornis nesiotis comeri ALLEN, in the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam originating from the remote Gough Island situated within the subantarctic confines of the South Atlantic Ocean, offered a favourable occasion for a study of these peculiar and rare birds. The Gough Island Gallinule is presently the only surviving representative of its species; the Tristan da Cunha form, P. nesiotis nesiotis (P. L. SCLATER), having been exterminated by man probably nearly a century ago. It belongs to a group of rails of which also the Moorhen or Common Gallinule, Gallinula chloropus, is a representative. From the latter species it differs among others by having greatly reduced powers of flight. One can wonder, however, about the degree of relationship between members of the genus Gallinula on the one hand and the Gough Island Gallinule on the other hand. In fact, the general appearance of the Gough Island Gallinule is that of a very stout, strongly legged Common Gallinule with a more skulking, less graceful gait. The birds in captivity in the Amsterdam Zoo were very pugnacious, a habit which has also been recorded by previous authors. When in pursuit of each other the birds frequently uttered a sharp, rattling call, which was also described by HOLDGATE (1958) from birds observed in Gough Island and transliterated as a rapid \xe2\x80\x9cchack-chack\xe2\x80\x9d. It seems that this call has not been recorded from any member of Gallinula chloropus. In spite of these differences RIPLEY (1954), in reviewing the \xe2\x80\x9cgenera\xe2\x80\x9d Gallinula, Porphyriornis and Ionornis, has doubted the justification of the use of a separate genus name for the Flightless Gallinules from Tristan and Gough Island, which he would prefer to treat as members of the genus Gallinula. This question will again be considered here.